HYDRAULICS

* Length Conversion
1 in = 25.4 mm 1 chain = 20.12 m
1 m = 3.28 ft 1 parsec = 3.09 x 1013 km
1 yd = 3 ft 1 furlong = 201.17 m
1 ft = 12 in 1 naut league = 5556 m
1 mi = 1.609 km 1 Angstrom = 10-10 m
1 naut mile = 1852 m 1 light yr = 0.3066 parsec
* Area Conversion
1 hectare = 10000 m2
1 acre = 4046.856 m2
 HYDRAULICS
* Volume Conversion
1 US gallon = 231 in3
1 US gallon = 8 US pints
1 US pint = 4 US gills
1 m3 = 1000 liters
1 ft3 = 7.48 US gallons
1 US oil barrel = 159 Liters
1 US oil barrel = 42 US gallons
1 Liter = 33.8 US oz
* Temperature Conversion
o
K = oC + 273
o
R = oF + 460
 HYDRAULICS
* Pressure Conversion
1 bar = 105 Pascals 1 psi = 144 lb/ft2
1 atm = 101.325 kPa 1 psi = 6895 Pascals
1 atm = 760 torr 1 atm = 14.7 psi
1 torr = 1 mm Hg
* Force Conversion
1 Newton = 105 dynes
1 lbf = 16 oz
1 lbf = 4.448 Newton
1 kgf = 9.81 Newton
1 kgf = 2.2 lb
1 US short ton = 2000 lb
 HYDRAULICS
*Mass/Weight Conversion
1 slug = 14.6 kg
1 slug = 32.2 lbm
1 g = 1 cm3
1 tonne = 1000 kg
1 US short ton = 2000 lbm
1 US short ton = 907.2 kg
1 lb = 7000 troy grain
1 stone = 14 lb
1 hundredweight = 112 lb
1 quintal = 100 kg
 HYDRAULICS
*Viscosity Conversion
1 poise = 0.1 Pascal-second
1 poise = 1 dyne-second per cm2
1 stoke = 0.0001 m2 per second
*Air Properties
Density = 1.225 kg/m3
J lbft
Gas Constant, R = 287 = 1716
kgK slugR
 HYDRAULICS
* Water Properties
Specific Gravity = 1.0
o kN lb
Unit Weight at 4 C = 9.81 = 62.4
m3 ft3
o kN
Unit Weight at 20 C = 9.79 m3
o kg slug
Density at 4 C = 1000 m3 = 1.94 ft3
o kg
Density at 20 C = 988 m3
o mN dynes
Surface Tension at 20 C = 72.7 = 72.7
m cm
mN dynes
Surface Tension at 25oC = 72 m = 72 cm
Viscosity at 25oC = 0.897 x 10-3 Pascal-second
 HYDRAULICS
* Fluid Properties
W
Unit Weight, = V
m
Mass Density, = V
1
Specific Volume, Vs =

liquid
Specific Gravity, S.G. =
water

Absolute Viscosity, = U/Y

Kinematic Viscosity, =

pD
Surface Tension (droplet), = 4
 HYDRAULICS
pD
Surface Tension (bubble), = 8
Force (droplet), Fdrop = D
Force (ring), Fring = W + (Dinside + Doutside)
4 cos
Capillarity, h = D
1
Compressibility, = - E
B
p
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity, EB = V/V
EB
Celerity, C =
 HYDRAULICS
* Hydrostatic Forces
FH = A
Fv = Vol
Ig
e = A
* Hydrostatic Forces on Planes
Shape Area Ig

h bh3
h
bh 2 12
b
 HYDRAULICS
Shape Area Ig

h bh 2h bh3
2 3 36
b

r r2 none r 4

4
 HYDRAULICS
Shape Area Ig

r 2 4r 0.1098r4
r
2 3

r 2 4r 0. 055r4
r
4 3
 HYDRAULICS
Shape Area Ig
b
2bh 2h 8bh3
h 3 5 175

b2
h h 2b1 + b2 h3 b12 + 4b1 b2 +b22
(b 1 + b2) [ ] [ ]
h 2
3 b1 + b2
36 b1 + b2

b1
 HYDRAULICS
* Intensity of Pressure
F
p = h = A
* Boyles Law
p1V1 = p2V2
* Hoop Tension on Circular Pipes
pD
Tangential Stress, T = 2t
pD
Longitudinal Stress, L = 4t
2s Ahoop
Spacing, S = PD
 HYDRAULICS
* Dams
1) No hydrostatic uplift
take 1-m strip
h
F = A = (2)(h1) = RX
w = V
RY = w1 + w2
RM = w1 x1 + w2 x2
h
OM = F(3)
RMOM
x =
RY
RY
FSs = RX
RM
FSo = OM
 HYDRAULICS
2) With hydrostatic uplift
take 1-m strip
h
F = A = (2)(h1) = RX
w = V
1
U = 2 (h) (B1)
RY = w1 + w2 U
RM = w1 x1 + w2 x2
h 2
OM = F(3) + U(3 B)
RMOM
x = RY
RY
FSs = RX
RM
FSo =
OM
 HYDRAULICS
3) Overflowing without hydrostatic uplift
take 1-m strip
D
F = A = [ + (h D)](D1) = RX
2
w = V
RY = w1 + w2 + w3
RM = w1 x1 + w2 x2 + w3 x3
Ig
e = A
D
OM = F( 2 e)
RMOM
x =
RY
RY
FSs = RX
RM
FSo = OM
 HYDRAULICS
4) Overflowing with hydrostatic uplift
take 1-m strip
D
F = A = [ 2 + (h D)](D1) = RX
w = V
1
U = (h) (B1)
2
RY = w1 + w2 + w3 U
RM = w1 x1 + w2 x2 + w3 x3
Ig
e = A
D 2
OM = F( 2 e) + U(3 B)
RMOM
x = RY
RY
FSs = RX
RM
FSo = OM
 HYDRAULICS
5) With water on both upstream & downstream side
take 1-m strip
h1
F1 = A = ( 2 )(h11)
h2
F2 = A = ( 2 )(h21)
w = V
1
U1 = 2 (h1 h2 ) (B1)
U2 = (h2)(B1)
RX = F1 F2
RY = w1 + w2 + w3 U1 U2
h2
RM = w1 x1 + w2 x2 + w3 x3 + F2( 3 )
h1 2 B RY
OM = F1( 3 ) + U1(3 B) + U2 ( )
2
FSs = RX
RMOM RM
x = RY
FSo = OM
 HYDRAULICS
* Pressure Distribution at the Base of Dams
1) Resultant at the middle of the base
B RY
x = ; q=
2 B
2) Resultant at the middle thirds nearer the toe
B 2RY
x = 3 ; q= B
3) Resultant within the middle thirds of the base
B B RY 6e
e = |2 x | such that e 6 ; q = B (1 B )
(take + where RY is nearer either on toe or heel)
4) Resultant outside the middle thirds of the base
B B 2RY
e = | x | such that e > ; q=
2 6 3x
 HYDRAULICS
* Buoyancy
W = BF
obj Vobj = fluid Vsubmerged
SGobj SGobj SGobj
VD = SG V ; AD = SG A ; d = SG h
fluid fluid fluid