Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. Bedient
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Fluids:
Statics vs Dynamics
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure = Force per Unit Area
Atmospheric Pressure is the weight of the
column of air above a unit area. For example,
the atmospheric pressure felt by a man is the
weight of the column of air above his body
divided by the area the air is resting on
P = (Weight of column)/(Area of base)
English Length in Ft
Time in Sec
lbm (slug) - 1 slug = 32.2 lbm
Force - lb
Gravity - 32.2 ft/sec2
Work = slug-ft/s2
Properties of Fluids
Density = (decreases with rise in T)
mass per unit volume ( lbs/ft3 or kg/m3 )
for water density = 1.94 slugs/ft3 or 1000 kg/m3
Specific Gravity = SG
Ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of water
SG = f / w SG of Hg = 13.55
Ideal Gas Law relates pressure to Temp for a gas
P = RT
T in 0K units
R = 287 Joule / Kg-0K
Pressure
Force per unit area:
lbs/in2 (psi), N/m2, mm Hg, mbar or atm
1 Nt/m2 = Pascal = Pa
Std Atm P = 14.7 psi = 101.33 kPa = 1013 mb
Viscosity fluid deforms when acted on by shear
stress
= 1.12 x 10-3 N-s/m2
Surface tension - forces between 2 liquids or gas
and liquid - droplets on a windshield.
Section 1: Pressure
Pressure at any point in a static fluid not fcn of x,y,or z
Pressure in vertical only depends on of the fluid
P = h + P o
Gage pressure: relative to
atmospheric pressure: P = h
10 ft
Thus for h = 10 ft, P = 10(62.4) =
624 psf
This becomes 624/144 = 4.33 psi
P = 14.7 psi corresponds to 34 ft
Pressure in a Tank Filled with Gasoline and Water
What is the pressure at point A? At point B?
At point B: PB = PA + W x hW
= 424.3 + 62.4 x 3
QuickTime™
TIFF and a
(LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Manometers - measure P
Rules of thumb:
When evaluating, start from the known
pressure end and work towards the
unknown end
At equal elevations, pressure is
constant in the SAME fluid
When moving down a monometer,
pressure increases
When moving up a monometer,
pressure decreases
Only include atmospheric pressure on
open ends
Manometers
Simple Example:
P = x h + PO
Find the pressure at
point A in this open u-
tube monometer with an
atmospheric pressure Po
PD = W x hE-D + Po
Pc = PD
PB = PC - Hg x hC-B
PA = PB
Section 2: Hydrostatics
And the Hoover Dam
Pressure = h
= spec gravity of water
h = depth of water
C = Center of Mass of Gate
CP = Center of Pressure on Gate
Fr = Resultant Force acts at CP
γh
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
Basic Concepts and Naming
C = Centroid or Center of Mass
CP = Center of Pressure
Fr = Resultant Force
I = Moment of Inertia
For a circle:
Ixc = r4 / 4
γh Ixyc = 0
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
The Center of Pressure YR lies below the centroid - since pressure
increases with depth
FR = A YC sin
or FR = A Hc
YR = (Ixc / YcA) + Yc
XR = (Ixyc / YcA) + Xc
but for a rectangle or circle:
XR = Xc
For 90 degree walls:
FR = A Hc
Hydrostatics Example Problem # 1
W = 62.4 lbs/ft3
Water Depth = 6 feet
Door Height = 4 feet
Door Width = 3 feet
Hydrostatics Example Problem #1
Important variables:
HC and Yc = 4’ Magnitude of Resultant
Force:
Xc = 1.5’
FR = W A HC
A = 4’ x 3’ = 12’
FR = 62.4 x 12 x 4 = 2995.2 lbs
Ixc = (1/12)bh3
= (1/12)x3x43 = 16 ft4
Location of Force:
YR = (Ixc / YcA) + Yc
YR = (16 / 4x12) + 4 = 4.333 ft down
XR = Xc (symmetry) = 1.5 ft from the
corner of the door
Section 3: Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle: Will it Float?
The upward vertical force felt by a submerged, or partially submerged,
body is known as the buoyancy force. It is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the submerged portion of the body. The buoyancy
force acts through the centroid of the displaced volume, known as the
center of buoyancy. A body will sink until the buoyancy force is equal to
the weight of the body.
FB = x Vdisplaced
FB = W x Vdisp
= Vdisp
FB W = FB
FB
Buoyancy Example Problem # 1
A 500 lb buoy, with a 2 ft radius is tethered to the bed of
a lake. What is the tensile force T in the cable?
FB
W = 62.4
lbs/ft3
Buoyancy Example Problem # 1
Displaced Volume of Water: Buoyancy Force:
Vdisp-W = 4/3 x x R3 FB = W x Vdisp-w
Vdisp-W = 33.51 ft3 FB = 62.4 x 33.51
FB = 2091.024 lbs up