OBJECTIVE | ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY For the Students of U.P.S.C. (Engg. Services); L.A.S. (Engg. Group); B.Sc. Engg.; Diploma and Other Competitive Courses. (Over 2800 Objective Questions with Hints) V.K. MEHTA ROHIT MEHTA {ip S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. (AN ISO 9001 : 2000 COMPANY) RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055$. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. ~— (An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company) Sm Head Office : 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI 110 056 Phones : 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888; Fax : 91-11-23677446 Shop at: schandgroup.com; E-mail: schand@vsni.com Branches ‘© Ist Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380 014. Ph. 27541965.27542369. ahmedabad@schandgroup.com * No.6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumarakrupa Road, Bangalore-560001. Ph: 22268048, 22354008, bangalore @schandgroup.com © 238-A MP. Nagar, Zone 1, Bhopal - 452 011. Ph | 4274723. bhopal@schandgroup.com © 182, AnnaSalai, Chennai-600 002. Ph : 28460026, chennai@schandgroup.com © SC.0, 6,7 &8, Sector 9D, Chandigarh: 160017. 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Ph: 2626801,2284815, jucknowé@schandgroup.com @ Blackie House, 103/5, Walchand Hrachand Marg, Opp. G.P.0., Mumbai-400001 Ph: 22690881, 22610885, mumbai@schandgroup.com '* Kamal Bag, Mode! Mill Chowk, Umver Road, Nagpur-440 032 Ph : 2723901, 2777666 nagpur@schandgraup.com © 104, Citicentre Ashok, Govind Mitra Road, Patna-800 004. Ph :2300489, 2302100, patna@schandgroup.com © 2002, V.K. Mehta & Rohit Mehta All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitied, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying. recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers. First Edition 2002 Reprint with Corrections 2004 Revised Edition 2005 Revised Edition 2007 ISBN : 81-219-2097-3 Code : 10 233 PRINTED fv INDLA By Rajendra Ravindra Printers (Pvt.) Ltd.. 7361. Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055 and published by $. Chand & Company Ltd. 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-1 10 055CONTENTS Part-I : Basic Electrical Engineering Basic Concepts Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to selected Objective Questions D.C. Circuits Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions ‘Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions sis Network Theorems 50—78 Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Electrical Work, Power and Energy Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Electrostatics Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Selected Objective- Questions Capacitance Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions ”1 Magnetism and Electromagnetism Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Magnetic Circuits Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Electromagnetic Induction Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Chemical Effects of Electric Current 157— 193 157 - 174 oa 179 189 189 194 — 216 194 201 208 213 c 214 217 — 245 217 229 233 12. 13. Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Alternating Current Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Series A.C. Circuits Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Phasor Algebra Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions(vii) 14, Parallel A.C. Circuits 353 — 386 Chapter Overview 353 i 367 Hints to Selected Objective Questions 15. Three Phase Circuits Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions 000 16. Electrical Measuring Instruments 429 —478 Chapter Overview 429 Short Answer Questions 458 Objective Questions 465 Answers to Objective Questions 473 Hints to Selected Objective Questions. mB Part-II : Electrical Machines 17._D.C, Generators 479 —519 Chapter Overview j 479 Short Answer Questions Fs 500 Objective Questions 507 Answers to Objective Questions 515 Hints to Selected Objective Questions : 315 18, D.C. Motors 520 — 553 ChapterOverview se 302 Short Answer Questions vue B12 Objective Questions 317 Answers to Objective Questions 325 Hints to Selected Objective Questions " 326 19, ‘Transformers 554 — 599 Chapter Overview 554 Short Answer Questions 573 Objective Questions 580 Answers to Objective Questions 590 Hints to Selected Objective Questions ’ 591 20. Three Phase Induction Motors 600 — 636 Chapter Overview 600 Short Answer Questions 615 Objective Questions 620 Answers to Objective Questions ie 627 Hints to Selected Objective Questions wwe 628au. 22, m4, 25. 26. 27, Single Phase Motors Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Alternators Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Synchronous Motors Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions (viii) Part-II : Power System Generation of Electrical Energy Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Economics of Power Generation Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Supply Systems Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Overhead Lines Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions 701 — 724 701 112 714 19 720 725 — 152 725 737 741 746 747 753 — 166 753 159 761 764 764 767 — 803 767 787 790 798 79928. 29, 30. 31. Distribution of Electric Power Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Faults in Power System Chapter Overview ‘Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Switchgear Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Answers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions Protection of Power System Chapter Overview Short Answer Questions Objective Questions Aniswers to Objective Questions Hints to Selected Objective Questions (a) 855 — 882 855 869 875 880 a 880 883 — 899 883 891 894 898 8981 Basic Concepts CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1. NATURE OF ELECTRICITY According to Modem electron theory of matter, all matter whether solid, liquid or gas is composed of very small particles called molecules. A molecule is in tum made up of atoms. An atom consists of ‘a central part called nucleus and around the nucleus (called extra-nucleus), there are a number of electrons revolving in different paths or orbits. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. A proton is a positively charged particle having mass 1837 times that of an electron. A neutron has the same mass as proton but no charge. Clearly, the nucleus of an atom bears a positive charge. An electron is a negatively charged particle having negative charge equal to the positive charge on a proton. Under normal conditions, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in an atom. Therefore, an atom is neutral as ‘a whole, the negative charge on electrons cancelling the positive charge on protons, ‘The above discussion shows that matter is electrical in nature i.e. it contains particles of electricity viz protons and electrons. Whether a given body exhibits electricity (ie. charge) or not depends upon the relative number of these particles of electricity. (i) If the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons in a body, the resultant charge is zero and the body will be electrically neutral. Thus the paper of this book is electrically neutral (i.e. paper exhibits no charge) because it has the same number of protons and electrons. (ii) If from a neutral body, some *electrons are removed, there occurs a deficit of electrons in the body. Consequently, the body attains a positive charge. Hence a positively charged body has deficit of electrons from the normal due share. (iii) Ifa neutral body is supplied with electrons, there occurs an excess of electrons. Consequently, the body attains a negative charge. Hence a negatively charged body has an excess of electrons from the normal due share. 2. UNIT OF CHARGE The charge on an electron is so small that it is not convenient to select it as the unit of charge. In Practice, coulomb is used as the unit of charge. One coulomb of charge is equal to the charge on 625 x 10'®electrons i.e. 1 Coulomb = Charge on 625 x 10" electrons ‘Thus when we say that a body has a positive charge of 1 coulomb (1 C), it means that it has a deficit of 625 x 10" electrons from the normal due share. 3. FREE ELECTRONS ‘We know that electrons move round the nucleus of an atom in different orbits. The electrons in the last orbit are called valence electrons. In certain substances, especially metals (e.g. copper, aluminium * Electrons have very small mass and, therefore, are much more mobile than protons. On the other hand, protons are power-fully held in the nucleus and cannot be removed or detached, _2 Objective Electrical Technology etc) , the valence electrons are so *weakly attached to their nuclei that they can be easily removed or detached. Such electrons are called free electrons. It may be noted here that all valence electrons in a metal are not free electrons. It has been found that one atom of metal can provide at the most one free electron. Since a small piece of metal has billions of atoms, one can expect a very large number of free electrons in metals. Forexample, 1 cm’ of copper has about 8.5 x 10” free electrons at room temperature, 4, ELECTRIC CURRENT The flow of free electrons (or charge) in a definite directions is called electric current, The flow of electric current is shown in Fig. 1.1. The copper strip has a large number of free electrons. For simplicity, only the valence orbits are shown because only the valence electrons can take part in the flow of current, When electric pressure or voltage is applied, the free electrons being negatively charged start moving towards the positive terminal round the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.1. This directed flow of electrons is called electric current. Fig. Ll Conventionally, the direction of clectric current is taken along the direction of motion of positive charges. When current is caused by electrons (e.g in metals), the direction of current is opposite to the direction of electron flow. Note. It is important to note that none of the practical consequences nor any of the results of computations performed in the-study of electricity and electronics are in any way affected by the direction of current flow that one assumes. In this book, the direction of conventional current will be assumed, 5. MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT ‘The flow of charge in a definite direction is called electric current. It is measured by the time rate of flow of charge through the conductor. If q is the charge flowing through any cross-section ! of the conductor in time 1, then, E Electric current, red Fig. 1.2 * Ona relative scale, the spacing between the nucleus and valence electrons is vast. If a copper atom could ‘be magnified until the electrons were as large as coins, the valence electrons would be several kilometres away from the nucleus. Thisrelatively large distance dictates that valence electron is only weakly attached to the nucleus.Basic Concepts 3 If the rate of flow of charge varies with time, then current at any time (instantaneous current) is givenby; i. dt where dqis the small charge passing through any cross-section of the conductor in small time dt. The SI unit of electric current is ampere. If q= 1 C and f= 1 s, then [= 1/1 = | ampere. One ampere of current is said to flow through a wire if at any section one coulomb of charge flows in one second, Ifn electrons are passing through any cross-section of the wire in time f, then, le aan where e=—1.6X 10°C 6. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL Just as a body raised above the ground has gravitational potential energy, similarly, a charged body has electric potential energy. When a body is charged, work is done in charging the body. This work done is stored in the body in the form of electric potential energy. The charged body has the capacity todo work by moving other charges either by attraction or repulsion. Quantitatively, electric potential is defined as under } The electric potential at a point is the electric potential energy per unit charge. Electric potential energy _ W Vs Charge =o The SI unit of energy or work is 1 J and that of charge is 1 C so that SI unit of electric potential is 1 J/ C which is also called / volt. ‘Thus when we say that electric potential at a pointis 10 V, it means that if we place a charge of 1 C at that point , the charge will have electric potential energy of 10 J. Similarly, if we place a charge of 2 C at that point, the charge will have electric potential energy of 20 J. Note that potential energy per unit charge (i.¢ electric potential) is 10 V. 7. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ‘The difference in the potentials of two charged bodies is called potential difference (p.d.). Consider two bodies A and B having potentials of +5 V and +3 V respectively as shown in Fig. 1.3 (i). Each coulomb of charge on body A has an energy of 5 Joules while each coulomb of charge on body Bhas an energy of 3 Joules. Clearly, the body A is at higher potential than body B. A 8 A B (=) Ce) Gos Cn) w (ii) Electric potential, Fig. 1.3 Ifthe two bodies are joined through a conductor [See Fig. 1.3 (ii)], then *electrons will flow from body B tobody A, When the two bodies attain the same potential, the flow of current stops. Therefore, we arrive at a very important conclusion that current will flow in a circuit if potential difference exists. No potential difference, no current flow. It may be noted that potential difference is sometimes called voltage Unit. Since the unit of electric potential is volt, one can expect that the unit of potential difference will also be volt. Itis defined as : * The conventional current flow will be in the opposite direction ie. from body A to body B.4 Objective Electrical Technology The potential difference between two points is 1 Volt ifone joule of work is done in transferring 1 C of charge from the point of lower potential 10 the point of higher potential. Consider points A and B inan electrical circuit as shown in Fig. 1.4. Suppose V,- V,= 1 volt. It means that 1 J of work will be done in transferring 1C of B charge from point B to point A, Alternatively, 1 J of work (or energy) will be released (as heat) if 1.C of charge moves from k#-—_1V——_>} point A to point B. Note that volt is the unit of energy. Fig. 1.4 8 MAINTAINING POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE A device that maintains potential difference between two points is said to develop electromotive force (e.m.f.). A simple example is that of a cell. Fig. 1.5 shows the familiar voltaic cell. It consists of a copper plate (called anode) and a zinc rod (called cathode) immersed in dilute H,SO,. The chemical action taking place in the cell removes electrons from copper plate and transfers them to the zinc rod. This transference of electrons takes place through the agency of dil. H,SO, (called electrolyte). Consequently, the copper plate attains a positive charge of +Q coulombs and zine rod a charge of -Q coulombs. ‘The chemical action of the cell has done certain amount of work (say W joules) to do so. Clearly, the potential difference between the two plates will be W/Q volts. If the two plates are joined through a wire, some electrons from zinc fod will be attracted through the wire to copper plate. The chemical action DiLH,SO, of the cell now transfers an equal amount of electrons Fig. 15 from copper plate to zinc rod internally through the cell to maintain original potential difference (i.e. W/Q). This process continues so long-as the circuit is complete or so long as there is chemical energy. The flow of electrons through the external wire from zine rod to copper plate is the electric current. ‘Thus potential difference causes current to flow while an e.m.f. maintains the potential difference. Although both e.m,f. and p.d. are measured in volts, they do not mean exactly the same thing. 9. CONCEPT OF E.M.F, AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE There is a distinct difference between e.m4. and potential difference. The e.m.f. of a device, say a battery, is a measure of the energy the battery gives to each coulomb of charge. Thus if a battery supplies 4 joules of energy per coulomb, we say that it has an e.m.f. of 4 volts. The energy given to each coulomb in a battery is due to the chemical action. The potential difference between two points, say A and B, is a measure of the energy used by one coulomb in moving from A to B. Thus if potential difference between points A and B is 2 volts, it means that each coulomb will gave up an energy of 2 joules in moving from A to B. 10. OHM’S LAW The relationship between voltage across and current through a conductor was first discovered by German scientist George Simon Ohm. This relationship is called Ohm’s law and may be stated as : The current (1) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (V) across its ends provided the physical conditions (temperature, strain, etc.) do not change i-e.,