Summary

4
5 2552


. . 2539
2 2541
3 2545
4

5 2552


1. 1
1.1 1
1.2 1
1.3 1
1.4 2
1.5 2
1.6 2

2. 3
2.1 3
2.2 3
2.3 4
2.4 4
2.5 4
2.6 5

3. 6
3.1 6
3.2 6
3.3 6
3.4 6
3.5 x y 7
3.6 7
3.7 7
3.8 8

4. 9
4.1 9
4.2 9
 4.3 10
4.4 10
4.5 11
4.6 12

5. 13
5.1 13
5.2 13
5.3 13
5.4 13

6. 14
6.1 14
6.2 14
6.3 14

7. 15
7.1 15
7.2 15

8. 16
8.1 16
8.2 16
8.3 16
8.4 17
8.5 n n 17

9. 18
9.1 18
9.2 18
10. 19
10.1 19
10.2 20
10.3 20
10.4 22

11. 23
11.1 23
11.2 23
11.3 23

12. 24
12.1 24
12.2 24
12.3 24
12.4 25

13. 26
13.1 26
13.2 27
13.3 27

14. (Matrix) 28
14.1 28
14.2 28
14.3 Determinant 29
14.4 30
14.5 30

15. (Analysis Geometry) 32

15.1 32
15.2 32
 15.3 32
15.4 33
15.5 33
15.6 33
15.7 Ax+By+C=0 33
15.8 34
15.9 34

16. 35
16.1 35
16.2 35
16.3 37
16.4 38

17. 40
17.1 40
17.2 40
17.3 41

18. 42
18.1 42
18.2 43

19. 48
19.1 48
19.2 48
19.3 54

20. (Partial derivatives) 56

20.1 56
20.2 56
20.3 56
 20.4 (Implicit function) 56
20.5 57
20.6 57

21. (Differential Equations) 58

21.1 58
21.2 (Homogeneous differential Equations) 58
21.3 (Exact differential Equations) 60
21.4 63
21.5 63

22. 65
22.1 65
22.2 66
22.3 68

23. (Laplace Transformation) 71

23.1 71
23.2 76

79
80
81
82
 1

1.

1.1

- ...
...
1 5 13
2 3 1
4 6 18 -
1 5 13
2 3 1 - (2 )
4 6 18 -
1 5 13
( 2 3 1) ...
4 6 18 2 ) 4 6 18
(1 9) ( 5 6 ) (13 2 )
4 3)2 3 9
36 2 1 3
13
4 ... = 23213
36 = 36
13
4
36

1.2 1.3

- -

2 7 8 4
1 2
3 8 11 5
2 15 8 14

3 8 11 5
2 15 8 5

38 11 14
5 20

4 77
1
1
4

1.4 1.5

- -
-
20.7 + 153.675 - 120.85
20.7 +
153.675 1.45 (-3.27)
174.375 145
120.85 327
53.525 1015
20.7 + 153.675 - 120.85 = 53.525 290
435
47415
1.45 (-3.27) = -4.7415

1.6

1. 462 10 14.62
1. 462 ( 1.2 )
1.2 10 12
1.218
12 14.62
12
26
24
22
12
100
96
4
1.462 (-1.2) = -1.218

2.

2.1

65 .. 168 ..
65 : 168

a : b : c = na : nb : nc ; n0
a b c
a: b: c = : : ;p 0
ppp

1:50
10 40 6
= 1:50
=
1
10 = 0.2 = 20 cm
50
1
40 = 0.8 = 80 cm
50
1
6 = 0.12 = 12 cm
50

2.2

12 15

8 10
12 10 = 8 15

305 0.641
500

500 a
0.641 305

a 500
0.641 500
a
305
1.05
500 1.05

2.3

- 100 %

5 5
() 100% 62.5%
8 8
() 0.475 = 0.475 100% = 47.5%
() 240
1.42

= 1.42 % 240 V
1. 42
240 V
100
3.41 V
= 240 3.41 V
= 236.59 V

2.4 2.5
AB 1
C
A = kB D
A k
k C
B D
k = CD

2.6
1
x y,x
z
y
x
z
ky
x=
z
xz
k=
y

1000 10 2.9
1400 16
R
L
A
K
L
R
A
kL
R =
A (1)
R = 2.9 , L = 1000 m, A = 10 mm2 (1)
k 1000
2.9 =
10
29
k = mm 2 / m
1000
L = 1400 m, A = 16 mm2 (1)
29 1400
R =
1000 16
= 2.54

3.

3.1
B a c
sin A = cosec A =
c a
b c
c
cos A = sec A =
a c b
a b
tan A = cot A =
A b C b a

3.2
0 30 45 60 90
sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
tan 0 1 1 3
3

3.3
180 = ( = 3.14159265 )

180
r d d r
180

3.4
y
P(x,y) = P(cos , sin )
(0,1)
x = cos
(-1,0)
x
y = sin
(1,0)
y sin
tan
(0,-1) x cos

3.5 x y
0 90 180 270 360
sin 0 1 0 -1 0
cos 1 0 -1 0 1
tan 0 0 0

3.6
2 3
sin (180- ) = sin sin (180+ ) = -sin
cos (180- ) = -cos cos (180+ ) = -cos
tan (180- ) = -tan tan (180+ ) = tan
4 360
sin (360- ) = -sin sin (n360+ ) = sin
cos (360- ) = cos cos (n360+ ) = cos
tan (360- ) = -tan tan (n360+ ) = tan

- 360 360
-

sin 1110 = sin (3360 + 30)

= sin 30
= 0.5

3.7
B
a b c b 2 c2 a 2
c a cosA
sin A sin B sin C 2 bc
A b C

3.8

sin A cosec A = 1 sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

cos A sec A = 1 cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A
tan A cot A = 1 = 2 cos2 A 1
= 1 2 sin2 A
sin A 2tan A
tan A tan 2A
cos B 1 - tan 2 A
cos A cot 2 A - 1
cot A cot 2A
sin B 2cot A

sin2 A + cos2 A =1 AB A-B

sin A sin B 2sin cos
sec2 A tan2 A =1 2 2
cosec2 A cot2 A =1 AB A-B
sin A sin B 2cos sin
2 2
sin (A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B AB A-B
cos A cos B 2cos cos
cos (A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B 2 2
A B B-A
tan A tan B cos A - cos B 2sin sin
tan (A B) 2 2
1 tan A tan B
cot A cot B 1 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B)
cot (A B)
cot B cot A 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B)
2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)
2sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)

4.

4.1

5( x 1) 2 3 x
2
2 3
1 4

x 5

4.2

ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; a , b , c a 0


- ax2 + bx + c = 0
- (mx + n)(ox + p) = 0
- mo=a ;np=c ; (m p) + (n o) = b

x3 x 1

2 x 1 5( x 1)
5(x 1)(x 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 1)
5(x2 4x + 3) = 2x2 + 3x + 1
5x2 - 20x + 15 = 2x2 + 3x + 1
5x2 - 20x + 15 - 2x2 - 3x 1 = 0
3x2 - 23x + 14 = 0
(3x 2)(x 7) = 0
3x 2 = 0 x 7 = 0
2
x x=7
3
2
x , 7
3

 10

b b 2 4 ac
x
2a

4.3

3x y = 21 (1)
2 x 21
y
3 (2)
(2) 3 ; 3y = 2x + 21
-2x + 3y = 21 (3)
(1) 3 ; 9x 3y = 21 (4)
(3) + (4) ; 7x = 42
x = 6
x (1)
3(6) - y = 7
18 7 = y
y = 11
x=6 , y = 11

4.4

4x y 3z = 1 (1)
3x + y + 2z = 5 (2)
8x + y z = 5 (3)
(1) + (2) ; 6x z = 6 (4)
(1) + 5 ; 12x 4z = 6 (5)
(4) 2 ; 12x 2z = 12 (6)
(6) (5) ; 2z = 6
z = 3

 11

z (4)
6x 3 = 6
6x = 9
3
x
2
x z (3)
3
8 7 3 5
2
12 + y = 5 + 3
y = 8 - 12
= -4
3
x , y 4 , z 3
2

4.5

a1 b1
a1 b 2 a 2 b1
a2 b2

a1 b1 c1
a1 b 2 c 3 b1 c 2 a 3 c1 b 3 a 2
a2 b2 c2
a 3 b 2 c1 b 3 c 2 a1 c 3 b1 a 2
a3 b3 c3

4x y 3z = 1
2x + y +2z = 5
8x + y z = 5

 12

4 1 3
D 2 1 2 4 16 6 24 8 2 12
8 1 1
1 1 3
Dx 5 1 2 1 10 15 15 2 5 18
5 1 1
4 1 3
Dy 2 5 2 20 16 30 120 40 2 48
8 5 1
4 1 1
Dz 2 1 5 20 40 2 8 20 10 3
8 1 5

Dx 18 3
x
D 12 2

Dy 48
y 4
D 12

Dz 36
z 3
D 12

4.6
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
a2 - b2 = (a b)(a + b)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)( a2 - ab + b2)
a3 - b3 = (a - b)( a2 + ab + b2)

 13

5.

5.1 5.2
am an = am+n
am an = am-n 6 4 6 2 ( 6 2 6 2 ) 6 2

(am)n = amn 6 3 6 3
(a b)m = am bm ( 6 2 1)6 2

m m 6 3
a a
( 6 2 1)6 2( 3 )
b bm
1
1
an n 2 1 6
a 6
6
2 6
0
a = 1
6
1
6
6

5.3 5.4

A 10n 1 A 10
n
2x + 1
5 = 25
52x + 1 = 52 50.98 = 5.098 10
2x + 1 = 2 509.8 = 5.098 102
2x = 1 0.05098 = 5.098 10-2
1
x
2

 14

6.

m
n
am a n 6.1
n
a n b n ab
75 147 2 125 4 20 27
n a a
n
n = 3 55 3 7 7 2 555
b b
4 2 2 5 3 3 3
n a n a
= 5 3 7 3 ( 2 5) 5
n n
a a
(4 2) 5 3 3
m n
a mn a = (5+ 7- 3) 3 (10 8 ) 5
= 9 3 2 5

6.2 6.3
a b c d = ac bd
3 x3 4
a b a b
=
c d c d 3 x 3
3
43

x3 64
3
12 8
x 61
1 1
12 8
3 2

1 2 1 3

12 3 2 8 2 3

2 3
12 8
6 6

6 12 2 6 8 3
6 12 2 8 3
6 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 26 2 3 3
4 6 18

 15

7.

7.1
x = ay log a 1 =0
y = loga x log a a =1
log a MN = log a M log a N
M
log M = log10 M log a = log a M log a N
N
log a M n = n log a M

ln M = loge M a 0 1

log N
log a N = b
log b a
a > 0, a 1, b > 0, b 1

7.2

log (x+7) = log (x-2) + 2

log (x+7) - log (x-2) = 2
x7
log 2 log10
x2
x7
log log10 2
x2
x7
10 2
x2
x+7 = 100(x - 2)
x+7 = 100x 200
7 + 200 = 100x x
207 = 99x
207 23
x
99 11

 16

8.

8.1
()
x + jy
() x = r cos
r y = r sin
() r x2 y2
r(cos + jsin ) y
tan 1
() x
rej (e=2.71828183)

8.2

4 4 5 3 5
4 45 530 j j
2 2 2 2
4 5 3 4 5
j
2 2 2 2
85 6 85 2
j
2 2 2 2

8.3
r11 r22 = r1r2(1+2)
r1(cos 1 + j sin 1) r2(cos 2 + j sin 2) = r1r2[cos (1+2) + j sin (1+2)]
r1 ej1 r2 ej2 = r1r2 ej(1+2)

(5 j3)(2 + j6) = 10 + j30 j6 j218

= 10 + j24 (-1)18
= 28 + j24

 17

8.4
r11 r22 = (r1 r2)(1-2)
r1(cos 1 + j sin 1) r2(cos 2 + j sin 2) = (r1 r2) [cos (1-2) + j sin (1-2)]
r1 ej1 r2 ej2 = (r1 r2) ej(1-2)

4 j5 A = x + jy
3 j3 A x jy
4 j5 3 j3

3 j3 3 j3 A = 2 + j5
12 j12 j15 j2 15 A 2 j5

9 j2 9
12 j3 ( 1 )15 B = -4 j3

9 ( 1 ) 9 B 4 j3
27 j3

18
27 3
j
18 18
3 1
j
2 6

8.5 n n
(r)n = rn(n)
[r(cos + j sin )]n = rn (cos n + j sin n)
(rej)n = rn ejn

2 k 2 k
n r (cos j sin ) n r cos j sin
n n
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, , n-1

 18

9.

9.1
() (Mean)

1 N
x xi
N i1

() (Median)



1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 6, 8 5
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 8, 9 (5 + 6) / 2 = 5.5

() (Mode)


1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 7 1
1, 1, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7 1, 6

9.2
()

() ( s S.D.)
1 N
s (x i x )2
N i1
2
2
1 N N
s N x i x i
N i1 i1

 19

10.

10.1 2
()
{ } ,

{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } 1, 2, 3, 4 5
{ 2, 4, 6, }
{ 4, 5, 6, , 50 } 4 50
{ , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, }
()


N {0, 1, 2, 3, }
I, Z { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }
+ +
I ,Z {1, 2, 3, }
I-, Z - { , -3, -2, -1 }
Q
Q+
Q-
R
R+
-
R
|



A { x I|3 x 7}
B { x R| x 4}

 20

10.2
U
3
A x R | 2 x 2 x 3 0 1,
2
B x I | 2 x x 3 0
2
1
A R B I

x N | x 3 2
x R | x 2 4 0

A B A B

() A = {b, c, d} B = {a, b, c, d, e}
AB A B
() A = {a, b, c, d, e} B = {d, e, f}
AB A B

A P(A) A
A = {1, 2, 3}
P(A) {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}}

10.3

A B A B
A B {x | x A x B}

 21

() A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {3, 4, 5}
A B {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5}
() G {x | 3 x 6} H {x | 10 x 15}
G H {x | 3 x 15}

A B A B
A B {x | x A x B}

() A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {4, 5, 7}
A B { 4 , 5}
() E {x | 3 x 6} F {x | 5 x 9}
E F {x | 5 x 6}

A B A B
A B {x | x A x B}

() A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
A-B = {0, 1, 2} B-A = {5, 6}
() C {x | 0 x 4} D {x | 3 x 6}
C - D {x | 0 x 3} D - C {x | 4 x 6}

A U A
A U-A {x U | x A}

() U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {3, 4, 5}
A = {1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9}

 22

() U { x | x R}
A {x | - 2 x 5}
A {x | x -2 x 5}

10.4
A n(A)

n ( A B) n ( A ) n ( B) n ( A B)
n(A B D) n ( A ) n ( B) n ( D )
n ( A B) n ( B D ) n ( D A )
n(A B D)

 23

11.

11.1

(a , b) { x | a x b} (a , ) { x | x a}
[a , b] { x | a x b} [a , ) { x | x a}
(a , b] { x | a x b} (- , a) { x | x a}
[a , b) { x | a x b} (- , a] { x | a x b}
(- , ) {x | x R}

11.2

-
-

2x3 3x2 + 5x x; - - + +
2x - 3x - 5x 0
3 2 x+1 ; - + + +
x(2x2 - 3x - 5) 0 2x-5 ; - - - +
x(x + 1)(2x 5) 0 x(x+1)(2x-5) ; -
-1
+
0
-
5/2
+
5
0, -1,
2
x 1,0 25 ,

11.3

|x3| <1
-1 < x 3 < 1
-1 + 3 < x < 1 + 3
2 < x < 4

 24

12.

12.1

A = {2, 3, 4} B = {m, n}
A B = {(2,m), (2,n), (3,m), (3,n), (4,m), (4,n)}

12.2

r A B r AB
r A r AA
A = {1, 3, 5} B = {2, 4, 8}
r {(x, y) A B | x y}
= {(1,2), (1,4), (1,8), (3,4), (3,8), (5,8)}

12.3
r r Dr
r r Rr

() r = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)}

Dr = {1, 3, 5} Rr = {2, 4, 6}

1
() r
(x, y) y
x - 1

Dr --> x - 1 0 1
Rr --> y
x 1 x -1
1
Dr = {x | x 1} x 1
y
y 0
Rr ={y | y 0}

 25

12.4
r 1 {( y , x ) | ( x , y )r}

() r = {(-1,0), (0,1), (1,2), (3,3), (3,5)}

r-1 = {(0,-1), (1,0), (2,1), (3,3), (5,3)}

() r {( x , y )I I | y 2 x 1}
r 1 {( x , y )I I | x 2 y 1}
x 1
Dr-1 --> y
2
-1
Dr = x = I+
Rr-1 --> x = 2y 1
Rr-1 = y = I+

() s {( x , y )R R | y x 2 }
s 1 {( x , y )R R | x y 2 }
Ds-1 --> y x
Ds 1 {x | ( x R ) {0}}
Rs-1 --> x = y2
Rs 1 { y | y R}

 26

13.

- x y
- x y
- x y

r1 {( x , y )R R | x y 2 }
r2 {( x , y )R R | y x 2 }

13.1
f g gof Rf Dg

() f = {(1,a), (2,b), (3,c)}

g = {(a,5), (b,7),(c,4)}
gof = {(1,5), (2,7), (3,4)}
(gof)(x) = g(f(x))

() f(x) = x2 g(x) = x +2 gof(1), gof(-3)

gof
Df = R Dg = R
Rf = R+{0} Rg = R
RfDg = R+{0}
Rf Dg
gof
g(f(x) = f(x) + 2
= x2 + 2
gof = {(x,y) | y = x2 +2}
gof(1), gof(-3)
gof(1) = 12 + 2 =3
gof(-3) = (-3)2 + 2 = 11

 27

13.2

() f = {(2,1), (3,4), (4,5)}

f-1 = {(1,2), (4,3), (5,4)}

() g(x) = x2 + 1
g = {(x,y) | y = x2 + 1}
g-1 = {(x,y) | x = y2 + 1}
y x -1
g -1 x -1
Dg --> x -1 0
x 1
Rg --> R
g-1

13.3

f g {(x, y) | y f(x) g(x) x Df Dg}

f - g {(x, y) | y f(x) - g(x) x Df Dg}
f g {(x, y) | y f(x) g(x) x Df Dg}
f f(x)
{(x, y) | y x Df Dg g ( x ) 0}
g g(x)

 28

14. (Matrix)

a b c a d g

A d e f A t b e h
g h i c f i

A mn m n
aij i i
a13 = c a31 = g
At = A Transpose Transpose of A

14.1

A [a ij ] mn B [ b ij ] mn
A B [a ij b ij ] mn
(Zero Matrix)
0 0 0

0 0 0
0 0 0

14.2

A [a ij ] mn B [ b ij ] nr
C A B [c ij ] mr c ij a i1 b1 j a i 2 b 2 j ... a in b nj

1. (AB)C = A(BC)
2. A(B+C) = AB+AC
3. AB BA
4. IA = A
5. AA-1 = A-1A =I

 29

I I
1 0 0

I 0 1 0
0 0 1

-1
A
a b
A
c d
1 1 d b
A ; ad bc 0
ad bc c a

14.3 Determinant
a b
A
c d
a b
det A ad cb
c d

Minor
A i j A
5 1 6

A 2 5 7
4 8 9

5 7
M 11 ( A ) 45 56 11
8 9

Co-Factor ()
aij (-1)i+j Mij(A)
C11(A) = (-1)1+1(-11) = -11

 30

A [a ij ] nn a ij R n I 2
1. det (A) = ai1Ci1(A) + ai2Ci2(A) + + ainCin(A)
2. det (A) = a1jC1j(A) + a2jC2j(A) + + anjCnj(A)
3. A ( ) det (A) = 0
4. 2 ( 2 ) A
det (A)
5. A () det (A) = 0
6. () A c
c det (A)
7. () A
() A
()
det (A)

14.4
det (A) = 0 A
det (A) 0
1
A 1 adj A
det ( A )

(Adjoint matrix)
adj A [C ij ( A )]tnn

14.5

x + 2y = 4
2x + 3y = 7

 31

1 2 x 4
2 3 y 7

1 2
A
2 3
3 2
A 1
2 1
3 2 1 2 x 3 2 4
2 1 2 3 y 2 1 7

1 0 x 2
0 1 y 1

x 2
y 1

(2,1)

 32

15. (Analysis Geometry)

15.1
y
P1 P2 ( P1 Q ) 2 ( P2 Q ) 2
P1(x1,y1) Q(x2,y1) 2 2
x1 x 2 y1 y 2

P2(x2,y2)

15.2
y
P (x, y )
P2(x2,y2) x1 x 2
x
P(x,y) 2
y y
y 1 2
P1(x1,y1) 2
x

15.3
y
y1 y 2
P1(x1,y1) m
x1 x 2
P2(x2,y2) y1-y2
- x m = 0
x1-x2
- x m > 0
x
- x m < 0

 33

15.4
(1) y
m1 = m2
(2) y
-1
m1m2 = -1

15.5
P(x1,y1)
Ax1 By 1 C
d d
A 2 B2
Ax+By+C=0

15.6
Ax+By+C1=0 Ax+By+C2=0
C C
d 12 2 2
A B

15.7 Ax+By+C=0
1. Point slope form 2. Two point form
y y1 y y1 y 2 y1
m
x x1 x x1 x 2 x1
y y1 m(x x1 )

3. Slope intercept form 4. Intercept form

P(x,y)
(0,b)

(0,b)
(a,0)
x y
y = mx + b 1
a b

 34

15.8
A(a,b), B(c,d), C(p,q), D(s,t)
a b
1 c d 1
(ad cq pt sb ) (sq pd cb at )
2 p q 2
s t

15.9
P(a,b)

Q(c,d) R(e,f)

1.
2.
3.
Ax By C
d 1 2 1 2
A B

 35

16.

16.1

P(x,y) P(x,y)
r r
0 x2 + y2 = r2

P(x,y) (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

r
x2 + y2 2hx 2ky + h2 + k2 r2 = 0
(h,k)
x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

16.2

y

x2 = 4cy
(0,c)
P(x,y)
y = -c
x = 4c
y = -c

 36

y
y=c
x2 = -4cy
x (0,-c)
F(0,-c) y=c
= 4c

y2 = 4cx
x = -c
(c,0)
F(c,0) x x = -c
= 4c

y
x=c y2 = -4cx
(-c,0)
x x=c
F(-c,0)
= 4c

(x - h)2 = 4c(y k)
F(h,c+k) (x - h)2 = -4c(y k)

y = k-c
(h,k)
x

 37

x = (h-c) (y k) 2 = 4c(x - h)
F(c+h,k) (y k) 2 = -4c(x - h)

(h,k)

16.3
P(x,y)
2 F F
| PF | | PF |
y y

R B(0,b) A(0,a)
F'(-c,0) F(c,0)
F(0,c)
A'(-a,0) A(a,0) x x
B'(-b,0) F'(0,-c) B(b,0)
R' B'(0,-b) R' R
x2 y2 A'(0,-a)
1
a2 b2 y2 x2
1
a2 b2
a2 > b2 a2 c2 = b2
0 F F
AA (Major Axis) |2a|
A A
BB (Minor Axis) |2b|
RR (Latus Rectum) 2b2/a

 38

y
A'(-a+h,k) B(h,b+k) A(h,a+k)
F(c+h,k) F(h,c+k)

A(a+h,k) (h,k)
B'(-b+h,k) B(b+h,k)
F'(-c+h,k) R' R
(h,k) B'(h,-b+k)
x F'(h,-c+k) A'(h,-a+k)
(x h)2 ( y k )2
x
2 1 ( y k)2 (x h )2
a2 b 2 1
a2 b

Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
A< B
A = b2, B = a2, C = -b2h, D = -2a2k, E= b2h2 + a2k2

16.4
P(x,y)

| PF | | PF | | 2a |

L1=-bx/a y L2=bx/a y
L1=-abx/b L2=ax/b
R(c,y) F(0,c)
A'(-a,0) B(0,b) A(a,0) A(0,a)
F'(-c,0) F(c,0) x x
B'(0,-b) B'(-b,0) B(b,0)
R'(c,-y) A'(0,-a)
F'(0,-c)
x2 y2
1
a2 b2 y2 x2
1
a2 b2

 39

c2 > a2 , c2 a2 = b2
A(a,-0) , A(-a,0)
AA = 2a
BB = 2b
RR = 2b2/a

B(h,b+k)
(h,k) F(h,c+k)
A'(-a+h,k) A(a+h,k) A(h,a+k)
F'(-c+h,k) F(c+h,k) (h,k)
B'(-b+h,k) B(b+h,k)
B'(h,-b+k) A'(h,-a+k)
F'(h,-c+k)
(x h)2 ( y k)2
2 1
a2 b ( y k)2 (x h)2
2 1
a2 b

Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
Ay2 + Bx2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0

 40

17.

17.1
f = {(n,f(n)) | n = 1,2,3,}

an = a1 + (n 1)d

an = a1rn-1

17.2

1. n 1. lim 1 0 ;k 0
k
n n
2. diff.
(Ls Hopital Law) 2. lim n k ;k 0
n
m
3. lim 0 ;k 0
n n
k

1. lim c c 4. lim k n 0 ; | k | 1
n
n
2. lim c a n c lim a n ; | k | 1
n n

3. lim ( a n b n ) lim a n lim b n ln n

n n n 5. lim 0
4. lim ( a n b n ) lim a n lim b n n n
n n n
6. lim n n 1
an lim a n n
5. lim n ; bn 0 7. lim n
k 1 ; k 0
n bn lim b n n
n
0 ;k 0
6. lim m an m lim a n
n n
k n
8. lim 1 ek
7. lim a n lim a n n n
n n
kn
9. lim 0
n n!

 41

1. 0
1. 2.
2. L 0
3. L L 3. ( ) ( ) 4. 0 ( )
4. 5. 0 6. 1
5. c
7. 0 0 8.
0
6. 1 0
c 9.
c
7. 0

8. c

17.3

n n n n
1. (a i b i ) ai bi Sn 2a 1 ( n 1)d
i 1 i 1 i 1 2
n
n
2. c nc Sn a 1 a n
i 1 2
n n
3. ca i c a i
i 1 i 1
n n ( n 1) a 1 (1 r n )
4. x Sn ; | r | 1
x 1 2 1 r
n n ( n 1)(2 n 1) a 1 ( r n 1)
5. x 2 Sn ; | r | 1
x 1 6 r 1
n n ( n 1)(x 2 )
6. x ( x 1)
x 1 3
n 1 n
7.
x 1 x ( x 1) n 1

 42

18. (Derivative)

18.1

x x x
x x1 2 x 2 3
x = x 2 x1 3 2 1

y f ( x ) y
y x 2 4x 1
x 1, y 12 4 (1) 1 4
x 2, y 2 2 4 ( 2 ) 1 11
x 2 1 1 y 11 4 7

y

x

0
y
f ( x ) lim
x0 x

y f ( x )
dy
y ' f ' ( x )
dx

 43

dy f ( x x f ( x )
lim
dx x0 x
y
lim
x0 x

18.2
Y
A y f ( x )
y A
y B y
y=f(x)
0

X
0
0
B

1) (First derivative)
1.1) (Critical values) x
dy dy
= 0
dx dx
1.2)
. +
. +
.

 44

x3 x2
y 6x 8
3 2
x3 x2
y 6x 8 (1)
3 2
x3 x2
d d
dy 3 2 d (6x ) d8

dx dx dx dx dx
dy 2
x x 6 (2)
dx
dy
0
dx
x2 x 6 0
( x 3)(x 2 ) 0
x 3 , 2
x = -3
3 (2)
dy
x 4 , ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 6 14 +
dx
dy
x 0, (0 ) 2 0 6 6
dx
dy
+ x = -3 (y)
dx
x = 2
2 (2)
dy
x 0, (0 ) 2 0 6 6
dx
dy
x 3, ( 3) 2 3 6 6 +
dx
dy
+ x = 2 (y)
dx

 45

x 3 x 2 (1)
x3 x2
y 6x 8
3 2
( 3)3 ( 3) 2
x 3, ( y ) 6( 3) 8
3 2
9
9 18 8
2
43

2
23 2 2
x 2, ( y ) 6( 2 ) 8
2 2
8
2 12 8
3
2

3

2) (Second derivative)
d2y d2y
y f ( x ) 2 2 2 y f ( x )
dx dx
dy
x
dx
2
d y
2
dx
d2y d2y
2 2
dx dx

y x 3 3x 2 6

y x 3 3x 2 6 (1)

 46

dy
[1] 3x 2 6 x (2)
dx
d2y
[2] 6x 6 (3)
dx 2
dy
[3] , 0 (2)
dx
3x 2 6x 0
3x( x 2) 0
x 0,2
[4] x 0,2 (3)
d2y
x 0, 2 6(0 ) 6 6
dx
d2y
x 2, 2 6( 2 ) 6 6
dx
d2y
2 x = 0
dx
2
d y
2 x = 2
dx
[5] x = 0 2 (1)
x = 0, ( y ) (0 )3 3(0 ) 2 6 6
x = 2, ( y ) ( 2 ) 2 3( 2 ) 2 6 2

 47

1.

dy
2. 0
dx

3.

600
x
y
A
x 2 y 600 y y
x 600 2 y
A y(600 2 y ) x
2
A 600 y 2 y
y
dA d (600 y ) d ( 2 y 2 )

dy dy dy
600 4 y
dA
0
dy
600 4 y 0
4 y 600
y 150
y 150 , x 600 2(150 )
x 300
150 300

 48

19. (Integration)

19.1 (Definite integrals)

y f ( x ) f ( x ) a, b ab f ( x )dx definite
integrals f ( x ) x a x b a (lower limit) b
(upper limit) f ( x ) integrand x definite
value
F( x ) integral f ( x )
ab f ( x )dx F( b) F(a )

y
y f ( x )
y=f(x) a, b A x a
x b x a , x b
A = ab f ( x )dx F( b) F(a )
a b x
x
0 a b

19.2 (Integration by parts)

1. Integrand
x sin xdx , e 2 x cos 3xdx , x 1 x dx
2. ln xdx

udv uv vdu

 49

y = uv
diff ; d(uv) = vdu+udv
Integrate ; d ( u. v ) = vdu udv
uv = vdu udv

udv uv vdu

vdu
integrand

differential
2 u dv
v dv
du differential u
u dv
Differential 2
dv u

ln xdx
dv dx u ln x
dv dx ; du d(ln x )
1
v x ; du dx
x
1
ln xdx = x ln x x dx
x
= x ln x x C

 50

1 integrand x sin x , cos x , e x , a x

x u dv

xe 5x dx
u x dv e 5x dx
1 5x
du dx ;
5 e d ( 5x )
dv
1
v e 5x
5
1 1
5x
xe dx xe 5x e 5x dx
5 5
1 1
xe 5x e 5x d (5x )
5 25
1 1
xe 5x e 5x c
5 25

y 1 y dy
1
uy dv (1 y ) 2 dy
1
du dy ; dv (1 y ) 2 d (1 y )
3
2
v (1 y ) 2
3
3 3
2 2
y 1 y dy y (1 y ) 2 (1 y ) 2 dy
3 3
3 3
2 2
y (1 y ) 2 (1 y ) 2 dy
3 3
3 3
2 2
y (1 y ) 2 (1 y ) 2 d (1 y )
3 3
3 5
2 4
y (1 y ) 2 (1 y ) 2 c
3 15

 51

2 x sin x , cos x , e x
Integration by parts

x 2 sin 3xdx
u x2 dv sin 3xdx
1
du dx 2 ;
3 sin 3xd (3x )
dv
1
du 2xdx ; v cos 3x
3
1 1
x 2 sin 3xdx x 2 ( cos 3x ) cos 3x 2 xdx
3 3
1 2
x 2 cos 3x x cos 3xdx (1)
3 3
x cos 3xdx by parts 2
u x dv cos 3xdx
1
du dx dv 3 cos 3xd (3x )
1
v sin 3x
3
1 1
x 2 sin 3xdx x sin 3x sin 3xdx
3 3
1 1 1
x sin 3x sin 3xdx (3x )
3 3 3
1 1
x cos 3 xdx x sin 3 x cos 3x e (2)
3 9
(2) (1)
1 2 1 1
x 2 sin 3xdx x 2 cos 3x x sin 3x cos 3x c
3 3 3 9
1 2 2
x 2 cos 3x x sin 3x cos 3x c
3 9 27

3 Integrand e x
u dv u e x
Integration by parts u e x

 52

u sin x Integration by parts u cos x

0

2x
e sin xdx
u e 2x dv sin xdx
du 2e 2 x dx ; dv sin xdx
v cos x

2x
e sin xdx e 2 x ( cos x ) cos x ( 2e 2 x )dx
e 2 x cos x 2 e 2 x cos xdx (1)
e 2 x cos xdx by parts 2
u e 2x dv cos xdx
du 2e 2 x dx ; dv cos xdx
v sin x
2x
e cos dx
2x
e sin x sin x 2e 2 x dx
e 2 x sin x 2 e 2 x sin xdx (2)
(2) (1)
e
2x

sin xdx e 2 x cos x 2 e 2 x sin x 2 e 2 x sin xdx
e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x 4 e 2 x sin xdx
2x
e sin dx 4 e 2 x sin xdx e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x c
5 e 2 x sin xdx e 2 x cos x 2e 2 x sin x c
2x 1 2x 2 2x
e sin xdx e cos x e sin x c
5 5

 53

4 Integration by parts

sec 3 d
Integrand
3 2
sec d sec . sec d
u sec dv sec 2 d
2
du sec tan d ; dv sec d
v tan
3
sec d sec tan tan sec tan d
sec tan sec tan 2 d
sec tan sec (sec2 1)d
sec tan sec 3 d secd
3 3
sec d sec d sec tan ln sec tan c
2 sec 3 d sec tan ln sec tan c
1 1
sec 3 d sec tan ln sec tan c
2 2

x 3 e x dx
2

3 x 2
2 x 2
x e dx x e xdx
2 x2
ux dv e .xdx
1 x2 2
du x 2 ;
2 e d(x )
dv
1 x2
du 2xdx ; v e
2
2 1 2 1 2
x 3 e x dx x 2 e x e x 2 xdx
2 2
1 2 x 1 x2 2
2
x e e d(x )
2 2
1 2 1 2
x 2e x e x c
2 2

 54

19.3 (Integration by partial fractions)

P( x)
integrand
Q( x)

P( x )
R ( x ) R ( x ) Rational function
Q( x )
P( x ) Q( x ) Polonomial function
1. Degree P( x ) < Degree Q( x ) R ( x ) Proper rational function
()

2. Degree P( x ) Degree Q( x ) R ( x ) Improper rational function

4
1 Degree 1

5x 3 A B C

x ( x 1)(x 1) x ( x 1) ( x 1)

2 Degree 1

3x 5 A B C

( 2 x 1)3 ( 2 x 1) ( 2 x 1) 2 ( 2 x 1)3

 55

3 Degree 2

x2 x 2 Ax B C

( x 2 2 x 3)(x 5) ( x 2 2 x 3) ( x 5)

4 Degree 2

x2 x 2 Ax B Cx D

( x 2 2 x 3) 2 ( x 2 2 x 3) ( x 2 2 x 3) 2

1
2x 2 1 A B C

x 2 ( x 1) X x 2 ( x 1)
2 x 2 1 Ax B C

x 2 ( x 1) x2 ( x 1)

5x 3 6 x 2 5x A B C D E

( x 1)(x 1) 4 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3 ( x 1) 4
( x 1) Z x Z 1 x
Z Z x+1

 56

20. (Partial derivatives)

20.1
f(x,y) =
= (x,y)
= z = f(x,y)


z f
Z x fx ( x , y )
x x
z f
Z y fy ( x , y )
y y

20.2 (Total Differential)

z z
dz dx dy
x y

20.3
(Composite function)
dz z dx z dy

dt x dt y dt

20.4 (Implicit function)

z x y z
(Explicit function) f(x,y,z) z x,y
f(x,y,z) = 0 z
f f

z z y
x
x f y f
z z

 57

20.5
z 2 f z 2 f
fxx fxy
x x x 2 y x yx

z 2 f z 2 f
fyx 2 fyy
x y xy y y y

fxy = fyx

20.6 (Jacobean of Transformation)

V Y

x=X(u,v)
R' R
y=Y(u,v)

U X
0 0

( x , y ) Xu Xv
2 ; J XuYu XvYv
( u , v ) Yu Yv

Xu Xv Xw
(x, y, z )
3 ; J Yu Yv Yw
( u, v, w )
Zu Zv Zw

 58

21. (Differential Equations)

2
1.

2.
2

y = f(x)
1. (General solution)
c
2. (Particular solution)
c

M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 4

21.1 (Separable differential Equations)

x y
A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0
A( x )dx B( y )dy 0

21.2 (Homogeneous differential Equations)

f(kx,ky) = knf(x,y) f(x,y) n
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 M(x,y) N(x,y)

x y x v
y v
y = vx x = vy
dy = vdx + xdv dx = vdy + ydv

 59

( y 2 x 2 )dx 2 xydy 0 (1)
y
2
x
y 2
2 1
dy ( y 2 x 2 ) x
2
(1)/dx x ; 2y
dx 2 xy
x
2
y dv v 1
v ; vx
x dx 2v
2
dv v 1
x v
dx 2v
x v 2 1 2 v 2 ( v 2 1)

dx 2 vdv 2 vdv
dx 2 vdv

x ( v 2 1)
dx d ( v 2 1)
x ( v 2 1)
ln x ln( v 2 1) c
ln x ln( v 2 1) c
ln x ( v 2 1) ln k ; (c = ln k)
y y2
v ; x 2 1 k
x x
y2 x2
x 2 k
x
y2 x2 kx

 60

21.3 (Exact differential Equations)

1. M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
M N

y x
2.
F M ( x , y )dx f ( y ) ...................(1)
F N ( x , y )dy g ( x ) ...................(2 )
(1) (2)

2 xydx ( x 2 cos y )dy 0

M ( 2 xy ) 2 x
y y

N ( x 2 cos y ) 2 x
y x
M N
2 x
y x

F Mdx N Mdx y
y
x2 2
Mdx 2 xydx 2 y 2 x y

Mdx ( x 2 y ) x 2
y y

F x 2 y ( x 2 cos) x 2 y
x 2 y sin y c
x 2 y sin y c

(Integrating factor)

 61

M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
1 M N
1. f ( x ) e f ( x ) dx
N y x
1 N M
2. g ( y ) e g ( y ) dy
M x y
1
3. Mx Ny 0
Mx Ny
1
4. y f ( x , y ) dx x g ( xy ) dy 0
Mx Ny
M N
5. A ( x ) N B( y ) M e A ( x ) dx B( y ) dy
y x

(x2 + y2 + x)dx + xy dy = 0

M 2 2
y y

x y x 2y
N
xy =y
x x

1 M N 1 1
2 y y
N y x xy x
x
I.F. e f ( x )dx e (1 / x )dx
e ln x
=x

3x 2 ydx ( y 4 x 3 )dy 0
M 2
( 3x y ) 3x 2
y y
N 4 3
( y x ) 3x 2
x x

 62

1 N M 1

M x y 3x 2 y
3 x 2
3 x2 2

y
y
I.F. e g ( y )dy e ( 2 / y )dy
ln y 2
e
1
y 2 2
y

( x 4 y 4 )dy xy 3 dy 0
M x4 y4 , N xy 3
Mx x ( x 4 y 4 ), Ny ( xy 3 ) y
Mx Ny x ( x 4 y 4 ) ( xy 3 ) y
Mx Ny x 5
1 1
5
Mx Ny x

y ( x 2 y 2 2 )dx x ( 2 2 x 2 y 2 )dy 0
f(xy) = x2y2+2 g(xy) = 2 - 2x2y2
1


xy ( x 2 y 2 2 ) ( 2 2 x 2 y 2 )
1
3 3
3x y

(e x sin y )dx cos y dy 0

M x
(e sin y ) cos y
y y
M
cos y 0
x x
M N
A ( x ) N B( y ) M
y x

 63

cos y 0 A( x ) cos y B( y )(e x sin y )

A( x ) 1 B( y ) 0
e A ( x )dx B( y ) dy
e ( 1) dx0 e x

21.4 (Linear Equation of first Order)

dy
A ( x ) B( x ) y c ( x ) 0
dx
dy
P( x ) y Q( x ) dy P( x ) y Q( x )dx
dx

y e P( x ) dx e P( x ) dx Q( x )dx

21.5
(a0Dn + a1Dn-1 + a2Dn-2 + + an-1D + an)y = 0 --> y = yc
(a0Dn + a1Dn-1 + a2Dn-2 + + an-1D + an)y = f(x) --> y = yc + yp

1. yc ar3 + br2 + cr + d = 0
r1 r2 r3 --> y c c1e r1x c 2 e r2x c 3e r3x
r1 = r2 = r3 --> y c c1e r1x c 2 xe r2x c 3 x 2 e r3x
r j --> y c e x Acos x Bsin x
A B c1 ,c2 ,c3

2. yp 3
-
-
-

 64

f(x) yp
f(x) = c --> yp = A0
f(x) = xn --> yp = A1xn + A2xn-1 + + Anx + An+1
f(x) = eax --> yp = Aeax
f(x) = sin ax cos ax --> yp = Asin ax + Bcos ax
f(x) = eax sin bx eax cos bx --> yp = eax (Asin bx + Bcos bx)

2
( D 2 3D 4 ) y e 3x
3
y c ( x ) r 2 3r 4 0
( r 1)(r 4 ) 0
r 1, 4
y c ( x ) C1e x C 2 e 4 x
2
y p ( x ) f ( x ) e 3x
3
y p ( x ) Ae 3x
y ' p ( x ) 3Ae 3x
y" p ( x ) 9Ae 3x
y" p ( x ), y ' p ( x ), y p ( x )
2
( D 2 3D 4 ) y e 3x
3
2
9Ae 3x 3(3Ae 3x ) 4 ( Ae 3x ) e 3x
3
2 1 1
A =
3 4 6
1
A ; y p x e 3x
6
y(x) = y c x y p x
1
= C1e x C 2 e 4 x e 3x
6

 65

22. (Multiple Integration)

I [a b ] [ c d ]
db bd
f f ( x , y )dxdy f ( x , y )dydx
I ca ac

22.1
1 3 x2
0 3 y e dxdy

R {( x, y ) / 0 y 1 3y x 3}
x
e 2 dx
x
2
e dy
y

x
x 3y , y
1 3

x
0
x
x = 3y y
3

x
R ( x , y ) | 0 x 3,0 y
3
x
33 2
x
e dydx
00
3 2 x
e x y 03 dx
0
3 2
(e x x3 0 )dx
0

 66

1 3 x2
xe dx
30
1 3 x 2 d(x 2 )
e ; dx 2 2 xdx
30 2
1 x2 3
e 0
6
1 1
(e 9 e 0 ) (e 9 1)
6 6

22.2
A dA
R
V f ( x , y ) dA
R

y x 2 y x 2

y x 2 __________ __________ _(1)
y x 2 __________ _________( 2)
x2 x 2
x2 x 2 0
(x-2)(x+1) = 0 ; x = 2, -1 y = 4, 1
(-1,1) (2,4)

y=x2 y=x+2 y=x2 y=x+2

(2,4) (2,4)

(-1,1) (-1,1)

1 2 2

 67

2
1) x

y x y 0 y 1 x y 2
y 2 x y 1 y 4
2
1 y 4 y
A 0 y dxdy 1 y2 dxdy
2) y y x 2 y x 2,1 x 2
2 x 2
A 1 x 2 dydx
2
2
A 1 ( y ) x 2 2 dx
x
2
1 ( x 2 x 2 )dx
x2 x3 2
2 x 1
2 3
22 23 1 ( 1)
2( 2 ) ( 2 )
2 3 2 3
1 8 1 1
4 2
2 3 2 3
1
4
2
2
x

R Z=1+x+y
R {( x, y ) | 0 x 2,0 y 1}
V (1 x y )dA
R
21
0 0 (1 x y )dydx

 68

2 y2 1
0 ( y xy ) 0 dx
2
2 1
0 (1 x )dx
2
2 3
0 ( x )dx
2
3 x2 2
x 0
2 2
4
3
2
5

22.3
T(U,V) = (UcosV,UsinV) T xy

R (U ,V ) / 1 U 2,0 V
4
T (U ,V ) (U cosV ,U sin V )
X U cosV
Y U sin V
U = 1 X = cos V , Y=sinV
V sin 2 V cos 2 V 1
x 2 y 2 sin 2 V cos 2 V 1
U 1 x 2 y 2 12
U = 2 X =2 cos V , Y=2sinV
U 2 x 2 y 2 2 2
V = 0 X = U , Y = 0
V 0 y 0
( x )
1 1
V x U , y U
4 2 2

V x y
4

 69

V y
x=y
U=1 U=2
x2 y2 2
V=
4 4 R'
R
x
U
1 2 x2 y2 1

yx
R R
e yx
x+y = 2
yx
y x x
e
y

U = y-x _____________________________________(1)
V = y+x _____________________________________(2)

x+y=2 V=2 UV
x = 0 U = y , V = y U = V UV
y = 0 U = -x , V = x U = -V UV

y U

2 V =2
2
x+y = 2 S

R U = -V U=V

x V
0 0

 70

x,y U,V
U V
(1) + (2) y
2
V U
(2) (1) x
2
( x , y )
J (U ,V )
(u, v )

x y 1 1
( x , y ) U
U 2 2 1
(u, v ) x y 1 1 2
V V 2 2
yx U
e y x dxdy eV J (U ,V ) dUdV
R S
U
2 V 1
0 V e V dUdV
2
U U V
1 2
0 V e V dV
2
U V
1 2
0 V ( e e 1 )dV
2
2 V 2
1 1 V
(e e )
2 2 V 0
2
1 1 2
( e e )( 0 )
2 2
1
e
e

 71

23. (Laplace Transform)

b
st
F(s ) e f ( t )dt lim e st f ( t )dt
0 b 0

23.1
1) (Linearity property)
L{f ( t )} F(s ) L{g ( t )} G (s )
L{af ( t ) bg ( t )} aF(s) bG (s)
a, b
1
5t 2
L 2 e 3t 4 t 7 2 sin 3t
2

1
5t 2
L 2 e 3t 4 t 7 2 sin 3t
2

1

2 L{e 5 t } 3L{ t 2 } 4 L t 2 L{7} 2 L{sin 3t}


1
( 1)
1 2! 1 2 3
2 3 21 4
2
1 7 2 2
s5 s 1 s s 3
s 2
1
( )
2 6 7 6
3 4 2 2
s5 s s s s 9

2) (Change of Scale Property)

L{ f (t )} F ( s)
L{e at f ( t )} F(s a )
a

 72

L{e 2 t cos 3t }
s
L{cos 3t } 2
s 9
s2
L{e 2 t cos 3t }
( s 2)2 9

3) (Change of Scale Property)

L{ f (t )} F ( s)
1 s
L{f ( t )} F
a a
a

s
L{ f (t )} L{ f ( 2t )}
s 1
1 s
L{ f ( 2t )} F
2 2
s
L{ f (t )} F ( s )
s 1
s
1 s 1
F s 2
2 2 2 1
2
1 s 2

2 2 s2
s
L{ f (t )}
2( s 2 )

4) (Laplace transform of derivatives)

f (t ) f ' (t ) t 0 L{ f (t )} F ( s)
L{ f ' (t )} sF ( s) f (0)
f (0 ) f (t )

g (t ) f ' (t ) g ' (t ) f " (t )

 73

L{ f " (t ) L{ g ' (t )}
sL{ g (t )} g (0)
sL{ f ' (t ) f ' (0) g f '
L{ f " (t )} s[ sF ( s) f (0)] f ' (0)
L{ f " (t )} s 2 F ( s) sf (0 ) f ' (0 )

y (t )
y"2 y ' 3 y 12 y (0) 0, y ' (0) 0
L{ y (t )} y ( s)
L{ y"2 y '3 y} L{12}
12
[ s 2 y ( s ) sy (0 ) y ' (0 )] 2[ s ys y (0 )] 3 y ( s )
s
y (0 ) 0 y ' (0 ) 0
12
s y( s) 2 s y( s) 3 y( s)
s
12
y( s) 2
s ( s 2 s 3)
12

s( s 3)(s 1)

5) (Laplace transform of integrals)

L{ f (t )} F ( s)

t

L 0 f (t )dt
F ( s)
s

t
L 0 sin 2tdt

t
1 2
L 0 sin 2tdt 2 2
s s 2

 74

6) t n f (t ) (Multiplication by t n )
L{ f (t )} F ( s)
n
n n d F( s )
L{ t f ( t )} ( 1) n
ds

L{t 2 sin 3t }
f (t ) sin 3t
3
F ( s ) L{sin 3t } 2
s 32
2
2 2 d 3
L{t sin 3t } ( 1) 2 2
ds s 9
3 1( s 2 9) 11 ( 2 s ) 6 ( s 2 9) 2
d d ( s)
ds ds
6sd ( s 9) ( s 9) d ( s )
2 2 2 2

6s( 2 )(s 2 9) 21 d ( s 2 9) ( s 2 9) 2
2s 1
6 2 3 ( 2 s )
( s 9) ( s 2 9) 2
24 s 2 6( s 2 9) 24 s 2 6 s 2 54
2 3
( s 9) ( s 2 9)
18 s 2 54 6(3s 2 32 )
2
( s 9) 3 ( s 2 9) 3

f (t )
7) (Division by t)
t
L{ f (t )} F ( s)
f (t ) f (t )
L s F (u )du lim
t t

 75

sin t
L
t
f (t ) sin t
1
F ( s ) L{ f (t )} L{sin t }
s2 1
1
F (u )
u2 1
f (t )
L
s F ( a )du
t
sin t 1 sin t
L
s 2 du ( lim 1)
t u 1 t 0 t

arctanu s lim arctanu sp
p

lim arctan p arctans arctans
p 2

0, 0 t 1
8) L{ f (t )} F ( s) g (t )
f (t c ), t c
G ( s ) e cs F ( s ), s a F ( s) L{ g (t )}

0, 0 x 1
f (x) 2
( x 1) , x 1
g ( x ) ( x 1) 2 x 2 2 x 1
G ( s) L{ g ( x )} L{( x 1) 2 } L{ x 2 2 x 1}
2! (1! ) 1
e cs F(s ) e 1s
21 2 11
s s s
2 2 1
e s 3 2
s s s

 76

23.2
(Some Special Theorems on Laplace Transforms)

1 [ (First Translation Theorem)]

L{ f (t )} F ( s)
L{e at f ( t )} F(s a )
L1{ F ( s )} f (t )
L1{F(s a )} e at f ( t )

2 [ (Second Translation Theorem)]

L{ f (t )} F ( s)
L{U (t a ) f (t a )} e as F ( s )
L1{ F ( s )} f (t )
L1{e as F ( s)} U (t a ) f (t a )

3 L{ f (t )} F ( s)
1 s
L{ f ( at )} F
a a
L1{ F ( s )} f (t )
s
L1{ F } at ( at )
a

4 L{ f (t )} F ( s) n = 1,2,3,..
n
nd F
n
L{ t f ( t )} ( 1) n ( 1) n F ( n ) (s )
ds
1
L { F ( s )} f (t )
L1{F( n ) (s)} ( 1) n t n f ( t )

 77

5 [ (Periodic Functions) ]
f (t ) p 0 f (t p) f (t )
p st
0 e f (t )dt
L{ f (t )}
1 e sp

6 [(Integration)]
L{ f t F(s),

t
L 0 f u du F s
s
1
L {F(s)} = f(t)
F s t
L 1
f u du
s 0

f t
7 lim L{f(t) =F(s)
t 0 t
f t
L F u du
t s

8 [ (Convolution Theorem)]
L { f t } = F(s) , L {g(t)} = G(s)
t
L 0 f u g t u du F ( s )G ( s )
L1{F(s )} f ( t ), L1{G (s )} g ( t )
t
L 1{ F ( s )G ( s ) 0 f u g (t u )du
f g (convolution of f and g )
t
f*g = 0 f (u ) g (t u )du
f * g g * f

 78

y"4 y ' 4 y 4 e 2 t
y (0) 0, y ' (0) 0
L{ y (t )} y ( s)
s 2 y( s) sy(0) y' (0) 4s y( s) y(0) 4 y( s) s 4 2
y (0 ) 0 y ' (0 ) 0
4
s 2 y ( s ) 0 0 4 s y ( s ) 4 (0 ) 4 y ( s )
s2
4
y ( s )[s 2 4 s 4 ]
s2
4
y( s)
( s 2 )(s 2 ) 2

4 A B C
2 2
( s 2 )(s 2 ) ( s 2 ) s 2 s 2
1 1
A 1, B , C
4 4
1 1 1
y( s)
( s 2)2 4( s 2) 4 s 2)
1 1
y (t ) L1{ y ( s )} te 2 t e 2 t e 2 t
4 4


 80

dc 1. dx xc
1. 0
dx
2. adv a dv
dx
2. 1
dx n v n 1
3. v dv c ; n 1
d du dv dw n 1
3. (u v w)
dx dx dx dx 4. ( du dv dw) du dv dw
d dv dv
4. ( cv ) c ln v c
dx dx 5. v
d dv du
5. ( uv ) u v v av
dx dx dx 6. a dv c
ln a
d n n 1 dv
6. (v ) nv v
dx dx 7. e dv ev c
d n cos v c
7. (x ) nx n 1 8. sin v dv
dx
du dv 9. cos v dv sin v c
v u
d u dx dx 10. tan v dv ln cos v c ln sec v c
8.
dx v v2
11. cot v dv ln sin v c ln cos ec v c
d u 1 du
9. ln (sec v tan v ) c
dx c c dx 12. sec v dv
dy dy dv 13. cos ec v dv ln (cos ec v cot v ) c
10.
dx dv dx 2
tan v c
dx 1
14. sec v dv
11. 2
cot v c
dy dy
15. cos ec v dv

dx 16. sec v tan v dv sec v c
d dv
12. (sin v ) cos v 17. cos ec v cot v dv cos ec v c
dx dx
d dv dv 1 v a
13. (cos v ) sin v 18. v2 a2 ln c
dx dx 2a v a
d dv dv 1 v
14. (tan v ) 2
sec v 19. v2 a2 arc tan c
dx dx a a
d dv dv 1 av
15. (cot v ) cos ec 2 v 20. a2 v2 ln c
dx dx 2a a v
d dv dv v
16. (sec v ) sec v tan v 21. arc sin c
dx dx a v2
2
a
17.
d
dx
(cos ec v ) cos ec v cot v
dv
dx
22.
dv
2
v a 2

ln v v 2 a 2 c
d v dv
18.
dx
(e ) ev
dx 23. 2 2 2 2 v 2 2
v a dv 2 v a 2 ln v v a c
a2

d v dv
19. (a ) a v ln a 2 2 v 2 2 a2 v
dx dx 24. a v dv a v arc sin c
d log e dv 2 2 a
20. (log v ) dv 1 v
dx v dx 25. arc sec c
d 1 dv v v2 a2 a a
21. (ln v )
dx v dx 26. udv uv vdu

 81

f (t ) F (s ) f (t ) F (s )
1. K () k 12. sin at at cos at 2a3
s (s2 a2 )2
2. t n , n I n 13. at cosh at sinh at 2a3
n1
s (s2 a2 )2
t n , nR n 1
1 s n1
3. e at 1 14. e at f (t ) F ( s a)
sa e at t n n!
4. sin at a (s a ) n1
2
s a2 b
5. s e at sin bt
cos at ( s a)2 b 2
s2 a2 sa
e at cos bt ( s a)2 b 2

6. sinh at a 15. f (at ) 1 s

F
s2 a2 a a
7. cosh at s 16. t n f (t ) n d
n

s2 a2 ( 1) n F ( s )
ds
8. t sin at 2 as 17. df f ' (t ) sF ( s) f (0)
(s2 a2 )2 dt
d2 f s 2 F ( s ) sf (0 ) f ' (0 )
2 f " ( t )
dt
9. t cos at s2 a2 18. d n f n
2 f ( t )
(s2 a2 )2 dt
10. t sinh at 2 as
L f n (t)
(s2 a2 )2 S n F(s) s n1f (0 ) s n2 f ' (0 ) .. f ( n1) (0 )
11. t cosh at s2 a2
(s2 a2 )2

 82

(The Greek Alphabet)

No. CAP / lower Name & Description

1 ALPHA AL-fuh) First letter of the Greek alphabet
2 BETA (BAY-tuh)
3 GAMMA (GAM-uh)
4 DELTA (DEL-tuh)
5 EPSILON (EP-sil-on) The second form of the lower case
epsilon is used as the set membership symbol.
6 ZETA (ZAY-tuh)
7 ETA (AY-tuh)
8 THETA (THAY-tuh)
9 IOTA (eye-OH-tuh)
10 KAPPA (KAP-uh)
11 LAMBDA (LAM-duh)
12 MU (MYOO)
13 NU (NOO)
14 XI (KS-EYE)
15 OMICRON (OM-i-KRON) Rarely used because it looks
like an o.
16 PI (PIE) The lower-case Pi is universally used to
represent that number which is the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter. The upper-case
Pi is used as the product symbol.
17 RHO (ROW)
18 SIGMA (SIG-muh) The capital Sigma is used as the
summation symbol.
19 TAU (TAU)
20 UPSILON (OOP-si-LON)

 83

No. CAP / lower Name & Description

21 PHI (FEE) The two versions of lower-case Phi are used
interchangeably.
22 CHI (K-EYE)
23 PSI (SIGH)
24 OMEGA (oh-MAY-guh) Last letter of the Greek
alphabet.