SafetyStandardsandTesting

Overview
CrashSafetyLegislation:Europe,
USAandothercountries
 Legislation Types
LegislationTypes
International
ECE(UNEconomicCommissionforEurope)
EU(EGDirective)
National
Canada/USA(CMVSS/FMVSS)
Australia(ADR)
Japan
India(AIS)
Provincial/State
Canada
USA
Australia
 Overview
LegislationTypes
Legislation Types
InternationalHarmonizedregulations
Howeverythingstarted
How everything started
AgreementsadministeredbyWP.29
1958Agreement
1958 A t
1998Agreement
EuropeanRegulatorysystem
E R l
Overview Crash

International harmonized regulations

Internationalharmonizedregulations
DevelopedwithinUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionfor
EuropeUNECEWP.29forinternationalharmonization
purpose
1958agreement"Agreementconcerningtheadoptionof
uniformtechnicalprescriptionsforwheeledvehicles,equipment
if t h i l i ti f h l d hi l i t
andpartswhichcanbefittedand/orbeusedonwheeled
vehiclesandtheconditionsforreciprocalrecognitionof
approvalsgrantedonthebasisoftheseprescriptions"
pp g f p p
1995revision:includingalsononECEcountries
1998agreement
NationaldecisionstoputinplacenewECEregulations
National decisions to put in place new ECE regulations
ThroughECDGEnterprise
ForEuropeEEVCcoordinatespreregulatoryresearches
Overview Crash

WP.29: How everything started

WP.29:Howeverythingstarted
C
Createdin1952asaWorkingPartyofexpertson
eated 95 as a o g a ty o e pe ts o
technicalrequirementsofvehicles
g p
1956RomeAgreement:firststeptoharmonize
vehicleregulations
The1958Agreement(20June1959)onuniform
conditionsofapprovalandmutualrecognitionof
approvalsofvehicles,componentsandparts
Activeandpassivesafety
A ti d i f t
Protectionoftheenvironment
Anti
Antitheft
theftprotection
protection
Overview Crash
WP.29:WorldForumfor
HarmonizationofVehicleRegulations
f h l l
The
The1958Agreement
1958 Agreement
The1997Agreement(27January2001)on
periodical technical inspections
periodicaltechnicalinspections
The1998Global(Parallel)Agreement(25
August 2000) on global technical regulations
August2000)onglobaltechnicalregulations
In2000WP.29becametheWorldForumfor
Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations that is a
HarmonizationofVehicleRegulationsthatisa
workingpartyoftheUnitedNationsEconomic
CommissionforEurope(UNECE)
Overview Crash

Participation in WP.29
ParticipationinWP.29
Open
OpentoallUNMemberStatesandRegional
to all UN Member States and Regional
EconomicIntegrationOrganizations(EC)
GovernmentsandTechnicalservices
Governments and Technical services
InterGovernmentalOrganizations
NonGovernmentalOrganizations
ISO,RoadUsers,Vehicleandspareparts
Manufacturers,EEVC,Consumers...
Overview Crash

Agreements administered by WP.29 (1)

AgreementsadministeredbyWP.29(1)
ConcludedunderUNECEauspices
Concluded under UNECE auspices
Internationallaw
Elaborated by consensus
Elaboratedbyconsensus
Mainlegaltext,TechnicalAnnexes
A
Amendedastheneedsarise
d d th d i
TheDepositaryistheUnitedNations
S
SecretaryGeneral(UNSG)
t G l (UN S G)
FollowwellestablishedUNlegalprocedures
Overview Crash

Agreements administered by WP.29 (1)

AgreementsadministeredbyWP.29(1)
Open
OpentoallUNMemberStatesandRegional
to all UN Member States and Regional
EconomicIntegrationOrganization(REIO)
ManynonECEStatesarealreadyParties
Many non ECE States are already Parties
TobecomeaContractingParty(CP),deposit
aninstrumentwiththeSG
i ih h SG
Noaccessionfee
Overview Crash

The 1958 Agreement

The1958Agreement
Objectives:
Increasevehicleandroadsafety,vehicle
environmental performance and facilitate
environmentalperformanceandfacilitate
vehiclestradethrough:
Uniformprescriptionsforvehiclesandtheirparts
(UNECERegulationsannexedtotheAgreement)
Typeapprovalofvehiclesandtheirparts
Reciprocalrecognitionofapprovalsgranted
Overview Crash

1958 Agreement
1958Agreement
KeyProvisions(1)
Key Provisions (1)
RegulationsareapartoftheAgreement.They
are international law
areinternationallaw
CPsarefreetobeboundbyall,someorno
Regulation
Regulationsapplytovehiclesandtheirparts
g pp y p
Overview Crash

1958 Agreement
1958Agreement
KeyProvisions(2)
ey o s o s ( )
Regulationstoinclude:
technicalprescriptionsandalternative
technical prescriptions and alternative
requirementsasappropriate
testmethodsandconditionsforgrantingtype
test methods and conditions for granting type
Approvals
typeapprovalsandtheirmutualrecognition,
yp pp g ,
Marketing
prescriptionsforconformityofproduction
Overview Crash

1958 Agreement
1958Agreement
KeyProvisions(3)
Key Provisions (3)
Testsconductedbyapprovedtechnicalservices
DesignatedAdministrativeDepartmentsgrant
Designated Administrative Departments grant
typeapprovals,iftestsarepassed
MutualrecognitionforCPsapplyingaRegulation
M t l iti f CP l i R l ti
Opentoselfcertificationprocedures,butfocused
ontypeapproval
Overview Crash

1958 Agreement
1958Agreement
Overview Crash

EU, ECE & USA

EU,ECE&USA
Mostnotablenon
Most notable nonsignatory
signatorytothe1958
to the 1958
AgreementistheUnitedStates,whichhasits
ownFederalMotorVehicleSafetyStandards
(FMVSS)anddoesnotrecognizeECE
approvals.
ECEvehiclesandcomponentsthereforecannot
beimportedorexportedbetweentheU.S.
andmostoftherestoftheworldwithout
d f h f h ld i h
appropriatemodifications.
Overview Crash

The 1998 Agreement

The1998Agreement
Objectives:
Improveglobalsafety,decreaseenvironmental
pollution and consumption of energy and improve
pollutionandconsumptionofenergyandimprove
antitheftperformanceofvehiclesandrelated
componentsandequipmentthrough:
Establishingglobaltechnicalregulations(GTRs)ina
Gl b l R i t b d
GlobalRegistrybasedonUNECERegulationsoron
UNECE R l ti
nationalregulationslistedinaCompendiumof
candidates GTR harmoni ing them at the highest level
candidatesGTRharmonizingthematthehighestlevel
Overview Crash

The 1998 Agreement

The1998Agreement
Keyprovisions(1)
yp ( )
gtrstoincludefieldofapplication,technical
prescriptions,alternativerequirementsas
appropriate test methods
appropriate,testmethods
Nocertificationprocedure(typeapprovalorself
certification)
Noreciprocalrecognition
Introducetwomainsubsets
CompendiumofCandidateGlobaltechnical
Regulations
Registryofglobaltechnicalregulations
Registry of global technical regulations
Overview Crash

The 1998 Agreement

The1998Agreement
Keyprovisions(2)
Key provisions (2)
AdoptionofgtrsbyconsensusoftheExecutive
Committee (AC 3) of the Agreement present
Committee(AC.3)oftheAgreementpresent
andvoting
gtrsmayspecifyalternativenongloballevels
if l i l b ll l
ofstringencyorperformanceandappropriate
testprocedureswhenneededtofacilitatethe
d h d d f ili h
regulatoryactivitiesofdevelopingcountries
Overview Crash

The 1998 Agreement

The1998Agreement
Keyprovisions(3)
yp ( )
CPsvotinginfavour shallinitiateinternalproceduresto
incorporategtrintotheirnationallaws levelof
St i
Stringency
ACPmaydecidenottoadoptagtrinformingtheSG
PeriodicalreportstotheSGregardingtheprocedure
Periodical reports to the S G regarding the procedure
foradoptionofthegtr
ACPnotadoptingagtrmaydecidetoacceptproducts
p g g y p p
incompliancewiththeprescriptionsoftheGtr
ACPmayintroduceanamendedgtrasnationallaw
Overview Crash

The 1998 Agreement

The1998Agreement
CompendiumofCandidates
Catalogueofregulationsthatarecandidatesfor
harmonizationoradoptionasgtrs
UNECERegulationsofthe1958Agreementare
UNECE Regulations of the 1958 Agreement are
Candidates
AnyCPmayproposeanytechnicalregulationforits
li ti i th C
listingintheCompendium
di
VotinginAC.3:Atleast1/3oftheCPspresentingand
voting,with,inaddition,thepositivevoteofUSA,EC
g, , , p ,
andJapan
Now:123UNECERegulations+9technicalregulations
Overview Crash

The 1998 Agreement

The1998Agreement
GlobalRegistry(1)
G oba eg st y ( )
TheRegistrycontainsalladoptedgtrs
Agtrcanbeestablishedthroughharmonization
A gtr can be established through harmonization
ofexistingregulations,onthebasisofa
regulationlistedintheCompendium,orofa
UNECERegulationunderthe1958Agreement
Agtrcanalsobeestablishedconcerningelements
ofperformanceordesigncharacteristicsnot
f f d i h t i ti t
addressedbytechnicalregulationsinthe
Compendium or by UNECE Regulations
CompendiumorbyUNECERegulations
Overview Crash

The 1998 Agreement

The1998Agreement
Overview Crash

European Regulatory System

EuropeanRegulatorySystem
ECE(Geneva)
( ) EC(Brussels)
( )
ECE Economic EC European
CommissionforEurope Commission
WP29Geneva
WP 29 G Brussels
B l
Regulations voluntary Directives mandatoryfor
AllEuropeancountries
All European countries member states
memberstates
plusothers(US,Russia, Allmembersstates
Japan) InvolvementofEuropean
Approvalof>2/3of P li
Parliament t
parties Allhaveagree
About130regulations
About 130 regulations (consensus)
 Crash Regulations
CrashRegulations
Frontalcollisionprotection
Frontal collision protection
Sideimpactprotection
Rearimpacts(Fuelleakage)
i ( ll k )
Roofstrength
Componentandsystemtests
Pedestrian
edes a
Childsafety
Overview Crash

Frontal collision EU, 96/79/EC

FrontalcollisionEU,96/79/EC
Newcars1/1098
Allnewregistrations1/1003
General:
ThedirectiveappliestonewcarsincategoryM1witha
The directive applies to new cars in category M1 with a
GrossVehicleWeightRating(GVWR)lessorequalto2500kg.
Newtestswithacompletevehiclemightberequiredifthere
are changes made resulting in an increase of the weight with
arechangesmaderesultinginanincreaseoftheweightwith
morethan8%onavehicleapprovedaccordingtothis
directiveoriftherearestructuralchangesaffectingthe
collision performance.
collisionperformance.
Vehiclesapprovedinaccordancetothisdirectiveare
excludedfromthe74/297/EECsteeringwheeltest.
Overview Crash

Frontal collision EU, 96/79/EC

FrontalcollisionEU,96/79/EC
Overview Crash

Frontal collision EU, 96/79/EC

FrontalcollisionEU,96/79/EC
Testmethod:
40% 20mmoverlapin56km/h./
Deformablebarrier(ALhoneycomb).
TwoHybridIIIdummiesinthefrontseats(injurycriteria).
Thevehicleshouldbearepresentativeproductionvehicle,thechoiceof
The vehicle should be a representative production vehicle the choice of
leftorrighthanddriveismadetogetherwiththeissuingauthority.
Nodoorisallowedtoopenduringtestandthefrontdoorsmaynotbe
jammed
jammed.
Itshouldbepossibletoopenatleastonedoorperpassengerrowwithout
toolsaftercrashandthemaximumforceneededtounbucklethecrash
testdummyis60N.Furtheron,thedummymustberemovablewithout
y , y
adjustingtheseats.
Thefuelleakagemaynotexceed30g/min.
Overview Crash

Frontal collision EU, 96/79/EC

FrontalcollisionEU,96/79/EC
Injurycriteria
Head:HPC(HeadPerformanceCriterion),lessorequalto
1000.
Headacceleration(3ms):Lessorequalto80g.
Head acceleration (3 ms): Less or equal to 80 g.
Chest:ThoraxCompressionCriterion(ThCC):50mm.
Softtissuecriterion(VC),lessorequalto1.0m/s.
Neck:Neckbendingmoment,lessorequalto57Nm.
N k N k b di t l l t 57 N
Neck:NIC(NeckInjuryCriterion)maynotexceedfollowing:
NeckShearforce:3.1 1.1kNdependentlytotimeduration
p y
NeckTensionForce:3.3 1.1kNdependentlytotime
duration
Overview Crash

Frontal collision ECE R94

FrontalcollisionECER94

Tension

Shear

GraphsfromKUSchmidt(2005)
Overview Crash

Frontal collision EU, 96/79/EC

FrontalcollisionEU,96/79/EC
Injurycriteria
Thighbone:FemurForceCriterion(FFC)dependentlytodurationofthe
( )
pulse:9 7.8kN
Shinbone:TibiaCompressionForceCriterion(TCFC),lessorequalto8kN
TibiaIndex:Lessorequalto1.3(topandbottom).
Tibia Index: Less or equal to 1 3 (top and bottom)
Movementoftheslidingkneejoints:Lessorequalto15mm.
Steeringwheelintrusion:Lessorequalto80mmupwards/verticaland
less
orequalto100mmrearwards/horizontal.
TheEUCommissionconsidertoimprove:
collisionvelocity
injurycriteria
newrequirementsregardingfloorintrusion
Overview Crash

Frontal collision USA, (FMVSS 208)

FrontalcollisionUSA,(FMVSS208)
Overview Crash

Frontal collision USA, (FMVSS 208)

FrontalcollisionUSA,(FMVSS208)
PresentFMVSS208(depoweredairbags)
30mph0 30 fullfrontalcollisionbelted/notbeltedintobarrier
Sledtestingwithunbelteddummies
Pulsecorrespondstoappr.22mphbarriertest
Completevehicleonsled
Barriertestwithbelteddummies
Barrier test with belted dummies
30mph(0degr,+ 30degr.)
2hybridIIIdummiesinfrontseat(onefemale5%%)
BarrierinaccordancewithSAEJ850
Injurycriteria:
Head(HIC)max700
Chest acclrationmax60g
Thighforcemax10kN
hi h f k
Thoraxcompressionmax3=76mm
Neckinjurycriteria:flexionbending,extensionbending,
axial tension axial compression foreaftshear
axialtension,axialcompression,fore aft shear.
TheHybridIIIdummyiscompulsoryasfrom1/997
Overview Crash
FrontalcollisionUSA,(FMVSS208)
AdvancedAirbagFinalRule
d d b l l
Safetyproblem:
Approximately200occupantskilledbyairbags
Mainlychildrenandsmallfemaledrivers
Depoweredairbagsonlytemporarysolution
FinalRulepublishedMay2000
Fi l R l bli h d M 2000
Effectivedates(phasein)firstphase:
FirstphasestartingSept1,2003
Secondphasestarting2007
S d h t ti 2007
Increasebeltedtestspeedto35mph
Goals:
Improvedoccupantprotectioninhighspeedimpacts,beltedand
I d t t ti i hi h di t b lt d d
unbeltedoccupants
Minimizerisktoinfants,childrenandotheroccupantsfrominjuries
caused by air bags
causedbyairbags
Overview Crash

Frontal collision requirements

Frontalcollision
Australia ADR69: from1/196,asbeltedFMVSS208,from1/198
only H III dummy
onlyHIIIdummy.
ADR73proposal:Frontalcollisionaccordingtothenew
96/79/EC,i.e.56km/h,40%offset.1/199NewTypes,1/1
g p y g
04allregistrations.Discussionsaboutpossiblyraisingthe
collisionspeedfurther.
Bulgaria ECE.R33.
Canada CMVSS208
EconomicCommissionEurope(ECE) ( )
ECER.29.01
ECER.33
ECE R 34 01
ECER.34.01
ECER.94(willbeharmonizedwithcorrespondingEU
directives,96/79/EC)
Overview Crash

Frontal collision requirements

Frontalcollision
EuropeanUnion 96/79/ECfrom1/1098NewTypes
f
from1/1003Allregistrations
1/10 03 All i t ti
(56km/h,40%offset)
Discussionsareheldaboutchangingthebarrier,test
speed,injurycriteriainthefuture.
GulfStates GS36FMVSS301(Norollover)
Japan TRIAS47from1/499,allimportedcarsmustpass,
belteddummiesasFMVSS208
There are demands of fuel leakage test according to
Therearedemandsoffuelleakagetestaccordingto
FMVSS301.
Korea Article102,sameasFMVSS208(belted)
Poland ECER.29
Rumania ECER.29
ECER.33
ECER.34
Overview Crash

Frontal collision requirements

Frontalcollision
Russia ECER.33
Slovenia ECER.29
Ukraine ECER.33
USA
USA FMVSS 204 (Steering Wheel
FMVSS204(SteeringWheel
RearwardDisplacement)
FMVSS208
FMVSS 212 (Wi d hi ld Z
FMVSS212(WindshieldZone
Intrusion)
FMVSS219(WindshieldIntrusion)
FMVSS301(FuelSystemsIntegrity)
India AIS098 incompliancewithECER94
andFMVSS208
Overview Crash

Side collisionEU(96/27/EC
collision EU(96/27/ECECE
ECER9501)
R9501)
Newcars1/1098
Allnewregistrations1/1098

General:
Thedirectivecomprisescarsandlighttrucks
Newtypesaredefinedasvehicleswithoutapprovalbefore1/10
98inatleasttwoofthefollowingEUdirectives:70/387/EEC,
74/483/EEC d 76/115/EEC Th
74/483/EECand76/115/EEC.Theseareinturn:Doorlock,
i t D l k
ExteriorandBeltanchorage
Modificationsonavehicleapprovedaccordingtothisdirective,
which might affect the performance of a side collision must be
whichmightaffecttheperformanceofasidecollision,mustbe
reportedtotheauthoritythatdecidesaboutpossiblenewtests.
Anincreaseinweightwithmorethan8%mightresultinnewtests.
Overview Crash

Side collisionEU(96/27/EC
collision EU(96/27/ECECE
ECER9501)
R9501)
Testmethod:
Test method:
Amovabledeformable
barrier(MBD)weightof
( ) g
950 20kg
Groundclearance:300
5mm
Velocity:50 1km/h
EUROSIDcrashtest
dummy
Overview Crash

Side collisionEU(96/27/EC
collision EU(96/27/ECECE
ECER9501)
R9501)
Injurycriteria:

Head:HPC(HeadPerformanceCriterion),lessorequalto1000
Chest:RDC(RibDeflection),lessorequalto42mm
Softtissuecriterion(VC),lessorequalto1.0m/s
(VCshallbemeasuredbutwasnotapass/failcriteriauntilafter
1/1000)
Pelvis:PSPF(PubicSymphysisPeakForce),lessorequalto6kN
Abdomen:APF(AbdominalPeakForce),lessorequalto2.5kN
internal(4.5kNexternal)
Th d
Thedoorsshouldremainclosedduringthecrash
h ld i l dd i h h
Itshouldbepossibletoremovethecrashtestdummyaftercrash
Thefuelleakagemaynotexceed30g/min
Overview Crash

Side collision USA (FMVSS 214)

SidecollisionUSA(FMVSS214)
Overview Crash

Side collision USA (FMVSS 214)

SidecollisionUSA(FMVSS214)
General:

Amovabledeformablebarrier(MDB)strikesthevehicleinthesideat
33.5mph.Thebarrierstrikesthevehicleobliquetosimulateaspeedof
p g p
30mphforthestrikingvehicleand15mphforthestruckvehicle.
SIDcrashtestdummiesfrontandrearinthevehicleonthestruckside.
InjuryCriteria:
ThoraxTraumaIndex(TTI*): max.85g(4doors)
max.90g(2doors)
*Averageofpeakribandpeaklowerspineaccelerations.
Hipacceleration:max.130g
Doorsonthestrucksidearenotallowedtocompletelyseparatefrom
h k id ll d l l f
thebody,remainingdoorsmuststayclosed.
Overview Crash

Side collision requirements

Sidecollision
Australia ADR29StaticpartofFMVSS214
ADR72ProposaltointroduceEUssidecollisiondirectives
(92/27/EC)orFMVSS214dynamic.
1/199NewTypes
1/1 04 All registrations
1/104Allregistrations
Canada CMVSS214(staticonly)
Discussionsareheldaboutintroducingadynamicpart,
not necessarily in accordance with USA Economic
notnecessarilyinaccordancewithUSA.Economic
CommissionEurope(ECE)ECER.95,willbeharmonizedwith
96/27/EC.
EuropeanUnion (EU)96/27/EC,50km/h,300mmbarrierheight
1/1098NewTypes
/
1/1003Allregistrations
Discussionsareheldaboutadjustmentsofbarrierheight,
collision speed etc
collisionspeedetc.
Overview Crash

Side collision requirements

Sidecollision
GulfStates GS38,FMVSS214(staticpart)
(ME) Discussionsareheldaboutintroducingsidecollision
requirementsaccordingtotheEuropeanmodel.
India AIS099,FMVSS214(staticpart)
Japan From1/1003TRIAS47(forallimportedcars)
accordingECE9501sidecollisiondirectives,
Korea Article104FMVSS214(staticpart)
USA FMVSS214,staticdoorintrusion+dynamicbarrier
test.FMVSS301,discussionsareheldaboutreplacing
thisfuelleakagetestwithFMVSS214,i.e.measure
g ,
fuelleakageatdynamic214testing.
Overview Crash

Rear collision
Rearcollision
Argentina FMVSS301,fuelleakage
Bulgaria ECER.32
EconomicCommissionEurope
(ECE) ECER.32
ECE R 34
ECER.34
GulfStates GS37,equalsFMVSS301(norollover)
(ME)
Japan
Japan FMVSS 301
FMVSS301
Rumania ECER.32
ECER.34
Russia ECER.32
ECER.34
Ukraine ECER.32
USA FMVSS301
Overview Crash

Roof intrusion
Roofintrusion
Canada
Canada CMVSS216
CMVSS 216
GulfStates GS39,sameasFMVSS216
( )
(ME)
Korea Article92,sameasFMVSS216
USA FMVSS216
Overview Crash

Pedestrian protection
Pedestrianprotection
NegotiatedAgreement/EnvelopeDirective:
RequiresnewvehicletypestocomplybyJuly1,2005.
Vehicleregistrations:80%by2010
90% by 2011
90%by2011
100%by2012
RegulationinIndia AIS100
Overview Crash

Pedestrian testconditionEEVC
Pedestrian test condition EEVCWG17
WG17
ChildHead LowerLeg
MassofImpactor 2.5Kg Area FullBumperWidth
ImpactSpeed 40km/h ImpactSpeed 40km/h
Impact Angle
ImpactAngle 50
50 Criteria (G) 150g
WAD 10001500mm Criteria(Bending) 15
Criteria HIC<1000 Criteria (Shear) 60mm
AdultHead UpperLeg
MassofImpactor 4.8Kg Energy 600J
ImpactSpeed 40km/h Criteria(Force) 5.0kN
ImpactAngle 65 Criteria(Bending
300Nm
WAD 15001800mm Moment)
Criteria HIC <1000
HIC<1000
Overview Crash

Child Safety Testing

ChildSafetyTesting

FMVSS213,ECER44:sledtestingwithdifferentdummies