HISTORY-II

ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD

TO INDIA

SUBMITTED BY-

MAHENDRA SINGH

I.D. NO. - 2235

II YEAR B.A., LL.B. (HONS.)

DATE OF SUBMISSION- 17TH APRIL 2017

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

CONTENTS

Introduction......2

Research Methodology.3

Hyderabad- History of the State.....5

Troubled Times: Independence or Accession....9

Police Action, Integration and Implications.....12

Conclusion...15

Bibliography....16

National Law School of India University Page - 1 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

INTRODUCTION
The British Government in June 1947 announced its intentions to partition the erstwhile
British India into two parts, namely, India and Pakistan.1 The Princely States which existed
under British rule, now had the option of choosing to be part of one the newly formed
dominions or to stay independent. Among the princely states was Hyderabad, which the
Indian Government wanted to integrate to secure its long-term interests. The Indian Union
was able to make Hyderabad accede after a long set of negotiations and police action. 2 The
accession had deep impact on the politics of Andhra Pradesh and its recent bifurcation to
form Telangana. It is relevant in this light to understand the process of accession of
Hyderabad into India, which is the focus of this paper. In the present context, it is important
to know about the accession and integration of Hyderabad to comprehend the history of
conflict within Andhra Pradesh and the ways in which it divided the state based on political
and geographical lines that made the formation of Telangana important.

The departure of the British from India left a void in the political sphere of the Indian
Subcontinent allowing the Nizam of Hyderabad to assert his independence from both India
and Pakistan,3 however the political interests of the Indian Union required that Hyderabad
accede to India. This encouraged both the Indian Union and the State of Hyderabad to get
involved in aggressive negotiations and bargaining, the complete breakdown of which led to
the police action on the State, the legality of which is still questionable.

The researcher in this paper will commence by setting the background in which the accession
of princely states to India took place. The researcher will then explore history, both economic
and political, of the State in order to understand the functioning of the state and the
importance of the state for the Indian Union. The researcher will also look at the negotiations
that took place between the Indian Union and Hyderabad while trying to understand the
factors that influenced the negotiationsand led to the need for police action in the State.
Finally, the researcher willlook at the long-term political effects that the accession had on the
politics of Andhra Pradesh such as the multiple conflicts in the next sixty years and in the
process attempt to understand the need for formation of Telangana in the history of accession.

1
Holden Furber, The Unification of India, 24(4) PACIFIC AFFAIRS 352, 352 (December 1951).
2
SarvepalliGopal, JAWAHARLAL NEHRU: A BIOGRAPHY, Vol. II, 42 (1989).
3
Lucien D. Benichou, FROM AUTOCRACY TO INTEGRATION, 172 (2000).
National Law School of India University Page - 2 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the project is to understand the process relating to the accession of Hyderabad and
to study the importance of accession to the Indian Union.

The objective of the paper is to comprehend the political and economic reasons behind the
accession of Hyderabad. The researcher also wants to have a better understanding of the
internal political situation of the State of Hyderabad before the accession and recognize the
implications that it had on the process of accession.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The scope of the paper includes the political developments, which took place prior to the
Independence of India and accession of Hyderabad including the development of the various
political forces in the State and the impact of these events on the eventual accession to the
Indian Union.

The paper does not give emphasis to the individual events, which impacted the political
developments in the State of Hyderabad prior and post the Independence of India; instead it
looks at the broader political and social scheme to avoid shift of focus from overarching
scheme of events. It also does not delve in depth on the issue of police action in the state to
avoid digression from the focus of the paper, which is to understand the importance and
impact of the accession.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Why was the accession of Hyderabad important to the Indian Union?
2. What were the various factors involved in the accession of State of Hyderabad to
India?
3. How did the political situation in Hyderabad and in the Indian Union affect the
accession of Hyderabad to the Indian Union?
4. What were the various implications of accession and integration of Hyderabad on the
political future of the State?

National Law School of India University Page - 3 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

SOURCES OF DATA
The research paper will rely mainly on secondary sources such as books, journalsand
magazine articles to facilitate the research. The researcher has gone through works of various
authors having different viewpoints to prevent getting limited by any one account of history.

MODE OF CITATION
The National Law School Guide to Uniform Citation has been followed.

METHODOLOGY
The researcher will look at writings of various historians belonging to different schools of
history, critically, in order to answer questions, which arise while reading about theaccession
of Hyderabad, such as the nature of the State and the importance of Hyderabad. The
researcher while researching will look at the various texts written by the historians in light of
their ideological backing to understand the reason for writing such an account. Further, the
researcher will critically examine the writings of various historians relating to negotiation
proceedings between the Indian Union and Hyderabad to understand the breakdown of the
negotiations and the eventual police action. Also, the researcher will look at the writings in
the post independence period to understand the impact of accession of Hyderabad to India.

DIVISION OF PAPER
The research paper is divided into three parts. The first part of the paper will give context
related to the Princely State of Hyderabad as to include the historical background and the
political situation that prevailed in the State before the accession proceedings began. It will
also look at the way in which the political influences affected the accession. The secondpart
will analyse the importance of the state of Hyderabad and the negotiations that took place
between the Nizam and the Indian Union in the light of the developments that took place
inside and outside the State of Hyderabad. Finally, the third part will look at the concluding
stage of the negotiations and the eventual breakdown, which led to the initiation of the police
action and then look at the impact of the accession.

National Law School of India University Page - 4 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

HYDERABAD- HISTORY OF THE STATE

In this section, the researcher will try to understand the functioning of the state of Hyderabad
by looking at factors such as the working of the economy in the state, the communal nature of
the people and the localized movements. The researcher will also look at the political
environment that exists in the state and the way in which the people were affected by the
political uprisings.

The State of Hyderabad was founded by Mir Qamruddin Chin Qilich Khan in the 18th
century after declaring independence from the Mughal rule.4 The State had then been an ally
of the British Government almost since the inception of their rule in the subcontinent. In the
year 1911, Nizam Mir Usman Ali Khan Bahadur acceded to the throne and his favorable
dealings with the British earned him the title faithful ally of the British Government from
King George.5 The Nizam ruled State of Hyderabad occupied a very important position in
British India as it was located in a part which divided the north from the south of India. The
population of the State was sixteen million, which was one of the largest in the time period.6
Further, the revenue generated in the state was to the tune of rupee twenty-sixcrores which
was a huge amount if looked at from the perspective of the first Indian budget after
independence which stood around rupees one hundred seventy onecrores.7

The Nizam of Hyderabad ruled over a population of over 85 percent Hindu, however the
Muslims enjoyed a privileged position in the state and occupied most of the key
administrative positions.8 The communal conflicts in the State between the Hindus and the
Muslims were rare and largely localized at least till the year 1941. This was largely due to the
fact that traditionally the Hindus and the Muslims in the State were happy with the positions
that they occupied in the state. The Hindu populace largely owned the important businesses
in the State whereas the Muslims held on to the administrative part of state maintaining status
quo.9This was due to the fact thatsince the Mughal rule the Muslims were content with
occupying government service at any level, leaving other important activities like agriculture,

4
Benichou, supra note3,at 11.
5
V.P. Menon, INTEGRATION OF THE INDIAN STATES, 361 (1999).
6
Id, at 362.
7
Menon, supra note 5, at 362.
8
Benichou, supra note3,at 13.
9
Benichou, supra note3,at 16.
National Law School of India University Page - 5 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

banking etc. in the hand Hindus, which later became hereditary in nature to bring the division
of work between Hindus and Muslims.

The State of Hyderabad was very different from the other princely states, which existed in
British India as it had anExecutive council with a Prime Minister, however the Nizam still
had the power to act independently of the Executive Council, which reduced the intended
impact of the reforms.10 The politics of the State took a turn for the worse with the advent of
the reformist AryaSamaj in Hyderabad around the year in 1923.11The AryaSamajs
movement on mass conversion from Islam coincided with the first major communal clash in
Hyderabads history. This led to a series of conversion movements both from Islam to
Hinduism and vice versa leading to communal tensions.12The greatest impact that this period
had on the politics was the formation of Majlis-e-Ittihad-ul-Muslimeen (Hereinafter Majlis-e-
Ittihad), which was founded in the year 1927 as a counter movement to the conversion
movement started by the AryaSamaj.13 Then, the Hyderabad State Congress launched
Satyagraha in Hyderabad in 1938 to press on the issue of Constitutional Reforms to give
greater religious liberty.14 This had a deep impact on the relationship of Hindus and Muslims
in the State in a negative manner as the Satyagraha was supported by the Hindu Mahasabha
and AryaSamaj which had in the past antagonized the Muslim population leading to
polarization of the people to protect their social and political interests.15 The satyagraha in the
State was marked by frequent communal rifts and agitations which deeply alarmed the
Muslim population in the State leading to the rapid rise of Majlis-e-Ittihad to integrate the
Muslims in the State. The period between 1938 and 1944 saw a tussle between BahadurYar
Jung, the Majlis-e-Ittihad leader, and the Nizams executive council for supremacy over
theNizams decision-making power leaving the State divided on political lines.16 The
attempts to bring greater Hindu-Muslim unity in the State were thwarted by extremists on
both sides.

The period before independence, that is the period between 1944-1947, was marked by chaos

10
Dick Kooiman, Nizams Last Victory: Hyderabad on Eve of Second World War, 33(12) ECONOMIC AND
POLITICAL WEEKLY 645,648 (March 21-27, 1998).
11
Benichou, supra note3, at 38.
12
H. Srikanth, Liberation of Hyderabad State: A Study in MAKING OF THE INDIAN UNION, 133, 138 (Sajal Nag
et. al.ed(s)., 2007).
13
Benichou, supra note3,at 39.
14
RamchandraGuha, INDIA AFTER GANDHI, 52 (2007).
15
Benichou, supra note 3, at 88.
16
Benichou, supra note3,at 95.
National Law School of India University Page - 6 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

due to the struggle for political supremacy between various political parties such as the
Communist Party, the State Congress and the Majlis-e-Ittihad. The Communist Party
emerged in the Telangana region where feelings against the deshmukhs (landlords) and the
abuses that they practiced were the highest.17 Later, the communists gained control of other
political bodies such Andhra Mahasabha through the work they did in the Telangana region
and partly due to decline of Congress.18Hyderabad was by now divided both on geographical
and on social-political lines into multiple factions based on political leanings reducing the
strength of the State as it failed to show a united standing during the period of accession of
princely states. The Majlis-e-Ittehad and the Communists affected the maximum control as
Congress failed to launch and sustain a popular movement as it did in other parts of British
India and in some princely states. The Hyderabad State Congress was not able to maintain the
movement due to the fact that the majority of the leadership including Gandhiwhich the
people recognizedwere banned from entering the State and also because there was lack of
cohesion in leadership within the State.19The Majlis-e-Ittehad was not only supported by the
Muslim population of the State but also by the Depressed classes as they believed that their
interests would be better served by staying loyal to the Nizam and by demanding
representation within the State rather than by joining the State Congresss agenda of merging
with Indian Union.20Further, the rural peasants sided with the Communists than with the State
Congress, as they feared that Congresss policies would protect the landlord more than the
peasants for who the Communists stood.The Quit India movement, which was launched in
the State, failed majorly as it failed to draw any crowd.21 Also, the strategies of the State
Congress remained communal which led to it being banned for a period of time and reducing
its impact on State politics at a time when the Indian National Congress was leading a
successful movement against the British in British India.

In the period just before the independence of India and Pakistan, the Nizam tried to launch a
Constitutional reform movement in the State in a bid to pacify the antagonized Hindus and
Muslims in the State in order to preserve his own position as the head of the State. The
reforms included the introduction of State legislature and reform of the Executive Council,
however these failed to arrest the political developments such as the growth of political

17
Srikanth, supra note 12, at 139.
18
Srikanth, supra note 12, at 140.
19
Benichou, supra note3,at 134.
20
Benichou, supra note3,at 179.
21
Benichou, supra note3,at 143.
National Law School of India University Page - 7 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

power of Majlis-e-Ittehad leadership with peoples support which continued to reduce

Nizams control over the State. Thearrival of the Cabinet Mission in British India in 1946
allowed the room to Nizam to reassert his authority over the State by proposing the idea of
independence and in the process unifying the subjects of the State. This led to a period of
tussle between the Government of the Indian Union and the Nizam in order to assert control
over Hyderabad. The course of these negotiations will be charted in the next part of the paper.

National Law School of India University Page - 8 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

TROUBLED TIMES: INDEPENDENCE

OR ACCESSION

In this section, the researcher will discuss the importance of the State of Hyderabad to the
Indian Union and the events associated with the period of accession. The researcher will try
to understand the events taking place in the Indian Union and in the State of Hyderabad in the
context of the negotiations. The researcher will also analyse the impact of such events on the
negotiations to comprehend the reasons for the decisions that were taking place during the
period.

The Nizam of Hyderabad in June 1947 announced his intention to not send representatives to
the Constituent Assembly and become an independent nation once the British left the
subcontinent.22The position of Hyderabad among all the princely states was special by the
fact of its geographical position, which was at the heart of the country.23The idea of an
independent Hyderabad in the heart of the Indian Union alarmed the Indian National
Congress leaders who saw this as a threat to the unity and national security. The leaders were
willing to go any extent to make Hyderabad accede to India and this provided the Nizam with
a better position than rulers of other princely states, as he knew the importance that the State
held in the Deccan region and that the Indian Union, given the special position would agree
to the demands that he made. The decision to allow Hyderabad to become independent would
have come with a heavy cost as it would have antagonized the rulers of other states who had
already acceded to India as they would have believed that they can also declare independence
following on similar lines as Hyderabad.24This concerned the Indian Union because the rulers
of other princely states could have revolted and left the Union leaving it in disarray. Further,
the State had important mineral resources such as coal, which were needed for development
of the Indian economy in the long term.25

The researcher firmly believes that the Indian Government after independence was in no
position to force the Nizam of Hyderabad to accede to India, mainly because of two reasons.

22
Bipin Chandraet al., INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE, 72 (1999).
23
Menon, supra note 5, at 364.
24
Menon, supra note 5, at 368.
25
Benichou, supra note3,at 9.
National Law School of India University Page - 9 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

Firstly, because the action would have been condemned at the International level due to the
breach of sovereignty of an independent nation and the pressure that Pakistan and Hyderabad
were creating at the United Nations,26 which the government could not have afforded.
Secondly, because the position of the Indian Union was not very strong in the year after
independence, the Indian state forces were busy controlling unrest,27 which had taken place
due to the partition which causedlarge-scale migration and rioting in various regions of India.
The situation was so dire that the Central Government was not able to provide troops on the
request of provinces such as Bombay and Madras where serious unrest took place because of
the migration of people from neighboring areas due to the violence carried out by the
Razakars.28 Further, in this period the activity was increasing at a rapid pace in the rural areas
where the Communists were organizing peasant movements against the landlords. This made
the Indian government fear the fact that if the Communists are able gain power in the State
then there may be similar revolutionary waves in other parts of India, which they saw as a
menace for the Indian Union.29

The researcher agrees with the idea that Hyderabad had an important role to play in stability
of Southern India due to its strategic position. This led to a period of extended negotiations
with the States Ministry headed by SardarVallabhai Patel and the Executive Council of
Hyderabad. The Nizam also appointed Sir Walter Mockton as his constitutional advisor to
lead the negotiations and prevent any coercion from taking place. According to the
researcher, the negotiations need to be seen in the context of the Kashmir problem that India
was facing, which resulted in the resources of the country being stretched to their limits. The
Indian Government was not in the position to stop the influx of the refugees from Hyderabad
to Bombay and Madras Presidencies due to the limited nature of its resources. On the
negotiations front, both the parties continued to engage over an accession agreement but
hardly any progress was made over a period of almost a year, the Nizam made good use of
the fact that Nehru was skeptical of using a toughened approach in order to prevent
confrontations with a hostile government in Pakistan as his mind was already engaged in
settling internal differences within the various parts of the country. However, he agreed to
sign a standstill agreement, which prevented any military engagement between the two States

26
Philip Talbot, Kashmir and Hyderabad, 1(3)WORLD POLITICS 321, 326 (April 1949).
27
Menon, supra note 5, at 391.
28
Menon, supra note 5, at 391.
29
Menon, supra note 5, at 441.
National Law School of India University Page - 10 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

for a period of one year and also prevented Hyderabad from joining Pakistan.30

The Executive Council was now being controlled mainly by the members of Majlis-e-
Ittihadwho were vehemently opposed to the idea of joining a Hindu majority state, that is,
India. The Razakars were mainly a private military force in the State of Hyderabad formed by
the Majlis-e-Ittehad to gain greater control over the people of the State.31 The period of most
activity in their history was between the years 1946 and 1948 when their numbers reached an
unprecedented high, around 200,000. The Razakars applied a lot of political pressure on the
Nizam in order to make him not accept any agreement, which the Indian Union presented as
they believed that Hyderabad was self sustained to defend against any threat that India would
pose. Also, they believed that in the case of military conflict, the Muslims of other parts of
India and the State of Pakistan would support their cause against India.32The Indian
Government applied various tactics to force the Nizam to accept the proposal ofaccession but
he showed no intentions of budging from his stand. Further the researcher believes that the
frustration of the Indian Government continued to grow with the refusal of the Nizam to
accede to the Indian Union, leading to the next set of strategies.

30
Gopal, supra note 2, at 39.
31
Benichou, supra note3,at 179.
32
Guha, supra note 14, at 53.
National Law School of India University Page - 11 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

POLICE ACTION, INTERGRATION

AND IMPLICATIONS

The Indian Government was busy fighting a battle on multiple fronts when the Nizam refused
to sign the agreement which the parties earlier agreed upon during the negotiations and even
when the Nizams executive council voted in favour of the agreement.33 However, over the
course of the next few months the condition of the Indian Union improved with the Kashmir
issue being solved and other princely states integrated. According to the researcher this
allowed Nehru and Sardar Patel to put all their brain behind integrating Hyderabad into India.

The Indian Government used the communal situation in Hyderabad as an excuse to impose an
economic embargo and also break off negotiations paving way to a police action, which took
place. The Indian leaders indulged in such coercive tactics even when the Indian
Independence Act disallowed any such pressure being applied on princely states to make
them accede. The researcher believes that the deteriorating communal situation allowed the
Indian Government the opportunity to apply pressure on the Nizam to allow Indian forces to
enter and take control of the situation. The Indian Government started of with imposing a
economic blockade on the State by allowing only certain essential material, that too in very
limited quantity, to pass through neighboring provinces causing trouble in the state.34
Secondly, the Indian Government started backtracking on the agreements made in the
standstill agreement. The Indian Government stopped the supply arms which was a regular
practice earlier,35 this according to the researcher made the Nizams state forces even more
helpless while trying to control the internal unrest.

By now, the State of Hyderabad was in a total disorder, the population of the state in the
absence of proper food supplies started looting and creating trouble for the Nizam but there
was not much that the State forces could do in the absence of arms.36 The Indian Government
seeing a crippled state economy then ordered the Indian troops to control the communal
unrest in the state thereby, breaching the sovereignty of an independent state. The Armed

33
Menon, supra note 5, at 375.
34
Menon, supra note 5, at 401.
35
Benichou, supra note3,at 213.
36
Benichou, supra note3,at 224.
National Law School of India University Page - 12 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

forces already stationed in surrounding areas moved in on September 13, 1948, they faced
little or no resistance in most areas from the razakars or the State forces, as few arms were
available to them.37 The Indian army took control over the State by September 18, 1948 but
little did they do to stop the massacre of thousands of people in communal unrest, to stop
which the police action was initiated.38 However, the Indian army quashed any resistance,
which they faced from communists in the Telangana region, killing thousands of peasants in
the process.39

After the police action was completed, the Nizam was asked to address the people through
the State run radio commending the Indian efforts and announcing support for their
actions.40Unlike the plebiscite offered in Junagadh, the idea for having one in Hyderabad was
dismissed by the Indian Government by terming it as superfluous.41 However, there are
instances, which can show that there was a strong chance that the people would have voted to
remain independent.42 The Indian Government did not even install an interim government
stating that the unrest would not allow one. The Indian Government had broughtin civil
services personnel from outside the state and even appointed the Chief minister from the civil
services, thus creating factions between the people in the services.43Then, the Indian
government disintegrated the different regions of Hyderabad as soon as possible by merging
them with neighboring areas based on linguistic identity.Further, in the absence of unifying
influence in Hyderabad, the people were divided on the linguistic principle.44 For the Indian
Government, the primary task was the unity of the country at any cost, even when this meant
the subjugating of peoples wishes as done in case of the Telangana region. This according to
the researcher was done in order to remove chances of unification of the people. Further, the
Indian Government in order to reduce the probability of rebellion by the people against the
Indian Union under one common banner, left the Telangana and Coastal Andhra together
which resulted in a further hostile environment due to the historical differences between the
people from the two regions. The State politics revolved around this issue for more than sixty
years and in the process led to three bloody revolutions in the state in the years 1969,1972

37
Srikanth, supra note 12, at 143.
38
Benichou, supra note 3, at 238.
39
PuccalapplliSundarayya, TELANGANAPEOPLES STRUGGLE AND ITS LESSONS, 142 (1972).
40
Benichou, supra note3,at 237.
41
Benichou, supra note3,at 222.
42
Benichou, supra note3,at 222.
43
Benichou, supra note3,at 240.
44
Taylor C. Sherman, The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial
state in India: 1948-56, 44(4) INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW 489, 515 (June 2013).
National Law School of India University Page - 13 -
 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

and 2013 culminating in the formation of Telangana in the year 2014. The researcher is of the
view that the importance of the Hyderabad region was such in the eyes of Congress leaders
that the Indian Government forgot about the heavy cost of such integration,which was to
alienate the people in the region.

National Law School of India University Page - 14 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

CONCLUSION

The accession of Hyderabad was the single most important task that the Indian leaders faced
in the process of unification of India. As the researcher, delved deeper into the issue of
accession, the reasons behind the importance of Hyderabad become clear. Further, the role of
the Indian Government and political parties in the communal unrest, which led to the police
action, emerged. The accession led to the unification of Hyderabad with India but at the same
time led to the division of the State and its people. This shaped and continues to shape the
politics of Andhra Pradesh, which was formed by the division of Hyderabad, for the next
sixty years of its existence.

The researcher understood the process of accession and its effects on the State by
comprehending the nature of the State in the colonial period after looking at the history,
economy, social and political structure of the State. Then, the researcher highlighted the
importance of the State for the Indian Union, on the basis, which he argues that the accession
was importantbecause of the strategic location of Hyderabad, the resources present and the
large revenue base of the State. The researcher, on the basis of the political history of the
State argues that the communal conflict between the Muslims and Hindus was initiated by the
actions of the AryaSamaj because of their promotion of conversion programs. Having regard
to the various political events taking place such as the peasant movement in Telangana, the
rise of Majlis-e-Ittehad in the Hyderabad city region, the researcher argues that the State was
divided on political and geographical lines. The researcher argues that this eroded the
strength of the State and prevented the Nizam from leading a unified movement against the
Indian Union. Further, on the basis of the Indian Unions inability of providing troops to the
provinces, the researcher argues that the Indian Government deliberately delayed the process
of accession and signed the standstill agreement to wait for the opportune time to intervene in
the State. The researcher argues that by September 1948, the position of the Indian Union had
stabilized and that the Indian Government used the deteriorating communal situation in
Hyderabad as a veil to intervene and take over the administration of the State through police
action, even though it was against the provisions of the Indian Independence Act. Finally, the
researcher analysed the impact of police action on the State such as the division of Hyderabad
to form Andhra State. The researcher contends that the division of Hyderabad was carried out
to negate the possibility of any unified movement against the Indian Union.. This, the

National Law School of India University Page - 15 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

researcher argues influenced the politics of the State for over sixty years as there were
repeated struggles between people of the State and culminated in the formation of Telangana
in 2014.

Thus in conclusion, with the findings presented in the paper, it can be argued that multiple
factors, both internal and external, affected the process of accession of Hyderabad. It can be
contended that the process of accession had a lasting political impact on the future of Andhra
Pradesh. The division brought together people from two politically different regions in order
to promote a larger political motive of the Indian Union that was to promote internal strife
within the State and prevent any movement, which threated the unity of India.

National Law School of India University Page - 16 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

1. Abdul GufoorNoorani, THE DESTRUCTION OF HYDERABAD (2014).

2. Barbara D Metcalf, and Thomas R Metcalf, A CONCISE HISTORY OF MODERN
INDIA(3rdedn.,2012)
3. Barbara N Ramusack, THE INDIAN PRINCES AND THEIR STATES (2004).
4. Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee, andAditya Mukherjee, INDIA AFTER
INDEPENDENCE (1999).
5. Dominique Lapierre, and Larry Collins, FREEDOM AT MIDNIGHT (1997).
6. Durga Das, SARDAR PATELS CORRESPONDENCE 1945-50 (1974).
7. Lucien D. Benichou, FROM AUTOCRACY TO INTEGRATION: POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
IN HYDERABAD STATE (2000).

8. MAKING OF THE INDIAN UNION: MERGER OF PRINCELY STATES AND EXCLUDED AREAS
(Sajal Nag, TejimalaGurung, and AbhijitChoudhuryed(s)., 2007).
9. Mohammed Hyder, OCTOBER COUP: A MEMOIR OF THE STRUGGLE FOR HYDERABAD
(2012).
10. PuccalapplliSundarayya, TELANGANAPEOPLES STRUGGLE AND ITS LESSONS(1972).
11. RamchandraGuha, INDIA AFTER GANDHI: THE HISTORY OF THE WORLDS LARGEST
DEMOCRACY (2007).
12. SarvepalliGopal, JAWAHARLAL NEHRU: A BIOGRAPHY (1989).
13. T.Uma Joseph, ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD: THE INSIDE STORY (2011).
14. VappalaPangunniMenon, INTEGRATION OF THE INDIAN STATES (1999).

National Law School of India University Page - 17 -

 ACCESSION OF HYDERABAD TO INDIA

ARTICLES

1. Abdul GafoorNoorani, Of a massacre untold, 18(5) FRONTLINE (March 03-16 2001).

2. Barry Pavier, The Telengana Armed Struggle,32(9) ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
WEEKLY (August 1974).
3. Clyde Eagleton, The Case of Hyderabad Before the Security Council, 44(2) THE
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (April 1950).
4. Dick Kooiman, Nizams Last Victory: Hyderabad on Eve of Second World War,
33(12) ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (March 21-27, 1998).
5. Holden Furber, The Unification of India, 24(4) PACIFIC AFFAIRS (December 1951).
6. Hugh Gray, The Demand for a Separate Telengana State in India,11(5) ASIAN
SURVEY (May 1971).
7. Ian Copland, The Princely States, the Muslim League, and the Partition of India in
1947,13(1)THE INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW (February 1991).
8. Karen Leonard, The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants,30 THE
JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES (1971).
9. Manu Bhagavan, Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring the
Cartography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India,67(3) THE ASSOCIATION FOR

ASIAN STUDIES (August 2008).

10. Philip Talbot, Kashmir and Hyderabad,1(3) WORLD POLITICS (April 1949).
11. Phool Kumar Sharma, Integration of Princely States and Reorganization of States in
India,28(4) THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE (October-December 1967).
12. Taylor C. Sherman, The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the
making of the postcolonial state in India: 1948-56,44(4)INDIAN ECONOMIC AND

SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW (June 2013).

National Law School of India University Page - 18 -