Introduction

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Standards-provides guidelines

De facto[By fact/by Convention]: Have not been

approved by an organizing body, but have been
adopted as standard widely. e.g., TCP/IP
De jure [ By law/by regulation]: Have been
legislated by an officially recognized body. e.g.,
ISO

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Objectives
Identify networking standards organizations
Describe the functions of the principal
networking standards organizations
Network Standards Organizations
Help ensure that equipment from different
manufacturers can be integrated
Key role in growth of networks and network
equipment
Network Standards Organizations
ANSI American National Standards Institute
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ITU International Telecommunications Union
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISOC Internet Society
IETF Internet Society and the Internet Engineering
Task Force
EIA/TIA Electronic Industries Alliance and the
Telecommunications Industry Association
ANSI
A non-profit corporation not affiliated with US government.
ANSI members include professional societies, industry associations,
governmental and regulatory bodies, and consumer groups.
Discussing the internetwork planning and engineering, ISDN
services, signaling, and architecture and optical hierarchy.
Established in 1918
Standards for wide range of products
Determine standards for electronics industry
Computer industry standards:
Screen-display attributes
Digital telecommunications
Fiber-optic cable transmissions
IEEE
International organization of scientists,
engineers, technicians, and educators
International society of engineering
professionals
Promote development and education in
engineering and computer science fields
It sponsored an important standard for local
area networks called Project 802 (eg. 802.3,
802.4 and 802.5 standards.)
Develops networking standards for network
cabling and data transmissions
802 standards
ITU
United Nations agency that regulates international
telecommunications including radio and TV frequencies,
satellite and telephone specifications, and networking
infrastructure
- An international standards organization related
to the United Nations that develops standards
for telecommunications.
- Two popular standards developed by ITU-T are:
i) V series transmission over phone lines
ii) X series transmission over public digital
networks, email and directory services and
ISDN.
ISO
Establishes communications and networking
standards
Collection of organizations from 130 countries
Establish international technological standards
to facilitate global exchange of data
Known for its contributions to network protocol
standards
International organization
ISOC and IETF
ISOC
Sponsors conferences and publications and oversees
Internet standards
Nonprofit international organization
Supporter of Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
IETF
Arm of ISOC that works on Internet-related technical
issues such as routing
Concerned with speeding the growth and evolution of
Internet communications.
The standards body for the Internet itself
Reviews internet software and hardware.
 Standards Creation Committees

International Standards Organization (ISO)

International Telecommunications Union

Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

Drawback: They are procedural bodies & hence by nature slow moving

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Forums developed by special interest Groups

Frame Relay Forum- To promote acceptance &

implementation of Frame Relay

ATM Forum To promote acceptance & use of ATM

Technology.

Regulatory Agencies to protect the public

Interest-like regulating radio, TV & wire/
cable Communications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

National Communications Commission (NCC)

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

 Internet Standards

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Technical Specifications

Internet draft - a thorough explanation of a proposed

standard.

Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) - a

committee made of IETF technical area directors that oversees
IETF decisions.

Request for Comments (RFC) - a numbered document that

articulates some aspect of Internet technology.

Proposed standard - reclassified Internet draft.

Draft standard - a proposed standard that has been

successfully by at least two independent researchers.
Technical Specifications
Technical Specifications
Address Assignments and Naming
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA):
kept records of available and reserved IP addresses.
was also responsible for allocating domain names and maintaining the
Domain Name System (DNS).

Regional Internet Registries (RIRS) - a not-for-profit agency that

manages the distribution of IP addresses to private and public entities.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) -

a private nonprofit corporation that is contracted by the government to
oversee IP addresses and domain name management, plus accomplish
specific Internet management improvements.
Procedure

A thoroughly tested specification attains

Internet Standard status.
Specification starts as an Internet Draft and
upon recommendation from Internet authorities,
draft shall be published as a RFC.
Each RFC is edited & assigned a number and go
through the following maturity levels.

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

 Maturity levels of an RFC

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Maturity levels of an RFC

Proposed Standard.
is a specification that is stable, well understood, and of
sufficient interest to the internet community.
this level, the specification is usually tested and implemented by
several different programs.
Draft Standard.
A proposed standard is elevated to draft standard status after
atleast two successful independent and interoperable
implementations.
Barring difficulties, a draft standard, with modifications if
specific problems are encountered, normally becomes an
internet standard.
Internet Standard. A draft standard reaches Internet
standard after demonstrations of successful
implementation.
Maturity levels of an RFC

Historic.
The Historic RFCs are significant from a historical perspective.
They either have been superseded by later specifications or
have never passed the necessary maturity levels to become an
internet standard.
Experimental.
An RFC classified as experimental describes work related to an
experimental situation that does not affect the operation of the
internet.
Such an RFC should not be implemented in any functional
Internet service.
Informational. An RFC classified as informational
contains general, historical, or tutorial information
related to the Internet. It is usually written by someone
in a non-Internet organization, such as a vendor.
 Requirement levels of an RFC

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Requirement levels of an RFC

Required. An RFC is labeled required if it must be implemented by

all Internet systems to achieve minimum conformance. For
example, IP and ICMP are required protocols.
Recommended. An RFC labeled recommended is not required for
minimum conformance; it is recommended because of its
usefulness. For example, FTP and TELNET are recommended
protocols.
Elective. An RFC labeled elective is not required and not
recommended. However, a system can use it for its own benefit.
Limited Use. An RFC labeled limited use should be used only in
limited situations. Most of the experimental RFCs fall under this
category.
Not recommended. An RFC labeled not recommended is
inappropriate for general use. Normally a historic (obsolete) RFC
may fall under this category.
 Internet Administration

Internet Architecture Board

Internet Research Task Force Internet Engineering Task Force

SG: Steering
Group

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

ISOC- Non profit Organization to support
Internet standards process

IAB is the technical advisor to ISOC

IETF-forum of working group managed by IESG.
Responsible for identifying problems & propose
solution to these problems is areas like Security,
Internet protocols & so on.
IRTF forum of groups managed by IRSG
Focuses on research topics like Architecture,
Technology, Applications & so on.

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Internet Numbers

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)-

Responsible for managing Internet domain
names & addresses until 1998.
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers) has now assumed
charge for managing Domain names and
addresses.
Network Information Center (NIC). The
NIC is responsible for collecting and distributing
information about TCP/IP protocols.

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

Time Line

The following is a list of important Internet events in

chronological order:
1969. Four-node ARPANET[Advanced Research Projects
Agency]established by DoD.
1970. ARPA hosts implement Network Control Protocol.
1973. Development of TCP/IP suite begins.
1977. An internet tested using TCP/IP.
1978. UNIX distributed to academic sites.

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

1981. CSNET established by national Science foundation.
1983. TCP/IP becomes the official protocol
1983. MILNET was born.
1986. NSFNET established[Successor of CSNET].
1990. ARPANET replaced by NSFNET.
1995. NSFNET became a research network.
1995. ISPs started. (Internet Service Providers)

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University

 Internet today

Network
Access
Points

By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University