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SQL l g?
SQL l Structured Query Language Ngn ng Truy vn c Cu trc
Dng Thin T 1
SQL Tutorial
SQL rt d hc
SQL l mt chun
SQL l mt chun ANSI (American National Standards Institute - Vin Tiu chun Quc gia M) cho cc h thng truy xut c
s d liu. Cc pht biu SQL dng truy tm v cp nht d liu trong mt c s d liu.
SQL lm vic vi cc trnh qun l c s d liu nh Access, DB2, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, v nhiu
trnh khc (ng tic l a s trong chng c cc phn m rng ngn ng SQL ring).
Cc bng c s d liu
C s d liu cha cc i tng gi l cc Bng (Tables).
Cc Mu tin (Records) lu trong cc bng ny. Cc bng c gi theo tn bng (nh "Persons", "Orders", "Suppliers").
Cc bng cha cc Ct (Columns) v cc Dng (Rows) d liu. Dng cha cc mu tin (nh mu tin v mt ngi). Ct cha
d liu (nh First Name, Last Name, Address, v City).
Mt v d l bng "Persons" sau:
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
LastName, FirstName, Address, v City l cc ct ca bng. Cc dng cha ba mu tin ca 3 ngi.
Cc truy vn SQL
Vi SQL, chng ta c th truy vn mt c s d liu v nhn c mt kt qu tr v vi dng bng.
Mt truy vn ging nh sau:
SELECT LastName FROM Persons
S tr v mt kt qu ging nh sau:
LastName
Hansen
Svendson
Pettersen
Ch : Vi h c s d liu cn mt du ; cui pht biu SQL. Chng ta khng dng du ; trong bi vit ny.
Dng Thin T 2
SQL Tutorial
DROP INDEX xo mt ch mc
SQL v ASP
SQL l mt phn quan trng ca ASP (Active Server Pages), v ADO (Active Data Object) c dng trong ASP truy xut c
s d liu, ADO da trn SQL truy xut d liu.
V d: Chn cc ct t mt bng
chn cc ct c tn "LastName" v "FirstName", dng mt pht biu SELECT nh sau:
SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
Bng "Persons":
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
Kt qu:
LastName FirstName
Hansen Ola
Svendson Tove
Pettersen Kari
V d: Chn tt c cc ct
chn tt c cc ct t bng "Person", dng mt k hiu * thay th cho tn cc ct nh sau:
SELECT * FROM Persons
Kt qu:
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
Bng kt qu
Kt qu t mt truy vn SQL c lu tr trong mt tp kt qu. Tp kt qu c th xem nh mt bng kt qu. a s cc
Dng Thin T 3
SQL Tutorial
trnh qun l c s d liu cho php duyt tp kt qu vi cc hm lp trnh nh: Move-To-First-Record, Get-Record-Content,
Move-To-Next-Record......
Mnh WHERE
chn c iu kin d liu t mt bng, mt mnh WHERE c th thm vo pht biu SELECT vi c php sau:
SELECT column FROM table WHERE column condition value
Vi mnh WHERE, cc iu kin sau c th c dng:
Operator Condition
= Bng
<> Khng bng
> Ln hn
< Nh hn
>= Ln hn hoc bng
<= Nh hn hoc bng
LIKE S gii thch bn di
Ch : Vi phin bn SQL ton t <> c th c vit thnh !=
Dng du nhy
Ch rng chng ta dng du nhy n bao quanh cc tr iu kin trong cc v d. SQL dng du nhy n bao quanh cc tr
vn bn. Phn ln cc h qun l c s d liu cng chp nhn du nhy kp. Cc tr s khng c ng trong du nhy.
Vi cc tr vn bn:
Vit ng:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
Vit sai:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove
Vi cc tr s:
Vit ng:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year>1965
Vit sai:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year>'1965'
Dng Thin T 4
SQL Tutorial
iu kin LIKE
iu kin LIKE dng ch nh vic tm mt mu trong mt ct.
C php:
SELECT column FROM table WHERE column LIKE pattern
Mt du "%" c th dng nh k t i din (wildcards) c trc ln sau mu.
AND & OR
AND v OR kt ni hai hay nhiu iu kin trong mt mnh WHERE.
Ton t AND hin th mt ct nu TT C cc iu kin lit k u ng.
Ton t OR hin th mt ct nu MT TRONG cc iu kin lit k l ng.
V d
Dng AND hin th ngi c firstname l "Tove", v lastname l "Svendson":
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'
Kt qu:
LastName FirstName Address City
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
V d
Dng OR hin th ngi c firstname l "Tove", hoc c lastname l "Svendson":
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE firstname='Tove'
OR lastname='Svendson'
Kt qu:
Dng Thin T 5
SQL Tutorial
V d
Bn cng c th dng phi hp AND v OR (dng du ngoc n bao cc biu thc phc tp):
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
(FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Stephen')
AND LastName='Svendson'
Kt qu:
LastName FirstName Address City
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Svendson Stephen Kaivn 18 Sandnes
SQL Between...And
V d 1
hin th cc tn theo th t alphabet gia hai tn (k c hai tn ny) "Hansen" v "Pettersen", dng SQL sau:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
Kt qu:
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Nordmann Anna Neset 18 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
V d 2
hin th cc tn ngoi cc tn trong v d trn, dng ton t NOT:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
Kt qu:
Dng Thin T 6
SQL Tutorial
T kha DISTINCT
Pht biu SQL SELECT tr v thng tin t cc ct ca bng. Nhng lm th no nu chng ta ch mun chn cc kt qu
khng trng nhau?
Vi SQL, chng ta ch cn thm vo mt t kha DISTINCT cho pht biu SELECT vI c php sau:
SELECT DISTINCT column-name(s) FROM table-name
SQL Order By
T kha ORDER BY dng sp xp kt qu th t kt qu.
Dng Thin T 7
SQL Tutorial
Sp xp cc Dng
Mnh ORDER BY dng sp xp cc dng.
Mt s cch sp xp:
Company OrderNumber
Sega 3412
ABC Shop 5678
W3Schools 2312
W3Schools 6798
V d
hin th tn cng ty (Company) theo th t alphabet:
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
ORDER BY Company
Kt qu:
Company OrderNumber
ABC Shop 5678
Sega 3412
W3Schools 6798
W3Schools 2312
V d
hin th tn cng ty (Company) theo th t alphabet, nu tn cng ty ging nhau th sp xp theo s th t (OrderNumber):
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
ORDER BY Company, OrderNumber
Kt qu:
Company OrderNumber
ABC Shop 5678
Sega 3412
W3Schools 2312
W3Schools 6798
V d
hin th tn cng ty (Company) theo th t alphabet o ngc (t Z n A):
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
ORDER BY Company DESC
Kt qu:
Company OrderNumber
W3Schools 6798
W3Schools 2312
Sega 3412
ABC Shop 5678
Chn cc dng mi
Pht biu INSERT INTO chn cc dng mi vo trong mt bng:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
Dng Thin T 8
SQL Tutorial
Chn mt dng mi
Bng "Persons":
LastName FirstName Address City
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
Pht biu SQL chn vo bng trn:
INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')
S cho kt qu nh sau:
LastName FirstName Address City
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
Hetland Camilla Hagabakka 24 Sandnes
SQL Update
Update Rows
Pht biu UPDATE cp nht hoc thay i cc dng:
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value
WHERE column_name = some_value
Bng Person:
LastName FirstName Address City
Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Rasmussen Storgt 67
Dng Thin T 9
SQL Tutorial
SQL Delete
Xa cc ct
Pht biu DELETE dng xa mt hay nhiu dng trong mt bng.
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_value
Bng Person:
LastName FirstName Address City
Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Rasmussen Nina Stien 12 Stavanger
Xa mt dng
"Nina Rasmussen" s b xa:
DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
Kt qu
LastName FirstName Address City
Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Cc hm SQL Count
SQL c cc hm to sn m cc mu tin c s d liu.
C php hm Count
C php ca cc hm COUNT to sn nh sau:
SELECT COUNT(column) FROM table
Hm COUNT(*)
Hm COUNT(*) tr v s hng chn c trong mt php chn.
Vi bng "Persons" sau:
Dng Thin T 10
SQL Tutorial
Name Age
Hansen, Ola 34
Svendson, Tove 45
Pettersen, Kari 19
V d ny tr v s hng trong bng:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Persons
Kt qu:
3
V d ny tr v s ngi ln hn 20 tui:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Persons WHERE Age>20
Kt qu:
2
Hm COUNT(column)
Hm COUNT(column) tr v s hng (ngoi tr hng c gi tr NULL) trong ct ch nh.
Vi bng "Persons":
Name Age
Hansen, Ola 34
Svendson, Tove 45
Pettersen, Kari
V d ny tm s ngi c ghi tui ti field Age trong bng "Persons":
SELECT COUNT(Age) FROM Persons
Kt qu:
2
Hm COUNT(column) cng dng tnh s hng khng cha tr. Ch kt qu s nh hn s hng trong bng.
COUNT DISTINCT
T kha DISTINCT vi COUNT c th dng m s kt qu khc nhau (khng trng nhau).
C php nh sau:
SELECT DISTINCT COUNT(column(s)) FROM table
Vi bng "Orders":
Company OrderNumber
Sega 3412
W3Schools 2312
Trio 4678
W3Schools 6798
Vi pht biu SQL sau:
SELECT COUNT(Company) FROM Orders
S tr v kt qu:
4
Vi pht biu SQL sau:
SELECT DISTINCT COUNT(Company) FROM Orders
S tr v kt qu:
3
Cc hm SQL
Dng Thin T 11
SQL Tutorial
C php dng hm
C php cho cc hm SQL to sn nh sau::
SELECT function(column) FROM table
Hm AVG(column)
Hm AVG tr trung bnh ca d liu trong mt ct c u7c nh php chn. Cc tr NULL s khng c tnh ton.
V d
V d ny tr v tui trung bnh ca nhng ngi trong bng "Persons":
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons
Kt qu
32.67
V d
V d ny tr v tui trung bnh ca nhng ngi c tui ln hn 20 tui:
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons where Age>20
Kt qu
39.5
Hm MAX(column)
Hm MAX tr v tr ln nht trong mt ct. Cc tr NULL s khng c tnh ton.
V d
SELECT MAX(Age) FROM Persons
Kt qu:
45
Hm MIN(column)
Hm MIN tr v tr ln nht trong mt ct. Cc tr NULL s khng c tnh ton.
V d
SELECT MIN(Age) FROM Persons
Kt qu:
19
Ch : Cc hm MIN v MAX cng c th dng trn cc ct vn bn, tm tr ln nht v nh nht theo th t alphabet.
Hm SUM(column)
Hm SUM tng ca mt ct c c nh php chn. Cc tr NULL s khng c tnh ton.
V d
V d ny tr v tng s tui ca nhng ngi trong bng "Persons":
SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons
Kt qu:
Dng Thin T 12
SQL Tutorial
98
V d
V d ny tr v tng s tui ca nhng ngi ln hn 20 tui.
SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons where Age>20
Kt qu:
79
T kha GROUP BY
T kha GROUP BY c thm vo SQL v cc hm tng (nh SUM) tr v tng ca tt c cc tr trong ct mi khi chng ta
gi n.
Thiu chc nng GROUP BY, khng th tm tng ca mi nhm tr ring trong ct.
C php ca GROUP BY nh sau:
SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column
V d GROUP BY
Bng "Sales":
Company Amount
W3Schools 5500
IBM 4500
W3Schools 7100
Vi SQL:
SELECT Company, SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
Tr v kt qu nh sau:
Company SUM(Amount)
W3Schools 17100
IBM 17100
W3Schools 17100
SQL trn khng tr v tng ring bit ca tng cng ty. Dng mnh GROUP BY nh sau:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
GROUP BY Company
S tr v kt qu ng:
Company SUM(Amount)
W3Schools 12600
IBM 4500
Dng Thin T 13
SQL Tutorial
Bng "Sales":
Company Amount
W3Schools 5500
IBM 4500
W3Schools 7100
Vi SQL:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
GROUP BY Company HAVING SUM(Amount)>10000
Tr v kt qu
Company SUM(Amount)
W3Schools 12600
B danh tn Ct
C php nh sau:
SELECT column AS column_alias FROM table
B danh tn Bng
C php nh sau:
SELECT column FROM table AS table_alias
V d: Dng b danh tn Ct
Bng Persons:
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
Vi SQL sau:
SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS Name
FROM Persons
S tr v kt qu sau:
Family Name
Hansen Ola
Svendson Tove
Pettersen Kari
Dng Thin T 14
SQL Tutorial
SQL Join
Ct "ID" trong bng "Orders" dng tham chiu cc tn trong bng "Employees" khng cn a cc tn ny vo
bng Orders
Employees:
ID Name
01 Hansen, Ola
02 Svendson, Tove
03 Svendson, Stephen
04 Pettersen, Kari
Orders:
ID Product
01 Printer
03 Table
03 Chair
Dng Thin T 15
SQL Tutorial
V d
Ai ng k mt my in?
SELECT Employees.Name
FROM Employees, Orders
WHERE Employees.ID = Orders.ID
AND Orders.Product = 'Printer'
Kt qu
Name
Hansen, Ola
Dng cc Kt ni (Join)
HOC, chng ta c th chn d liu t hai bng vi t kha JOIN, ging nh sau:
V d INNER JOIN
C php
SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM first_table
INNER JOIN second_table
ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield
Ai ng k mt sn phm v ng k sn phm no?
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID
INNER JOIN tr v tt c cc hng t hai bng khi iu kin c so trng. Nu cc hng trong bng Employees khng so
trng trong bng Orders, hng s khng c lit k ra.
Kt qu
Name Product
Hansen, Ola Printer
Svendson, Stephen Table
Svendson, Stephen Chair
V d LEFT JOIN
C php
SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM first_table
LEFT JOIN second_table
ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield
Lit k tt c nhn vin, v cc ng k mua ca h nu c.
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
LEFT JOIN Orders
ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID
LEFT JOIN tr v tt c cc hng t bng th nht (Employees), cho d n khng c so trng trong bng th hai (Orders).
Nu cc hng trong bng Employees khng so trng trong bng Orders, nhng hng ny cng c lit k.
Kt qu
Name Product
Hansen, Ola Printer
Svendson, Tove
Svendson, Stephen Table
Svendson, Stephen Chair
Pettersen, Kari
V d RIGHT JOIN
Dng Thin T 16
SQL Tutorial
C php
SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM first_table
RIGHT JOIN second_table
ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield
Lit k tt c nhn vin, v cc ng k mua ca h nu c.
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID
RIGHT JOIN tr v tt c cc hng t bng th hai (Orders), cho d n khng c so trng trong bng th nht (Employees).
Nu c bt k hng no trong bng Orders khng c so trng trong bng Employees, cc hng ny cng c lit k.
Kt qu
Name Product
Hansen, Ola Printer
Svendson, Stephen Table
Svendson, Stephen Chair
V d
Ai ng k mt my in?
SELECT Employees.Name
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID
WHERE Orders.Product = 'Printer'
Kt qu
Name
Hansen, Ola
To mt C s d liu
to mt c s d liu:
CREATE DATABASE database_name
To mt bng
to mt bng trong mt c s d liu:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
.......
)
V d
V d ny minh ha cc bn to mt bng tn "Person", vi bn ct tn:"LastName", "FirstName", "Address", v "Age":
CREATE TABLE Person
(
LastName varchar,
FirstName varchar,
Address varchar,
Age int
)
V d ny minh ha cch bn ch nh kch thc ti a ca vi ct:
Dng Thin T 17
SQL Tutorial
To Ch mc (Index)
Ch mc c to ra trn mt bng c sn nh v thm nhanh v hiu qu cc hng. C th to mt ch mc trn mt hoc
nhiu ct ca mt bng, vi mt ch mc cho mt tn. Ngi dng khng nhn thy cc ch mc, chng ch dng tng tc
truy vn.
Ch : Cp nht mt bng cha ch mc cn nhiu thi gian hn cp nht mt bng khng cha ch mc, v ch mc cng cn
cp nht. Tuy nhin, tng tt l to ch mc ch trn cc ct thng tm kim nht.
Mt Ch mc duy nht
To mt ch mc duy nht trn mt bng. mt ch mc duy nht ngha l khng th c hai hng c cng mt tr ch mc.
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)
"column_name" ch nh ct bn mun ch mc.
Mt Ch mc n gin
To mt ch mc n gin trn mt bng. Khi t kha UNIQUE khng c, cc tr trng s c cho php.
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column_name)
"column_name" ch nh ct bn mun ch mc.
V d
V d ny to mt ch mc n gin, c tn "PersonIndex", trn field LastName ca bng Person:
CREATE INDEX PersonIndex
ON Person (LastName)
Nu bn mun ch mc cc tr trong mt ct theo th t gim (descending), bn c th thm t DESC sau tn ct:
CREATE INDEX PersonIndex
ON Person (LastName DESC)
Nu bn mun ch mc nhiu hn mt ct bn c th lit k cc tn ct trong du ngoc n, tch chng bng du phy:
CREATE INDEX PersonIndex
ON Person (LastName, FirstName)
Xa ch mc
Bn c th xa mt ch mc c trong mt bng vi pht biu DROP.
DROP INDEX table_name.index_name
Dng Thin T 18
SQL Tutorial
Alter Table
Pht biu ALTER TABLE dng thm hay loi b cc ct trong mt bng cho trc.
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP column_name
Person:
LastName FirstName Address
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20
V d
thm mt ct tn "City" vo bng "Person":
ALTER TABLE Person ADD City varchar(30)
Kt qu:
LastName FirstName Address City
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20
V d
loi ct "Address" khi bng "Person":
ALTER TABLE Person DROP Address
Kt qu:
LastName FirstName City
Pettersen Kari
Sch SQL
Sch M t
Dng Thin T 19
SQL Tutorial
Dng Thin T 20