.

SPE 29302

The Significance of Large Variations in Oil Properties of the Dai Hung Field, Vietnam
Peter Behrenbruch, BHP Petroleum Pty. Ltd.
Pham Quang Du, PetroVietnamOil& Gas Co.
*SPE Msmbsr

Copyright19S5, Soobfy of PafroieumEnginaaraInc.

Thb paw was prapwed for praaenfafiin at fha Aah PacMii Oil 6 Gaa Chferanca hatdIn Kuala LumDur,MaIayaia, March 20-22, 1995.

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The genera! framework of crude properties established is

?he Dai Hung Oil field, offshm Vietnam, is comprised of
a complex subsurfacestructurecontainingstackednxervoir
sequences typically found in many other Southeast Asian
fields. Combined with areal fault compartmentalisation,
this situation has led to the observed,large variations in oil
properties. Furthermore,the depositional environment in
terms of burial history has created a unique oveqmssure
situation which also had an affec~particularly on the crude
saturation conditions of individual reservoirs.
suitable to type other crudes, even if limited information is
available.
Of the existing PVT correlations testedl-s,it was found that
Standingslcomelationfor the oil formation volume factor
and the Kartoatmodjo-Schmidt5correlation for the bubble
point fitted the Dai Hung crude data the best. For the
lower shrinkage Dsi Hung crudes the Malaysian oil
formation volume factor correlation by 0mar-Todd4 gave
the best data fit.

For commercial and technical reasons, this situation

required a detailed analysis, both in terms of variation in
crude assay and live oil properties. For whole crude
properties: gravity. K factor, wax content and pour point -
graphs were drawn up using a large database of worldwide
crudes against which the Dai Hung data could be validated.
In case of PVT properties (bubble point and formation
volume factor) existing industry comelations were
examined.
It could be concluded that the swe% medium gravity and
moderately waxy Dai Hung crude has whole crude
properties which are comparable to other, similar crude%
References and illustrations at end of paper
INTRODUCTION
Petroleum properties are of importance for a variety of
purposes: in the areas of exploration, petroleum
engineering,productionoperations,processhigand refining,
and marketing.
The Dai Hung field, further described below, required the
collection of a large amount of oil properties data (both
crude assay and PVT) which, in combination with propeI?y
chelations, was used to define the specific crude or oil
properties of every hydraulic unit for the purpose of
production forecasting (reservoir behaviour and product
variation over time). The Dai Hung crude is also fairly
waxy, with a pour point of -27C, requiring consideration
for potential process and production problems.

433
 THE SIGNIFICANCEOF LARGE VARIATIONSIN OIL PROPERTIES
OF THE DAI HUNG FIELD, VIETNAM
UNG FIEIJUW) DEVEIQHWNX
Field Description
The Dai Hung field is located 270 km southeast, offshore
Vietnam, in 110 m of water (Fig. 1).
rLwakkl
-..+ A;- +hm
,11u=cm son hd.
-..., ...]=.
manr
r---- -
IU?trO@rn COn@hhI~
horizons of the field are the Thong and Dua elastics, and
the overlying Mang Cau carbonates. More minor
petroleum occumences have also been found in the
underlying granitic basement.
The structure is heavily faulted, particularly at the lower
horizons,as shownin Figure2 forthe CoalMarker,ahorizon
in the lower elastics. Figure 3 shows a schematiceast-west
cross-section,indicatingthe three major formationintervals
and relative depth of some of the major fault blocks.
Figures2 and 3 also showthe locationof the 12wellsdrilled
to date. Wells DH-1,-2 and -3 were drilled by Vietsovpetro
(1989/90)and all other wellsweredrilledrecently(1993/94)
as part of a major appraisal/early development drilling
campaign.
Field Development and Facilities
The initial phase of the development utilises an Early
ProductionSystem(EPS)and firstpr(xiuctionfromthe field
was established just 18 months after the signing of the
production sharing contract (PSC) with the Vietnamese
government. The fast track natureof the project was further
complicated by the fact that appraisal and development
drilling proceeded concurrently.
The EPS facilities consists of a semi-submersibleFloating
Reduction Unit (FPU)and a Floating Storageand Offshore
(FSO)vessel comected to a Catenary AnchorLeg Mooring
(CALM)buoy. Figure4 shows a schematicof the facilities.
Theproductionfromfive subseawells(initiallyfour),drilled
fromthree separatesurfacelocations,passesthroughdual 3
subsea flowlinesto the FPU. lluee of the wells are located
under the FPU and the other two wells are located
approximately 1.5 km from the FPU. The oil is separated
from gas and water on board the FPU and the gas is used fix
fuel with the remainderflared, me oil is then pumped ftom
the FPU to the FSO vessel where it is stored before
offloading to another vessel.
SPE 29302
Ihedual 3 (75 mmbore) flowlinesconnect each well to the
FPU via a mid-depth buoy. This configuration allows for
pigging and the circulation of hydrocarbons and displacing
the flowline contents with another fluid to avoid possible
probiemsfrom wax formationcl-wing@@of prootictiofi
shutdown. Under normal operation,production will be via
both flowlines. Eachproductionflowlineis comected to the
riser balcony on the FPU. The configurationfor the two 6
export flowlinesis similar. Crude pour point considerations
are further described below.
VO~D FLUID PR~
Introduction
As with any detailed analysisof a large amount of physical
data, particularattentionwaspaid to validate the data as part
of the final analysis. Furthermore,less recent data for which
details are less well known received less weighting in the
overall analysis. Particular attention was also paid to
sampling conditions, sample condition prior to analysis,
laboratorytesting methodsandcalculations,and consistency
with (other) prOdiiCtiOriureS&$@~i @t&.
Reservoir Pressures
Static press~ variations in this field are particularly
interesting as they relate to individual hydraulic units of a
compiex structurewhich had a rapid b-uiiaihistory, creating
substantial overpressures; see for example Mann and
MackenzieG.Figure5 showsa static pressureplot indicating
the same overprewre gradient in different fault blocks for
the EPS area. Similar trends are seen in other parts of the
field.
To furtherdemonstrateobservedpressure variations,Figure
6, for example, shows more detailed pressure gradients for
weii DH-lP,These pRSSUR gradientshave been compared
with PVT properties and production test data as further
mentionedbelow.
Crude and Oil Properties
Wellsdrilled duringthe recentcampaignnot only conthned
the complex nature of the field, which had first become
evident from the 3D seismicinterpretation, but also a large
variation in cmde gravity and associated properties. From
 .
SPE29302 PETER BEHRENBRUCH& PHAM QUANG DU
recent laboratory sample analyses, crude oils fkomthe field
exhibit properties in the following ranges (on average):
gravity, 28-37API;wax content, 10-16%by weight pour
w~~~{= crude)? -27C; bubble point, 27004300 psia;
solution gas-oil ratio, 500-1100 scf/stb; and formation
volume factor (at bubble point), 1.3-1.8 rb/stb. For further
details see Tables 1 and 2. It should be noted that the
indicated ranges are larger when all data are included from
the entire field.
Parameter Description
In analysing the variations in crude properties for the Dai
Hung field, one of the early aims was to be able to predict
crude property variations during (initial) production, in
particular as related to product quality and field operation.
For this purpose, it was decided to examine the following
wholecrude properties: API gravity, K factor, wax content
m! Polmpoint, The Watsoncharacterisationfactor(UOPK)
was found to be useful in correlating the other three
parameters;it is by definition given by,
K = [T* (50)]%/pO~C................................... (1)
Where Tti (50), is the absolute mean average temperature
~R) of the cumulative boiling point curve (% VOI)and p~
is the oil density at standard conditions. lle K factor thus
describes in a global sense the average behaviour of the
mixture of compoundsin a crude. A minimumvalue of 10
(practically not less than 11) indicates a very
naphthenichtrornaticcrude and a maximum value of 13
indicates an extremely waxy crude.
The significance of the paraffinicity and the paraffin
distribution in crudes has been describedpreviouslyby one
of the authors.
A few brief commentsshould also be made as to the general
accuracy of the four parameters selected. Wax content
measurementsare perhaps the least accurate (*5% for the
same laboratory), partially due to variation in laboratory
testing methods, specifically the wax crystallisation
temperature,andalsome ndkwc ~f~G~L
- ~~ --.-+ --- -=~:=
UI
-+ . ...-.-
w ~=,
:-ml.
.ll&ldW1lg
their distribution in a particular crude. The pour point
measurement may also be imprecise due to testing
conditions, in particular for on-site measurements. As is
well-known,pour point measurementsmay also be subject
3
to variation as a result of the sample temperature history
(hysteresis effects). Crude gravity measurements are
relatively precise (k 1%) but actual figures are subject to
variation as related to the gas-oil separation process and
normalisationadjustmentsmay therefore be required.
The K factor is usually accurate to within *0.05 units but
relativelyinsensitive due to its scaling. It is also subject to
misinterpretationwherecalculationsare basedon the weight
% boiling point curve rather than volume%. Fwlhermore,
an estimateof the K factor can be obtained horn correlation
with various other parameters which may be less precisely
determined(forexamplemolecularweight). Publicationsby
the American Petroleum Institute should be consulted for
further details,
Dai Hung Data Correlation
As indicated by the assay data in Table 1, the Dai Hung
crude is a medium-heavycrude, on average 31APIgravity.
The sweet crude has a sulphur content of only 0.09%.
With a K value of around 11.9, it has intermediate
paraffhicity. While the naphtha yields are low, it has,
however, good yields of middle distillates and vacuum oils
can be achieved. The crude is of high quality, good for
refining. With low contaminants, Dai Hung crude is well
suitedfor both hydroskimmingand cracking refineries.
Two plots were constructed, Figures 7 and 8, to examine
all available data for the above mentioned parameters and
the Dai Hungfield. As evident, there is considerable data
scatter, particularly in Figure 8. it siiouid be ernphasked
tiiliit
. .. : k - 4A,..A:## -* 1
tk ddlil 1S 110111 lUUI LMllei%k
dwum*n
sawA
nclc
cabdquw @_
IM.POC
_
anrl
-..
this aspect turned out to be particularly significant in case
of the reported K factor and wax content (see below).
For the Dai Hung field, the correlation for K vs API
compares very well with that which can be derived ikom
crude samples using a much larger data base (see next
section). As evident, there are also different trends among
various data sources, although in some cases less
significant due to few data points. Variation in repofled
results are also evident (Table 1), even if sampledfrom the
same original sample. he Blend samples (used for a
pre-production assay), for example, were derived by
blending a number of samples from different wells (at
Aim
~iWM subsequent Mlb-S2n@ing prior to
teIRper2t!!W) ZUld
analysis by three different laboratories. As evident, crude
gravity falls into a very narrow range while the K-factor
varies more markedly. This variation in K factor is mainly
due to different calculation/comelation methods used in
435
4 THE SIGNIFICANCEOF LARGE VARIATIONSIN OIL PROPERTIES
OF THE DAI HUNG FIELD, VIETNAM
A.* :A..
UGIG1llUIULIE ~ f~9~~ v~~~. ~a~ nnrnmlicfd
... . .... . .
@~~
actually plotted in Figure 7 are strictly based on Equation
1 above.
he correlationfor pour point vs wax, Figure 8, also shows
differences among laboratories. The results reported by
Laboratories A and B appear to be more consistent.
LaboratoryCon average measureda higher wax content as
a result of using a different crystallisation temperature
when compared to the standard (UOP 46) utilised by
Laboratories A and B. Less recent data (LaboratoryD) on
average showed much less wax content, possiDIydue to
different testing conditions,althoughthe data trend may be
explainedby comparisonof results using a larger database
(next section). Another interesting observation is that by
blending different crude samples, the measured wax
content and pour point are reduced, a phenomenon which
can be beneficial in operational situations (see further
below). Again, the iieia specific Correlationfor Dai Hung
compares favorable to that derived for various other
crudes of similar composition (next section).
Other Vietnamese Crudes
Other crudes offshore southern Vietnam genertily snow
similar properties than those for Dai Hung.
me crude gravity for the White Tiger field is generally in
the range of 31-38APIwith K factors of around 12.2 and
higher. Wax content is also considerably higher,
approximate]y twice that for Dai Hung, with a pour point
of -30C (blend).
The satellite field, Dragon, on the other hand, contains a
much heavier crude (22API)with a K factor, wax content
and pour point similar to Dai Hung.
Morerecent basementdiscoverieson the same geological
trend as the White Tiger field exhibit very similar crude
properties to the latter.
Worldwide Data and Correlation
In order to gain more insight and to validate the data and
comelations for Dai Hung, a more extensive data base of
39 additional crudes (mainly Asia-Pacific and some North
Sea) was utilised. Table 3 lists the four basic parameters
selected for these crudes (including one sample for Dai
Hung), together with the grouping into five categories.
SPE 29302
.Apcrt frC-Jrn.condensate.
------. * -.-, cmdes
-. ___ were divided into four
categoriesaccordingto reportedwax content and individual
sub-groups Were then ordered by crude gravity.
Particularly for the groups with lower wax content a
correlation between crude gravity and K factor became
apparent from inspection. Furthermore, as expected, very
waxy crudes tended to exhibit extreme pour points. This
data was then used to construct two plots, Figures 9 and
10, similar as for the Dai Hung data. A line was initially
fitted to data for the Naphthenic Group (d in Table 3)
except for two, more paraffinic crudes which tended to
-. ._n-- J
scatter significantly fiorn the main trend. A scwnu
correlationwas also derived for the ParaffinicGroup(~
in Table 3), except for two samples which deviated
considerably ITom the main trend. After slight slope
adjustments, the final equations shown in Figure 9 were
derived for the two sub-categories. The average 5.0% wax
line was then established by interpolation. Similarly, the
qprNfi,*e &v=age ~~~ .... Wm
. llIIG w- cwa)llcillw
1:..
Uy
..s,.. -*c.kl:.kn#l h.,
consideringthe three crude samples in the rangeof12-13%
For the pour point vs wax plot (Figure 10) a number of
comments can be made. There are two approximate
asymptotes, the pour point axis (no wax) and the
temperature for iOO%wax (average composition). The
average trend for naphthenic crudes (~ in Table 3) shows
good correlation except for two crudes which are more
paraffinicand one which is extremelynaphthenic/aromatic.
Crudes with very low wax content (<1%) could also be
approximatelycorrelated with the naphthenicgroup, except
that the very low pour point temperatures are often not
precisely known. A second solid line marks the average of
th-
U* rmWP
...*W
@Yi-mm~
m-...
fli ohtl
\..&.w,
nnvsffinir
y--------
rnMIPc
-. -
mul
-. -
ac ~virlent
- . .. ...
there is a gradation in paraffinicity. With increased
waxinessthere is an increase of heavierparaffins,until they
tend to dominate the pour point, where the approximate
upper limit in pour point for such crudes is indicated by
the third solid line in Figure 10.
It should be noted that a lot of iterative work was carried
out for the two plots before the final framework was
decided. It is believed that the plots are useful in typing
various crudes and to estimate values in case of missing
data. (It should be remembered that the K factor is best
calculated IYomthe boiling point curve or as a second
choice estimated from correlation with other parameters.)
436
 .
SPE 29302 PETER BEHRENBRUCH& PHAM QUANG DU
PVT pRop~
Introduction
As is customary with any new field, particularly one that
contains many reservoirs, PVT and other fluid properties
need to be determined from laboratory data for majcx
reservoirs; this data is then correlated and applied in
instancesof an incomplete data set for other or more minor
reservoirs.
For Dai Hung, seven detailed PVT studies had been
completed (at the time of writing this manuscript),
indicating considerable variation in live oil properties (see
T..hla 9\
1WIGL].
Oil Formation Volume Factor and Bubble Point
Correlations
Initial work for Dai Hung concentrated on defining
hydrocarbon volumes in-place and for this purpose
variations in bubble point/gas-oil ratio and oil formation
volume factor were studied. Five sets of comelationswere
considered to determine the best fitting relationships.
Figures 11 and 12 show that a number of comelationsgive
a reasonable fit; a differenceof less than 5% between field
and correlation is deemed satisfactory.
For the oil formation volume factor by far the best fit (for
all data) was found to be Standings correlation (within
5% for all samples). Excluding those crudes with a
BO>l.4, the Malaysian crude correlation by Omar-Todd
gave the best data fit. For correlating the bubble
point/gas-oil ratio, the best data fit was achieved with the
recently published correlation by Kartoatmodjo-Schmidt
(within 5% for all samples, except for two which
compared to within 10%).
In correlating live oil properties,variations in separatorgas
gravity (depending on separator conditions) can be
~MdiXihi-]~ S@ififii%iit, aidhi hhiS IMSOfl s~Plitivitks
were conducted incorporatingsuch adjustments. As shown
in Table 2, it was found that the Vazquez-Beggs (V-B)
comectionwas less severe than the Kartoatmodjo-Schmidt
(K-S) correction. In the final results (Figures 11 & 12),
the V-B correction gave overall improvedresults in case of
the Standing, Glas@ and Kartoatmodjo-Schmidt oil
formation volume factor correlations. The Vazquez-Beggs
and Omar-Todd correlation performed better without any
correction. For the bubble point -elation, only the
Kartoatmodjo-Schmidt correlation was improved,
437
5
incorporatingtheir suggestedseparatorconditioncomection,
all other correlations performed best without any
correction.
Pressure Gradient Data
As a further check, the consistency of PVT samples was
compared with static oil pressure gradients obtained for
various reservoirs. As mentioned above, Figure 6 shows
an example for well DH-lP. For the lower zone indicated,
the equivalent pressure gradient calculated from PVT
properties (DST #2) is 1.03psi/m, which compares well
with the two gradients indicated for the same zone.
Field Operation and Pour Point Considerations
As already mentioned above, the Dai Hung crude has a
relatively high pour point, on average -27T, determined
from the initial pre-production assay.
During the initial planning and design phase of the project,
potential problems relating to the high wax content and
pour point were being addressed. As already mentioned
under the facilities description, dual production flowlines
were incorporated in order that flowline contents can be
circulated out in case of an anticipated, longer production
shut-down.
The second measure was the testing and subsequent use of
pour point depressant (PPD). As is customary, initially
dead oil tests were conducted, using diffmnt chemicals
and dose rates. The optimum chemical depressedthe pour
point by more than 15C,using reasonable dose rates of
400- 500ppm. These results were subsequentlyconfirmed
on-site during initial production.
Some pre-production live oil testing was also cmied out,
and as expected the crude would only gell at a much
reduced temperature. Based on this result and the fact that
the crude takes some time to cool down after a shut-down,
a further safety margin exists, It should also be noted that
the mean low ocean temperature at the seafloor is
approximately 16C (at 1lore). Finally, it was also
observed that the blended crude (export line) had more
favorable characteristics in that approximately 10% less
PPD could be used to achieve a pour point of less than
16C. From these tests it was concluded that the injection
of PPD is only required as a precaution during operational
upsets and that injection on a continuous basis is not
necessary. Ibis situation may be fhrther relaxed as more
operational experience is gained.
6 THE SIGNIFICANCEOF LARGE VARIATIONSIN OIL PROPERTIES SPE 29302
OF THE DAI HUNG FIELD, VIETNAM

CONCLUSIONS TOTAL Vietnam and Dai Hung Oil Development (Japan)

Ltd. (DOD - Surnitomoet al).
1. Dai Hung and other Vietnamese medium gravity
crudes can be successfully comelated, in terms of [n terms of preparing the graphs and manuscript,we would
their physical properties, with other crudes. Not like to thank Trinh Viet Cuong and Pham Thi Uyen Ngoc
swywisingly, they show greatest affinity to other for their assistance.
Southeast Asian crudes, most notably Malaysian.
2. Four whole crude parameters (API, K factor, wax Peter Behrenbruch would also like to thank Mike
content and pour point) have been found useful in Turninello and Bill Lawson (BHP Petroleum) for their
establishing a framework for typing various cmdes. -1.~fii..tinm .~u..-. .~ the
blaLIA1kauwn*rtwmrt+ipo
-- interpretation of assay data and
General graphs have been established which are making available data from the BHP Petroleum Laboratory
useful in estimating physical parameters on a quick data base.
look basis.
3. In terms of PVT properties comelations, Standings
bubble point correlation was found to be overall the
best correlation for fitting Dai Hung data. For low
shrinkage crudes (BO<l.4), the Omar-Todd 1. Standing, M.B.: A Pressure-Volume-Temperatur
correlation for Malaysian crudes gave the best fit. Correlation For Mixtures of California Oils and
For coiiela*tirlgbu~u.=~... ~..-
..hhb rmh@uaqj~ ratiothe recently Gases,~ Prod. W , API (1947) 275-287.
published correlation by Kartoatrnodjo-ScMdt was 2, Vazquez, M. and Beggs, H. il.: Comeiations For
found to be most acceptable. Fluid physical Property Prediction,paper SPE 6719
presented at the 52nd Annual Fall Technical
Conference and Exhibition of the SPE of AIME
Colorado Oct. 9-12, 1977.
3, Glas$,$.: GeneralisedPressure-Volume-Temperatu
Symbols: Correlations,J. Pet. ~ (May, 1980)785-795.
API = API,crude gravity 4. Omar, M. I., Todd, A. C.: Development of New
B= Oil formation volume factor Modified Black Oil Correlations for Malaysian
K= OUP K or Watson characterisation factor CmdeSyFWr ~ 72Q pr~~~~~d ~~ the IW3 SPE
P= Pressure Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference & Exhibition
T= Temperature SingaporeFebruary 8-10.
w= Wax content 5. Kartoatmodjo,T. and Schmidt, Z.: Large Data Bank
P= Dtmsi?y Improves Crude Physical prow Correlations:
(Juiy 4, 1994)51-55.
Subscripts: 6. Mann,D. M.and Mackenzie,A. S.: Predictionof Pore
abs = Absolute Fluid Ressures in Sedimentary Basins, ~
b = Bubble point ~ Geol~ (February 1990,Vol 7.) 55-65.
o = oil 7. Du,P. Q.: DetailedAssaysConductedon Vietnamese
Sc = Standard conditions Crude Oils,~ (July 16, 1990)58-60

The authors would like to thank the management of the

Dai Hung Joint Venture for permission to publish this
paper. Co-venturers are: BHP Petroleum (Dai Hung) Pty.
Lti. (Operator), Vietnam Oil & Gas Corporation -
PetroVietnam, Petronas Carigali (Dai Hung) Sdn. Bhd.,

438
 GRAVITY UOPK+ WAX POUR m.
FACTOU
APl W@% %
tiborstorvA als2Ed Z7.m tt.ss. / llm S.20 27.0
Os-nN.4x am 12.1s I lz.to 1620 22.0
-----
n&2222.*P m.20 11,24 / lt.m 14.10 20.0
OwN.ti Z6.m 11,20 / 1120 9210 20.0 r CM30ECOmN7Rv
REmoN QRAW2Y uOPK WAX Poii6iq
morstofy
B 8knd so.m ma I 12.m 1240 27.0
.
FAC70R
oboPtlP 2230 11.s4 / 11.S3 12.20 20.0 -
as.r2NaP Z7.m 11.s2 / tl.so 43.20 30.0 22d2n22n N.w.wnn AMzdl w.A) 36.3 ?1.7 <0,1 .63

iawxatory c Bhld 20.20 11.s2 / 11.20 *7.EO 27.0 wry Low W22 ~ U.K (Na61Zn) 220 11.S 1 0.0 4 .30
02aN.4x 2s,20 12,02 / 11.22 22.24 15.0 0.4
OS-OH-1PM 20s0 tt,ss / 11.70 15,42 22.0 0.!
as-DN-lPra 23.s0 it.ss / tz.m 20.43 27,5 0.2
04DN-2P am 11.s7 / 11.7s f1,42 27.0 0.?
os-mwn 20.20 12,W / 1!.60 98,2a 22.0 0.7
m.w-arm 20s2 12.02 / 11.s0 Za24 22.0 27
Os.WLsx (s) 2242 11.72 / 11.22 1s.02 1s0 2.3
OS.WHP
(1) Z2.a 12.10 / 11.20 23.44 36.0
2.3
Os-m2.4x @j zs.m 12.16 / 1Zi7 2s.02 27.0
4.4
SS.OWIP u) zr.m 11.n / 11.s2 1&22 15.0
33
ia70Fsto5Y D 040N-lx (s) 22s5 isa- / lzm 15.20 3*.0
1.7
4S.W-lX (11) 22.20 11.40I 11.20 7s0 120
42
20.0

OsDN-sx
Oww-sx (2) 2s.21 12.00 / llM 12.30
3.1
0sa$L2x (s) 38.22 11.2QI ltm 8.s0 21,0
4,3

1pboN-sxi7i
(4) 29.s2 11.20 j tl.m 2LS2 185
GIS@
3.s
OwN.sx (c) 20,$4 t2.m I mso em 220
( )llskr,21c31626m Ta4

1-
Nlll h- IW.A) 44.7 lZO i 1.8 -15<
+ 111.wll.o~d OsBN-sx 2s) Ss.zl mm- I tt.w 6.20 too
3.92 18.0 M0d2762mW22 m U.K. (HZ@ 362 11.94 5.0 ---i 6
22.M 11.50 / 1$.40
hbmzdk22 Fti L1.lt. @4a61*) ats 11.94 70 .3
UOP K SmPum ** 237 11,6 72 a
Table 1 Dal Hung Crud - Whole Crude Assay Data 77U9 U.N. (Nom Sn) 27.0 1204 7.7 12
VW261hk Oraup m U.K. (NC+61
S@ 272 1204 6.5 0
E8Nlt urn. **) 26.0 12.1 4 52 -3

Z
5!= W22 JmN All- (73mr2@ 62.3 122 d 5.s w
Wka < 10% T* ~- 454 1224 m e
- mm 4s 11.s T 0,3 -2

R6EEEvdr P72ssls2 * ~--- 67.0 121 7.2 0

66.6 123 d W -
T6wEFE2ur3
RmEIsolr F 2S2322632W 247343 = cem9r- Uti (awKaI
(c.-) 20.2 !1.6 13.0 15
WI W33 M Mmnls
Smpsmw
P7ssslss * 3147 214.7 214.? 2147 314.7 2%4,7 214.7
161@lPOW P0k12 2a7 12.0 %24 27
mm --
Sspmaoa
T0m7psmms F 171 171 171 171 171 171 171
HIsI12JOPK m M* (E. ~) =2 11s t 720 20
M GE6vsv 31,2 22.6 2W4 33a 262 20.6 224
al, Mti (S.E.3unUa) 23.3 126 1s.6 23
OHl0E71Esy(E2mk trek) D6522 0.- 0.5766 0.32240 Q60 0.6726 0.W22
~m Q2c@ Aim Mwmia (C..lwa) 22.0 12.0 258 a
OEn spaC#lS G723i2v 0.721 0.507 0.7a 0.226 0.3M 0623 0621
w Mmndo (3.E.Sunat@ 22.2 12.7 3X2 6
Nmm2N2sd G2E S2pdltS G- ~~) 0,76 0.27 0.75 0.91 0.63 0.63 0.73 36.1 124 %2 26
lo% . W22 Wla9 61dbn6dc (c 2unua)
NzmsNzzd GE6 SpsdPk Grzdty (K-S) 077 026 0.75 037 ml 037 0.67 27.0 12.6 13.4 22
~ ~-
SwbMspdls F7322urs Sm2271 2363 4292316225202826 - Mmasb [C.-a) 28.s 12.6 17,S 23
246 610 223 11Z9 753 611 m sOll#myi2#lhdla 22.4 12.0 lo.e 16
&4dlon GEE-on R22i0
1222 l.ms 1.s18 1.M3 1.222 *.474 i.wa m W- 26.3 12.3 12s 20
-

v.tqwa.2qg8
Tsbb 3 Vdmss Cru21aa - Whob Cruda Assay Oats
*3w~.5dm-
Tablel 2 Dai Hung Oile - PVT Propetiies Data
 1 I
,- c WT
!07c

NO Chi Minh City (sewn)

c) MAP
south Vlatnam AREA
E--mlMc*

Ew+llb
(Wnn9tiQul
o
-S.

Cnnsmo Dal Hung w

(Big B.Sr , ~
m

Figure 1 Dai Hung Field - Location Map

Figure 2 Dai Hung Field - Areal Map

DH-2 DH-4X DH-1P DH-2

SE
NW
Sea
Level I

3000m lnte~
eendstones
4000 m

Figure 3 Dai Hung Field - Schematic Cross-Section

*
F.B.O.HIKARIORIE~

-.. .
Plyo&i@
ru)wunw

Figure 4 Dai Hung EPS Development - Schematic of Facilities

440
 1,600 05-DH4X
\
. . . . . . -- .\- ------------------------ -.-----:------- .
Rem,, .-
Ua-un- Ir
1,800

05-DH-2P
. . . . . ... . . . . . ,--- L. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . i%
2,000
05-DH-3P
UJ ... -,----- . .. . . k-. - - . - .. --...:--- -- - - - - - -:- -..--:--- -
to o
n
%
~ 2.200
-,---
..... .... - ---

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -..-, -----

2,600

. . . . . . . . -------
---:;
.
:::::::::::~&\~
2,800
; - - , - ,
. . . . . . . . . . .\...: . . . ..Y..

I I
3.000
2.000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000
Praaaura,paia

Figure 5 Dai Hung Static Pressure - EPS Am

2,360

--Ei&im5l-
\
3
..\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
\
- ,. - - ,- - - - - - -
:
- --- --,
-..
-.-,--
-. +s&i@Il ~
--.

~
----- ,-

. . . . . . . . . . .
. ,. . . . ,. - - . - ... ..== . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-, > --- -

. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..............:...-
-.:----
-.v-.......:....
:---
...
UEEiim
Iy----,
.........................-------
.--------
-----.--,.- -

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----- .,-

. . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . .--, --- .. -:-

2,440

, --------- ---------- . . . . .. . . . . .,.

I I I
J I I
2.460 3,900
3,550 3,600 3,650 3,700 3,750 3,800 3,850
D--ilra nehl
, .-. ., ~-

Figure 6 Dai Hung Field - Static Pressures, Weii DH-I P

 12.2 4

IJ
K = 0.0273 API+ 11.07 3y
---

(Lab A, B) %(2) sx(s)nf~ /---------

12.0
1P/lm --- ~v
37&x(3) qj(4) - ------ lPIP

g
---- Oebnd
..-
---
11.8 \
---
--- --- 1:R
---
--- 2)f#3)
---

jll.6 1~ w
x \
K = 0.0380 API+ 10.75
g
(Lab A, B, C & D) lx 11)
11.4 c1
t I.d U
,,

1 0 Lab A
kbB
11.2 9 LSbC
Lab D
WE% (DST)
u
1

20 25 30 35 40
Crude Gravity, API

Figure 7 Dai Hung Crudes - K Factor (normalised) vs Oil Gravity

1P(1)
-- - --- w
- Crudes
. %x
., 0
...
. .
,.
., 2x 2)3P ,P X(5)
.
30 .
)
3y
.
Sk& {p S#ld ~ X%
Data Envelope , A
for More I%ensive ~ Pour Point = 0.926 W + 17.4 H Mu n
Data Base (Lab A&B)
(See Fwure 10) . Lab B
Q2x(5)
lPJ1) LabC
2x (3)
o Lab D
+ Average(A, B)
WE% (DST)
2x (7) , 1X(W 7j((4) 5x (2)
0, 0 u

1P(2) 4X

i
I

Napthenic / 2x(6) Paraffinic

o
10 Crudea \ Crudes

L
0
/
/1
4
I
8 12
I
16
I I
20
-.
24
I
-.
Z8
Wax, Weight %
Figure 8 Dai Hung Crudes - Pour Point vs Wax Content
442
 Iau
Wax

1
HQh

W
.. -..
1.0SW<5.O
2
1,.6
~
..s

1~ 1:9
J

5S,WS1O w 37J

12.5 . 10<W
w
X Condanss@ y Crudm
Wax.Wgt% 11.*
g
Pour PT C
() Best Data Fti
A
K = 0.0371 API+ 10.61
8
I!!12.O API+ 10.60)
(K= 0.0373 ;
u I ---- \
K = 0.0371APi + 10.75
/+ ~. 4.23.Y a

g / Condensate
/ /,/$ /*4 o
<01
2.7 y , 1.7
~

* ~: ,4 :$$3

Y
11.5
@$Q:%;;:.~v~;71::

/ ; = 0.0371 API+ 10.47 (K j 0:0369 API+ 10.25)

1 ?J

11.01
10 20 30 40 50 60
Crude Gravity API

Figure 9 Various Crudes - K Factor vs Oil Gravity

w
12.7

40 Pour Point= 288.05 W s.

1
~ _- __-a,- -
Pour Point = ,2. s ---- -

.240.05 W 05-273.?5- 0 % ~ ~,~

?z.2 ----
wksycrudDs

& .-
/ W.O
/
/
/
/ /

20
-\
/,2;

: :% :r~ y ;
p WI
/
ti

u
L
*

WAX,w (v@%)
o Wcl.o
1.0SW<5.O
Pour Point = 209.23 W m- 273.15 5SWS1O

=2 ?20
-w
lzo 11,s
. 10<W
a.*
o
a
x COndenMti
fl.z Il.
*PI
40 ;,
UCWK
K
11.7%

10 20 30 40
o
Wax, Weight %

Figure 10 Various Crudes - Pour Point vs Wax Content

443
 1.9 / /$
/
/
/
/
/
1.8 / /
/ /
+5?0/
/
o ,
/ /
/
/ *
1.7 / ,/+
,/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
1.6 /
/ /<5%
/
/ /
/ /
/ o /
/ /
1.5 / /
/ L&M
/ : /
/ O stinting
/ Zf
/
o, Vazquez- Beggs
1.4 x Glaea
;k
~~,,, a ~,-i_ omer.T@j
o ,
+ g, X l(wtoatmodjo- Schmidt
1.3
.6
I .a 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
BO, rbhtb (msssursd)

Figure 11 Oil Formation Volume Factor (~) Correlation

4,500 /

4ml
/ ..ZZ?5
/

/
P
Q/
/is
//
/ +
outside
ccweietior
,: /
/0 *
range

,x?
/
/

/./
/// // +
/
/
-
0 Smtilng

/ l Vezquez - Beggs
2,500 / /6
/ / Glaaa
/ /
/ / + Omer.T~
/ /
/ / X KarK@nocljo- Schmidt
1/
,
r.
/

2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500

pbj ~k (m6t8sur8d)

Figure 12 Bubble Point Pressure (~) Correlation