2

Motion in One Dimension

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

2.1 Position, Velocity, and
Speed Q2.1 If I count 5.0 s between lightning and thunder, the sound has
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and
Speed
b ga f
traveled 331 m s 5.0 s = 1.7 km . The transit time for the light
2.3 Acceleration is smaller by
2.4 Motion Diagrams
2.5 One-Dimensional Motion
3.00 10 8 m s
with Constant Acceleration = 9.06 10 5 times,
2.6 Freely Falling Objects 331 m s
2.7 Kinematic Equations
Derived from Calculus
so it is negligible in comparison.

Q2.2 Yes. Yes, if the particle winds up in the +x region at the end.

Q2.3 Zero.

Q2.4 Yes. Yes.

Q2.5 No. Consider a sprinter running a straight-line race. His average velocity would simply be the
length of the race divided by the time it took for him to complete the race. If he stops along the way
to tie his shoe, then his instantaneous velocity at that point would be zero.

Q2.6 We assume the object moves along a straight line. If its average x
velocity is zero, then the displacement must be zero over the time
interval, according to Equation 2.2. The object might be stationary
throughout the interval. If it is moving to the right at first, it must
later move to the left to return to its starting point. Its velocity must
be zero as it turns around. The graph of the motion shown to the
right represents such motion, as the initial and final positions are
the same. In an x vs. t graph, the instantaneous velocity at any time
t is the slope of the curve at that point. At t 0 in the graph, the slope
of the curve is zero, and thus the instantaneous velocity at that time
t0 t
is also zero.

FIG. Q2.6

Q2.7 Yes. If the velocity of the particle is nonzero, the particle is in motion. If the acceleration is zero, the
velocity of the particle is unchanging, or is a constant.

21
22 Motion in One Dimension

Q2.8 a f
Yes. If you drop a doughnut from rest v = 0 , then its acceleration is not zero. A common
misconception is that immediately after the doughnut is released, both the velocity and acceleration
are zero. If the acceleration were zero, then the velocity would not change, leaving the doughnut
floating at rest in mid-air.

Q2.9 No: Car A might have greater acceleration than B, but they might both have zero acceleration, or
otherwise equal accelerations; or the driver of B might have tramped hard on the gas pedal in the
recent past.

Q2.10 Yes. Consider throwing a ball straight up. As the ball goes up, its
v
a f
velocity is upward v > 0 , and its acceleration is directed down v0
a f
a < 0 . A graph of v vs. t for this situation would look like the figure
to the right. The acceleration is the slope of a v vs. t graph, and is
always negative in this case, even when the velocity is positive.

FIG. Q2.10

Q2.11 (a) Accelerating East (b) Braking East (c) Cruising East

(d) Braking West (e) Accelerating West (f) Cruising West

(g) Stopped but starting to move East

(h) Stopped but starting to move West

Q2.12 No. Constant acceleration only. Yes. Zero is a constant.

Q2.13 The position does depend on the origin of the coordinate system. Assume that the cliff is 20 m tall,
and that the stone reaches a maximum height of 10 m above the top of the cliff. If the origin is taken
as the top of the cliff, then the maximum height reached by the stone would be 10 m. If the origin is
taken as the bottom of the cliff, then the maximum height would be 30 m.
The velocity is independent of the origin. Since the change in position is used to calculate the
instantaneous velocity in Equation 2.5, the choice of origin is arbitrary.

Q2.14 Once the objects leave the hand, both are in free fall, and both experience the same downward
acceleration equal to the free-fall acceleration, g.

Q2.15 They are the same. After the first ball reaches its apex and falls back downward past the student, it
will have a downward velocity equal to vi . This velocity is the same as the velocity of the second
ball, so after they fall through equal heights their impact speeds will also be the same.

1 2
Q2.16 With h = gt ,
2

(a) 0.5 h =
1
2
a 2
f
g 0.707t . The time is later than 0.5t.

(b) The distance fallen is 0.25 h =

1
2
a f2
g 0.5t . The elevation is 0.75h, greater than 0.5h.
 Chapter 2 23
Q2.17 Above. Your ball has zero initial speed and smaller average speed during the time of flight to the
passing point.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

P2.1 (a) v = 2.30 m s

x 57.5 m 9.20 m
(b) v= = = 16.1 m s
t 3.00 s

x 57.5 m 0 m
(c) v= = = 11.5 m s
t 5.00 s

x 20 ft 1m FG IJ FG 1 yr IJ = 2 10 m s or in particularly windy times

7
*P2.2 (a) v= =
H
t 1 yr 3.281 ft K H 3.156 10 s K
7

x 100 ft F 1 m I F 1 yr IJ = 1 10 m s .
v=
t
= G
H J
K G
1 yr 3.281 ft 3.156 10 s K
H 7
6

(b) The time required must have been

t =
x
=
FG
3 000 mi 1 609 m IJ FG 10 mm IJ =
3
5 10 8 yr .
H
v 10 mm yr 1 mi KH 1 m K
x 10 m
P2.3 (a) v= = = 5 ms
t 2s

5m
(b) v= = 1.2 m s
4s

x 2 x1 5 m 10 m
(c) v= = = 2.5 m s
t 2 t1 4 s2 s

x 2 x 1 5 m 5 m
(d) v= = = 3.3 m s
t 2 t1 7 s4 s

x 2 x1 0 0
(e) v= = = 0 ms
t 2 t1 80

P2.4 x = 10t 2 : For

af
ts = 2.0 2.1 3.0
xamf = 40 44.1 90

x 50 m
(a) v= = = 50.0 m s
t 1.0 s

x 4.1 m
(b) v= = = 41.0 m s
t 0.1 s
24 Motion in One Dimension

P2.5 (a) Let d represent the distance between A and B. Let t1 be the time for which the walker has
d
the higher speed in 5.00 m s = . Let t 2 represent the longer time for the return trip in
t1
d d d
3.00 m s = . Then the times are t1 = and t 2 = . The average speed
t2 5.00 m s 3.00 m s b g b g
is:

Total distance d+d 2d

v= = =
Total time d
+ 3 .00d m s b8.00 m sgd
b 5.00 m s g b g e15.0 m s j 2 2

v=
e
2 15.0 m 2 s 2 j= 3.75 m s
8.00 m s

(b) She starts and finishes at the same point A. With total displacement = 0, average velocity
= 0 .

Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

P2.6 (a) e
At any time, t, the position is given by x = 3.00 m s 2 t 2 . j
Thus, at t = 3.00 s: x = e3.00 m s ja3.00 sf = 2 2
i i 27.0 m .

(b) e
At t f = 3.00 s + t : x f = 3.00 m s 2 3.00 s + t , or ja f 2

b
x f = 27.0 m + 18.0 m s t + 3.00 m s 2 t g e ja f 2
.

(c) The instantaneous velocity at t = 3.00 s is:

F x x I = lim e18.0 m s + e3.00 m s jtj =

v = lim
t 0
GH t JK
f i
t 0
2
18.0 m s .

P2.7 (a) at ti = 1.5 s , x i = 8.0 m (Point A)

at t f = 4.0 s , x f = 2.0 m (Point B)

v=
x f xi
=
a2.0 8.0f m = 6.0 m = 2.4 m s
t f ti a4 1.5f s 2.5 s
(b) The slope of the tangent line is found from points C and
b g
D. tC = 1.0 s, x C = 9.5 m and t D = 3.5 s, x D = 0 , b g
v 3.8 m s .
FIG. P2.7

(c) The velocity is zero when x is a minimum. This is at t 4 s .

 Chapter 2 25

P2.8 (a)

58 m
(b) At t = 5.0 s, the slope is v 23 m s .
2.5 s
54 m
At t = 4.0 s, the slope is v 18 m s .
3s
49 m
At t = 3.0 s, the slope is v 14 m s .
3.4 s
36 m
At t = 2.0 s , the slope is v 9.0 m s .
4.0 s

v 23 m s
(c) a= 4.6 m s 2
t 5.0 s

(d) Initial velocity of the car was zero .

(5 0 ) m
P2.9 (a) v= = 5 ms
(1 0) s

(5 10) m
(b) v= = 2.5 m s
(4 2) s

(5 m 5 m)
(c) v= = 0
(5 s 4 s)

0 (5 m)
(d) v= = +5 m s
(8 s 7 s ) FIG. P2.9

*P2.10 Once it resumes the race, the hare will run for a time of

x f xi 1 000 m 800 m
t= = = 25 s .
vx 8 ms

In this time, the tortoise can crawl a distance

a f
x f xi = 0.2 m s ( 25 s)= 5.00 m .
26 Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.3 Acceleration

P2.11 Choose the positive direction to be the outward direction, perpendicular to the wall.

v f = vi + at : a = =
a
v 22.0 m s 25.0 m s f
= 1.3410 4 m s 2 .
t 3.50 103 s

P2.12 (a) Acceleration is constant over the first ten seconds, so at the end,

c h
v f = vi + at = 0 + 2.00 m s 2 (10.0 s)= 20.0 m s .

Then a = 0 so v is constant from t = 10.0 s to t = 15.0 s. And over the last five seconds the
velocity changes to

c h
v f = vi + at = 20.0 m s + 3.00 m s 2 (5.00 s)= 5.00 m s .

(b) In the first ten seconds,

1 2 1
x f = x i + vi t +
2
c 2
h
at = 0 + 0 + 2.00 m s 2 (10.0 s) = 100 m .
2

Over the next five seconds the position changes to

x f = xi + vi t +
1 2
2
a f
at = 100 m + 20.0 m s (5.00 s)+ 0 = 200 m .

And at t = 20.0 s ,

x f = x i + vi t +
1 2
2
a f 1
2
c 2
at = 200 m + 20.0 m s (5.00 s)+ 3.00 m s 2 (5.00 s) = 262 m . h
distance traveled
*P2.13 (a) The average speed during a time interval t is v = . During the first
t
quarter mile segment, Secretariats average speed was

0.250 mi 1 320 ft
v1 =
25.2 s
=
25.2 s
= 52.4 ft s b35.6 mi hg .
During the second quarter mile segment,

1 320 ft
v2 =
24.0 s
= 55.0 ft s b37.4 mi hg .
For the third quarter mile of the race,

1 320 ft
v3 =
23.8 s
= 55.5 ft s b37.7 mi hg ,
and during the final quarter mile,

1 320 ft
v4 =
23.0 s
= 57.4 ft s b39.0 mi hg .
continued on next page
 Chapter 2 27
(b) Assuming that v f = v 4 and recognizing that vi = 0 , the average acceleration during the race
was

v f vi 57.4 ft s 0
a= = = 0.598 ft s 2 .
total elapsed time ( 25. 2 + 24.0 + 23.8 + 23.0) s

P2.14 (a) Acceleration is the slope of the graph of v vs t. a (m/s2)

2.0
For 0 < t < 5.00 s, a = 0 .
1.6
For 15.0 s < t < 20.0 s , a = 0 .
v f vi 1.0
For 5.0 s < t < 15.0 s , a = .
t f ti

0.0 t (s)
8.00 (8.00)
a= = 1.60 m s 2 0 5 10 15 20
15.0 5.00
FIG. P2.14
We can plot a(t ) as shown.

v f vi
(b) a=
t f ti

(i) For 5.00 s < t < 15.0 s , ti = 5.00 s , vi = 8.00 m s ,

t f = 15.0 s
v f = 8.00 m s

a=
v f vi
=
a
8.00 8.00 f
= 1.60 m s 2 .
t f ti 15.0 5.00

(ii) ti = 0 , vi = 8.00 m s , t f = 20.0 s , v f = 8.00 m s

v f vi 8.00 (8.00)
a= = = 0.800 m s 2
t f ti 20.0 0

dx dv
P2.15 x = 2.00 + 3.00t t 2 , v = = 3.00 2.00t , a = = 2.00
dt dt
At t = 3.00 s :

(a) x = ( 2.00 + 9.00 9.00) m = 2.00 m

(b) v = (3.00 6.00) m s = 3.00 m s

(c) a = 2.00 m s 2
28 Motion in One Dimension
2
P2.16 (a) At t = 2.00 s , x = 3.00( 2.00) 2.00( 2.00)+ 3.00 m = 11.0 m.

a f
At t = 3.00 s , x = 3.00 9.00
2
a f
2.00 3.00 + 3.00 m = 24.0 m

so

x 24.0 m 11.0 m
v= = = 13.0 m s .
t 3.00 s 2.00 s

(b) At all times the instantaneous velocity is

d
v=
dt
c h
3.00t 2 2.00t + 3.00 = (6.00t 2.00) m s

At t = 2.00 s , v = 6.00( 2.00) 2.00 m s = 10.0 m s .

At t = 3.00 s , v = 6.00(3.00) 2.00 m s = 16.0 m s .

v 16.0 m s 10.0 m s
(c) a= = = 6.00 m s 2
t 3.00 s 2.00 s
d
(d) At all times a = (6.00 2.00)= 6.00 m s 2 . (This includes both t = 2.00 s and t = 3.00 s ).
dt
v 8.00 m s
P2.17 (a) a= = = 1.3 m s 2
t 6.00 s

(b) Maximum positive acceleration is at t = 3 s, and is approximately 2 m s 2 .

(c) a = 0 , at t = 6 s , and also for t > 10 s .

(d) Maximum negative acceleration is at t = 8 s, and is approximately 1.5 m s 2 .

Section 2.4 Motion Diagrams

P2.18 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

continued on next page

 Chapter 2 29
(f) One way of phrasing the answer: The spacing of the successive positions would change
with less regularity.
Another way: The object would move with some combination of the kinds of motion shown
in (a) through (e). Within one drawing, the accelerations vectors would vary in magnitude
and direction.

Section 2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

P2.19 c
From v 2f = vi2 + 2 ax , we have 10.97 10 3 m s h 2
= 0 + 2 a( 220 m) , so that a = 2.7410 5 m s 2

which is a = 2.79 10 4 times g .

P2.20 (a) x f xi =
1
2
c h 1
a
vi + v f t becomes 40 m = vi + 2.80 m s (8.50 s) which yields vi = 6.61 m s .
2
f
v f vi 2.80 m s 6.61 m s
(b) a= = = 0.448 m s 2
t 8.50 s
P2.21 Given vi = 12.0 cm s when x i = 3.00 cm(t = 0) , and at t = 2.00 s , x f = 5.00 cm ,

1 2 1 2
at : 5.00 3.00 = 12.0( 2.00)+ a( 2.00)
x f x i = vi t +
2 2
32.0
8.00 = 24.0 + 2 a a = = 16.0 cm s 2 .
2
*P2.22 (a) Let i be the state of moving at 60 mi h and f be at rest

v xf2 = v xi
2
d
+ 2 a x x f xi i
0 = b60 mi hg
2
fFGH 5 1280mift IJK
a
+ 2 a x 121 ft 0

3 600 mi F 5 280 ft I F 1 h I
ax = G JG
242 h H 1 mi K H 3 600 s K
2 J = 21.8 mi h s
F 1 609 m IJ FG 1 h IJ = 9.75 m s
= 21.8 mi h s G 2
H 1 mi K H 3 600 s K .

(b) Similarly,
b
0 = 80 mi h g 2
a
+ 2 a x 211 ft 0 f
ax =
b
6 400 5 280 g mi h s = 22.2 mi h s = 9.94 m s 2 .
b
422 3 600 g
(c) Let i be moving at 80 mi h and f be moving at 60 mi h .

d i
v xf2 = v xi
2
+ 2 a x x f xi

b60 mi hg = b80 mi hg + 2a a211 ft 121 ftf

2 2
x

2 800b5 280 g 2
a = mi h s = 22.8 mi h s = 10.2 m s .
2a90fb3 600g
x
30 Motion in One Dimension

*P2.23 (a) Choose the initial point where the pilot reduces the throttle and the final point where the
boat passes the buoy:

x i = 0 , x f = 100 m , v xi = 30 m s , v xf = ?, a x = 3.5 m s 2 , t = ?

1
x f = xi + v xi t + axt 2 :
2

100 m = 0 + 30 m s t + a f 1
2
c h
3.5 m s 2 t 2

c1.75 m s ht a30 m sft + 100 m = 0 .

2 2

We use the quadratic formula:

b b 2 4ac
t=
2a

t=
c
30 m s 900 m 2 s 2 4 1.75 m s 2 (100 m) h =
30 m s 14.1 m s
= 12.6 s or 4.53 s .
c
2 1.75 m s 2
h 3.5 m s 2

The smaller value is the physical answer. If the boat kept moving with the same acceleration,
it would stop and move backward, then gain speed, and pass the buoy again at 12.6 s.

(b) e j
v xf = v xi + a x t = 30 m s 3.5 m s 2 4.53 s = 14.1 m s

P2.24 (a) Total displacement = area under the v , t curve from t = 0 a f

to 50 s.

x =
1
2
b ga f b
50 m s 15 s + 50 m s 40 15 s ga f
1
b
+ 50 m s 10 s
2
ga f
x = 1 875 m

(b) From t = 10 s to t = 40 s , displacement is

FIG. P2.24
x =
1
2
b ga f b
50 m s + 33 m s 5 s + 50 m s 25 s = 1 457 m . ga f
v (50 0) m s
(c) 0 t 15 s : a1 = = = 3.3 m s 2
t 15 s 0
15 s < t < 40 s : a 2 = 0
v (0 50) m s
40 s t 50 s : a 3 = = = 5.0 m s 2
t 50 s 40 s

continued on next page

 Chapter 2 31
1 1
(d) (i) x1 = 0 +
2 2
c h
a1 t 2 = 3.3 m s 2 t 2 or x1 = 1.67 m s 2 t 2 c h
(ii)
1
a f
x 2 = (15 s) 50 m s 0 + 50 m s (t 15 s) or x 2 = 50 m s t 375 m
2
a f
(iii) For 40 s t 50 s ,

x3 =
FG area under v vs t IJ + 1 a (t 40 s) + a50 m sf(t 40 s) 2
H from t = 0 to 40 sK 2 3

or

x 3 = 375 m + 1 250 m +
1
2
e
5.0 m s 2 t 40 s ja f + b50 m sgat 40 sf
2

which reduces to

b g e
x 3 = 250 m s t 2.5 m s 2 t 2 4 375 m . j
total displacement 1 875 m
(e) v= = = 37.5 m s
total elapsed time 50 s

P2.25 (a) Compare the position equation x = 2.00 + 3.00t 4.00t 2 to the general form

1 2
x f = xi + vi t + at
2

to recognize that x i = 2.00 m, vi = 3.00 m s, and a = 8.00 m s 2 . The velocity equation,

v f = vi + at , is then

c
v f = 3.00 m s 8.00 m s 2 t . h
3
The particle changes direction when v f = 0 , which occurs at t = s . The position at this
8
time is:

fFGH 38 sIJK c4.00 m s hFGH 38 sIJK

2
a
x = 2.00 m + 3.00 m s 2
= 2.56 m .

1 2 2v
(b) From x f = xi + vi t + at , observe that when x f = xi , the time is given by t = i . Thus,
2 a
when the particle returns to its initial position, the time is

t=
a
2 3.00 m s f=3 s
2
8.00 m s 4

and the velocity is v f = 3.00 m s 8.00 m s 2c hFGH 34 sIJK = 3.00 m s .

32 Motion in One Dimension

*P2.26 The time for the Ford to slow down we find from

1
x f = xi +
2
d
v xi + v xf t i
t=
2 x
=
2 250 m a
= 6.99 s .
f
v xi + v xf 71.5 m s + 0

Its time to speed up is similarly

2(350 m)
t= = 9.79 s .
0 + 71.5 m s

The whole time it is moving at less than maximum speed is 6.99 s + 5.00 s + 9.79 s = 21.8 s . The
Mercedes travels

x f = xi +
1
2
d 1
i a
v xi + v xf t = 0 + 71.5 + 71.5 m s 21.8 s
2
fb ga f
= 1 558 m

while the Ford travels 250 + 350 m = 600 m, to fall behind by 1 558 m 600 m = 958 m .

P2.27 (a) vi = 100 m s , a = 5.00 m s 2 , v f = vi + at so 0 = 100 5t , v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f xi so c h

2
c h
0 = (100 ) 2(5.00) x f 0 . Thus x f = 1 000 m and t = 20.0 s .

(b) At this acceleration the plane would overshoot the runway: No .

P2.28 (a) Take ti = 0 at the bottom of the hill where x i = 0 , vi = 30.0 m s, a = 2.00 m s 2 . Use these
values in the general equation

1 2
x f = xi + vi t + at
2
to find
a
x f = 0 + 30.0t m s + f 12 c2.00 m s ht 2 2

when t is in seconds
c
x f = 30.0t t 2 m . h
To find an equation for the velocity, use v f = vi + at = 30.0 m s + 2.00 m s 2 t , e j
v f = (30.0 2.00t ) m s .

(b) The distance of travel x f becomes a maximum, x max , when v f = 0 (turning point in the
motion). Use the expressions found in part (a) for v f to find the value of t when x f has its
maximum value:

From v f = (3.00 2.00t ) m s , v f = 0 when t = 15.0 s. Then

c h
x max = 30.0t t 2 m = (30.0)(15.0)(15.0) = 225 m .
2
 Chapter 2 33
P2.29 In the simultaneous equations:

R| v xf = v xi + a x t U| R|v = v c5.60 m s h(4.20 s)U|

xf xi
2

S|x xi =
1
c
v xi + v xf ht V|W we have S|T 62.4 m = 12 cv + v h(4.20 s) V|W .
T f
2 xi xf

1
So substituting for v xi gives 62.4 m =
2
c h
v xf + 56.0 m s 2 ( 4.20 s)+ v xf ( 4.20 s)

1
14.9 m s = v xf +
2
c
5.60 m s 2 ( 4.20 s). h
Thus

v xf = 3.10 m s .

R| v xf = v xi + a x t U|
P2.30 Take any two of the standard four equations, such as S|x xi =
1
c
v xi + v xf ht V|W. Solve one for v xi , and
T f
2
substitute into the other: v xi = v xf a x t

1
x f xi =
2
c
v xf a x t + v xf t . h
Thus
1
x f xi = v xf t a x t 2 .
2

1
Back in problem 29, 62.4 m = v xf ( 4.20 s)
2
c
5.60 m s 2 ( 4. 20 s)
2
h
62.4 m 49.4 m
v xf = = 3.10 m s .
4.20 s

P2.31 (a) a=
v f vi
=
632 e j=
5 280
3 600
662 ft s 2 = 202 m s 2
t 1.40

(b) x f = vi t +
1 2
2
at = 632 a
5 280
3 600
fFGH
1
1.40 662 1.40
2
I a f a fa f
JK 2
= 649 ft = 198 m
34 Motion in One Dimension

P2.32 (a) The time it takes the truck to reach 20.0 m s is found from v f = vi + at . Solving for t yields

v f vi 20.0 m s 0 m s
t= = = 10.0 s .
a 2.00 m s 2

The total time is thus

10.0 s + 20.0 s + 5.00 s = 35.0 s .

(b) The average velocity is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. The
distance traveled during the first 10.0 s is

FG 0 + 20.0 IJ(10.0)= 100 m .

x 1 = vt =
H 2 K
With a being 0 for this interval, the distance traveled during the next 20.0 s is

1 2
x 2 = vi t + at = ( 20.0)( 20.0)+ 0 = 400 m.
2

The distance traveled in the last 5.00 s is

FG 20.0 + 0 IJ(5.00)= 50.0 m.

x 3 = vt =
H 2 K
The total distance x = x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 100 + 400 + 50 = 550 m , and the average velocity is
x 550
given by v = = = 15.7 m s .
t 35.0

P2.33 We have vi = 2.00 10 4 m s, v f = 6.00 10 6 m s , x f xi = 1.50 102 m .

(a) x f xi =
1
c h
vi + v f t : t =
c
2 x f xi
=
h
2 1.50 102 m c
= 4.98 109 s
h
4 6
2 vi + v f 2.00 10 m s + 6.00 10 m s

(b) d
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x x f xi : i

ax =
v 2f vi2
=
e6.00 10 6
ms j e2.00 10
2 4
ms j 2

= 1.20 10 15 m s 2
2( x f xi ) 2(1.50 10 2 m)
 Chapter 2 35

*P2.34 (a) v xf2 = v xi

2
c h c
+ 2 a x x f x i : 0.01 3 10 8 m s h 2
= 0 + 2 a x ( 40 m)

ax =
c310 6
ms h 2

= 1.12 10 11 m s 2
80 m

(b) We must find separately the time t1 for speeding up and the time t 2 for coasting:

1 1
x f xi =
2
d i
v xf + v xi t1 : 40 m = 3 10 6 m s + 0 t1
2
e j
t1 = 2.67 10 5 s

1 1
x f xi =
2
d i e
v xf + v xi t 2 : 60 m = 3 10 6 m s + 3 10 6 m s t 2
2
j
t 2 = 2.00 10 5 s

total time = 4.67 105 s .

*P2.35 (a) Along the time axis of the graph shown, let i = 0 and f = t m . Then v xf = v xi + a x t gives
v c = 0 + am tm

vc
am = .
tm

(b) The displacement between 0 and t m is

1 1 vc 2 1
x f xi = v xi t + axt 2 = 0 + t m = v c tm .
2 2 tm 2

The displacement between t m and t 0 is

x f xi = v xi t +
1
2
a
a x t 2 = v c t0 tm + 0 . f
The total displacement is

1 1 FG IJ
x =
2
v c t m + v c t 0 v c t m = v c t 0 tm
2 H K .

(c) For constant v c and t 0 , x is minimized by maximizing t m to t m = t 0 . Then

FG 1 IJv t
x min = v c t 0 t 0 = c 0 .
H 2 K 2

(e) This is realized by having the servo motor on all the time.

(d) We maximize x by letting t m approach zero. In the limit x = v c t 0 0 = v c t 0 . a f

(e) This cannot be attained because the acceleration must be finite.
36 Motion in One Dimension

*P2.36 Let the glider enter the photogate with velocity vi and move with constant acceleration a. For its
motion from entry to exit,

1
x f = xi + v xi t + axt 2
2
1
A = 0 + vi t d + at d2 = v d t d
2
1
v d = vi + at d
2

(a) The speed halfway through the photogate in space is given by

2
= vi2 + 2 a
FG A IJ = v 2
v hs
H 2K i + av d t d .

v hs = vi2 + av d t d and this is not equal to v d unless a = 0 .

FG t IJ and this is
d
(b) The speed halfway through the photogate in time is given by v ht = vi + a
H 2K
equal to v d as determined above.

P2.37 (a) Take initial and final points at top and bottom of the incline. If the ball starts from rest,

vi = 0 , a = 0.500 m s 2 , x f xi = 9.00 m .
Then
d i e
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f xi = 0 2 + 2 0.500 m s 2 9.00 m ja f
v f = 3.00 m s .
1 2
(b) x f x i = vi t + at
2
1
9.00 = 0 +
2
e
0.500 m s 2 t 2 j
t = 6.00 s

(c) Take initial and final points at the bottom of the planes and the top of the second plane,
respectively:
vi = 3.00 m s, v f = 0 , x f xi = 15.00 m.

c h
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f xi gives

v 2f vi2 a
0 3.00 m s f 2

a= = = 0.300 m s 2 .
c
2 x f xi h 2(15.0 m)

(d) Take the initial point at the bottom of the planes and the final point 8.00 m along the second:
vi = 3.00 m s, x f xi = 8.00 m , a = 0.300 m s 2

d i b
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f xi = 3.00 m s g + 2e0.300 m s ja8.00 mf = 4.20 m
2 2 2
s2

v f = 2.05 m s .
 Chapter 2 37
P2.38 Take the original point to be when Sue notices the van. Choose the origin of the x-axis at Sues car.
For her we have x is = 0 , vis = 30.0 m s , a s = 2.00 m s 2 so her position is given by

x s (t )= x is + vis t +
1
2
a f
1
c
a s t 2 = 30.0 m s t + 2.00 m s 2 t 2 .
2
h
For the van, x iv = 155 m, viv = 5.00 m s , a v = 0 and

x v (t )= xiv + viv t +
1
2
a f
a v t 2 = 155 + 5.00 m s t + 0 .

To test for a collision, we look for an instant t c when both are at the same place:

30.0t c t c2 = 155 + 5.00t c

0 = t c2 25.0t c + 155 .
From the quadratic formula

2
25.0 ( 25.0) 4(155)
tc = = 13.6 s or 11.4 s .
2

The smaller value is the collision time. (The larger value tells when the van would pull ahead again
if the vehicles could move through each other). The wreck happens at position

a f
155 m + 5.00 m s (11.4 s)= 212 m .

*P2.39 As in the algebraic solution to Example 2.8, we let t x (km)

represent the time the trooper has been moving. We graph
1.5
x car = 45 + 45t car
1
and
police
2 0.5 officer
x trooper = 1.5t .

They intersect at t (s)

10 20 30 40
t = 31 s .
FIG. P2.39
38 Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.6 Freely Falling Objects

P2.40 a f
Choose the origin y = 0 , t = 0 at the starting point of the ball and take upward as positive. Then
yi = 0 , vi = 0 , and a = g = 9.80 m s 2 . The position and the velocity at time t become:

1 2 1 1
y f yi = vi t +
2 2 2
e
at : y f = gt 2 = 9.80 m s 2 t 2 j
and

c
v f = vi + at : v f = gt = 9.80 m s 2 t . h
1
(a) at t = 1.00 s : y f =
2
c 2
h
9.80 m s 2 (1.00 s) = 4.90 m
1
c 2
h
at t = 2.00 s : y f = 9.80 m s 2 ( 2.00 s) = 19.6 m
2
1
c 2
h
at t = 3.00 s : y f = 9.80 m s 2 (3.00 s) = 44.1 m
2

(b) c h
at t = 1.00 s : v f = 9.80 m s 2 (1.00 s)= 9.80 m s

at t = 2.00 s : v f = c9.80 m s h( 2.00 s)= 19.6 m s

2

at t = 3.00 s : v f = c9.80 m s h(3.00 s)= 29.4 m s

2

P2.41 Assume that air resistance may be neglected. Then, the acceleration at all times during the flight is
that due to gravity, a = g = 9.80 m s 2 . During the flight, Goff went 1 mile (1 609 m) up and then
1 mile back down. Determine his speed just after launch by considering his upward flight:

d
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a y f yi : i e jb
0 = vi2 2 9.80 m s 2 1 609 m g
vi = 178 m s .

His time in the air may be found by considering his motion from just after launch to just before
impact:

y f yi = vi t +
1 2
2
a 1
f c
at : 0 = 178 m s t 9.80 m s 2 t 2 .
2
h
The root t = 0 describes launch; the other root, t = 36.2 s , describes his flight time. His rate of pay
may then be found from

pay rate =
$1.00
36.2 s
b gb
= 0.027 6 $ s 3 600 s h = $99.3 h . g
We have assumed that the workmans flight time, a mile, and a dollar, were measured to three-
digit precision. We have interpreted up in the sky as referring to the free fall time, not to the
launch and landing times. Both the takeoff and landing times must be several seconds away from
the job, in order for Goff to survive to resume work.
 Chapter 2 39
1
P2.42 We have y f = gt 2 + vi t + yi
2

c h a
0 = 4.90 m s 2 t 2 8.00 m s t + 30.0 m .f
Solving for t,

8.00 64.0 + 588

t= .
9.80

Using only the positive value for t, we find that t = 1.79 s .

1 2 2
P2.43 (a) y f yi = vi t + at : 4.00 = (1.50)vi (4.90)(1.50) and vi = 10.0 m s upward .
2

(b) v f = vi + at = 10.0 (9.80)(1.50) = 4.68 m s

v f = 4.68 m s downward

P2.44 The bill starts from rest vi = 0 and falls with a downward acceleration of 9.80 m s 2 (due to gravity).
Thus, in 0.20 s it will fall a distance of

1 2
y = vi t
2
c 2
h
gt = 0 4.90 m s 2 (0. 20 s) = 0.20 m .

a
This distance is about twice the distance between the center of the bill and its top edge 8 cm . f
Thus, David will be unsuccessful .

1 2
*P2.45 (a) From y = vi t + at with vi = 0 , we have
2

t=
a f=
2 y 2(23 m)
= 2.17 s .
a 9.80 m s 2

(b) c h
The final velocity is v f = 0 + 9.80 m s 2 ( 2.17 s)= 21.2 m s .

(c) The time take for the sound of the impact to reach the spectator is

y 23 m
t sound = = = 6.76 102 s ,
v sound 340 m s

so the total elapsed time is t total = 2.17 s + 6.76 10 2 s 2.23 s .

40 Motion in One Dimension
1 2
P2.46 At any time t, the position of the ball released from rest is given by y1 = h gt . At time t, the
2
1 2
position of the ball thrown vertically upward is described by y 2 = vi t gt . The time at which the
2
h h 1
first ball has a position of y1 = is found from the first equation as = h gt 2 , which yields
2 2 2
h h
t= . To require that the second ball have a position of y 2 = at this time, use the second
g 2
h h 1 h F I
equation to obtain
2
= vi g
g 2 g GH JK
. This gives the required initial upward velocity of the second

ball as vi = gh .

P2.47 (a) v f = vi gt : v f = 0 when t = 3.00 s , g = 9.80 m s 2 . Therefore,

c h
vi = gt = 9.80 m s 2 (3.00 s)= 29.4 m s .

1
(b) y f yi =
2
c h
v f + vi t

y f yi =
1
2
b ga
29.4 m s 3.00 s = 44.1 m f
*P2.48 (a) Consider the upward flight of the arrow.

2
v yf 2
= v yi d i
+ 2 a y y f yi

0 = b100 m sg + 2e 9.8 m s jy
2 2

10 000 m 2 s 2
y = = 510 m
19.6 m s 2

(b) Consider the whole flight of the arrow.

1
y f = yi + v yi t + ayt 2
2
b
0 = 0 + 100 m s t + g 1
2
e9.8 m s 2 t 2 j
The root t = 0 refers to the starting point. The time of flight is given by

100 m s
t= = 20.4 s .
4.9 m s 2

1
P2.49 Time to fall 3.00 m is found from Eq. 2.12 with vi = 0 , 3.00 m =
2
c h
9.80 m s 2 t 2 , t = 0.782 s.

(a) With the horse galloping at 10.0 m s, the horizontal distance is vt = 7.82 m .

(b) t = 0.782 s
 Chapter 2 41
P2.50 Take downward as the positive y direction.

(a) While the woman was in free fall,

y = 144 ft , vi = 0 , and a = g = 32.0 ft s 2 .

1 2
Thus, y = vi t +
2
c h
at 144 ft = 0 + 16.0 ft s 2 t 2 giving t fall = 3.00 s . Her velocity just
before impact is:

c h
v f = vi + gt = 0 + 32.0 ft s 2 (3.00 s)= 96.0 ft s .

(b) While crushing the box, vi = 96.0 ft s , v f = 0 , and y = 18.0 in. = 1.50 ft . Therefore,

a=
v 2f vi2
=
a
0 96.0 ft s f 2

= 3.07 10 3 ft s 2 , or a = 3.07 10 3 ft s 2 upward .

a f
2 y 2(1.50 ft )

y y 2(1.50 ft)
(c) Time to crush box: t = = v +v = or t = 3.13 102 s .
v f i 0 + 96.0 ft s
2

P2.51 y = 3.00t 3 : At t = 2.00 s , y = 3.00 2.00a f 3

= 24.0 m and

vy =
dy
dt
= 9.00t 2 = 36.0 m s . A
If the helicopter releases a small mailbag at this time, the equation of motion of the mailbag is
1 2 1
y b = y bi + vi t gt = 24.0 + 36.0t (9.80)t 2 .
2 2
Setting y b = 0 ,

0 = 24.0 + 36.0t 4.90t 2 .

Solving for t, (only positive values of t count), t = 7.96 s .

*P2.52 Consider the last 30 m of fall. We find its speed 30 m above the ground:
1
y f = yi + v yi t + ayt 2
2
0 = 30 m + v yi 1.5 s + a f 12 e9.8 m s ja1.5 sf 2 2

30 m + 11.0 m
v yi = = 12.6 m s .
1.5 s
Now consider the portion of its fall above the 30 m point. We assume it starts from rest
2
v yf i2
= v yi d
+ 2 a y y f yi

b12.6 m sg = 0 + 2e9.8 m s jy
2 2

160 m 2 s 2
y = = 8.16 m .
19.6 m s 2

Its original height was then 30 m + 8.16 m = 38.2 m .

42 Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.7 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

da
P2.53 (a) J= = constant
dt

da = Jdt

z
a = J dt = Jt + c 1

but a = ai when t = 0 so c 1 = ai . Therefore, a = Jt + ai

dv
a=
dt
dv = adt

z zb
v = adt = g
Jt + ai dt =
1 2
2
Jt + ai t + c 2

1 2
but v = vi when t = 0, so c 2 = vi and v = Jt + ai t + vi
2

dx
v=
dt
dx = vdt

z z FGH
x = vdt =
1 2
2
Jt + ai t + vi dt
IJ
K
1 3 1 2
x= Jt + ai t + vi t + c 3
6 2
x = xi

1 3 1 2
when t = 0, so c 3 = xi . Therefore, x = Jt + ai t + vi t + xi .
6 2

(b) a
a 2 = Jt + ai f 2
= J 2 t 2 + ai2 + 2 Jai t
c
a 2 = ai2 + J 2 t 2 + 2 Jai t h
a 2 = ai2 + 2 J
FG
1 2 IJ
2HJt + ai t
K
Recall the expression for v: v =
1 2
2
a 1
f
Jt + ai t + vi . So v vi = Jt 2 + ai t . Therefore,
2

a
a 2 = ai2 + 2 J v vi f .
 Chapter 2 43
P2.54 (a) See the graphs at the right.
Choose x = 0 at t = 0.

At t = 3 s, x =
1
2
a f
8 m s (3 s)= 12 m .

a f
At t = 5 s, x = 12 m + 8 m s ( 2 s)= 28 m .

At t = 7 s, x = 28 m +
1
2
a f
8 m s ( 2 s)= 36 m .

8 ms
(b) For 0 < t < 3 s, a = = 2.67 m s 2 .
3s
For 3 < t < 5 s, a = 0 .

16 m s
(c) For 5 s < t < 9 s , a = = 4 m s 2 .
4s

(d) a f
At t = 6 s, x = 28 m + 6 m s (1 s)= 34 m .

(e) At t = 9 s, x = 36 m +
1
2
a
8 m s ( 2 s)= 28 m . f
FIG. P2.54

dv d
P2.55 (a) a= = 5.00 10 7 t 2 + 3.00 10 5 t
dt dt

c
a = 10.0 10 7 m s 3 t + 3.00 10 5 m s 2 h
dx
Take x i = 0 at t = 0. Then v =
dt

z ze
t t
x 0 = vdt =
0 0
j
5.00 10 7 t 2 + 3.00 10 5 t dt

t3 t2
x = 5.00 10 7 + 3.00 10 5
3 2
e j e
x = 1.67 10 m s t + 1.50 10 5 m s 2 t 2 .
7 3 3
j
(b) c
The bullet escapes when a = 0 , at 10.0 10 7 m s 3 t + 3.00 10 5 m s 2 = 0 h
3.00 10 5 s
t= = 3.00 103 s .
10.0 10 7

(c) c hc
New v = 5.00 10 7 3.00 103 h + c3.0010 hc3.0010 h
2 5 3

v = 450 m s + 900 m s = 450 m s .

(d) c hc
x = 1.67 10 7 3.00 103 h + c1.5010 hc3.0010 h
3 5 3 2

x = 0.450 m + 1.35 m = 0.900 m

44 Motion in One Dimension
dv
P2.56 a= = 3.00 v 2 , vi = 1.50 m s
dt
dv
Solving for v, = 3.00 v 2
dt

z z
v t
v 2 dv = 3.00 dt
v = vi t =0
1 1 1 1
+ = 3.00t or 3.00t = .
v vi v vi

vi 1
When v = , t= = 0.222 s .
2 3.00 vi

Additional Problems

*P2.57 The distance the car travels at constant velocity, v 0 , during the reaction time is x 1 = v 0 t r . The a f
time for the car to come to rest, from initial velocity v 0 , after the brakes are applied is

v f vi 0 v0 v
t2 = = = 0
a a a
and the distance traveled during this braking period is

axf Fv + vi I t = FG 0 + v IJ FG v IJ = v .2

2
= vt 2 = GH f
2
JK H 2 K H a K 2 a
2
0 0 0

Thus, the total distance traveled before coming to a stop is

v 02
sstop = x a f + a x f 1 2
= v 0 t r
2a
.

v 02
*P2.58 (a) If a car is a distance sstop = v 0 t r (See the solution to Problem 2.57) from the
2a
intersection of length s i when the light turns yellow, the distance the car must travel before
the light turns red is
v2
x = sstop + si = v 0 t r 0 + si .
2a
Assume the driver does not accelerate in an attempt to beat the light (an extremely
dangerous practice!). The time the light should remain yellow is then the time required for
the car to travel distance x at constant velocity v 0 . This is

v2
x v 0 t r 20a + si v s
t light = = = t r 0 + i .
v0 v0 2 a v0

(b) With si = 16 m, v = 60 km h , a = 2.0 m s 2 , and t r = 1.1 s ,

60 km h F 0.278 m s I + 16 m F 1 km h I =
t light = 1.1 s G J G J
2e 2.0 m s j H 1 km h K 60 km h H 0.278 m s K
2
6. 23 s .
 Chapter 2 45

*P2.59 (a) As we see from the graph, from about 50 s to 50 s

Acela is cruising at a constant positive velocity in 200
the +x direction. From 50 s to 200 s, Acela
accelerates in the +x direction reaching a top speed 100 v
of about 170 mi/h. Around 200 s, the engineer
applies the brakes, and the train, still traveling in t
0 t (s)
the +x direction, slows down and then stops at 50 0 100 200 300 400
350 s. Just after 350 s, Acela reverses direction (v
becomes negative) and steadily gains speed in the 100
x direction.
FIG. P2.59(a)

(b) The peak acceleration between 45 and 170 mi/h is given by the slope of the steepest tangent
to the v versus t curve in this interval. From the tangent line shown, we find

v (155 45) mi h
a = slope =
t
=
(100 50) s
a
= 2. 2 mi h s = 0.98 m s 2 .f
(c) Let us use the fact that the area under the v versus
t curve equals the displacement. The trains 200
5
displacement between 0 and 200 s is equal to the
area of the gray shaded region, which we have 100
approximated with a series of triangles and 4 3
rectangles. 1 2
0 t (s)
0 100 200 300 400
x 0 200 s = area 1 + area 2 + area 3 + area 4 + area 5
b ga f b ga f
50 mi h 50 s + 50 mi h 50 s
+ b160 mi hga100 sf FIG. P2.59(c)
+ a50 sfb100 mi hg
1
2
+ a100 sfb170 mi h 160 mi hg
1
2
= 24 000bmi hgasf

Now, at the end of our calculation, we can find the displacement in miles by converting
hours to seconds. As 1 h = 3 600 s ,

F 24 000 mi I asf =
x 0 200 s GH 3 600 s JK 6.7 mi .
46 Motion in One Dimension

*P2.60 Average speed of every point on the train as the first car passes Liz:

x 8.60 m
= = 5.73 m s.
t 1.50 s

The train has this as its instantaneous speed halfway through the 1.50 s time. Similarly, halfway
8.60 m
through the next 1.10 s, the speed of the train is = 7.82 m s . The time required for the speed
1.10 s
to change from 5.73 m/s to 7.82 m/s is

1 1
(1.50 s)+ (1.10 s)= 1.30 s
2 2

v x 7.82 m s 5.73 m s
so the acceleration is: a x = = = 1.60 m s 2 .
t 1.30 s

P2.61 The rate of hair growth is a velocity and the rate of its increase is an acceleration. Then
v xi = 1.04 mm d and a x = 0.132
mm d FG IJ
w H K
. The increase in the length of the hair (i.e., displacement)

during a time of t = 5.00 w = 35.0 d is

1
x = v xi t + axt 2
2
b
x = 1.04 mm d 35.0 d + ga f 12 b0.132 mm d wga35.0 dfa5.00 wf
or x = 48.0 mm .

P2.62 Let point 0 be at ground level and point 1 be at the end of the engine burn. Let
point 2 be the highest point the rocket reaches and point 3 be just before
impact. The data in the table are found for each phase of the rockets motion.

(0 to 1) a f
v 2f 80.0
2
a fb
= 2 4.00 1 000 g so v f = 120 m s
120 = 80.0 +( 4.00)t giving t = 10.0 s

FIG. P2.62
(1 to 2)
2
0 (120) = 2(9.80) x f xi c h giving x f xi = 735 m
0 120 = 9.80t giving t = 12.2 s
This is the time of maximum height of the rocket.

(2 to 3) a
v 2f 0 = 2 9.80 1 735 fb g
v f = 184 = (9.80)t giving t = 18.8 s

(a) t total = 10 + 12.2 + 18.8 = 41.0 s

(b) cx f xi h total
= 1.73 km
continued on next page
 Chapter 2 47
(c) v final = 184 m s

t x v a
0 Launch 0.0 0 80 +4.00
#1 End Thrust 10.0 1 000 120 +4.00
#2 Rise Upwards 22.2 1 735 0 9.80
#3 Fall to Earth 41.0 0 184 9.80

P2.63 Distance traveled by motorist = 15.0 m s t a f

1
Distance traveled by policeman = 2.00 m s 2 t 2
2
c h
(a) intercept occurs when 15.0t = t 2 , or t = 15.0 s

(b) c h
v(officer)= 2.00 m s 2 t = 30.0 m s

1
(c) x(officer )=
2
c h
2.00 m s 2 t 2 = 225 m

P2.64 Area A1 is a rectangle. Thus, A1 = hw = v xi t . vx

vx
1
2
1
Area A 2 is triangular. Therefore A 2 = bh = t v x v xi .
2
b g
A2
The total area under the curve is vxi

A = A1 + A 2 = v xi t +
bv x g
v xi t A1
2 t
0 t
and since v x v xi = a x t
FIG. P2.64

1
A = v xi t + axt 2 .
2

1
The displacement given by the equation is: x = v xi t + a x t 2 , the
2
same result as above for the total area.
48 Motion in One Dimension

P2.65 (a) Let x be the distance traveled at acceleration a until maximum speed v is reached. If this is
achieved in time t1 we can use the following three equations:

x=
1
2
a f a f
v + vi t1 , 100 x = v 10.2 t1 and v = vi + at1 .

The first two give

FG 1 t IJ v = FG10.2 1 t IJ at
H 2 K H 2 K
100 = 10.2 1 1 1

200
a=
b20.4 t gt .
1 1

200
For Maggie: a = 5.43 m s 2
a18.4fa2.00f =
200
For Judy: a = 3.83 m s 2
a17.4fa3.00f =
(b) v = a1 t

a fa f
Maggie: v = 5.43 2.00 = 10.9 m s

Judy: v = a3.83fa3.00f = 11.5 m s

(c) At the six-second mark

x=
1 2
2
a
at1 + v 6.00 t1 f
Maggie: x =
1
2
a fa f + a10.9fa4.00f = 54.3 m
5.43 2.00
2

1
a fa f + a11.5fa3.00f = 51.7 m
Judy: x = 3.83 3.00
2
2

Maggie is ahead by 2.62 m .

P2.66 a1 = 0.100 m s 2 a 2 = 0.500 m s 2

1 1
x = 1 000 m = a1 t12 + v1 t 2 + a 2 t 22 t = t1 + t 2 and v1 = a1 t1 = a 2 t 2
2 2
1 FGat IJ1
1 000 = a1 t12 + a1 t1 1 1 + a 2 1 1
FG IJ
at
2
1 000 =
1 FG a IJ
a1 1 1 t12
2 H a2 K2 a2H K 2 H a2 K
20 000
t1 = = 129 s
1.20
a1 t1 12.9
t2 = = 26 s Total time = t = 155 s
a 2 0.500
 Chapter 2 49
P2.67 Let the ball fall 1.50 m. It strikes at speed given by

v xf2 = v xi
2
c
+ 2 a x f xi : h
c h
v xf2 = 0 + 2 9.80 m s 2 (1.50 m)

v xf = 5.42 m s

and its stopping is described by

v xf2 = v xi
2
d
+ 2 a x x f xi i
b
0 = 5.42 m s g 2
e
+ 2 a x 10 2 m j
29.4 m 2 s 2
ax = 2
= +1.47 10 3 m s 2 .
2.00 10 m

Its maximum acceleration will be larger than the average acceleration we estimate by imagining
constant acceleration, but will still be of order of magnitude ~ 10 3 m s 2 .

1
*P2.68 (a) x f = xi + v xi t + a x t 2 . We assume the package starts from rest.
2
1
145 m = 0 + 0 +
2
c9.80 m s 2 t 2h
2(145 m)
t= = 5. 44 s
9.80 m s 2

1 1
(b) x f = xi + v xi t +
2 2
c 2
a x t 2 = 0 + 0 + 9.80 m s 2 (5.18 s) = 131 m h
distance fallen = x f = 131 m

(c) e
speed = v xf = v xi + a x t = 0 + 9.8 m s 2 5.18 s = 50.8 m s j
(d) The remaining distance is

145 m 131.5 m = 13.5 m .

During deceleration,

v xi = 50.8 m s, v xf = 0, x f xi = 13.5 m

v xf2 = v xi
2
c h
+ 2 a x x f xi :

a
0 = 50.8 m s f 2
+ 2 a x (13.5 m)

2 580 m 2 s 2
ax = = +95.3 m s 2 = 95.3 m s 2 upward .
a
2 13.5 m f
50 Motion in One Dimension
1 2 1
P2.69 (a) y f = v i1 t + at = 50.0 = 2.00t + (9.80)t 2 ,
2 2
4.90t 2 + 2.00t 50.0 = 0
2.00 + 2.00 2 4( 4.90)(50.0)
t=
2( 4.90)

Only the positive root is physically meaningful:

t = 3.00 s after the first stone is thrown.

1 2
(b) y f = vi 2 t +at and t = 3.00 1.00 = 2.00 s
2
1 2
substitute 50.0 = vi 2 ( 2.00)+ (9.80)( 2.00) :
2

vi2 = 15.3 m s downward

(c) v1 f = vi1 + at = 2.00 +(9.80)(3.00)= 31.4 m s downward

v 2 f = vi 2 + at = 15.3 +(9.80)( 2.00)= 34.8 m s downward

1
P2.70 (a) d = (9.80)t12 d = 336 t 2
2
t1 + t 2 = 2.40 a
336t 2 = 4.90 2.40 t 2 f 2

359.5 359.5 2 4( 4.90)( 28.22)

4.90t 22 359.5t 2 + 28.22 = 0 t2 =
9.80
359.5 358.75
t2 = = 0.076 5 s so d = 336 t 2 = 26.4 m
9.80
1 2
(b) Ignoring the sound travel time, d = (9.80)( 2.40) = 28.2 m , an error of 6.82% .
2

P2.71 (a) In walking a distance x , in a time t , the length

of rope A is only increased by x sin .
x
The pack lifts at a rate sin .
t
x x x
v= sin = v boy = v boy
t A x + h2
2

dv v boy dx d 1 FG IJ
(b) a=
dt
=
A dt
+ v boy x
dt A HK
v boy v boy x dA dA x
a = v boy 2 , but = v = v boy
A A dt dt A
2
v boy F
x 2 I 2
v boy h 2 2 2
h v boy
a=
A GH
1 2 =
A
JK A A 2
=
c
x 2 + h2
3 2
h
2
v boy
(c) ,0 FIG. P2.71
h
(d) v boy , 0
 Chapter 2 51
x x v boy x
P2.72 h = 6.00 m, v boy = 2.00 m s v = sin = v boy = .
t A x 2 + h2
12
c h
2
v boy t 4t
However, x = v boy t : v = = .
c 2
v boy t2 +h h
2 12
c 4t 2
+ 36 h 12

(a) a f vb m s g
ts
0 0
0.5 0.32
1 0.63
1.5 0.89
2 1.11
2.5 1.28
3 1.41
3.5 1.52
4 1.60
4.5 1.66 FIG. P2.72(a)
5 1.71
h 2 v boy
2
h 2 v boy
2
144
(b) From problem 2.71 above, a = = = .
cx 2
+h h
2 3 2
c 2
v boy t2 +h h
2 3 2
c4t 2
+ 36 h 32

a f aem s j
ts 2

0 0.67
0.5 0.64
1 0.57
1.5 0.48
2 0.38
2.5 0.30
3. 0.24
3.5 0.18
4. 0.14
4.5 0.11
5 0.09 FIG. P2.72(b)

P2.73 (a) We require x s = x k when t s = t k + 1.00

xs =
1
2
e
3.50 m s 2 t k + 1.00 jb g 2
=
1
2
e4.90 m s 2 t k jb g 2
= xk

t k + 1.00 = 1.183t k
t k = 5.46 s .

(b) xk =
1
2
e ja
4.90 m s 2 5.46 s f 2
= 73.0 m

(c) e ja f
v k = 4.90 m s 2 5.46 s = 26.7 m s
vs = e3.50 m s ja6.46 sf =
2
22.6 m s
52 Motion in One Dimension

P2.74 Time Height h t v midpt time

t (s) h (m) (m) (s) (m/s) t (s)
0.00 5.00
0.75 0.25 3.00 0.13
0.25 5.75
0.65 0.25 2.60 0.38
0.50 6.40
0.54 0.25 2.16 0.63
0.75 6.94
0.44 0.25 1.76 0.88
1.00 7.38
0.34 0.25 1.36 1.13
1.25 7.72
FIG. P2.74
0.24 0.25 0.96 1.38
1.50 7.96
0.14 0.25 0.56 1.63
1.75 8.10
0.03 0.25 0.12 1.88
2.00 8.13
0.06 0.25 0.24 2.13
2.25 8.07
0.17 0.25 0.68 2.38
2.50 7.90
0.28 0.25 1.12 2.63
2.75 7.62
0.37 0.25 1.48 2.88
3.00 7.25
0.48 0.25 1.92 3.13
3.25 6.77
0.57 0.25 2.28 3.38
3.50 6.20
0.68 0.25 2.72 3.63
3.75 5.52
0.79 0.25 3.16 3.88
4.00 4.73
0.88 0.25 3.52 4.13
4.25 3.85
0.99 0.25 3.96 4.38
4.50 2.86
1.09 0.25 4.36 4.63
4.75 1.77
1.19 0.25 4.76 4.88
5.00 0.58

TABLE P2.74

acceleration = slope of line is constant.

a =1.63 m s 2 = 1.63 m s 2 downward

 Chapter 2 53
P2.75 The distance x and y are always related by x 2 + y 2 = L2 . y
Differentiating this equation with respect to time, we have B
x
dx dy
2x + 2y =0 L
dt dt y

dy dx v
Now is v B , the unknown velocity of B; and = v .
dt dt A
From the equation resulting from differentiation, we have O
x
dy x dx xFG IJ
dt
=
y dt y H K
= (v). FIG. P2.75

y FG
1 IJ v v 3
But
x
= tan so v B =
H
tan K
v . When = 60.0 , v B =
tan 60.0
=
3
= 0.577 v .

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P2.2 (a) 2 10 7 m s ; 1 10 6 m s ; P2.24 (a) 1.88 km; (b) 1.46 km;

8
(b) 5 10 yr (c) see the solution;
e
(d) (i) x 1 = 1.67 m s 2 t 2 ; j
P2.4 (a) 50.0 m s ; (b) 41.0 m s b g
(ii) x 2 = 50 m s t 375 m ;

P2.6 (a) 27.0 m ; (iii) x 3 = b 250 m sgt e 2.5 m s jt 2 2

4 375 m ;

b g e 2
(b) 27.0 m + 18.0 m s t + 3.00 m s 2 t ; ja f (e) 37.5 m s
(c) 18.0 m s
P2.26 958 m
P2.8 (a), (b), (c) see the solution; 4.6 m s 2 ; (d) 0
P2.28 e j a
(a) x f = 30.0t t 2 m; v f = 30.0 2t m s ; f
P2.10 5.00 m (b) 225 m

P2.12 (a) 20.0 m s ; 5.00 m s ; (b) 262 m 1

P2.30 x f xi = v xf t a x t 2 ; 3.10 m s
2
P2.14 (a) see the solution;
(b) 1.60 m s 2 ; 0.800 m s 2 P2.32 (a) 35.0 s; (b) 15.7 m s

P2.16 (a) 13.0 m s; (b) 10.0 m s; 16.0 m s; P2.34 (a) 1.12 10 11 m s 2 ; (b) 4.67 10 5 s
(c) 6.00 m s 2 ; (d) 6.00 m s 2
P2.36 (a) False unless the acceleration is zero;
P2.18 see the solution see the solution; (b) True

P2.20 (a) 6.61 m s; (b) 0. 448 m s 2 P2.38 Yes; 212 m; 11.4 s

P2.40 (a) 4.90 m ; 19.6 m; 44.1 m;

P2.22 (a) 21.8 mi h s = 9.75 m s 2 ;
(b) 9.80 m s; 19.6 m s; 29.4 m s
(b) 22.2 mi h s = 9.94 m s 2 ;
(c) 22.8 mi h s = 10.2 m s 2 P2.42 1.79 s
54 Motion in One Dimension

P2.44 No; see the solution P2.60 1.60 m s 2

P2.46 The second ball is thrown at speed P2.62 (a) 41.0 s; (b) 1.73 km; (c) 184 m s
vi = gh
1
P2.64 v xi t + a x t 2 ; displacements agree
P2.48 (a) 510 m; (b) 20.4 s 2

P2.50 (a) 96.0 ft s ; P2.66 155 s; 129 s

3 2
(b) a = 3.07 10 ft s upward ;
P2.68 (a) 5.44 s; (b) 131 m; (c) 50.8 m s ;
(c) t = 3.13 10 2 s
(d) 95.3 m s 2 upward
P2.52 38.2 m
P2.70 (a) 26.4 m; (b) 6.82%
2
P2.54 (a) and (b) see the solution; (c) 4 m s ;
(d) 34 m; (e) 28 m P2.72 see the solution

P2.56 0.222 s P2.74 see the solution; a x = 1.63 m s 2

P2.58 (a) see the solution; (b) 6.23 s