Huitransmissionlines PDF

NUS/ECE EE2011
Transmission Lines Basic Theories

1 Introduction
At high frequencies, the wavelength is much smaller than

the circuit size, resulting in different phases at different
locations in the circuit.
Quasi-static circuit theory cannot be applied. We need to

use transmission line theory.
Hon Tat Hui

1 Transmission Lines Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
z
0
A transmission line is a two-port network connecting

a generator circuit at the sending end to a load at the
receiving end.
Unlike in circuit theory, the length of a transmission line

is of utmost importance in transmission line analysis.
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
2 Common Types of Transmission Lines
metal walls
dielectric spacing
(d) Microstrip line (e) Waveguide
We focus on studying the coaxial and the two-wire

transmission lines.
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
3 AC Steady-State Analysis
3.1 Distributed parameter representation
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We use the following distributed parameters to

characterize the circuit properties of a transmission line.
R = resistance per unit length, (/m)
L = inductance per unit length, (H/m)
G = conductance per unit length, (S/m)
C = capacitance per unit length, (F/m)
z = increment of length, (m)
These parameters are related to the physical properties of
the material filling the space between the two wires.
G'
L'C ' = =
C' (See Text Book No.3,
pp. 432-433)
where , , = permittivity, permeability, conductivity

of the surrounding medium.
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
For the coaxial and two-wire transmission lines, the

distributed parameters are related to the physical
properties and geometrical dimensions as follows:
Surface
resistivity of
the conductors
(See Text
Book No.3,
pp. 445-447)
Hon Tat Hui

NUS/ECE EE2011
3.2 Equations and solutions

Consider a short section z of a transmission line
(dropping the primes on R, L, G, C hereafter) :
Generator Load
Using KVL and KCL circuit theorems, we can

derive the following differential equations for this
section of transmission line.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
i ( z , t )
v ( z , t ) Rzi ( z , t ) Lz v ( z + z , t ) = 0
t
v( z + z , t )
i ( z , t ) Gzv( z + z , t ) C z i ( z + z , t ) = 0
t
By letting z0, these lead to coupled equations:
v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
= Ri ( z , t ) + L
z t
i ( z , t ) v( z , t )
= Gv( z , t ) + C
z t
General Transmission Line Equations Coupled!

Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
For sinusoidal varying voltages and currents, we can use

phasor forms.
v ( z , t ) = Re{V (z )e jt }
i (z , t ) = Re{I (z )e jt }
V(z) and I(z) are called phasors of v(z,t) and i(z,t). In

terms of phasors, the coupled equations can be written as:
dV ( z )
= ( R + j L) I ( z )
dz
dI ( z )
= (G + jC )V ( z )
dz
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After decoupling,
2
d V ( z)
2
= 2
V (z)
dz
d 2 I ( z)
2
= 2
I (z)
dz
= + j = ( R + j L )( G + jC )
is the complex propagation constant whose real part is
the attenuation constant (Np/m) and whose imaginary
part is the phase constant (rad/m). Generally, these
quantities are functions of .
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
Solutions to transmission line equations:
V ( z) = V + ( z) + V ( z)
Forward + z z
Backward
travelling =V e 0 +V e 0 travelling
wave. + wave.
I ( z) = I ( z) + I ( z)
= I 0+ e z + I 0 e z
V0+ , V0 , I 0+ , I 0 = wave amplitudes in the forward and

backward directions at z = 0. (They
are complex numbers in general.)
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NUS/ECE EE2011
4 Transmission Line Parameters
From the solutions to the transmission line equations, it

can be shown (using the coupled transmission line
equations) that:
V0+ V0 R + j L
= =
I0+
I0
This ratio is called characteristic impedance Z0.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
R + jL R + jL
Z0 = = =
G + jC G + jC
= + j = (R + jL)(G + jC )
Z0 and are the two most important parameters of

a transmission line. They depend on the
distributed parameters (RLGC) of the line itself
and but not the length of the line.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Parameters for lossless transmission lines

For lossless transmission lines, R = G = 0.
=0
= LC =
1 1
u p = phase velocity = = =
LC
= complex propagation constant

2
= j = j = j 2f = j = jk

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NUS/ECE EE2011
= wavelength along the transmission line

up 1 2 1
= = = = =
f f f f LC
Z 0 = characteristic impedance
R + jL
=
G + jC
L
=
C
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Voltage and current along the line:
V ( z ) = V0+ e jkz + V0 e jkz

I ( z ) = I 0+ e jkz + I 0 e jkz
Define a reflection coefficient at z = 0 as L:

reflected voltage at z = 0
L =
incident voltage at z = 0
V0 e jk 0 V0
= + jk 0 = + = L e j L
V0 e V0
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NUS/ECE EE2011
In terms of the reflection coefficient L, the total

voltage and current can be written as:
V (z ) = V e+ jkz
+V e jkz +
V jkz V jkz
0 0
I (z ) = 0
e e 0
V
Z0 Z0
+ jkz

= V0 e 1 + + e 0 2 jkz
V V +
V
2 jkz
0
= 0
e 1 + e
jkz 0
= V + e jkz (1 + e2 jkz )
0 L
Z0 V0
=I e+ jkz
0 (1 e ) L
2 jkz
In subsequent analyses, we will consider only lossless

transmission lines.
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
5 Infinitely Long Transmission Line

For an infinitely long transmission line, there can be no
reflected wave (backward travelling wave). So for an
infinite long transmission line, there is only a forward
travelling wave.
V ( z ) = V + ( z ) = V0+ e jkz
I ( z ) = I + ( z ) = I 0+ e jkz
V ( z ) V0+ ( z )
Z ( z) = = + = Z0
I (z ) I 0 (z )
L = 0
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NUS/ECE EE2011
6 Terminated Transmission Line

L
z

i z = -d () z=0
=d Z() =0
source load
Note the two coordinate systems and their relation:
z = measuring from the left to the right
= measuring from the right to the left = -z
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NUS/ECE EE2011
In the z coordinate system,

V0+ e jkz + V0 e jkz = V ( z )
+ jkz
I e
0

+I e
0
jkz
= I (z )
In the ( = -z) coordinate system,
V e
0
+ jkA
0
jkA
+V e = V (A )
I 0+ e jkA + I 0 e jkA = I (A )
We will use the coordinate system in subsequent

analyses.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
The characteristic impedance in the coordinate system is:

V0+
+
= Z0
I0
The reflection coefficient at = 0 in the coordinate
system is:
V0 e jk 0
(A = 0 ) = + jk 0 = L
V0 e
As L is obtained at = 0 (the load position), it is

called the reflection coefficient at the load.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
At the position of the load ( = 0), the voltage is VL and

the current is IL. Then we have:
V0+ + V0 = VL
VL
= ZL
V0+ V0 IL
= IL
Z0 Z0
Solve these two equations, we have:
1
V0 = I L (Z L + Z 0 )
+
2
1
V0 = I L (Z L Z 0 )

2
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-
Putting the expressions for V0 and V0 into the equations
+
for the voltage and current, we have:
)
2
[
V A = I L Z L (e + e ) + Z 0 (e e )
( 1 jkA jkA jkA jkA
]
= I L [Z L cos(kA ) + jZ 0 sin (kA )]
I (A ) =
1 IL
2 Z0
[
Z L (e jkA e jkA ) + Z 0 (e jkA + e jkA ) ]
IL
= [Z 0 cos(kA ) + jZ L sin (kA )]
Z0
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Using V() and I(), we can obtain the impedance Z() at

an arbitrary point on the transmission line as:
V (A ) Z L + jZ 0 tan (kA )
Z (A) = = Z0
I (A ) Z 0 + jZ L tan (kA )
The reflection coefficient at the load L can be expressed

as:
1
I L (Z L Z 0 )
V0 2 Z L Z0
L = + = =
V0 1 Z + Z
I L (Z L + Z 0 ) L 0
2
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
In fact, we can further define a reflection coefficient ()

at any point on the transmission line by:
reflected voltage at point A
(A ) =
incident voltage at point A
V0 e jkA V0 j 2 kA
= + jkA = + e = L e j 2 kA
V0 e V0
As we know (by solving the two equations on page 22
with 0):
1
V0 e = I (A )(Z (A ) + Z 0 )
+ jkA
2
1
jkA
V0 e = I (A )(Z (A ) Z 0 )
2
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
Therefore, alternatively we can write,
1
I (A )[Z (A ) Z 0 ]
Z (A ) Z 0
(A ) = 2 =
1
I (A )[Z (A ) + Z 0 ] Z (A ) + Z 0
2
Then,
1 + (A )
Z (A ) = Z 0
1 (A )
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NUS/ECE EE2011
At the position of the generator ( = d),

Z L + jZ 0 tan (kd )
Zi = Z ( A = d ) = Z 0
Z 0 + jZ L tan (kd )
Zi Z 0
(A = d ) = i = = L e j 2 kd
Zi + Z 0
Vg
i
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
Example 1
A 100- transmission line is connected to a load consisted
of a 50- resistor in series with a 10-pF capacitor.
(a) Find the reflection coefficient L at the load for a 100-
MHz signal.
(b) Find the impedance Zin at the input end of the
transmission line if its length is 0.125.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Solutions
The following information is given
RL = 50, CL = 10 11 F, Z 0 = 100, f = 100MHz = 108 Hz
The load impedance is
Z L = RL j CL
1
= 50 j = 50 j159 ()
2 10 10
8 11
(a) Voltage reflection coefficient is

Z L / Z 0 1 0.5 j1.59 1
L = = = 0.76 60.70
Z L / Z 0 + 1 0.5 j1.59 + 1
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NUS/ECE EE2011
(b) d =0.125
Zin = Z ( A = 0.125 )
Z L + jZ0 tan ( 4 )
= Z0
Z0 + jZ L tan ( 4 )
Z L + jZ0 Normalized zin = 0.1437-j 0.2555
= Z0
Z0 + jZ L
= 14.3717 - j 25.5544 ()
= 29.32 60.65 ()
See animation Transmission Line Impedance Calculation
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NUS/ECE EE2011
6.1 Voltage/current maxima and minima

V (A ) = V0+ e jkA + V0 e jkA
V
j 2 kA
= V0 e 1 + + e
+ jkA 0

V0 L = L e j L
= V0+ e jkA (1 + L e j 2 kA )
|L|1
V ( A ) = V 1 + Le
0
+ j 2kA
j ( L 2 k A )
= V 1+ L e
0
+
= L e j ( L 2kA )
= a complex number
= V 1+
0
+
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Im 1+
=L-2k V (A )
1
0 Re

1 L = L e j ( L 2 kz ' )
AM Am A=0
1+ L
Complex plane of (1+ )
See animation Transmission Line Voltage Maxima and Minima
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NUS/ECE EE2011
V ( A ) is maximum when 1 + = (1 + L )
V ( A ) max = L 2k A = 2n
L n
AM = + , n = 0,1, 2,"
4 2
Note:L has to be specified in the range [ , ) .
V ( A ) is minimum when 1 = (1 L )
V ( A ) min = L 2k A = ( 2n + 1)
L ( 2n + 1)
Am = + , n = 0,1, 2,"
4 4
Note:L has to be specified in the range [ , ) .
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
As current is
I ( A ) = I 0+ 1 L e j 2 k A
V0+
= 1
Z0
Current is maximum when voltage is minimum and
minimum when voltage is maximum.
L (2n + 1)
I (A ) max at A M = + , n = 0,1,2,", with L
4 4
L n
I (A ) min at A m = + , n = 0,1,2,", with L
4 2
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
Define a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) as:

S = voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
V ( A ) max V0+ (1 + L ) = 1+
= = L
(dimensionless)
V ( A ) min V0
+
(1 L ) 1 L
S 1
L =
S +1
|V(z)| |I(z)|
|V|max |I|max
|V|min |I|min
lmax lmax
load load
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Special terminations
L S ZL
0 1 ZL= Z0 (matched)
-1 ZL= 0 (short-circuited)
1 ZL= (open-circuited)
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6.2 Power flow in a transmission line

Power flow at any point z on a transmission line
is given by:
Pav ( z ) = Re{V ( z )I * ( z )}
1
2
Power delivered by the source:
Ps = Re{Vg I i* }
1
2
Power dissipated in the source impedance Zg:
2
{ *
}
PZ g = Re VZ g I Z g = Re{Z g I i I i } = I i Re{Z g }
1 1
2
* 1 2
2
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Power input to the transmission line:

Pi = Pav ( d ) = Re{V ( d )I * ( d )}
1
2
= Re{Vi I i } = Re{Z i I i I i } = I i Re{Z i }
1 * 1 * 1 2
2 2 2
1 Vi * 1 2 1
= Re Vi * = Vi Re *
2 Zi 2 Zi
Power dissipated in the terminal impedance:
PL = Pav (0 ) = Re{V (0 )I * (0 )}
1
2
= Re{VL I L* } = Re{Z L I L I L* } = I L Re{Z L }
1 1 1 2
2 2 2
1 VL* 1 2 1
= Re VL * = VL Re *
2 ZL 2 ZL
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NUS/ECE EE2011
By the principle of conservation of power:
Ps = PZ g + Pi
Pi = PL
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Example 2
A lossless transmission line with Z0 = 50 and d =1.5 m
connects a voltage Vg source to a terminal load of ZL = (50 +
j50) . If Vg = 60 V, operating frequency f = 100 MHz, and
Zg = 50 , find the distance of the first voltage maximum M
from the load. What is the power delivered to the load PL?
Assume the speed of the wave along the transmission line
equal to speed of light, c.
Zg Ii d
A
Vg ~ Zi Vi Z0 = 50 ZL
A
0
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Solutions
The following information is given:
Z 0 = 50, d = 1.5 m,
Vg = 60 V, Z g = 50, Z L = 50 + j50,
f = 100MHz = 10 Hz
8
c
up = c = 8 = 3 m
10
The reflection coefficient at the load is:
Z L Z 0 50 + j50 50
L = = = 0.2 + j 0.4 = 0.45e j1.11
Z L + Z 0 50 + j50 + 50
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Therefore, L = 0.45, L = 1.11 rad
L n
Then, AM = + , when n = 0
4 2
1.11
= = 0.09 = 0.27 m (from the load)
4
The input impedance Zi looking at the input to the

transmission line is:
Zi = Z 0
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NUS/ECE EE2011
2
50 + j50 + j50 tan 1. 5
Zi = 50 3 = 50 + j50
2
50 + j (50 + j50 ) tan 1.5
3
The current at the input to the transmission line is :
Vg 60
Ii = = = 0.48 j 0.24 A
Z g + Zi 50 + 50 + j50
As the transmission line is lossless, power delivered to the
load PL is equal to the power input to the transmission line
Pi. Hence,
1 2 1
PL = Pi = I i Re{Z i } = 0.288 50 = 7.2 W
2 2
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
6.3 Complete solutions for voltage and current
The voltage and current on the transmission line can

be written as:
(
V (A ) = V0+ e jkA + V0 e jkA = V0+ e jkA 1 + L e j 2 kA )
V0+ jkA V0+ jkA V0+ jkA
I (A ) =
Z0
e
Z0
e =
Z0
e 1 Le j 2 kA
( )
We still have one unknown V0+ in V() and I(). We
need the knowledge of voltage source Vg to further
determine V0+.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
At = d, V(d) = Vi and I(d) = Ii.

V0+ jkd
(
Vi = V0+ e jkd 1 + L e j 2 kd ) Ii =
Z0
e 1 Le (
j 2 kd
)
Vi and Ii are related to the source voltage Vg as:
Vg = Vi + I i Z g
From the expressions of Vi, Ii, and Vg, we can find V0+.
Vg Z 0 e jkd
V0+ =
(Z g (
+ Z 0 ) 1 g L e j 2 kd )
Z g Z0
g = = source reflection coefficient
Z g + Z0
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
Putting V0+ into the expressions of V() and I(), we have:
Vg Z 0 e jkd
V (A ) =
(Z (
+ Z0 )1 g Le j 2 kd
) (
e jkA 1 + L e j 2 kA )
g
Vg e jkd
I (A ) =
(Z (
+ Z0 )1 g Le j 2 kd
) (
e jkA 1 L e j 2 kA )
g
Now the voltage and current on the transmission line are

expressed in terms of the known parameters of the
transmission line.
Hon Tat Hui

NUS/ECE EE2011
Example 3
A 1.05-GHz generator circuit with a series impedance Zg = 10
and voltage source given by:
vg (t ) = 10 sin (t + 30) (V )
is connected to a load ZL = (100 + j50) through a 50-, 67-cm-
long lossless transmission line. The phase velocity of the line is
0.7c, where c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. Find the
instantaneous voltage and current v(,t) and i(,t) on the line and
the average power delivered to the load.
Zg Ii d
A
vg Zi Vi Z0 = 50 ZL
A
0
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
Solutions up 0.7 3 108

= = = 0.2 m
f 1.05 10 9
0.67
d = 67cm = = 3.35
0.2
source reflection coefficient g
Z g Z0 10 50 2
= = =
Z g + Z 0 10 + 50 3
load reflection coefficient L

Z L Z 0 100 + j 50 50
= = = 0.45e j 0.46
Z L + Z 0 100 + j 50 + 50
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
vg (t ) = 10 sin (t + 30)
= 10 cos(t 60) = Re 10e j 60 e jt { } (V )
j / 3
Phasor form: Vg = 10e
jkd
Vg Z 0 e
V (A ) = e jkA (1 + L e j 2 kA )
(Z g + Z 0 )(1 g L e j 2 kd )
2
j / 3
j (3.35 )

10e 50e
= 4

j (3.35 )
(10 + 50)1 ( 2 / 3)(0.45e )e j 0.46

[ ] [
e jkA + (0.45e j 0.46 )e jkA = 10.18e j 2.77 e jkA + 0.45e j (kA 0.46 ) ]
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Vg e jkd
I (A ) = e jkA (1 L e j 2 kA )
(Z g + Z 0 )(1 g L e j 2 kd
)
[
= 0.20e j 2.77 e jkA 0.45e j (kA 0.46 ) ]
Therefore instantaneous forms are:
v (A, t ) = Re{V (A )e jt }
[
= Re{10.18e j 2.77 e jkA + 0.45e j (kA 0.46 ) e jt } ]
= 10.18 cos(t + kA + 2.77 ) + 4.58 cos(t kA + 3.23)
i (A, t ) = Re{I (A )e jt }
[
= Re{0.20e j 2.77 e jkA 0.45e j (kA 0.46 ) e jt } ]
= 0.20 cos(t + kA + 2.77 ) 0.09 cos(t kA + 3.23)
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Zi = Z0
2
(100 + j50) + j50 tan 3.35

= 50
2
50 + j (100 + j 50 ) tan 3.35

= 21.9 + j17.4
Vg 10e j / 3
Ii = = = 0.28e j1.55
Z g + Z i 10 + 21.9 + j17.4
Hon Tat Hui

NUS/ECE EE2011
Power delivered to the load

= power input to the transmission line at AA
= Re{Vi I i* }
1
2
= Re{I i Z i I i* }
1
2
1 2
= I i Re{Z i }
2
1
= 0.282 Re{21.9 + j17.4}
2
= 0.86 Watt
Hon Tat Hui

NUS/ECE EE2011
7 Special Cases of Terminations in a Transmission Line

7.1 Matched line
For a matched line, ZL = Z0. Then,
Z 0 + jZ 0 tan (kA )
Z (A ) = Z 0 = Z0
Z 0 + jZ 0 tan (kA )
for any length A of the line
Z (A ) Z 0
(A ) = = 0
Note =-z Z (A ) + Z 0
Thus, there is no reflection on a matched line. There is

only an incident voltage. It is same as the case of an
infinitely long line.
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Normalized voltage magnitude
z
0 z
-1
0
Normalized current magnitude
1
Z0 Z0
z
-1
Zin Normalized impedance (Zin/Z0)
z
Note:
Normalized voltage = voltage/max. |voltage| -1
Normalized current = current/max. |current|
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NUS/ECE EE2011
7.2 Short-circuited line

For a short circuit, ZL = 0. Then Normalized voltage magnitude
Z insc = jZ 0 tan (kA ) = jZ 0 tan (kz )

Normalized impedance (=-tan(kz))
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NUS/ECE EE2011
7.3 Open-circuited line

For an open circuit, ZL = . Then Normalized voltage magnitude
Z inoc = jZ 0 cot (kA ) = jZ 0 cot (kz )

Note that:
Z insc Z inoc = [ jZ 0 tan (kA )][ jZ 0 cot (kA )]
= Z 02
sc oc
= [ jZ 0 tan (kA )] [ jZ 0 cot (kA )]
Normalized impedance (=cot(kz))
Z in Z in
= tan 2 (kA )
Given Z insc , Z inoc , and A, compute Z 0 and k.

Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
7.4 /4 transmission line terminated in ZL

Z L + jZ 0 tan ( 2 ) Z 02
Zin = Z ( A = 4) = Z 0 =
Z 0 + jZ L tan ( 2 ) Z L

Z0 ZL
Zin
7.5 /2 transmission line terminated in ZL

Z L + jZ 0 tan ( )
Zin = Z ( A = 2) = Z 0 = ZL
Z 0 + jZ L tan ( )

Z0 ZL
Zin
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NUS/ECE EE2011
Example 4
The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances measured at
the input terminals of a lossless transmission line of length
1.5 m (which is less than a quarter wavelength) are j54.6
and j103 , respectively.
(a) Find Z0 and k of the line.
(b) Without changing the operating frequency, find the
input impedance of a short-circuited line that is twice
the given length.
(c) How long should the short-circuited line be in order
for it to appear as an open circuit at the input
terminals?
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
Solution
The given quantities are
Z inoc = j54.6
Z insc = j103
A = 1.5m
(a) Z 0 = Z inoc Z insc = 75
1 1
k = tan Z insc Z inoc = 0.628 rad m
A
2
= = 10m
k
(b) For a line twice as long, = 3 m and k =1.884 rad,
Z insc = jZ 0 tan kA = j 232
Hon Tat Hui
NUS/ECE EE2011
(c) Short circuit input impedance

= Z = jZ 0 tan (kA )
sc
in
For Z insc = , kA = 2 + n , n = 0,1,2,"

2 + n 2n + 1
A= =
k 4
Hon Tat Hui


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NUS/ECE EE2011

Transmission Lines Basic Theories

At high frequencies, the wavelength is much smaller than

Quasi-static circuit theory cannot be applied. We need to

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A transmission line is a two-port network connecting

Unlike in circuit theory, the length of a transmission line

2 Common Types of Transmission Lines

(d) Microstrip line (e) Waveguide

We focus on studying the coaxial and the two-wire

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We use the following distributed parameters to

where , , = permittivity, permeability, conductivity

For the coaxial and two-wire transmission lines, the

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3.2 Equations and solutions

Using KVL and KCL circuit theorems, we can

General Transmission Line Equations Coupled!

For sinusoidal varying voltages and currents, we can use

V(z) and I(z) are called phasors of v(z,t) and i(z,t). In

Solutions to transmission line equations:

V0+ , V0 , I 0+ , I 0 = wave amplitudes in the forward and

4 Transmission Line Parameters

From the solutions to the transmission line equations, it

This ratio is called characteristic impedance Z0.

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Z0 and are the two most important parameters of

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Parameters for lossless transmission lines

= complex propagation constant

= wavelength along the transmission line

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Voltage and current along the line:

V ( z ) = V0+ e jkz + V0 e jkz

Define a reflection coefficient at z = 0 as L:

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In terms of the reflection coefficient L, the total

In subsequent analyses, we will consider only lossless

5 Infinitely Long Transmission Line

6 Terminated Transmission Line

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In the z coordinate system,

In the ( = -z) coordinate system,

We will use the coordinate system in subsequent

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The characteristic impedance in the coordinate system is:

As L is obtained at = 0 (the load position), it is

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At the position of the load ( = 0), the voltage is VL and

for the voltage and current, we have:

Using V() and I(), we can obtain the impedance Z() at

The reflection coefficient at the load L can be expressed

In fact, we can further define a reflection coefficient ()

Therefore, alternatively we can write,

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At the position of the generator ( = d),

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(a) Voltage reflection coefficient is

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6.1 Voltage/current maxima and minima

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Complex plane of (1+ )

See animation Transmission Line Voltage Maxima and Minima