w © & ®@eeo @2x CSO dE Heel PE pieve ral \o Said « Slate late Khys Hag Books & Kittel = Aacrookt & Mornin = Pu & Babhor * ~ Wahab Mother 2 These we Y atatos of mablon, i) Sabid iy Liquid ii) qos w PLowma We paad +o Atudy the footing ap Salidy Vlochical poohortwsir To clifhewnbote “hw tnyulodor Concluckos & Remicorichiue, Magnabic propantin y Nagra ane farramaprahe materials To know about para, dip, foro we nod Th ppp Thaxmall poepordi - To know which salid iy Fhomal Angulater er Formal conductor. Mechanical pospoatt IW To know vahtick Sabid mrackoni- Atoory ; Optical /opboellactani pooporhes » which rmakeniab J aeauint to make solar call Bb docided by optical prep. , . ADoo. Cepilline on Coyne ants) single Pal _ ( Paste 1 ovr) (Quosire,, Dienand ) CGufef) : CoystaDties glia que chasadedred by repos oF hos alt assongment af otoms of xen OY tt porreoedic: € River, Aobid mada ct Of atoms or vnalecules, é € Mem ot qapoating Pomgelires after | € acartain ditan& a ; : € ¢ i \ | ' Non big ably cn chooriddaed by random corany =mont op aterm ar rnoliqules « >, frvengnmants of tems iD -chacicle thain poookedics . Ls Pong is Non- cayshabors « 4 | \< > Cuppa Th crystalline - i > Dimond & Cupp beth ane caystalling faut aimenol a Corr ingle snp Ante , x 7 We 2 samo type a hon ihe coyptal’ wil) ba Aingla Cayrtel phe ef Oarangms Pal stalling ing i Faby ling Js the arrangrnant—op aggrighie of eosge no of 2myle coped Te small Ang apres ann Knosn a Geain & beuehiw pefeuasing Shur On: Greain Bouncbouy-@PICGSILEOVHBCSCSOveSFESTDVYUEBOVYHSESHREYWYSOSLE i | - JF we Comsidan geaphite K quarts Fran thon popaies 2 difeont bcoz Hein profidtier debanols upon thin banaling dn roduar., Mask of the _rabicls are In dhe i salidy booze coystallling Aabicl LY more alabh “ax compare J ong tin, saliolt a exidiyy relaared ipiing thi foomortlen maferidl, is wore than Amousbheus rolid 2s Mead enoyy ead In dhe formation of a | caystel wil) x moze stable , wane eg. Helium nuclows is foomed by R duderium nucle’ # ony 4 £2H 3 "Me + 5 Mey peleared.-1 SMW. To been He into. |H* 4 H® we nee o- smev G+ amv Stal Study dhe Coystall Structure Lotte '- Lathe iy pewadic asmal a poiny in de 3baca. Mprmant , dmagincony- Thés is a ponsodic arsoaungrmact Ae of oder, This a Mattumaticad a cand pt : J This Lathe wil ee a Bravos hattice ov Spa Onthice Jp each Doth point hos udontic.) rumpundings. eg. Lattice point O04 9! has dame aucrrounding Buh - Basis an abo oF qapup of atau. By dittaching dy bas do each Sotho oolat , we'll get Copal Shovehun Lodtie + Bashy = Caystag Ser bao cate) Motif Basis of 1 cdem 4s called Monoacomic Cryst » » mee than 4 atom a called falyatonie L capstel,+ We aw adlachiny aterny en each 8 i 8 ¢ ‘e As. Dottica poids ot piredic do al : + aterm, ul) toe pywodk do this ‘ ewrangriont uk bocwme Caprlalling Sale : ; ‘ : Unit Celld:- daoal crystal Js infinite in dimense é +, real cystah can. noe bs infineks . t Not can ‘be ddaal fo it-munt howe finite dimonmon, § Uyak call, a the emabosk unit op the cmp ov Lait which § an cavdifous repletion can gerdnacte whebs Gatfier. § Thay a the depoerenctodire of Lottie sx cape sha { Bf we want do const He c 7 Ty ( Mouctuae Then weave: do avrangk dhe * cr i unit calles idle by Sida . = { > (pain can covtein Donge no: af unit i j Unit Cols ane af 2 dn 4 ee a set { wed ane i> Paiative ae sao Sa \pbarhieae Nor of Dalia ports ant ynore Shon ort. Lattin Psint ov this Will locomy af phipsicad iy Non. primitive. ° ‘ Primicbiase Lotta: poids cv adlonging only to the comon, oy iter Wt cols - ~ : Rk - ejpeckiue no: op Dodie poindd fer unit col iv one . ‘Non paint = Lotticn pode ane lalonging to the Comers ay welll a do tho ao position of the ujut coll. i t atom bars » tach Latha point will contain { ater Qo os ” " a Quis IO im QRWAMm AA Dw ww AAR ARAM @ AARARARH AAR EA aA. primitive call can have Figre than 1 Ae et 2) Latom but prove only 1 { fata point ee by 4 wit colly arene af unit cx -» ‘Dadtté Capxont ac Lattin paramater) @ 4 fos prot mitive cdl . 5 $ bx so | oy Fox Non positive + Pgs /2g0" : yf } + CeO COS COB IVLEHOAIVY FEDS $ i (2 | ohh 8 | aes | t. ark os =| ae | CFinaeo fat | 078 TE 2 Restle dl. atb, V9 | 3. :Ractang : | cow TY | \ : \ 4 Hox L eh. ve Joo! | ratte a=b, Ye 120 5. Obie al Ota va yen] ° \ : wo! | go dn adim, thow ae 5 Sgt dae EO) & : “ ype a copstal admit, Puan squw , rasdanple & Hanayonall ons thy spacial cases af ObLigue. Yo.2€ €O >Honte; $y 3-Die, We Doses. : | (Simple rreans poimitive ) po 4 Teaystat Steuctwie | Laiticg + * i t | Cubic simple : ee a. Foca Contests 7 (ee) da Terrragenal 4. Simple Ooyece » |g & body cartyed &=B=V=9o 5 ! (bet) : 3. | Oxdhevohombic |i” 6 Simple” ‘ap bye een k= Poe bface 4 | § | Baer | 4 * ingle) (bey) F ; Geet) I 4 Fryenad 1 to Simypbe O=b= Co B= 13 56 i |s. | Hoxagonal Pn Stn a=bPC, d= P= 90° I Y= 20° 16. inte Sh : - watts | THEE eae g .fE Trickinic N. Simple aghec, dé P2Y, hove + crystal Aiuehrr 4 14 rpoacy ROR ARMAA ij ADAAAABA AG BOOS ARAMA oO a & & &ry e a a Boe EO FILES IL EOD LDS LEO HAYS DAdW® sloth ao oO [eee ye primitive Compe) I —> bely cothesl j FH fae C= tid Anderplanare Spacing’ + | ' ' | as denoted 3 dase 5 AKL => Millen Shain ; ane Apasing bys awo Ayceanive ‘ee “ooh 0 | ve 5 PE Plane. : ae. aha jeratin of ant ince at 4 will be aifrent for diff CRUE ERS. a ( hkl tpt a Breese Tair Foorutla Bb valig ony or Cab oe tor " * fie Cubic cays og = i! Sea a : [Mer dncliee = To find athe oderdattion nf Hone ih ? the cxystal ,-rnilber tmcicat ured: Thay co waite os i(hkL) . |e jm vmabl baakel wslthowk comas. (100) pnidller Indices 5 Sue L1,0,0) —* Position coordinale Pilon Indic wy He_ddents planes. : 4 fth kal > Leyrerere | SP ReetOT DIOL oy pbtall beacket without coma.a ee ee OB & OC shoul! + dnpicike maang oe porralllad to that axis,” oA->a& — Ss (010), hao kel, Qeo oA , oB7a , oC >* (0°l), heo,k=0, 2=] : OR 8 : OB OCA Suppose Lue havea Cubic! soystal kL) > risQare drobien [hk 2] —, disaction dndtteas ERK LG —> fartily of plone AKL? > farnily op cliseatiry tedisey _ Show do Sah the 7 » b,c hoki £2 Gy top foe a Doticn poramater allomg i chin? , b—- a 4 y Ys a a ae re o8— ” ob OC-+ +. +, ¢ + hek D> Millen, tnabieas $f ipa wart to, Aketeh (1,0 0) plane hal; kK=o ,L=0ai) ha! k=l 2=] ofa ,OBAA , OC SPI COPVLSOHOYULEOVYESHOVHYHBVVSHISYIUBBES TOES STS ATI IIT 1 (209) - iJ ha2,K=0, 250 MN ‘ OA raf , OB ,OC7™ t oaroBzoc = 2: BAS ty ' a fF OAL eB ;De= & Yes * (alo) her k=l , =O A ee gasoB soc = LIE 4 © Nolo: Parade Qdetet hawt tome priller - dnclins planed Negative Skotel i- ho) than dtu repay 7 hee eae (Foo)(Tee) hat, k=6,Q=0 ona o be intercolah en -ve axis. Te, aay rig. sapt the origin dpe wel? be darn fer (joo) + (Too) plans. 4 een : - Al. -. a were © (aoe AR ER Mm HR EM BR OR AR IR AR A AR AR EN EH AD A MR HD GN EM MH EH ER HD A HT Hr MYEBRILES IVIL OC BdvES Farid of plome »- {loo} rans family of khan (100) (Too) : CN (oT o) Cool) (ooTy mane family of ) oa] [7.00] ‘ [ole] . foto] [oo 1} [ooT] Quart Find the Millon enchicer ofa plane stay foe dnbreb on &,b 4S axiy.equal do 34 4A Josh 2 . Gy oe} we Actragonal crystal with Sars, o @A;—B; OC = BAL YA; 34 - | Beis 6 fer sebragonal , a=b FC 6 n bSO, CHNSA - (kids Poo ce PRL = So OR oe ° = & ; &, 7 iO ; ° — aR YA BA Md = 4 sié a : j : Gk = CBO] ve . . fe Fok OF Das Rekomanw PTs of dhe felons shah makes rrderunpl ¥ og 2h, 3A 4A on the co-ardinate axis of Brthogehmbic. , exgstal with Aibro = 44342, , fr orthowhmbi | AEBES @> 3opiopioe = 25314 (A) ei g = Bey bie hikil = of | OB 6 = fo 3 2 a 3° - Bilih = yr2zsy CE) Qa 4 plone, makes ‘nisl of 142A om TAB axis B:2:1- OA} OBIOC= 1A; 2A i ae = oem cl bikig= Se: Bg See ie Th | ap! wf ° th kQ) = iy Shue Relation batuuan Jattio forum, & Man donsiy of a "ile ay pan the unital \ Tree wa- valid only far Cube catuted. . na V3, GET] hon hs NOt atoms pur unit col My» atemie Mass /atontic, weight Na Avogadevs Ne, : : Pn —>' Mass canoity: / afecitc goewily /Rulativedirvily. | C9 Latha’ panpunater of a cublecysel , oespeclively lout forall sto T? axts. find MT ab atbie = 4 i RN RR RDCODLCSMPILEHODRICGDIL ECS Iw Le GOIWS SII RIT TT I et BD IC AOS 26 i . z 1 -§F My Ue given in amu. (ep clo 35am) Ao ao change ie 1 dn Gm kepan, wawltibty by Rg dhlegactio no Unit > Ke fm - - afom? \ | Avogedan no wred \ Go23Ki6 N=6:093 Ko," 2 at gare im ony . “a nAMe ae WET) : a oy . E > No: of aomts | wid valumt , _ = Nat >| eas Ths aa called a Mi fe LeH3> ty “abicd only "No: dansity / Adee clans Ste epi = Mass dovoity [Railve clon / ofa gravity dx © UnitDoss Fn > Mast dansily of jaertioular Jybeof caystad unr” to Wwodtr. . ’ 3 : eq CL 816 hon $16 ten = 8:96 (writ iow) a J} Crystal Strichwus er. Gy Simpl, Cubie((primitive Cubi)'- Thana Jy 1 atom ip, jaaced + ee Doct. plot boned Frau nuylbaiin dirtane fed St (daterrudaose ators) dn Sits, adh the ators ane af ane Typ ato radia 19 dune a nooudbo *Neonut Néghhous cislaneg TH) il Ae=a cE (9) Tind or naxt roeanert Neighbauw Usang => ra [one Gh Tind poaust Paiyhbaun = 12 (ey i diprad 6 } A TM Lz bien hosing tad gS g cet a) : ‘ fey dy MZ yg y iL , Yo ey toy | ‘ Bp yy Veluon of unit cob = Qe x é b—_ 7 8) ¥ ” [omitive ca au =a b> 4 Covsoclinadion no <12 or AINE: 3 Doorely packed capital. they Ge 2) Calullahion of APP: - App. = , Volume op the ators jn nik ‘coll * Vallee op thy Unik cad APP» show Asud rivah foaclonap unit all ui filled with adtny APE = ix$mv. : 3 (azar) ul = BPE 2B S05 = say — past of copa a sccntd by ators 4 987, poset Jy ee . Body Conbeesd “Gyee) = so ee adem of bey conked © poirtion N mason Taito ~ 8 Cathy © ar yefrrente)? it oo a Ment N oun | istane => b pe fe are Sea AD Fer cardee cto juagguse ee 7 Cee Bo OR CN ly BARRA ARAA REAR RAR AAD AA MRA MA ADA A A HDA AM® Lope98 ang 90q sob Ye eaiyeapveovor > ‘ay ug aser say’ by ry ay oy! ns “SPD (syry fm ed ‘puoi ep'ue bu [Od myby MO]. FPN] ammneyey aypturoxa.” gO : : Zt us Iu, 30 the € agp ve % he | ME oe the Sipe tie) rep haw a sce fonedran srmary Gi aa0y |. ey. feared e992 | rvooy | peared WKEOy Furie. sive) CD) oe we 2b | the |. Enppey_ereeey 2g 22 | hh cle ee |dtpaomn/wapede on) Cx _ We | 2pm: | yo | © [Fein onragecl. Qo Fon Cin) 0 se 20 ed eo | ID Tom fe rua Ga) _ ‘I ie y > TN POM PE ONG - mr a 2 ~ 0 ef lompybren prcam Pan (0) % TUS ETP = h 7 . z UR | eeqybron omen a BAR| eR 7 . uafoupen-sn )-ner og bh al ul 8 98 | yb tenes to oN 8 3 h Zo 4 exe | i= axe [Tm ymr/aiage fo on C4 prsmeetd- we Perouse Yon Lorgmnad-uon] “PERN | angnaud | yh fn fo wR ve fe | Pee cl Rey @nreoreerr74@07 Con a07 €@ed°7e @O93* €@Conkee ctor 6 ix crouching 6 atoms. df we fale ball on Sayer ie Shen it will ateyon voiols. . Jt 1 not paysdhle do fuk atom ®n each vaid » ) fo ws haus 20 fad ckem on A abteunsde void . we get Laytr B ee ‘will be ot dhe comb Of atom | | a Loy A i Bo Hexagonal close shuckuie LU pang. dye . i Jn filane , each ctomrtiuat howe 6 atom Auscrocreling i: Batems of B Doyen touches the canbe atom af Myr A. i : {fee FCC LABS ABC ABC ~~~ dybe af stmchus } | J For Hexogenel » a=b 4c a= B=G° Y= Py eat wip ot at has bad he _9 Now primifive ‘eg No pr unih putot 3 ee Beat a ‘ cgrvscloms in rob aha bp. ste alérinalove = La -gatoms of Loy B vill contibute fall = 3x ys 3! i |, Ao [Faklatmgnit ald = 6 | | vy . Lt at By wor + re olor hail “a be yl conde ak thy canhe of thy | a a eae a a ae a aSLL SH Gv ES HY LOOVYESHSYHOOVE o 8 [ gcoetnatn No. — x conbre atom Ja referees atom then 6 hd =12 e[ © |) Nesnet Newhbeun aiken Qn=4 pt ade 8 { as Dotter pancmetty 7 +) Und root neighbouy dslane = C (iy of crt ells) 6) No of TE rearcut neiphbaurs 9 4) Vabume of writ call = (fren of Last pant) x haighh . The bose plane 4a _ Imad up at § epuilaterad triangle. Thnt ae 6 thw tho Area Pe dyadatont a = = Suge = 33 ak panne wit off = aGahxe = 38a¢ 8) valume sf sank alt 250 De he i oe ats dom no- mo em ana. prinitive \ | fo Hons oe 2 atom bars ; [to a ore fut 20 = “ir (EG yey i riifiee. yeh KG = | >| Net, ;- Mo of reaxert norighbouy can rover bg peas Jreater than (BiI. > a Beare =~ 3p 2 Bare * 12) Type of paicking- oe By Py, Z0 A ate. extol motels have” Fee of hep atmekune . Dore = exgmm (ex Fa) | Bua ee = befae oye TS 3 os pw? GE Be Dimond Cubic ec) - ya not a bravias Latha , ; i masks. by, 4.96 Yosr poanias Josticss . imma: Cubic can bo connidnred as Intenporatretion of doo fee Qattias — 1 da af dhy position (0,0,0) 4 athy : tion (baby “yy ot te postion (qo hoy) Dimond has. olimond curbie rtordire . dimond df made Up ky. afer Casdhon “flac 3 402 a atom nt f00,0) ARMA AM RDA B ee ee a mH1 } \ } { \ { i \ | \ i FR ESTES SVU SOVLSOSOUYEBLTHHISHGOODOSG 7 1) Type of pocking > Lense U7” Non proimitiiae "2 Nor of atom fenit al = ErBTEXG HY = X.condinatim no: Y ach C-atom wy coontinales dy ae 4 c-adoms- ON _dsen dhe coordinahhy no. pbuh Lill b0. hoaraby back 4) Neasat norphbary distene = (Fs 39. gy S Bs fea Q) Ind ” 4 7 4 Tages 4S UG oe / any x 6) Bed No: ef Ina NN. =, la (a0 i def eto hen aids Ne torn il be cy Pach canbe ob % vobaj anit Ol =a? ; 8) Valp.og primibve wit af = Bh. dimond crete Ju fee with, Radom basis.” Now of atoms in permis nip ald of de = 2 YD No ap aforns J unit val SS a (Batons. In a8 valurs, }e) Atgmnic Roality ap = Ho ss (KP) te C) 5 Yo. a Oe Dimond ib Frsuohor—> Zach ¢ aterm. co-arclinabed ky oy rth Caton Ao dt J make 4 covalent bends, Bacatixe No pe e- pm Cratom u pee, [eranter Ahad RY Om) gy Gk a nylld Buk cb dt Elochrially Arvdator beer 4 oo TE Shon good haad condaiskdr. Stnshat of Se & ArBlator 4 som €x- Si, Fie, dimmd , Sn - ep oriky sty}: tn land. Jap + i’ < band gap Gang Wo |APP 034 4 Jar es of 34 7, os oe DRDO OR pe 8 MST axy ny? a3 sey a BRE xT xX AB vs ~ BK OK Bey = mi Qadtien) howe ot ‘ - os itintt 2002 Lu made from Zn atom Aon Tr nthcal iy made toon, sulphide atoms. § mH -oocupis tu. Fee basition then. . S a ” Tetahohal ” 0% VI VEDA. ZnS dt nat a atone, Abucms - Sb ds) a maleculan 23% gn ahiiy case viooust ntighbaus Abifene = e+. dn avunit call > 4 Zn atom + 4 Ssastom APE = sage + a ms) i es (Up tere? (14 Zea. A+ Zn) 7 ze 7B caleulde APE, we Shas knows He aaher “4 0. APE’ of Zns # By 7 erattsly eX — Gos , CdS, Endb ‘ete.Pel O RV EODYLOOVLOODUVGOOVYOHOVH OEE FIO ne * Godinuns chlovile C Natl) /Reck Saft : ha 4 radw up by 2 fee a1 rypiels as Natt con ba convidered as 4wo tabanehadng fee's . Ong Lothes 4 tho Na ae coupling Pha Checom puch dhat ip one hag the engin at (0,0,0) than atin ho one at (4 0,0 Jo (e $19) o# (, °8) 0 @ Baris (oop 419), 0,2,5), df nha atoms occupy she sclahucaal jotttion, cdl coups the fee position, } yy Non- poimitive P 3) Now wp odes funit coll ar ° \ (63 Tata} contaibubivn of GU > &* dea =4 7 : y Neo ene 1H 3taY : oe ee : aide contre HOE YNQ This os. madacullan crystal 2 my 3) Co-arctinahon 70° Cnnsst aves Necrert neipibars of No => Ch sy. ~en_oecdlinahen noc = 64) Nessust vadghboun Listen te Tat Tog = £ §) Ind sonnet meighbaur : 2 for cantre atom , all black atom! axe Lan, fe Nom Dw N ee ee teal Bo TL reorit jnighbous = |p @) L a 4 dbbeune = x : H Volume af unit aff = a3 2 "gy Vedume ap peimitive unit call =a 9) Mo: op atoms in primitive unit all - wot 1 Botton, Stns 2 4 Na A £tel atom placed, Nac Gy fie with Datem basis , 1 dy Na. atom + La fo), Maloculas: dansity: = 4 TO ~~ 12) Typle of pecking = 6 hoot (ect) 3) afk Poy can't bn caleudoted exaly « Sx RGD, KBE, AgBo ck ' “Ab da allkabi: haba & pibver helisy have Natl Ve nact) kel, NeSw, KBv, Nez, KE) Apudwre - : ' Cassivm Chlbrside (CsCl ye Lian, Roe, cal caystalints in CsI adnahine, Csth can be.conBbrred 3 2 indenpenubracticg incl Tabs Sates Se hoy De adows of Cs ote has thy cctony gp CL. The ovigin of ont Battie 4 oct (0,0,0) & ot hes omyinet (4,5). | lO Pa IN ee q a MOO ED RNR MARRPD IC SODRLHGOOYL OOVULSEHOVEHDSOHYHHOHVHAOOOSG LOO TIT ITI OI IETF pe 1) Non- paimihye 2) No ¢ aterny unit col” Cs exe =! cd | “he |@+t)0Q2 = 1Csth : malocude 3) Po-crctindion. nov “or naquust nriphboui = 8 ytNecsust Neighbaun clistante= a)B Newt Netghboun clirfance = Feet Bas GS 6) 1 wasnerd naiphbown = 6 a st ee 7) Volume of unit cold = a3 Sb Uy Aigjuest > B) Val: af Jorimitive usiheetl= a* S Based 2 atom basu-> $C a rch 2) modocudan clenyity = 1 a a) 1) PD ') forking — Noose BUS ND &x~ Coch, REEL» Cs Br, Lely a 2) APE > cannot find untill *%/7y veto Bret Geaphite uch masks Up of grafehene Dower}. Grraphone hod Hondy comb rhustuas, Coschan atony vw, aeranyed in Hur hi comb vinuehivas . : o ta AD - Ora Coatom shaved by 3 roorky atoms: Thiys “the Gnaphicte ashmstarr tn 2-dien fn 3-D-~ One c-otom UL shoud by 6 raorckyy C-atomy,SE comeckng BS rowsy aiemy for bravely Dathee, 4 Graphite Afauetuat dy Loyrred Atnictie but graphene yo Aye Doyen Atak Cringle Layer of conten atom) ‘ Grrafphike Js Conductor > pm c-atem , Leds free. | 4 conmiclin | Dottig poirt en eath atom position Hun Se wll not fom a hari, beoz smurroundinys of ALB | ane tippeant, . Only Prhaterns or B-B atoms can fem basis ag | Moy have xame Abuyproun ching « do Gittn connect: nawrrhy AA adorns, of, B-8 atom, Tha hexagon (2d) sb Hy unit eal of goaphint { 1) Thi unit col da hon -primitize | 2) No: of atoms) unit wl? : come ajems - 3x6 = inwidr y my = Teck) 0° of wtoms/unit call = 6 ot Side of unit QQ): —» Lotta paromatr | Doshia vat) ALD Bre ides wil) be Korte, @ 4 Gattics poe mihin-—7- 0.PD Dt CSVLE SHG KOU SOHSsYSSSYSOHOSYYAOSUVEs p 4 é ; J=|B)@ Y= pe! r > Nearest Heifer cLsteney ? _ rs b XE HQ F ¢ ? 4) No of nacncat ndighbawen t =3 { An aD, ahore will bo Lose pasbig 5 Ay Novag wen ant 6 but hire 3 Ae fackeiy will be fossa, D8) Ind nama N: clittente ie P g)Norof and Ni Ne = 6 od. “F) Pacn ap & A= EY BIe gn 2-Diny Agen Of 2 A = a 8) Agen ctf primi unit al) = “kno ap ec th = (Be a = Sor 2 3 ‘ent, 1) No ~ af chem J primidive uni al = aan eee ; ao g atoms of graphite insiclacte pimilive cal. p Ao Logo basis. (her at one Lottie poh, Ore’ aston} gin dyke Looe op Biya) ? { tn Conventional usted cell + arin con't beieptyob) Nov af ttem Junit aren = 305 ¢ { 4 J» Bxa OY BuBa> qr i) Atermic. Raclivs oe : 5 ag : 1) yey petleing —> Lore. 3) Ex Cnafhant oA i) APE = arta of Ha ator iy ital ana of init coll ae Gk lita fepesin ators i dise ~ 380 as ao wun = 7 BE ftanl Guaphite Triangle ¢ [9 lich plane nC. uy chpdecl paek plane A a OD * puis Pind Lasgest Plomar danrty ail be cLexed pak. § Te having : 3 a) whieh clbaelon os Casext park in S.C? ia fo 4 dim > akem compicened as co Dens - ' Qaim n . y wv Ase, j ain ao . 2 aphns, Idix? Poane having Dorgest Dine dant wild be cllorest puk, a [le oJ ae] cid Civ oJ : batt veo? Yaa? ei 1 Clee) is dhe closet peek, dinr. 1 (trading a thew wu bate (£4) = 1) ee Nw dusly=L ) a BCc : 4. "Nor ap ator = J | : (No Uw afer on fas) i Aeo= @ f Plonerdamaity = L I ae i i “ | ee eee . g aoe. ROR DR ARAM RD AR RDBd! BCODCESCHOGLOOVUEOHFVYODHSYHSHHOSYVASHus Fbennen dowaity = jae fs Me }i Quer No: of adony = ntred atom wil) nok contsbule do (il) (body Wea ae no} d plone) Pllonnn dorily = 4, dine dowity = 2 & foe BCC -COesedt-pack plane o-{11 1. Gy 1 Gettin O01] a | peoee RA PO Ue (e}lian = now of ators = Lyf? = 2 Plann clorvty= 2 - t ia i int Se Phe) te 7 » Ce. CLG MADE late? Plonwun dandy = ve Sins a e = Ba L. f ws Ne poh = 48993 5 37 PLannnr downty = = oa . 5 Bw dniity = B fee Piet Chasext Fosk plone C111) 4 «(din [ype): Recibwocall hotttep + Rypeny exptal uu associated with 2 ya of Lathes 7 Reciprocal Botha N fircipoocal Sovitie é © Gn diuct Aottle , Lattice, pows«o wee) avceorsling sto é He “pn Racipoocal Lottie, Daslite point ove Prot tgs caocling to ahals ware verte (RY St tt é axnonged 0% og ynomenttm (IK) «ee et A Hate. disach Lather Db defined on Position pact 5 ‘ Rocifrroca ” re Momantum APUh oF « é . ae Ruin Hy ane Brouely aelodeal he paritionk mom, ¢ © ana conjugate op each athn “sy deel Dadian hay Buy unit of Langth . —> Ricipara) ” ” ” h [fongth J! oo Hloe weetsr Ly no: af waves po unit wae ong} + 4t debs in whieh clin? owe Jy propegatiy ie. . “fot” nagy un” position apett . PV KR: in Morne Appachs bh Tata Sryy Conpyed. je KE & RE ant myucy aelatite » | xe sy on, rach PETS “ YY Reig comfadetely foee Pon vs wel) pave, KE. only, pa id ll mom | Ravens feo naast of Rais Lalit oe a yi Fe vijuallize dha cagatal jalant 04 onlin + Of Hy Plane jncreries, ; aSFVLCESSSLOOSOSYYODOSCOOSYOOOVS Js hhh od : al — ey. Bo o) plang a dipical govisulge, A Zn Recifoocd) Lathe, Each plane { __4 “FrGoy a zefoesercted by ibs noma. Te & do Du nosral is invernely ee fo interplanar spating . 3 So wsimaDlin tho” " y dogo br tie Jangth of. the nasa) « - => Plane near in dbuct Dottig ail) be far away wh yer Jathe. i ” To caleuwlats e> cononbration ont! fellow karnodic pop. A faces giver nee) = neta) / To caleutate em cones We nol ‘to expard thay pins fo expand prraodic fuc’, we nord founkin aorid 4 fiir Aenild the concot Of Focvtinr rpaco or xeck apatn . F K ereny phypical pookuly af cogstal J pensedic Mike & Ard concontration & mogrshe ynormant. ; nf w\ dinsel Doth. UU seciprocal Gobhes , ISA : a dn aclim: dud Sattice » ARow ano 2 veetors @AL. To move from 0 tro’, we ure oem + + s+ Translation Vector. ° Ft ds called} Lactig Translation Tie vedtor foming 2 Latta paints ceeds calla) Lattie Taqnalactien vectors. Pe a+b. ‘ 2200808006 UE Our: TR I x Snveut XK : i BOGUT ga . =I Z ¥ &dn gern > Ta uktrndene) | a "gt uy dapining tn cbowet Lottie ondy, pe “ yoReae, aye ole Paimitive divest Site valor i é Hay cre forning neasest Dacttice (pein Jwreskoos é | 4 they jain fod Datel fink Ror thug vedees with he non) ¢ Is “is, A | / poirnitive, : i ¢ Lac BCC: Ju L bars Ahmet, . po Qecttie pardmet —* fouriny Bnd | Co wate naan nehban « { . . wyatt. Hane , Lath veder comet non - ‘ Le yet wrest Daittie points so Nen-paim 7 | € I, CES é 1 4. Roce Dottig ', BP, B,C ann He primitive ; ° i ¢ | é I es | I B= n(x). é i = - i a (BXC): CAPS | 4 | fe = ana). a ic @ (bX) . wis h : Reciprocal Dathto veotn Ro ale er i 8 [GT | f-" Les! =a N=0,f 207CMP CODIECSHILEMOILE BSE SYLOOIULOEORYE Recipeocad of SC Poirnitive Jathiie vecoos , (93 thoy ane fouery nowuat be. Volume ap poimitive unit colt =. volsema ag- SC: ‘ conventional unit all = a3 Rocipsrcal Jato Vestors, — * Fis onthe) _ ama | fase ~ @ (bE) a = an % a. we 4 B= a; C= aE : Jatin a , _ Nathan Te ag got & Reocipoooh of SC Gy SoC with-cuke alle 27/0 : shal, = pt be Bry Prost Brilbuine Za. for SC, FBZ Cube of side 21/ - chore of Resiforcesd unit alll fre SO = (a) ees Oewon = Pon 3, = ot Me 2 Oo sp ti ~ be £ f= a (B x SCre) =a3) 1 1 1 | b : 4 i 9 Picea] Te ona the puimittive veaties of Redipeowcell Dottie veal. Ravifrioe of of bee hu fee with cob, alls yr a a a a ae ee a ee ineBD 21 COSY OHH SHOVE AHGLVLYSOBVSSDYsd eS Prirdtive vectoed af fee, a= Citq) f= &(stk b Ge 2 f= X (uk) Volume op chixat weir cold am ceegh) a oo) * ale 2 Le c mL et > any -tritk) a ( 2m (P-J4%) SRT a nee = Racipoocal of foc —s bee ual Hh que side az Volume ec}. Bo writ wh > Vez ACE)Resibeoosl of hep i= hep 9 rele yeclpoocal. e) X-Roy clifeastn ~ RD) BY Xevep or. EM wad of very aor Wil 31 AoA Ay amalln tho Whe, erry wil) bo Danger : wl b pen do X-says we very high entngy EM, Waves, | Dikdeashion CBansing of x-v045.) Bhow dippachdn , (sound oe >not show pallasighion Pondiny of K-yays apurd Ade cowrung af An obstache 3 cal! Syren, Condition Siza ap the apartut &s aize af the obstacke : Ahold be ‘comporatalle Jo dhe Wil op wart for | chireston to OCH oy ea 4p. di)jaaatton grating we wen Alas : ; geating an ured poo optical isnt (‘Tove A~ Fo08 A) | he- (of um —o- 742m), dy. voy smal: & ruth a fire grading ean ret be owed ke difjeanted Prov. ademnic planes, oe by ae storie eanay) Carn ES 2 ia ia | Ao db dijned X-ray went Jo? — (o5 olana, Ay He Longitednad A rangvery waver f Sound wowy, ote B, One bana, |oW* — Jo th part 4 Kova sy difpoaated, i | + Gpecting Can net dilfrert ye sayy beoe wil’ of #284” a a £ gh we Ineldank stone X-r0x on Coystal ahen Gite! |PHKVLOSCSOGCHY SSVHYSHSRVTCOAVSYVOSOHOHGeCSHAPOse OG ve Atomic plony ang Like mixort fos atomic polomesaeflochin Th dijproiion B Dike - Misvor Like Reflection beoz Hin ant Large no af etomnic plants : $s | : “Daas nt toe : Z | AUD Hae flores with follew, Sloehne & cea 35 Mog: fists) Bosnday comolitios i i Upason will continues HOL dha-whale diprachon Js completed. TO, — B eo > Shnotra of poixmn dapand upon yniaderial gf goat J [ ” 4 qeating dow nat a span vo by . directed Ware can be ee “4 } TR ge he Caltzeny (ie phnse au aa be consort hin see 4 Aa sbrowlls cpant path oly diss PPh \ dij) be Afar will be. phase lif oe i . . 7 b 2 > the prmdic ateranyn of | eee comand olureyys, (4 49 combs do Psi: ip 85+ BC : me mu = ahs HRS + hues vho i L ae '> Ha dutector placed & path difh piv olifpracted wany aa My Hun clatestor will datect adhe Indeniity Ménima | Theat wil) 2 cbistmative Unterperene { “path. diffu.) Han Corbmoh've dntoperoate 4 daft will due drderatty Maxima owuve O di chon’ pook . | ahve Intefennt => Brrgyf Indendity & | Bae eS ha interred mabllesh Ut A: a | ith fOr AK vay (wre Monochromatic x-ray Jo Ay }) oe fix8 VOR A to Aabuby the cond” a Rony HHO = nj Web 3,00 ‘ Ae drat, dyyy can be cabeuloted 2. costal abuchinn can be foomad, A PPEUN Try ds called Boagg 4 Low, 14 A ne oredon of ctiffearton pes Sn Nemwivoaly, UM Tat ord jer n=) 2d sing =A i | | | | | | fingle bua ineiclont wae 4 difpoa ed wage, sh | ' pov es * Bireyy's Dour Sy Conceguance -6g- porcoccity of Cathie. = df |gasn® = nAl cond” cu aacbohies then ctutecter will | f a AAR RRR mm ® rN Re me AROFd OO SCHoovVHTORBeE ST HOSCHeETSEV EE Bd Moni Hen Os Su of Steers & Shesin on XAD Pelow:- Kevay ipouckon, pale Lb Thienstty v/s difacehio angle. 4b Lays 280 tn inert) rt) & 20547 = Cancaguunce 4 _comcl”, Adgne =n} Whan dy conal? dabiified , we get pooks- : Maximum Prterflonen spacey 3 . Ajpo =O a : haul ke vin At dhol propolst” remain consent. > Bo Hou, Lat peak comespond 40 prmaliak Bragg anyls g asgert okneo . + dndaning of Tat ok Cloo) ; & Suppose we have Q poak af. nosmal aamblaldsbith 4 ae ae ; unsdeeoched * uncomprurseel ae samp) ' . ¥ 0% A BC melipid sah | : Shetshad Josak dy ab differant|» Laivsh one foc_obousCuosue! {22 “jay Sample By dhrakchesl wniformaly in 4 442 ally? ’ +0 Comprerrcd a > | (None uniform Stretch ) _ comprmed Apates! (ion wnifoern Compression) : a ; : \ bias T & O a} Fanta) eT } 5 ; ao od 9 ducraett * dis decxeorty peas Compre f I I. | SP a nd % Sn Buy coe; Aw (sheked rf Modified ea Shea te © Stress & Ateain wil) ba “Non ~ unttosm (Muchoeet Noe 3g poak du shifter) towords 0 Dower Boagg's angle => Shepehiry « Q) fossibly. ahstoliad In x-din” A compre in x4 Y ois”, ty Unifosrn aha spins Thane Ju No Kany ind sphaten ep th da. Nea Usiforery abersior e020 yp abvetching ® compres on ame , sy.in all clin? dn Non-unifoom , effects ant vot warns tn all din, “gy dain cae, Show vio change in ahape of Bak, fon Bo (b) Ja Lsooeet, | | | { | aCEO BULB OVE LO dTULOBILESOUL IIE Bb 26 BG pd poe on XRD falter Cansictor. nosmal & modif-end ’ 7 domnfole~ Maxima & A*B . (20 ‘| : ang mame je~ Hey cre {| genetic’) Dycngon, same value of 28, Nees ‘ Thove iv No stoetehins © ; No combrenvion beaz un ° “te,” Shelehing £ Compeenion 83 < ). i . io 4 Pas da Sha eck of Serban ES - Tha beak which Jy broadn having oss “inderitytate pose tokorathigh Jeonpratwr - Cessition net change) yolk can be commdltned 24 The hosurunie , agcilaters odors Vibrades at thar eqyshiboiom position a : Vet Ts setts vabid ony whan. temp oid ret hip beoz at high emp a vibrations ont Jong? & bend ail) break « . As Simple hasummic motlen wy, cormidaid «9 Hrs cu Que Jo viboation (No Ftyunal expasmin) , inte plonn api a not changng » 94 dane Nok changing tanqpook fix ., But dnitiadly Boags cond” cu xadtufied for phos kook - A dus to vibsahen, Brags cond” Aptiopis for a rante sf diffraction ape - rae & effiat ap Kin > Peak Ja broaded 1" e- Snjensity dacrea3 Penk beetion tanchargec}\ it | | ° Snteroty —> Atomic. Sca- factor (F) KE . > geometrical Atouctas faior (Ss) & Ne) (ajpedtin punks ane ali ead UiHsichin Lin) : oP On ypewing, temp, Ding pacing. (distena bw dwo peaks) é oo obec @ No fla inexens- fq berea. peaks Jn compostien boerisus froaky. called . Hb ae Atomic. Sealing factor > des Getind o = _Ppliue of vey tector By on olor pea oh xo eto by on € sya) 0} X-ray hook dupeondiig ujoan 2 Factors Sndenwily. oc (amplitude) ” © Smallost Scadfenung conbe Ub > em bg Reap Induading ‘with adomy shen amplliked of unteral typ difpsaded: y- 209 -Aapands upon - how many €” én eash Jostie point. Tat dupand.—> -heew many atoms on tach Dathis pants + “Fw a en. Amplitisle , °F = f9 TSte* slanpliluly” > L= fs" eg. ti 4 N ae AM Ze oni r, Qattin KOMP Wes bo, $ wb be dypeant “for beth,=> dniensty dapands on FAS abo S —> how dhe atoms ang ardranged: => Y- dwo cxpstaly onto dips vuston or Gia hove fon sruckne Shar, tin Unterwty nok same , 19 se F JE Stuclee -U dame Hon £ will be dif. [same wt = Shuctuwe factor i- ani(ujh+ Vk +wyD - s= Ze + fu dhe aumiwen on no- gp atom, tn Coat call , aya. the position co- ordlinatis ab f4h ators. factor for SiC “hoy iy Latom at portion. (2.90) S- ow foneonn) =e? i [S=1 a | 44 moans , Scattered amp. F = _§ ¢(Fofs) i Sntesty = =F Trtervaty ae not lie ” hk, 8. | pisiallar dye Ce. hes “ plone jes dame: for atl planes (ait ho op lets ant allowed) No sertichin on hkyQ, iW) S for boo Here no af atom a2 { po) &G,2,4)4 Loge gO) Lo ani Cat be) S (+4: emiChtKeay S apg NR je pana plows.| ReQdoakions ssn Gd ihr (RRA) ‘ano euen or odd . : dp htk+2 = even ‘Ss Se | S$ Ie HEY on allodd or af even Ro Jnkenn u also dibandu fonticelay chypes.« ed ty y also dep np upon n ype eittheeed), Fo32f Hat btkth = odd ent (hits 2) =| S= 0 = fF=o 1 Snienity Le f*S> l= 4$*) Chath? 3 even) ( nbeyh odd ) fer pad He wears Jo be allowed, ! (Chtk+2) Bhould bo Sven : | a S for feel Fz, am Y cctoms a (9.09) (b4:9) (0.44) (40,4) ZAC (GhEYy kL) | + ‘Chad | onl By a Chet) onl +) i s ‘dapandiny wpm hk, 2, S= }4+)4h4 B=y] Fe vePDQ KEOSLESBYLBOVLLCSIVLOBSyEOOVY TSI UE RR II @ 4 Wkg)s mked , sa . Safrs Coo) be» hodd & ky 2 even Fhe Se pee} S= {Fl +]-] ‘(S=0] * _Selaotion Rube > AM ni) Odd 5 Shen all] refbeechory allocsad + > AUQ Gren, hon (hkl) met be divisible ny ¥ [nt There reflections wal by allowed (uv) Nach = Combiation af stwo fee WhonNatd caystalise , Nat) — Nat + cn" lo poet 4 oat on Datig sie '8 Beoz cae it ho Hfaie Seas factory —9 dippers | « Ke coma in the calayony hill ie: KB also follow fee. * KOU des not cu) He pefboch chgon KO ECE | ee dy: : 18 1B | fn hy ca X00 can nh ffeil Io 2 pa of atoms (K"4- CL) => -KGL fallous the oepbestion Of Simplee Cube with Datta pammilee a paces 4.Hare Roplachory of B.C» Cleo) Cio) CI) ‘ i a KO 3 (200) (220) (222) LA Be i | Bedinat: Relation \ a { | al £9), Cre) (in), 2%} (2lo), I), 229), 37 3 le} (Bu), (422), (320) , (82) é ; pe é Ty a al door wing ordan, of ds ; This of the form CHEK) li | le » for Si” > ANN reflection allowed «a5 tap for BEE — (11.0),(200), 2.1), (2202, Bley (222), ( oo | Tat peak ap bee 4(! jo) Cooreprnding to oop ‘ . nue = OR. 1 foe foe — (HD, (290), (2797, 31) (222), i r— se 9 1123334 0S | 118 ay pe (HYD ? bec = 24Ni6 1B pol phy 6 ~~~ Hi2iBiM iste a Ti B+ Lis feo D REPS IT! HR Bede (1417, (220), Gn). 4 » Natl — > ipame a4 fee. a KQ_ 4 (208) , (220), (228) => bee 7 dive = F$co—> al a cd en aBDDC COREL EOSOBSUHOOVEL HO IVE OBIYES SW OOvws Cs. 1 Calleulale lps. fer bee = 4 doo = > = A. Dus do exer plane paths ail) + wil be half do Pliage oh atl be howp & cond” of canahnachive Tak. URL be changed Into disdmuetive ail dha atoms and nok coveted by (los) plang do draw exbe plang. > * Bus do 4 exba lane, inteyplanen spacing y eee dhio ay Bit pdt pike: Big ag 9 Jee 1B tidgik s Bibi 28yo ea orrea age — of-inch- de Is Lau sin Recifeooall Jattico :- deine = nA 43 the Boagg’s Yous tn dived Motte : dn Reclpooca) Doobie ; 2 nated do replace a> £ 4k , 4 aD. ious vee fered a a ome anf ah G and )S k ane Inverudy sellated ~~, wine) e Bt BK be the ware vector Of incrdlont xrays & RY be tha Wane vertor oh dppadcied xvas & Gh 3s Anh Raclproea) Lathan vector. Magnitule KR lu R= ah + beoz Wit of inciclent 4 clypeucted Wane 4 atoume fo i fitag Ao Ae pointy Lying on dhe orcls will ratifies dhe | ‘ 7 Cerecumprtnn 9 . Boagy's Cond” ; KLE 2 Fe Tei the foun of Baagy’'s Daud =: |? ‘4 a [ake J in pecijowcad Vat vader ® | is j S aue verter; squat do $001 Mothe vechr |. e., difference of Wows ee ere ! +5, =——)) al | o \ a a Ce a Ay Ee a. mm mm omeosaeoado0e0nd Fo oR eS ouHOSwEOoeuegovyend G gives He dippornea ef tivo points hnring (Weblo ino Chk2) and CHER fam inddont Jo clifppactedt. Nowy saqueseiny Ayn) y (Rife Rat LRG aD $G* =a TRY ds Fhe Beagg fos in aecipsrocad fothes a “) qn QDime,—y Cycle (Or s fn Din —> Spo calle) Ewald “Sphne 4e0Ls positon op Bragg’ \diffoacted plans poi >: dh tevey machines gewrally [Az rsd A we], Oe-Ke rd inddand om Cu cal How ie fora Bz) Bz an te baundsiy pohwar tS Bragg’s conditian upd. be sodinping in xeciprocel Vedi Bz cv dhe Jocus of fl ang hod are Bp Sioa Rociprcal hatte anit calll of oy cried yt Aisat BZ. je: Tat BZ of Simple cubic USC “Can RL, vays Fake onigin of a Ke ty Re 7% Shore Kevaluy whish ate Boag dhppeaded - 4a {ue [a= Va JA tn edie? at[Ke= “| >, Bragg cond” a | al1 “em 5 > GehA+ee = z(h ‘ ( Brags Baw in Récipooen!) Jadhct aeG + GP=o0 1 dn adim , Cond Considn a Aquarr of Ades | 4p dinect Dati , _ Aol veators ene oa > ; a=ac ‘ = bf ky { dns Recipoocsd Dae , -iioe c= ck =a —— ' =* anlbxe) ant i+—, \ a (ote) ; “Tq tila. i \e = am(ea . an i i a: ( bxC) i. shape af aqusre YQ Ruane af Hicka 27, QR GS —— kky)@ + UE PHY <0 | 2 “AB [ket KR) = 7 EL ( oy 2 VE “ERR, = ~2C (h+K’) Thy the Bragy'4 Cond” op saqusse Lecthio . Minin Value of WK (es 0 Not porible ) hetl, k=e eas 0) peer tl Trove ara the psvilehe veeluas of h *K ee PRON OR om ND cm 6 om eRe MMLD ILO OSL EOSUHOOVELOIVESHILESDIYVVOBIVE nex qnta Of Txt BZ: Bx ase vepy inp cen ehoctbrlead as well of rrogyakte peoaidy - Bz dacide te 2 4 phohow. / | 2 Doctste. dacids. by de mohian af om in the caypstel ye re ay den cayptall dj good condinetarr dp & can nak move feealy Fan aystel iy Lindallates . gp 8 Jouge, Hen wane enogy shaulldl hee oovisted the @. pa 7 Qe ji moity dnd Hur oystal ten} Me howe “mn mons Gra oy O2 ~Boogit hypetions (1 ge A Ae Bs : P pane SAY : 1 PO poakishind » the _ , of eH ated Ch ore in Ste aix” sinsleacl ab yord din” ao band asus - hoe — ea foes gee in BE. de @ wel) have He enngy of VB oF CBee Hf & have antyy af bah 3p | dhon at will to pack 4: forth, ‘mation Standing Weve. | x Te comapt of 8% us alse applicable on phonone on fren of BZ debby thot em can move foery In this ance i but it Atak on Laundoy thay phoae changes by 182", ok dun Standing wore doomodion seaman 4 bard gap adeisus,Buc Whish of he fellauing atelemort abaut Bx~for ard Brillewin Zong Next cmd? fk ah , ie K= Q Four Siny = Ku Ky = ~ AE ao Kee Ky’ Bt wet Ry =o8M Lkx-Kyis ~ 20 : a . Bs Ind BZ. dt of dranyulon shape. CH 4) Lote P2 4 oer 37 BA ———— Qi) (20), (63) tn. 374 BZ; aa dhe aw $A. 7 These ang the BZ ah Square Dattis , cheryulos Lathe! shape opr. zy yectonpull, Heyagonal 7 ‘shope af L Bz: Lo Honayortal. Cube , ” shape ef 1 BZ Che , Squoe tr ee Sguoue ce at joartionlose pecfpoead QottL wre correct.je so : ' [2 1G AW BL hawe dome Sangth in 4D, dame aswa th 9D 4 Le | Some voluine in 3D \ Thu iy Sue. | (i) Thay ad haune stare shape . False ja alll hawe dame alymmofey « Truk | Quosbiont ay i Spleratonie seperation of Ph coysal havi Foc attauhaae 4 Oa. 4 hon called dhe no of ea, AqyAHD AGL Uf (lee) plane Tate ee PD SLOSS SUL GSS RUYVOOVEBOIVEOOVLEHBROVES | WLI o-Co has hep aheuctue with Latta apaving- of gens jo, c= yor A. 4 B-Co 34 fez! with cube’ AlLL, | 56 A. Coleulok the diiferinar diy cLunithee of sho sposns. | Oi Fit X-rays data Fe is found to have cubie gholl poramaler of aati. ds density 4 atomic mou one F840 kg/mm & $585 pexpostivelly ; Find aut ty Brouies Dottia of Fe + ricratemin seundhen af Featoms LOY Sadium teanipooms gavin bee to hep coytall afauchire | ok abst 93K without change of donsiiy sin thy cubie) | phase Lodtico paramaby, Jt a, =Yi23. and ax hep Pre Gf, = JE. Find ok cho Gatce coment in hep phase (a4). (DS (a) Coloulake Re difoackion angle far dhe Tat i asits th AD. powdr.cifpacchin pattern. Note: that cagstal) xhotane AL Js fee & Lote constant 4 yoy 4X Xu Wit da pay A.te al U 4 O93 A bee Oe hg angle or the mplecon orn (112) lo © (6) df tty date const. of ALU Laser than toy A» Reset how pabtesen would chang . Oe by pisdan Way ifpatllon fate, Loring, He 2eys of Whe PSY A. Theee comgactive Tat ord peaks ae obser | at 20 value of 60", Jo" 4 U2". & dysten curbie & poak | ¢ at 90; cosvesponds do (220) plane , Cabeubote (a) Value A abla conttant 4. Cb): Obdain de MMDer irrcliens or Ho yeat freaks, £ identity G42 A bee tal has o Lafce const 0, Coen @) spacing bo (111) plane . 0 Bryson ng ff etn oom) Hy J one wed , dp were of We dd” Z0°2°- Calleidlate the WL: of X-2ays Uf Latite penraredy : @ Hy pal 315° A : wre «do maorwrud the Wh of a i | se Tee lan rnnss ef Mépairion exe having Nael. fer absutiie ne Na Sete Ba pa. © CABAL RG OBKIO"FY_79.Fo Sa Mp N=| > SG N22 beg fn="a | ane 20063 = UVF 3 | for bee, a. =B sae NO Nm NB EN Gm oe eeSILOS SY SOSH OCSESOOVSHSVHYHHSTVHOBELA dntenatomia Aghorahon , for bee an= Ba | 2n= By gg = ISN Byag7A = SS 20 = 2 2A A BY ~ yeg ——B seb Oc= 423 fF Np fn a3 = AM Np fn hep (2%¢ = 6M. Bc) = oe) Aude Wey 3 a? 3 ae => aos JE Oy © Aly a3P =f a (163394), 1516373939 agg 8 2 é CSET =, as = 15).373934 RABY aia 53592 = Toate 1Ai \ ORI pd fea i @) a=yoy f | | aeansr Ty) 3 packs — (111) , (200) (220) | — 2466 = ) { W), go = A ' po SRE dy = Od = 938 A r | | gasped D> 2 233 A GOH HHA | | 9 Sin, = Sag = O08e | 6, = Sn (0 Bey) = 11:2930 ! 8,2 19-34 | spon HEE aBET A. i F (292), das = tel = 4 = 2°02 A i Ypoto Ce Qeno, = "4k D .2xV02 Bn =NS4 > Bnd, = ET = 03812 i Anoaoaaae iin OY | ' O = 29-4 safoo=Weal Qo: i. : a a (zs), Aaa, = MES. REL. wansk Qdsing, =A D a ax $nQ=!" sf Pr nO = oy LS yi = 01534 | 3 O3= 3261" 2 [pbs 6s" de | (6) erdine. paiom iS br ahiped 40 Donor ctppechon angle. | Pah sd By 8y T i __ : os Rm mm ORM Om2 BF EO 3B. COD TCROLLE SP ILGHS IVES HIVE SSIVE - Bne=A Sin, 2 BO. BINT % = B sro" 5 sind =A VA Te a Type |S A tom [ane = FR of bei! = (HtkpHos) + (sneha): er any, for 20'= 99° % Lt x ro ue ‘3 TP) Gene e feet T7 B | Rep re=ge", welll get 8) wher . ‘|e L : $6 | 91329 [0-687 PH (SPX 16) Bo Puebsty by K ~ pal ste > 4,81} be" c commesponds + G00) nee » (n> d= a OF aE 2dyine=) 3 Qti- a) bee a dy = 8 25 “ GD Daye Bn OB EA =D He sints'=7 9 ga Apahsvie bee i — papain of Te) 2 Q=RIA , AB? 2dys snd =4 A = 2X3 Koay A [ai. = $e).HW” . i : q 1 i| | gi M8, Mm = 4:30 : Crate cipbe, Suche) Pay = 3188, 10° gm /nd : b a7 Cin (wine) Oo e= CEE (n=4) gh = Tech Myer 4 (My Mea) | Po Na Fan Na i 22 YX Yor36 = AK e997 ¥ Jor 27 a =; = 3°58 X Jo® x 62K 10% 3:58 A 602 aA ylo"%m J A= 42h | @) A adsine =A \ on 4 hoo = 8 dues 3 | oe 9 2 aoe a A> Jexm2 Ane = “ * aa 2 F S30.23(8)" | i } 2 (9) Mes vabun oo \ Olle se, Pens Cin) plane oe eS for SC ah peaks albewsd : | nT ; : “Cyoe) (ne) Cl) ee) = WA a 2atno=nd 3 gro= nA | 08 fo =bSYA =A ta Srouest 3 2K = sro=l ame = 45 <| ap Sul cma ay ae ow aw alllowsat. > flay = 1983 & 5) a fesak “9 (220): \ tas? A Bin Oye = eae fog te ee = og i aX sah J Badin = BB > oe & Be t:937] \ Not pasvilke : ude Only 2 pPeaks—> 100), ()}0> AO AR HRN GN RN om RR RM a A RR OH a a a a8 @eeGoOdv ee SOduSsDOueys god S a BO 3 < €SaLvL0 ending sin Sobidy i dh Solidi , bondurg b/w cto 3 > ey ateng- ons shoe cine 2 dypbe of bonding , @.. poimasy Pording diy Seondany { bend Bength / euien distance / ranseest neighbour distance } Undlun eguiliboum distente, diuo atoms ane fired. Neb farce [F =o} ae le Athraciue fovea balances do depalidse fore Pot” Ermgy = PUnimsem Condition of Stabilily + Net-fiee mush he ino % pat” enongy yruntt be minimum , * Fevea. = VR =p ‘atfocrchize E+E 3 repulsive ado Lighky charges rool ion aru at fandistanc day sinifialy oxthraction Ws hom sshon thoge “ane saan Then Huw suri ; [ ) t 4 ( | | i ? | ' t : i ik Fora table Auystem , PE: Ahoulel } be mninirn semBondi [a ! ra : Pinay Secondary. > | { sonic Covelnt — Metalte Ow) Hiytropen eases Benctirg’ geronraly Fakes flare Apter prinay « + Pecfontis [donde [ Covalent | Mabel Vaal Fig | Type of boncling Primasy Peimasuy -| Pehmasyy | Secondary [Se Nodurs, bear | shasorg | shasaby | Trduad — | Pasmdnent | pont; b gen ape | difale mom. [lepate man, | Ae ' Treat) Want | Gitlin livackins | OA RARRANRARDDRAA A M RAM Am Rm Po a ae ee eeRP ICSEMISCESCHAYVHESOIVUEDIYVUHSOVH TOBE ee + donia Bondy Ths ye of honcliny 24 foomed by spamper 4 e, eg Na Ch “Slechanegaivily (power Jo ciback he 2}y abom oe ae 4 BD, hnighss Hon: Ne 319° Cb/F2 Ao th dake pe fmm Ja, Nat ode . CArsato] Ris Js called Tonia banding Covalont Bandahy TRL aybe of bincligg B foomnail by ahasorn of em Ww 2 06 more odem ; ey fh (QHD 2. fel : ets pal Uti bound Tris type'sf bon is poem owned ebialvenag ality aton Hy) Gln Nas, Highaly dinechbnal C seniconsluetty, Masallic Bondi paHallie bancling ty similar Jo percent boning exept the shasud e~ ban Be nak Locallercd-. Jt can move foo ont aterm 40 anothn atom, (i H Oy. LiyNa ky - eft» (meatal) 7 Shaved ¢7 pain i) weakly bound Maatbie ( gerunallly ) athems or raelecwly there clo not have tenfoney to Lore, gain, of mhawning of &4; Lilley Solid’ fagon ek. ae : : Cindat gos 9 dnachise ) 1 CO? can nat Loose, gain or Ahane thee, foo} | AS ae put Rehan. coyetht, by anwsicio Shapo changes» © Tras oily due do the Treluicact ipl mm: Vandirunal bending i-veny weak. 1 Qoart clineuhsnal)Hack Bongling — Wis ctype of bonobing by fowmned yoo hydroyen atom k highly elochonapalive adorn Like Oxygen or chiloving. Qin to thy chasud 27 pan athautes) anime Jousands The elochoncsative atom. Thiy foo & penmanont dipalos eg. BO LCE (H,0) CEM “actoagavig oO > Cllacnsgattvity af He, Moowne of Kllachonagadvity —» charge rowley, At 0, Nuclox; 9» +%e Hy =~ +1é 237 z 0 a YN sy ows Melerlls has accrired punmanont clipale momdn! we oT H” BANE ~ dur do. purmarad ipa mon. , a relty. beiliig bt oF Hi Uy foo" cs (& hoe No He bonds Hv do divechona). Moctoluns “Constent yy _s then ~bo°e ) “Mackdang Constant te onic copia) (9) - the chang oferatic chredva Thy dakoming Ihe comection Peato oe a conndinatin Of passant “vuphbaur ody. Thy dapards on Giada whmehixe & anion + cation dbencty | Hw Jrivoduse, aa Covvéation factor in enayy der, ‘ \ | | | a aECDC E OSC MOTIVES ILGOOVUSOSUG r@>w EOD Placedung Contin fori Dim Tonia expsrl Lot cea consid a + Dim chain of ators, Easy due to nanseast noighbs' j= 720% F OP Gre v uw do Ind naasut noigbou Dem Us rece) v Tris gives The cormverhion. fucker, Ro Maddbains Constant tor i Din Janie. caystal , [a= ala = 138 m aug. Consbard fr 2 chim Tene cop = Lenmgy due do Tat remit noighbore Yo. bet oe : QTEee, eee) Ind» , Se eS ey ee pccuat 2 res) a) rd + :o> Ne eee I" a nace = HB XKpece = FG Kegeg = #63 , . . i genmally , Josiger the value of Maclalune Constant , Mare | adele UU dhe sheolurn. But NoCQ dy mow sabe than an! #Beo2 neat reighbamy in CsCl is move than raed. ‘ dn E50) > 8 NIN: dn! Dak team {Mow ae Ni ote 0 aa CREA (sc fee, bee any not mnie caytaly | Qu v- A monoateniii $C: Decthio with pot” at us Le (ray L porns j when, mm = 2A , KS Fey Pol rb f i & fing enuilibsiem Oathie conden” | | gh Xm af WL 26 A do be uted Jhon minivrin arp | hab con be difpracted oy josuiden sample y thiy cayssal AD Om Dw a a a a a a a a a aBf COB,LGO MYL SOVH ESO DVSHHDYOHOSCIUSFOO NG Qa A ee Balto. such 03 count gas sued said ab foo demp. , dhe pat" enmyy cah be< A qd os U= N/R ( ByP~ 1495 (SJ whine 7 7 dulane brs ntaruxt nityibowry & oY Q conan of capsiall Delermine dhe Dottie constenh in seams of 7, OI Callulats tre Coudembe pst” enargy of Cs™ ion Jn & Coch cxycal by only conridsring de nansust raigh bon ag Cot, Lubile Lattice comabvof Cod is 1 A , Oaye Aguume that pot” ens Kalen dutdy IR bee cap By gen by Us ~ op Ey whe AB ore constants. Calculate cy equillibsiern clikauy ; iy Lattice paramator (ily: Rallativn baw attractive enoyy 4- sepulrie enopy (V) porenargy ak the 2quiliboian : KEN aluchions . 7a’. Qe dy Us ba la-%)o Pp wy” (Xf i pe - Kose Ap B28 5 a = 05 He Te ; wv fe ae-%) — a halen)’ = A[TH-T) 7 B(w-®) Bey FO DB K(MeR)- PLR” =0 of #-P(%-%) =0 Be) = of Ged yy BS WED % 4% . } vy. i Fe SF Ame a fs | fos kee) %= aq A for fee D B== 20+ ois 2 2ets 5 ity: winleg 4 = 2B | for SO FDTD =) a= 2(F18) = 156 | if. i ~ 8. BEL 5 esa SRrEEE ~ » SiveFo feat J fir fee=3 111 I ad Sn Onin =A . \ 2 gy Go ind =2'8 P sind = AL s ooagt ! AX 19" 3h2 | | Bane STE) eel | i . = : i [ ao {z 4) gar ue wfnn(sy ie (8) dU N [193 | eae - ae COs ae = : = N [ESO oS 4 BOF es] U_| alan = 2” 156 ae wR Fe os tks. > ¥ ogee Vee (arsine fee, ®=adUly xX POVolN s mo a Am an AN aN BY ROM mm oD me A mmr OB: Coc ——> Cs? b Qate constant = 4A ¢ je cer = Ber r UT &o%e Gr &(B) ? = -#e de® | fan & Far eel), = SS rE YNte®) SL cane! = “aaa? = TYbeby oS = ealens®yY 5 ye EKY Ko” ~ 26" ” = ate Kee = n O81 yet 4B ne ep oF | du a g W “de = te du & B =o 5) =~ &Fe Flog we i 4S 2-12 > yt= oh a SH » i I W a=? r \ _ | ane Zo aga. & ey Ws = $$6. (2h)" PB DF CORE SOBVE GOVE LSIYVEHPHIVESOPIYL MOISaA = opt FE ey me + (sh) alt git Be ale eran] = a) a RONAN MR ARERR ME DA ADR ORR AN me OR ER AR OR AR TER MN| Lattice Vibvalions — Vibrations of Ri cdoms sin ce ’ | all. This viboation is Areal a Sirihbe hasumen] matin: } ooh atom Jn sold can vibrade in) 3 mooles . tho ach aden > can be conridored 03 3 cimenmenal hascmenis. oxilfadse, | SE UsO) fronforin SHIM only if [Fee fo it: ; 5 her Mae . ; Un BP ent | AF dex & Upex? thon tein main ty Anhaoumayic. | matin’, : : ' } I CO OUVEOCITTH CORE Now; Letthico vibvabbrs acide’ Hee. of any aitpstem, which anr joired Foyethon ay elosite apohgs . ta conduct wise Hen heat wil) move fart fromone encthin but dik heat a dinduladsr ithe then Raat w0lh move stil move bub Alowsly beoz yirations of adonu.ant Cobtplad ner atomy Ahipt He Absalon 45 toss tod | > Amplitude of, vibzahon il) be: Pot x ~ Thin iy Joorsile ot Dour Femp: ve! (Fax 4 Ux x2) ; | bcoz ab high dem dLaoge vibration feonformn in any silo, | > df vib: of atom do HM Hon Fane wtf by no HAbbuned 3) GE Bow aitlnat fos ih) & 4CS@2YVL GO SY €@8 5) 06 @ 3%‘ ‘ > Motion ef each atem coupled 4 haved by each atom | 2 Afem con vibeete , fixah foeoly din dha Noomal modag gus’ do dedy rctvanal enduyy Thi dypt of vileahbr foosls | " Jo chfoamaliiom about ARoursl pooportiy Like rpecific haat 4 ¢ druimaleondurtivity op dhe Aalid- 4 x) Thay can: exporiionced fond viloradibrs nolo soma, | | Gxbesanal rece This fowce may by mochanie.a) ow eleahommrake.< | Tas gives wise 2 Acoustical (mschanicod’) and ophcal poi ; | 4 i | ' } | a a a a a ay a a thy rodids- 2 Be cee of foveed’ vileations > pap tue inetdentt Seund waves (Lonyhudnall) day atoms cay vyiloedte along athe dis” af wove propesahion Zo pound Ware } can have only om ode. Lop 2 we incidont @heckomeg wang (teaneverse) hen ators vitwate along tho 17 dix? af wave peopogedlon ao EM wane | can have, 2 nodes a vibraton. Fiom #AL ponbedy anises —» Spica prefers » Vinedions ofp ono. dim Mono.atentie soled - Lot w concen a ene olin chain op atoms and having mors mk thoy ane ‘connnded to the Choate spring off Ap sing constant c . Distane bw 2 atoms ib a. 1 BARA AMAA MAMA MD is Squslligury Gy ° OF), Asn (ney iy i 4 I Gorin) Cn) @) 1 1 ‘ . ; | | Onda 5 Oe Or LOL OS OL iowa za — of <> . Con Ga GA 7 a7 ne t fl eeESRDILSOSwWwESDIUVE DM HOVHSOWwEOSY BO D< The 29° of. motion by _conidaaing “ogsuart rsighbotn only - Thu motion follow! the Hooks Dour. Fax & UR : Fake foc displacemont from mean postion] Fa c(Uny Un) - C(Uy7 Un-i)- oO displacement af oh atom froorh HH) Hh atory SlFec Upay 2a t Un] : aly pens ane firfeoriny SPY alo Rain cafleamont wth) ke Aimee hosemonic. ao we write dhe cluploement in seron. F amplited of ware foequancy of vibeahin | ba Wave veer w+ ALN” af proopogahon Gc = NA) : from whine’ rlid alan >» Tit atom ata diver nd at da, me at3a-7- & A007. Can = pei?” Kina] — Upen®™ 7 By = eee oame Beers a (I) mie ae uf eit ye e*] HERD nt g -wrmyg= cva[epem > we “3S [ coska ~1] = BE [i-coiks} - : : €9) a = I+ 2 in KS 2 wh Se [tot 204) . zTW uy He ory = ak “Slaton for a vronoatomie Latte, § dixpmrion Relation > W vis k 2elathon. - { jes how wd k changes wr vate change « cin each ott i —> ~Enny Puanta of Dottio vibvatiin 4 Phonons , i > Wave of Lotion Vibvatibn u @Loste Laue, —>» Phonons fallow Bare- Finatin Adatiobles . (p-£ st.) —> Uke ‘photon (enngy duanko af 6 wave) , phanone 13 alto Boxon . 7 w= [FE |sm(es)| | (3) __| 7 ' fener Medulsy Ju taken hire beoz freq Ww can + boo. ~ve &C )) yw ai dapancing opm in (12), oss! ge w= Ase (ALY, then had 1 apeting constont 7 I Campus wih 3)=> AH PE { 7 ' q Hy vy As velocity af aAound in tho acid € g= Ca 5 ol atipbron & P= (mar denitty ) 3 ° a harally ov genie i 3 MG = “Riv =. a = Aprrg can. by 3 Fe este Shiffrey 2 hew. . OR RT Rm Om mM BRR ON a Rm ON Rm OmEMDVETCOUVEOSUESOVYSOSUHHOSLOCOHUE Od: 5 init \E foo Song Le K-90 [as K= an] pt flow ey & feng Wavelugth = = me] Bn KA _5 Ka ~- a ~> Linew} deftones oar) > Eafe eo Phare welasiiy —> ye =e At Dour freq & Long Wels; Moolitum 39 Non- diujerryive , Loner, ab can be considered aj Continous & homegenaaus incline C Huy iv alse called Continuum Mocek — tn Continuum vnedal, Vg is indepondonr of i) : @_at short Wok of high Joep: No akpseximahon on K « ! wt JS bH(S] : Ae = el) ae EfeAt: shot Wh Up ge AL what value 2 K 5 ca (Kt) = 0 = 5 +r 2 2a spacaha float, He any’ ware hos wl = Shab ware can Dot yeoz. that wave £4 no i kK Th Wave Wild datingy | drakead of, feaweliag | fe k=O : Sting Hedin Ja dlaporcsaye Thor ane ho boundssise of re B.z.. he. Ak B Xone beindedy (at k= 2) => Ug 0. 2 Slop fe Vs K qeaph UY; PA ons Bourdby (x=t]) 90g =° do W Vp k qoaph ! Ves Vze cos (42) 24 thon db group velocity = 0 Ao | feaemitt Hrayh thot -madiium & | it cossuing any envy. | (grep velo 9 ay the vols op were enoigy pranwmiynn ie the Bangg’ Const? ware, welll get Sdanding view w Zone bounday [sop of the band J ' henend band ob Ke RO wm RN eee a oe.COS ED CVECORYEOO LOD naneanaiiteta eee \ \ jl i I )> ! i | j foeq band hain allowed valuy af free for which wave wi & boyond this re bin > Wave willl not propajate (forbidd group vebat Aha dop of tte band BY Zo, Umax = FALE} “Top of she bard for rmono atomic Latticg Lee = | > Bo mooatomis Lottie bohave Like Lou pass beoz foeq: greats Shan Wax can not, profegate,, /e' pos. df fey: Lower than Wrax & step the ctr mone han Wrroe [oS Thre => Net ompoyele~ Vibwadion, of- On Brodin Di-ctoriic Basia + Hoe 2 atomg ak. + Babfte pt: hes 2 dtom. bass. Nor ap alts sin, primikive unit col = 2 ; lop actors have mames m, 4, Ate m, m ET : jee) eae eee ae eae AAR AAR AHEOSGCEOR LOOSE EOHILETSILOBIIVE IVE di a) ie Go + _-. Lez bound) Ut B-Z baunday , fey clopand um dighin mans. Up (ke0)> Wy CK = *%) nm af Mt Bots @) Acoushical Branch © = (hk) - ¢[iray ore) MM, * @) fong- Welw fey) = kao , fo =0 At k=o, dep af acoustical boanch wil be zino bub on ophcaf “branch wilh noe: " (estta Boil ® dong Wil (docu freq’) * yb 4 ko , jm > On ERR Chara) | ji i Ge) ] we CC) f= Kea nite ye — ; kamal ko x —9 very small do Sspand ths uw = e(bab New +p ewe Po Sern) o acl ; fas fa al i Y ty oho om) 5 arK) ike morio~ ela Valite) aAb zone- bound peg Of acoustel boanch deparc uber the Poavigur Marys.(M2) - do WD Of Optical branch £ wofacourhe zone 2 dha ane Irsanch at Tha thu disprrion velation, op. phonon Lupton 1h + dladowie Soctica . . Tho can not be any phonon coweespiond. 40 “fg: yap: Bond wielth of allowed enviyy bind (fe with) = 17 » (Goratitreal beak) = fe “8 . Thee i, dome gee bjus ony Befrep ap > RR = PE ~ pe { : clopands upore both masses i Up m, =m, den focy Aap = 0 tedlisapbeary I Allowed fpequmey vange qt propryatinap. wave Us dfpbilted ink sw poses ~ : 7 & Optical beanch ity “Reniestical branch Sache pojerrale by a fee a pe SSRLEG SIL 683 sb aN e | SR Ke gap ofits 6 ™ | ma gop) ,— Lghtey mars ; | aap PM heaviy may ‘ ° | = gap ciappaara. gio % | dn monoctomi. athie, we hase only -acerustial branch ZR dn dictomic lathio, wo hove 4oi% option) £ aconhial eane ge | hes dt iy noeanany for a oledita Leach Hat Hone rust be © | 2 tems por primibise unit cold. o { dn optical branch , % atoms moves in; pbesih clibcechons =| hance condee of ries dn ofetical branch pemains fixed” ; \ } |Optical Wane —+ EM wave (Siyhh weite) acoustic Wave —? Sound Wave Natl = g—_3 e—o ena mene upward CLA heavlon vel 4% clownwonst » 5 ™, XM, Ce 2 a mos ago} Pe a Fa But Conde a) mars pemain . Fixed» : dn Af ticad beanoh 2 CM 4a fred gn Reotutic: beaneh GMb not Pied . IE moves with the atomy i Tee gs ‘a. e @ ; ' \, x a. a Qo 4 > Obtical branch can be asin in NaCl, Zns, GaAs : ¥ b Gq 1 accu ve cuge (at dan ex of de) Aa 4 we fee with 2.atom bavis | > Dimond RCs] Simple Cuble => ofatica® branch can rat : ae ees ; B [ aslo is act be arvaits) . au obtical beanahi canbe aurly , sNo-of beanchas ino. Solid $f hare one P ctomas in Se foiritive unit lly or p aterm barks RR we DAR ARR O&O & mGOI EDAVESOYUYUHEODUYEDOsXYSTDUY SHB VYFOEBwWS | 2D (2b) |. aD (3p) fe Mono atomic Patkicg - pet atauticad = | opel = b+ = 1 =o Fo Distomic Pati i- pH2 i Atautieah = 2 1 ShhaQ = 2p-2 = 2A)2= 2 unit 00) £ dete) palmilive unit cal dn abish | | Noe of Modes of Vibeaiay = Lapp atoms in Sh primitive | me | Tota) Nov qf atoms= PN (tatom hos £ Dagwee of spend am) r | Medkes xpi). _[/ 2den) [ 2d%) |) | pcouaticnd bn an an lat PDN jp @b238 | Grn | for 1 Dim Monoatomc Uathio, 4 rebid conbains N nor af item Total Modu=N oy ansustial aN Option’ 7 0 for 4 Dim djatemic Lato, Jalal ited = 202 _ acaurtea) — “N Optical NPhonon. Tis ty Ake enmngy pronta of afloutic wave oh os Date vib. | _» follows B-E abba . i. | 5. Phonon cliservion velahlon (W-k) UU elatained Tay Thebostic | . f acattening Of Hhiumal naubory. He ~ . |’ —> Phonon dear nat casey My phyyieo) memantum but inciole | a dhe crystal pot cranads with oubon, X-eays & eboabons |g af ik hod momentun Tk: That ds abvo called Crptal . « —> Phonon moy absorb os ernit ennagy The momentum dypouny = ennyy oli} b/eo incidlont 4 Ao war, frost of the GSR will be oifprackel bark bub a Siste poak wit) be dvenspn 4d Sothicr « ie Phonon gerunaser by rehative metion of atom. 1 é- Phenon can nat exist In face space That 3 why. dd dow nat: & casey pluysecal pnomentwn , | Result of Hasumonic. dear of Lottie vibachins Fox , Vax | U) “Toso Sebtice wooey’ (phonons) do nok intact with each ater . | “ies No _phonon_Seathentng i@ + (2) Tne is ne Hornal exparion ap atoms ong vibyatiy heron : I @ Adveobetic 4 Hrothoura) constants ava 2qual. 4 | (4) Elastic constants Like + force comsdant C ane independant | € |} of prone & ; : : | (8) React cabact: (sfeccific hast) kaorns constant fer dempst | ‘ oo 1 > &> Oy 9 Dedoye temp. ee-COSVYHCEVUEOSYEDSOVCYSBOUEOAOSY OAS YE ) theumall wot a Hamed conduebity vag. dn real coystals , Hosemonie *heowy dew nat follow exeotely Meaning > Poteniiad ensyy alo contains de anhasemonit. eames, Ux x 5 x7, 8, xt then HRormall exbarrion wil be Hae. Heng Lailite oribdank" ill incrcat «4 harmonic Heoy —+ Nob Falls stan, phonon 3ca. Phonon Sccdterring = Phonon aca: qoveurad Fhe Houma. pooportivy of dhe Aolicls., —» Phonon’ sca can be of 2 TYR > Uy phonon - phonon acalloung iy Phonon ~ impubity. acattoung (phonon > imperfection ) ~> Phonon- phonon Aca. id dominating At phen: > 7 Iropurity “ Phonon Phorion Sea» is af 2 types (z)Nowenal foowss — (N- faves) @) UmbLabp poverss (U- proenss) iy Ws 3 bhonon process Jn diy, 2 phonons combatn phonon. Mond RK => Hk +R, HK Bo Mom. is Compwed - Suny Commvetion , [boy tf WW, = Ws Seagy =? _ Fo, + = Tes tn shi Poectd No Hunmal Sulton abblithss} Hence Noo \ | ¢ 1" JER THO U-Plecuss = $F 9 pranons scald do gi a Sod plonan but | “S momonkem A. Snide core net conserved, thon for the convavaloy |. » 6h mom: & envy. Lattice vat bp anvelved. Hone thy. ts 0 = eed 5 Ga necipsocal Lathis vector, nome ennyy will trarpin Jo Lost. ' Sn thy proces, dhowmal aquidjboium vis Adolatich & ermal islanes 1 finite. Hontp “Trwumal conduvetiuiy vin algo fav. | R= fa | 1 i { |ee ES RIL SONU Ser SOV UEHOUS fix soo ros , L “Yep Gv ek Calf ue serpy heat Qtr onlide chen Jb wi 2 Wind do sere By inennal ony of U & she gah rmalenselas . aie y Used do anceote dhe internal eneapy U £ “gdm work done against He exdercnad pressure, That'4 “ Cp Js move thon Cv, gabid + Te make fren Solid do aa “expand mioh on hood content (expanrion > gas > Diquid > nokid ye expand the ge hh slid, [Qeqec \ Solid chad not expand on hang. io Strick ménny of fo Bu. { (Spe oat a bd als Haman 25 acon . hy Bu poli = There cre 2 thingy | = positive. fon comes gene eg. Na* —d)tve ion cwees [sodlam jon chain, Ji calllsel Lve ion vox? Oy Fee 0 +yeton corte feo o> : motion of +ve Ton cove CThasurial retin) > Lattice vibeation | Cn Phonsn_s-keel ) }Theory Latiio Spscipie hea 12 Classical Mary (Duong -Petit's Jaws) ! D Guankin shoo —panciasein drop 7 yDobye Toney . ei ag lo Clasrical, Tigemy + Qudeny Pet's Lows is Anwumpln of dni Shi ‘Acededing 40 dhs Homy atoms vibsade Lily a. Zimble hosamonie cicblater & vitcan Rave 3 modes Of vibration . Aterns ave dant | =cal cDarical hascmonie. oscillates vibrating with some feanclanon | -tab feequoney indapirdont ro earth athe. _ teach atom 3 2guivallnt fo 3 dim clowical 1.0. , ! 4 dhow.asaN atoms sun die Gebial Hon intesnal | enngy of each hormoie asillatos 3 3 KT. fss a Chastcal 0: (.2un) Total enoyy > E= dm vebLke dn BRIM, mE show ar 6 Hom , 2 din dorm ,2 due “ay 1 Rdatk Jo z.-[3 KE: dem, 3 PE Sain] X each enongy. conbabucting do ih hal [ Lic] : he fx6lo> 3 kT i > Anternal Ernyy of clossical) HO: wy ° E = 3NKyT E=3rT] ve: [ext | So Specific hoot, , ‘ (9B) — : c,=(#)= 3 | Ace, to cRaswical thaony y Afacifce heat iy constant ot é DL serhfratoy,, é fod 4 SS mR OR BR oe ee Bm No mSSLE DSW ODL €O vDiI1t Ga @OC2v608uU%500 en te : Urn ” IIE IEE AL ILI TIPO GF TL MT wa Q But exposimenty shows that, ——-S Thu thacrey fails at. Dour Jem. : ie en . (a Honea this HReoy foils on Bow sein. @. Einstein Quantum Shas ) = Thow 4 only one change y Elnatern roads, in cAaswead than AML thy artumption of Einttein Hur aren amd a classical thors But tho only aLiffowhig” Wd 5 now tha Hasumomia osiblates ard Quartin Harmonic Oscillaters. X They ane osablasnp with qantived foeguancéis . freq cy Quantted Ln dexmy af a G,No-(n), & noan dake - valuy fom n=0,1,2,3-—». nngyy of one dim Quantum. H:O+ ey t, ena of: HO bre + Ae; a ae | ds Law not Huunel, This B dheenngy of | HO, Bur Hore N, 3D. HO. "N, 3D HO: aquavelent to 3N, PDim HO, Ao Snuyy Sf SN y b Dim HO . z=, 38 hw 7 3h hw ekr ~1 3 or € ml U | |Be high Aenps hss kT On eT era vey =o ermal, By Binemiad expaniton , _ “Ge ar [8 a . ‘ ( a) Gitte a) Tis Hang makes with ebascal Margy oct hayh emp He gives compen eel at high emp: 1, Corea AY Dow seme HW >? RT 9 O& >7T . - (Oa\* etek Cy = 38 (5) “Sa (roylut 1) C= an (Sey T ' Hone eybonantia termine. G87 5, clominating Lo . (om) Br RN mR RR RRR RM RHas wh OSTVGOOvseedoue wv @ Oowwe od &OB2wet & } , | | } j LODE. w) 1 low Jermb-, specifi: fant is clecrearing exparantia ly widh docsease dn dem. ” a: & xporimanty rhows the behaviow? a ap heat os T? <= Honce this Ahoony ty Foilles} ot Dow Aemp + . ol (2). Qebye Thaowy (Quantum Teo) '- Enufein day assured Stab JV oscillator , oscillies deh dome natural freq, © Jndaporatontel y bud 03 thy are coup athou eq: of vilnation can nat ba wane fabio a solid con propegate a. Dasge no- of foequanckes from Low Gray to ( Sound wavs ) do high Hoey: (visible radiatibn ). This: rroans a caystal can howe a. No» of reds . And dansity ef rmades 4b a) onlled “Donsihy of Stoles, SESS Danaty of ahedes of EM vediabon => [Der E> Donrity_ oft Ateby > Nor of ennyy stby axiaillable fer writ enngy << KeT- Oy << T Rattan tr arti = Lay EC, wo Teen TTT) Noa 2 1Cy = 3K | At high demp. , Dalaye tony nakeas with chasvicall deny, p Capenk 1 At Low Aen Lo ph so Ket 0, >> T . a okt oe _ 0) (e%N) Is 4 [vai (EPEl i Ar Qe temp. eke) Da1G«Tr L A Hy semelt motchoy voit the exporimontal reyutt, Re DD RR FR ER DD RD A ER DY PR mY RR BN ER RR mm Rm mmjnjomal Grogs of Dodie vibvation ( Phonon Enoyy ) me hah emp, [ERT ] to Qebye Tempredire exprewion fos cubyr emp ty g, = AM (an8)’ Ky ov who Ue» velocity oF sound “ys yolum , NA gotal no Geatom Na Ptonue density. 5 dighesnt feo each solid . ‘Support fer bee Latter abnichune , with Andig, porsmate vellscily | round Ds loos m/sec. Cabcidlote On « unit 7 Keduin (K) - =a 'g ome oy \ 8 b= Ae ( ox) “We know stat, : = Croat = Cpate oP Geta | 1 ee oe Te : “7? Dobys explein Cyatic sauecspuldy but could not oxhlain le iGo \ ) He feee than peso , Only ennpy ss KE Ag thon \ voi) bo only 3 Dageen Of foeadsm , ;“d) Quantum ( Sommarpindd Fay ) [ring fren @7 move Jn aallid then in ahi Hy . ang ome rmovitp fea es * ie enngy haul be ZR. Buf | Ue nat 2 Rrenactely, Free. Glostson Tham im Ht dy OP 2 typhus, i) Cdaywical ( Lenesttz~ Doude. 4reony ) Classica) free eeckron troy :< (torenta- Aula Reoy) "yelisteors ant anvuned completly “foes wo Asringle pee See pounded by Lasge ne of +ve ion cove: | 9 tn thus Ut by amumned Ahab , when a e freely mare din’ Olid SHhon ats. PE Wd 200- hee e7 can move froly " thocoughauk dhe Gystal, — REI= 0 : co +e lon cease has tve charge e7 “have —ve fren os & Hho bye ions 4 chun fee & do not ‘ppaly. —» Feeee due do tvelon woe Lothhe =O Feo {@ e7 can move freedy dnaidy tho rolis But iF can net Joawe, the sunpat doz amenage Pot qeion on eee em iy arte tt can nah Joave the surface, va foo implicitly Huy force cu taken a4 2000- Rae enoigy of rade €” 1 era Han outridy €, bese guidg PE Sb =e) ( Qubsicle No ocnon e- but tmside a constant Force ond) ME Thy van © bate ao No e& cm y=o 450 cas, Fur besten ” —— dee) Sey mm OR mm > mm ean an Mm NS a am SmElassical frca e itooy follow MB. Slabidiey ~Quankim , o FED on tn cllascal Ramp motion ap ei compat fo gas maleate, Ao st Ga called pen & gas. & “e- wil fallowshe M-B St, r 4 Fentuoss of clawrenl fate e Hay (Leen 8 ty) Y free e's Jn a oli consititulay a free gas , Hie: €> can Compasad to gas MOlecules of aun cidaal) gis . Gi Thiz foeo e gna obeys Maxwell ‘4s hela Sdebitics. ? dil) He auceevpuldy clofines Chun ls four: 09 Tt he sao lyr a ih a -} Gy Rectio of Hocmad canduclivity 40 elachead conduct cy’ § agastant ot set dem protusur. keaton) cod ' t | Keo nt |) 4 ebaoltied % mike hk Veen de he oo . Thi constant iy cablod Levent, 0 » & Sty vodua Sy feoeMs nd Ke = cut = Loven, 6b» =x E(sy= BUS KIO Ble. Sa KC; é (A) (Represent ) calles} Avicleman - Prahz Sau w | yi tr obit Mh € d = of Lothet ata it a | _Foilway = iy Bo tay an mat Ain Spat aro ©; “ep clactatead vewstivity . “i diy st fails do explain elocktnie hah copay, sry "| atucesplaloility of fe : win . Pocuning. ruses foterblhi ou e yp eNRoriine’ ie| But by. dhiy Heys ket] | ccbonie Spe fant ace do Hs Thay Gye %T Buck Gxjernimonlely., Gye Ahauld ba Cue o€ Indapneltat of 7. | diy ottive vole af aby. cai)poad por seme males , can rat be explains boy dhis dHiery . _ Ry aheaubed bu rete [Ry= ve] eg Be My , Ca be (Byres) Liv) can nak. explain. why rome. solidly ane goed conoluetne ef cladiy 2 Aome ane bas) concluctors of elowkicity ace # can nat Lpporonbal bie sk, concuurtor & bunlatoyr Duarchun free. thug: Sommerfeld Thang Clorsicad thay amined that ein foe © 900 4a M-B statadia , but e° follow Fenn Diver Stablity ay Paudi Sncluevien Principle affblealele one - as clarvical frcore Hany excafat now € follldw the Jarmi cdivae adalghy- : ( Budi tacdinion poeple = Node &° can have dame Quony ata.) fi Less itp n=l, Le, My=0 5 mets : Sir of adopy _ 7 1B abplicabte, on 443 rnalenley hMan seme Ls nor vn gh an maort-ap dhe e°3 wi) be in ground aie He No extachionl oir € 4+ in oe Bek wm Orly 2.e can be felled - Naw She dithtbe + nction bp 2% Ju aliffront by changer she statistics . | —> Ald tho arzumption of Quark fren Rasy ang dame | ee Pomi-divae at thant Lia wAbsihon on 6 Jhh ( | ‘ | 5 ‘i I iE ee a eiLORIE COVUESSVYEBSVYUSAWM VERO YOOD HE dé : ee ee hes i changuy tu AAT, tha poobenty of roti ia changed. a Pooditien te? 2 Panidion fue ctoscaes the dibdbution of o>. Chonged usdo Airachen dur to ei-tra ion cove; E73 “can nat Suave the Anja beh: free to move it” Aatal ; = Sornmanfisls aeblacs fe se ae by 4D potonhiak box do doterming the eningy J Dim Sch" 29” Fos pak” ( Pa? vee veo Qu content with oe . : te am Vv os + (E- Pa cass Ae, he “have : send a0? Y vida: 9) met tie rolid - (V=9) 7 ave dual nahine df adh cath, Joe convilnad. asa eh Ware 5 at can be aep by f. lat = ME . pt PaaS nt to, Mh xao , Pee o-otB) ® BS | Ab c=L, P29 o= AswnKL +O. ij ado > sinkl =o : ; ' SnkL = MH NT eee me a =sSse LRT Moke , ae wer «Tab exdted “alae ato Ware ue | P= Asin (OS 4 uae aaSry Lonel srpnation f-withn, te exbation) oeapemal teas ‘300 dhe &3 in qvound Lowel Wil) ba upprrmert gi died) Awel at T=0k called Feomi Jove a tho hyhot ocerpiasl Quel at T=0 Kk. eG This atorchiely Tog. at 5 \ Teokelvin. Enoyy op fem, Qovel iy cabled Fei Snowy . i AN) Hho Donel tallow few Lovell an complotely holed u above > the Boo ” a emphy, : : ner Femi. Enonyy E,= et : Bo sodal, Nov of es in. AOLid cre Nach N can aceumudale 22 So. pyc ane fg Na For ooge valu of n, thine | { ise i Fermi, Saved ("pai Bathe host BM) 1 ere At P=O kK &No Harm ¢ appar ia| eS me oS 3 s 6 ‘@ 3 8 © S 3 3 S 3 3 3 Q a 2 a © o a e©edrwe | | | ie | | , } } cr. Ke (Nry EF Sm (4b) . Thu is the fesmi eniyy in 1 Dem. whiny No 5 ‘Ehochonte onaity : L > Toad rio Of s/unit Donyth : for A) > We gerbe = HK ap er foeg than aby whale enny wil! be kKrE he E = hke = be ae ge whore p = momontum = HR 3 [p= hk] hus Re foi Wave veotor Pe > fermi mnortandur pees > kK UES a : feswis Temporahnt > by E, 2 ky Te | Cie 1Béblgnon bo > He aie a Ke a Kg 2m Kg Gouna Shake Ean (or Zoo pin Eng) ~ pt ae Took, ad) dhe e=3, are in qovand stale. je thaw 4 no dRhounal) excitation. Sum of hl the, ennyy atates velba tale) gourd Adak endyy.‘VE, “ae wit iy due do Abin closennaey roa > hee 2 shin Lovells m= th R mg=nb hawe aame San GY we pu the ‘is Jin ring - fil dan opin en ul vanish n Wa know Shot, Spr AUS+D s+ = é a. SEs FIAT ee = 28+ 34743 6 = as as ie + tna, slid... total No: af Cap cho vor nie, (suppose A= hice shan we Ean napch af 4 at combo’ Zoo 2d p38 3. oF 2 gested eg aly by BRAS OTH. OP yi ay nm Amie ile aed ’ ( | ‘ 1FEES TDERSBIVE SOS YSOEvVSO Svs sSadue ®a G » oe : { \ } } | \ | \ 4 t 5 ; } { t } } } | ! qosund stale endyy per pollo eis q= LE in 135m at OS a 7 ates: dapinad o5 cheba ner af. elactronte ate oor ou eninyye D(E) = ah : | No no.gp et . { 73 no: ge ‘Ne 2n _ ford dN = gan : DIE) = “ae = * ae} duit dus 40 Spin daynnary . Wehote 6 = 2mL™. gE ann Sonnet dn aML> > mM i | wo, DCE)= AmL = Amin oe nee pes Ley s@mnyte” | cnt ge : Ww E pte) =f[amery* eh, Wek? [de « BP anim plow goronaline iin 2 dum 4 3 iin,Table ¢ far foci) (Not aplkable for phonon (boven) Dimmon | Ke EF jive jee pte. : = 7 Na Na) ) at _ (nn )* tdim’ | S(t | GD BEE) [aw (St) : th | 2 to yg nye] arom fant atin | (ath 5 0) [ERT Sry ame ay) 3} KY aeny8 2 aeN 42 aren fo far a aks my vam | ema my envi ie (3 _}_____|___ t DLE) E, . inh ! i vps (Rm) |e Fe rom a : ° 2 Rim a mA Le 7) a Fr Soe as 3.2m one" SE ——_l- jy of Sater kn - Ena 2 (EERE) 59 rh cig nel y [ESR [RM nei + fer mass Liss pertile pa2> E.KK> Je | nae Massive. pate E74 mmawtive’: pesca 5. phongn 4 pater’ prarseDus poral E Ws k graph -» eneyy oupourton relation Wie ki 7 frge oe : ARMA AA A MAM A RM MMO A mM MR MH Hm HHadwe 9 eee a SO BO ILE RDG HSOSBVETEOCVEOEOPDSuUSHSOSPCOW@ KY GOOWVPY for Massey prtille, evs k qeaph > Linens Mosyive 9" " yt Penobalte, ” v Phonon —» eniayy Quanta af ellortie woove vPhoton—+ ” Plastic - vMagnon 9 ~ Spin 4 7 By change In, ain, the yoowe genase wp called sfetn wee & enoyy quanta of thot afin wove Lt magnon. * —> Most og the fermions. fallen FE x k* os ' Bovens EX K : anons can ba mative or masrLed aemdtin upnyion relation for magnons canbe Exk or BAK Samelins <° enhoe Like wlativstic partie then Eioake es. dv Goaphang =o EXk <(ecebtton) . Ker oe ot anno Sa uy in ony sla Ego stev > Bly geo KT hollow, dhe 2 willl porkelpale jin Rear conduction tem cel coke _g, L Elaitsory can’ be ot vet, even at Tok} a e can Move - - «do Clarricad the 3 > ee do Gace PAT) store entagy xt a pochendlan Jemb> But Quantum Hom dys enby KT balou the fermi Dowel ) 2% gen He Fhumel ennys., . abe dunaty of atte De) og £7!