HARDNESS TEST

What is Hardness?

Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation, usually by
penetration. However, the term hardness may also refer to resistance to bending, scratching,
abrasion or cutting.

Measurement of Hardness:

Hardness is not an intrinsic material property dictated by precise definitions in terms of

fundamental units of mass, length and time. A hardness property value is the result of a
defined measurement procedure.

Hardness of materials has probably long been assessed by resistance to scratching or cutting.
An example would be material B scratches material C, but not material A. Alternatively,
material A scratches material B slightly and scratches material C heavily. Relative hardness
of minerals can be assessed by reference to the Moh's Scale that ranks the ability of materials
to resist scratching by another material. Similar methods of relative hardness assessment are
still commonly used today. An example is the file test where a file tempered to a desired
hardness is rubbed on the test material surface. If the file slides without biting or marking the
surface, the test material would be considered harder than the file. If the file bites or marks
the surface, the test material would be considered softer than the file.

The above relative hardness tests are limited in practical use and do not provide accurate
numeric data or scales particularly for modern day metals and materials. The usual method to
achieve a hardness value is to measure the depth or area of an indentation left by an indenter
of a specific shape, with a specific force applied for a specific time. There are three principal
standard test methods for expressing the relationship between hardness and the size of the
impression, these being Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell. For practical and calibration reasons,
each of these methods is divided into a range of scales, defined by a combination of applied
load and indenter geometry.

Hardness Test Methods:

? Rockwell Hardness Test

? Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test
? The Brinell Hardness Test
? Vickers Hardness Test
? Microhardness Test
? Moh's Hardness Scale
? The Scleroscope Hardness Test
? The Durometer

1
Hardness Conversion or Equivalents:

Hardness conversion between different methods and scales cannot be made mathematically
exact for a wide range of materials. Different loads, different shape of indeters, homogeneity
of specimen, cold working properties and elastic properties all complicate the problem. All
tables and charts should be considered as giving approximate equivalents, particularly when
converting to a method or scale which is not physically possible for the particular test
material and thus cannot be verified. An example would be converting HV/10 or HR-15N
value on a thin coating to the HRC equivalent.

Hardness Conversion Tables and Charts:

Hardness Conversion Table (colour version - may take time to load)

Hardness Conversion Table (non-colour version)

Hardness Conversion Chart (1)

Hardness Conversion Chart (2)

Chart of Brinell, Vickers and Ultimate Tensile Strength Equivalents (1)

Chart of Brinell, Vickers and Ultimate Tensile Strength Equivalents (2)

Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell C Hardness Scale (hard materials)

(colour)

Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell C Hardne ss Scale (hard materials)

(non-colour)

Hardness Conversion Chart related to Rockwell C Hardness Scales (hard materials)

Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell B Hardness Scale (soft metals) (colour)

Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell B Hardness Scale (soft metals) (non-
colour)

Hardness Conversion Chart related to Rockwell B Hardness Scale (soft metals)

NEW*Surface Engineering Discussion Forum (One Page Version)*NEW

NEW*Surface Engineering Discussion Forum (Multi Page Version)*NEW

www.gordonengland.co.uk

2
 Rockwell Hardness Test
The Rockwell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond
cone or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test material under a
preliminary minor load F0 (Fig. 1A) usually 10 kgf. When equilibrium has been reached, an
indicating device, which follows the movements of the indenter and so responds to changes
in depth of penetration of the indenter is set to a datum position. While the preliminary minor
load is still applied an additional major load is applied with resulting increase in penetration
(Fig. 1B). When equilibrium has again been reach, the additional major load is removed but
the preliminary minor load is still maintained. Removal of the additional major load allows a
partial recovery, so reducing the depth of penetration (Fig. 1C). The permanent increase in
depth of penetration, resulting from the application and removal of the additional major load
is used to calculate the Rockwell hardness number.

HR = E - e
F0 = preliminary minor load in kgf
F1 = additional major load in kgf
F = total load in kgf
e = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1 measured in units of
0.002 mm
E = a constant depending on form of indenter: 100 units for diamo nd indenter, 130 units for
steel ball indenter
HR = Rockwell hardness number
D = diameter of steel ball

Fig. 1.Rockwell Principle

Rockwell Hardness Scales

Minor Load Major Load Total Load
Value of
Scale Indenter F0 F1 F
E
kgf kgf kgf
A Diamond cone 10 50 60 100

3
 B 1/16" steel ball 10 90 100 130
C Diamond cone 10 140 150 100
D Diamond cone 10 90 100 100
E 1/8" steel ball 10 90 100 130
F 1/16" steel ball 10 50 60 130
G 1/16" steel ball 10 140 150 130
H 1/8" steel ball 10 50 60 130
K 1/8" steel ball 10 140 150 130
L 1/4" steel ball 10 50 60 130
M 1/4" steel ball 10 90 100 130
P 1/4" steel ball 10 140 150 130
R 1/2" steel ball 10 50 60 130
S 1/2" steel ball 10 90 100 130
V 1/2" steel ball 10 140 150 130

Typical Application of Rockwell Hardness Scales

HRA . . . . Cemented carbides, thin steel and shallow case hardened steel
HRB . . . . Copper alloys, soft steels, aluminium alloys, malleable irons, etc
HRC . . . . Steel, hard cast irons, case hardened steel and other materials harder than 100 HRB
HRD . . . . Thin steel and medium case hardened steel and pearlitic malleable iron
HRE . . . . Cast iron, aluminium and magnesium alloys, bearing metals
HRF . . . . Annealed copper alloys, thin soft sheet metals
HRG . . . . Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, malleable irons HRH . . . . Aluminium, zinc,
lead
HRK . . . . }
HRL . . . . }
HRM . . . .} . . . . Soft bearing metals, plastics and other very soft materials
HRP . . . . }
HRR . . . . }
HRS . . . . }
HRV . . . . }

Advantages of the Rockwell hardness method include the direct Rockwell hardness number
readout and rapid testing time. Disadvantages include many arbitrary non-related scales and
possible effects from the specimen support anvil (try putting a cigarette paper under a test
block and take note of the effect on the hardness reading! Vickers and Brinell methods don't
suffer from this effect).

www.gordonengland.co.uk

4
 Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test
The Rockwell Superficial hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a
diamond cone (N scale) or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test
material under a preliminary minor load F0 (Fig. 1A) usually 3 kgf. When equilibrium has
been reached, an indicating device that follows the movements of the indenter and so
responds to changes in depth of penetration of the indenter is set to a datum position. While
the preliminary minor load is still applied an additional major load, is applied with resulting
increase in penetration (Fig. 1B). When equilibrium has again been reach, the additional
major load is removed but the preliminary minor load is still maintained. Removal of the
additional major load allows a partial recovery, so reducing the depth of penetration (Fig.
1C). The permanent increase in depth of penetration, e, resulting from the application and
removal of the additional major load is used to calculate the Rockwell Superficial hardness
number.

HR = E - e

F0 = preliminary minor load in kgf

F1 = additional major load in kgf
F = total load in kgf
e = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1, measured in units of
0.001 mm
E = a constant of 100 units for diamond and ball indenters
HR = Rockwell hardness number
D = diameter of steel ball

Fig. 1.Rockwell Superficial Principle

Rockwell Superficial Hardness Scales

Minor Load Major Load Total Load
Value of
Scale Indenter Type F0 F1 F
E
kgf kgf kgf

5
HR 15 N N Diamond cone 3 12 15 100
HR 30 N N Diamond cone 3 27 30 100
HR 45 N N Diamond cone 3 42 45 100
HR 15 T 1/16" steel ball 3 12 15 100
HR 30 T 1/16" steel ball 3 27 30 100
HR 45 T 1/16" steel ball 3 42 45 100
HR 15 W 1/8" steel ball 3 12 15 100
HR 30 W 1/8" steel ball 3 27 30 100
HR 45 W 1/8" steel ball 3 42 45 100
HR 15 X 1/4" steel ball 3 12 15 100
HR 30 X 1/4" steel ball 3 27 30 100
HR 45 X 1/4" steel ball 3 42 45 100
HR 15 Y 1/2" steel ball 3 12 15 100
HR 30 Y 1/2" steel ball 3 27 30 100
HR 45 Y 1/2" steel ball 3 42 45 100

6
 The Brinell Hardness Test
The Brinell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm
diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kg. For softer materials
the load can be reduced to 1500 kg or 500 kg to avoid excessive indentation. The full load is
normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds in the case of iron and steel and for at least 30 seconds
in the case of other metals. The diameter of the indentation left in the test material is
measured with a low powered microscope. The Brinell harness number is calculated by
dividing the load applied by the surface area of the indentation.

The diameter of the impression is the average of two readings at right angles and the use of a
Brinell hardness number table can simplify the determination of the Brinell hardness. A well
structured Brinell hardness number reveals the test conditions, and looks like this, "75 HB
10/500/30" which means that a Brinell Hardness of 75 was obtained using a 10mm diameter
hardened steel with a 500 kilogram load applied for a period of 30 seconds. On tests of
extremely hard metals a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball. Compared to the
other hardness test methods, the Brinell ball makes the deepest and widest indentation, so the
test averages the hardness over a wider amount of material, which will more accurately
account for multiple grain structures and any irregularities in the uniformity of the material.
This method is the best for achieving the bulk or macro-hardness of a material, particularly
those materials with heterogeneous structures.

www.gordonengland.co.uk

7
 Vickers Hardness Test
The Vickers hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond
indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees
between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf. The full load is normally applied
for10 to 15 seconds. The two diagonals of the indentation left in the surface of the material
after removal of the load are measured using a microscope and their average calculated. The
area of the sloping surface of the indentation is calculated. The Vickers hardness is the
quotient obtained by dividing the kgf load by the square mm area of indentation.

F= Load in kgf
d = Arithmetic mean of the two diagonals, d1 and d2 in mm

8
HV = Vickers hardness

When the mean diagonal of the indentation has been determined the Vickers hardness may be
calculated from the formula, but is more convenient to use conversion tables. The Vickers
hardness should be reported like 800 HV/10, which means a Vickers hardness of 800, was
obtained using a 10 kgf force. Several different loading settings give practically identical
hardness numbers on uniform material, which is much better than the arbitrary changing of
scale with the other hardness testing methods. The advantages of the Vickers hardness test
are that extremely accurate readings can be taken, and just one type of indenter is used for all
types of metals and surface treatments. Although thoroughly adaptable and very precise for
testing the softest and hardest of materials, under varying loads, the Vickers machine is a
floor standing unit that is more expensive than the Brinell or Rockwell machines.

9
 Microhardness Test
The term microhardness test usually refers to static indentations made with loads not
exceeding 1 kgf. The indenter is either the Vickers diamond pyramid or the Knoop elongated
diamond pyramid. The procedure for testing is very similar to that of the standard Vickers
hardness test, except that it is done on a microscopic scale with higher precision instruments.
The surface being tested generally requires a metallographic finish; the smaller the load used,
the higher the surface finish required. Precision microscopes are used to measure the
indentations; these usually have a magnification of around X500 and measure to an accuracy
of +0.5 micrometres. Also with the same observer differences of +0.2 micrometres can
usually be resolved. It should, however, be added that considerable care and experience are
necessary to obtain this accuracy.

Knoop Hardness Indenter Indentation

The Knoop hardness number KHN is the ratio of the load applied to the indenter, P (kgf) to
the unrecovered projected area A (mm2 )
KHN = F/A = P/CL2
Where:
F = applied load in kgf
A = the unrecovered projected area of the indentation in mm2
L = measured length of long diagonal of indentation in mm
C = 0.07028 = Constant of indenter relating projected area of the indentation to the square of
the length of the long diagonal.

The Knoop indenter is a diamond ground to pyramidal form that produces a diamond shaped
indentation having approximate ratio between long and short diagonals of 7:1. The depth of
indentation is about 1/30 of its length. When measuring the Knoop hardness, only the longest
diagonal of the indentation is measured and this is used in the above formula with the load

10
used to calculate KHN. Tables of these values are usually a more convenient way to look-up
KHN values from the measurements.

Vickers Pyramid Diamond Indenter Indentation

The Vickers Diamond Pyramid harness number is the applied load (kgf) divided by the
surface area of the indentation (mm2 )

Where:
F= Load in kgf
d = Arithmetic mean of the two diagonals, d1 and d2 in mm
HV = Vickers hardness

The Vickers Diamond Pyramid indenter is ground in the form of a squared pyramid with an
angle of 136o between faces. The depth of indentation is about 1/7 of the diagonal length.
When calculating the Vickers Diamond Pyramid hardness number, both diagonals of the
indentation are measured and the mean of these values is used in the above formula with the
load used to determine the value of HV. Tables of these values are usually a more convenient
way to look-up HV values from the measurements.

Knoop vs. Vickers

Comparing the indentations made with Knoop and Vickers Diamond Pyramid indenters for a
given load and test material:
? Vickers indenter penetrates about twice as deep as Knoop indenter
? Vickers indentation diagonal about 1/3 of the length of Knoop major diagonal
? Vickers test is less sensitive to surface conditions than Knoop test
? Vickers test is more sensitive to measurement errors than knoop test
? Vickers test best for small rounded areas
? Knoop test best for small elongated areas
? Knoop test good for very hard brittle materials and very thin sections

11
12
 Moh's Hardness Scale
The Moh's hardness scale for minerals has been used since 1822. It simply consists of 10
minerals arranged in order from 1 to 10. Diamond is rated as the hardest and is indexed as 10;
talc as the softest with index number 1. Each mineral in the scale will scratch all those below
it as follows:

Diamond 10
Corundum 9
Topaz 8
Quartz 7
Orthoclase (Feldspar) 6
Aptite 5
Fluorite 4
Calcite 3
Gypsum 2
Talc 1

The steps are not of equal value and the difference in hardness between 9 and 10 is much
greater than between 1 and 2. The hardness is determined by finding which of the standard
minerals the test material will scratch or not scratch; the hardness will lie between two points
on the scale - the first point being the mineral which is scratched and the next point being the
mineral which is not scratched. Some examples of the hardness of common metals in the
Moh's scale are copper between 2 and 3 and tool steel between 7 and 8. This is a simple test,
but is not exactly quantitative and the standards are purely arbitrary numbers.

The materials engineer and metallurgist find little use for the Moh's scale, but it is possible to
sub-divide the scale and some derived methods are still commonly used today. The file test is
useful as a rapid and portable qualitative test for hardened steels, where convention hardness
testers are not available or practical. Files can be tempered back to give a range of known
hardness and then used in a similar fashion to the Moh's method to evaluate hardness.

13
 The Scleroscope Hardness Test
The Scleroscope test consists of dropping a diamond tipped hammer, which falls inside a
glass tube under the force of its own weight from a fixed height, onto the test specimen. The
height of the rebound travel of the hammer is measured on a graduated scale. The scale of the
rebound is arbitrarily chosen and consists on Shore units, divided into 100 parts, which
represent the average rebound from pure hardened high-carbon steel. The scale is continued
higher than 100 to include metals having greater hardness.

In normal use the shore scleroscope test does not mark the material under test. The Shore
Scleroscope measures hardness in terms of the elasticity of the material and the hardness
number depends on the height to which the hammer rebounds, the harder the material, the
higher the rebound. Advantages of this method are portability and non- marking of the test
surface.

The Durometer
The Durometer is a popular instrument for measuring the indentation hardness of rubber and
rubber- like materials. The most popular testers are the Model A used for measuring softer
materials and the Model D for harder materials.

The operation of the tester is quite simple. The material is subjected to a definite pressure
applied by a calibrated spring to an indenter that is either a cone or sphere and an indicating
device measures the depth of indentation.

14
 Hardness Conversion Table
Approximate Hardness Equivalents Covering Range of Rockwell C and
Rockwell B Scales

SCLER
VPN ROCKWELL SCALES BRINELL O- U.T.S.
SCOPE
BH
DPH BHN
15 30 45 15 30 45 N Kp Mp
HV/1 A B C D E F G H K 3000k
N N N T T T 500k si a
0 g
g
9 8 8
1865 97 92 87
2 0 7
9 7 8
1787 96 92 87
2 9 6
9 7 8
1710 96 91 86
1 8 5
9 7 8
1633 96 91 85
1 7 4
9 7 8
1556 96 90 84
0 6 3
9 7 8
1478 95 89 83
0 5 3
8 7 8
1400 95 89 82
9 4 2
8 7 8
1323 95 88 81
9 3 1
8 7 8
1245 95 87 80
8 2 0
8 7 8
1160 94 87 79
7 1 0
8 7 7
1076 94 86 78 101
7 0 9
8 6 7
1004 94 85 77 99
6 9 8
8 6 7
940 93 84 75 97
6 8 7
8 6 7
900 93 84 74 95
5 7 6
8 6 7
865 93 83 73 92
5 6 5
8 6 7
832 92 82 72 739 91
4 5 5

15
 8 6 7
800 92 81 71 722 88
4 4 4
8 6 7
772 91 80 70 705 87
3 3 3
8 6 7
746 91 79 69 688 85
3 2 2
8 6 7
720 91 79 68 670 83
2 1 2
8 6 7 220
697 90 78 67 654 81 320
1 0 1 6
8 5 7 213
674 90 77 66 634 80 310
1 9 0 7
8 5 6 206
653 89 76 64 615 78 300
0 8 9 9
8 5 6 200
633 89 75 63 595 76 290
0 7 9 0
7 5 6 194
613 88 74 62 577 75 282
9 6 8 4
7 12 5 6 188
595 88 73 61 560 74 274
9 0 5 7 9
7 12 5 6 183
577 87 72 60 543 72 266
8 0 4 6 4
7 11 5 6 177
560 87 71 59 523 71 257
8 9 3 5 2
7 11 5 6 168
544 86 70 57 512 69 245
7 9 2 5 9
7 11 5 6 164
528 86 69 56 496 68 239
7 8 1 4 8
7 11 5 6 160
513 86 69 55 481 67 233
6 7 0 3 7
7 11 4 6 156
498 85 68 54 469 66 227
5 7 9 2 5
7 11 4 6 152
484 85 67 53 455 64 221
5 6 8 1 4
7 11 4 6 149
471 84 66 51 443 63 217
4 6 7 1 6
7 11 4 6 146
458 84 65 50 432 62 212
4 5 6 0 2
7 11 4 5 142
446 83 64 49 421 60 206
3 5 5 9 0
7 11 4 5 137
434 83 63 48 409 58 200
3 4 4 9 9
7 11 4 5 135
423 82 62 47 400 57 196
2 3 3 8 1
412 7 11 4 5 82 61 46 390 56 191 131

16
 2 3 2 7 7
7 11 4 5 128
402 81 60 44 381 55 187
1 2 1 6 9
7 11 4 5 125
392 80 60 43 371 54 182
1 2 0 5 5
7 11 3 5 122
382 80 59 42 362 52 177
0 1 9 5 0
7 11 3 5 119
372 79 58 41 353 51 173
0 0 8 4 3
6 11 3 5 116
363 79 57 40 344 50 169
9 0 7 3 5
6 10 3 5 113
354 78 56 38 336 49 165
9 9 6 2 8
6 10 3 5 110
345 78 55 37 327 48 160
8 9 5 2 3
6 10 3 5 107
336 77 54 36 319 47 156
8 8 4 1 6
6 10 3 5 104
327 77 53 35 311 46 152
7 8 3 0 8
6 10 3 4 101
318 76 52 34 301 44 147
7 7 2 9 4
6 10 3 4 9
310 76 51 33 294 43 144 993
6 6 1 8 1
6 10 3 4 9
302 75 50 31 286 42 140 965
6 5 0 8 1
6 10 2 4 8
294 75 50 30 279 41 137 945
5 4 9 7 9
6 10 2 4 8
286 74 49 29 271 41 133 917
5 4 8 6 8
6 10 2 4 8
279 73 48 28 264 40 129 889
4 3 7 5 7
6 10 2 4 8
272 73 47 27 258 39 126 869
4 3 6 5 6
6 10 2 4 8
266 72 46 26 253 38 124 855
3 2 5 4 5
6 10 2 4 8
260 72 45 24 247 37 121 834
3 1 4 3 4
6 10 2 4 8
254 71 44 23 93 82 72 201 240 36 118 814
2 0 3 2 3
6 2 4 8
248 99 71 43 22 93 82 71 195 234 35 115 793
2 2 2 1
6 2 4 7
243 98 70 42 21 93 81 70 189 228 35 112 772
1 1 1 9
6 2 4 7
238 97 69 42 20 92 81 69 184 222 34 109 752
1 0 0 8

17
 6 1 7
234 97 92 80 69 181 218 34 107 738
0 9 7
5 1 7
230 96 92 80 68 179 214 33 106 731
9 8 6
5 1 7
226 96 92 80 68 177 210 33 104 717
9 7 5
5 1 7
222 95 92 79 67 175 208 32 102 703
8 6 4
5 1 7
217 95 92 79 67 171 205 31 100 690
8 5 3
5 1 7
213 94 91 79 66 169 203 31 99 683
8 4 3
5 1 7
208 93 91 78 66 167 200 30 98 676
7 3 1
5 1 7 10
204 92 91 78 65 163 195 30 96 662
7 2 0 0
5 1 6 10
200 92 91 77 64 162 193 29 95 655
6 1 9 0
5 1 6 10
196 91 90 77 64 160 190 28 93 641
6 0 8 0
5 6
192 90 9 99 90 76 63 157 185 27 91 627
6 6
5 6
188 89 8 98 90 76 62 154 180 26 88 607
5 4
5 6
184 88 7 97 90 75 61 151 176 26 86 593
4 3
5 6
180 87 6 97 89 75 60 148 172 26 84 579
4 1
5 5
176 86 5 96 89 74 59 145 169 25 83 572
3 9
5 5
172 85 4 95 89 74 58 142 165 25 81 558
3 8
5 5
168 84 3 94 88 73 57 140 162 25 79 545
2 6
5 5
164 83 2 93 88 72 56 137 159 24 78 538
1 4
5 5
160 82 1 92 88 72 55 135 156 24 76 524
1 3
5 5
156 81 0 91 87 71 54 133 153 24 75 517
0 1
5 4
152 80 91 87 70 53 130 150 73 503
0 9
4 4
148 79 90 87 70 52 128 147
9 8
144 4 78 4 89 86 69 51 126 144

18
 9 6
4 4
141 77 88 86 68 50 124 141
8 4
4 4
139 76 87 86 68 49 122 139
7 3
4 10 4
137 75 86 85 67 49 120 137
7 0 1
4 3
135 74 99 85 85 66 48 118 135
6 9
4 3
132 73 99 85 85 66 47 116 132
6 8
4 3
130 72 98 84 84 65 46 114 130
5 6
4 10 3
127 71 98 83 84 64 45 112 127
5 0 5
4 10 3
125 70 97 82 84 64 44 110 125
4 0 3
4 3
123 69 99 96 81 83 63 43 109 123
4 1
4 3
120 68 98 96 80 83 62 42 107 121
3 0
4 2
118 67 98 95 79 83 62 41 106 119
3 8
4 2
116 66 97 95 78 82 61 40 104 117
2 7
4 2
115 65 96 94 78 82 60 39 102 116
2 5
4 2
114 64 96 94 77 82 60 38 101 114
2 4
4 2
113 63 95 93 76 81 59 37 99 112
1 2
4 2
112 62 95 92 75 81 58 36 98 110
1 1
4 1
111 61 94 92 74 81 57 35 96 108
0 9
4 1
110 60 93 91 73 81 57 34 95 107
0 8
3 1
108 59 93 91 72 80 56 32 94 106
9 6
3 1
107 58 92 90 71 80 55 31 92 104
9 5
3 1
106 57 91 90 71 80 55 30 91 102
8 3
3 1
105 56 91 89 70 79 54 29 90 101
8 2

19
 3 1
104 55 90 88 69 79 53 28 89 99
8 0
3
103 54 90 88 9 68 79 53 27 87
7
3
102 53 89 87 7 67 78 52 26 86
7
3
101 52 88 87 6 66 78 51 25 85
6
3
100 51 88 86 4 65 78 51 24 84
6
3
100 50 87 86 3 65 77 50 23 83
5
3
99 49 87 85 64 77 49 22 82
5
3
98 48 86 85 63 77 49 21 81
5
3
97 47 85 84 62 76 48 20 80
4
3
96 46 85 83 61 76 47 19 79
4
3
95 45 84 83 60 76 46 18 79
3
3
95 44 84 82 59 75 46 17 78
3
3
94 43 83 82 58 75 45 16 77
2
3
93 42 82 81 58 75 44 15 76
2
3
92 41 82 81 57 74 44 14 75
1
3
91 40 81 80 56 74 43 13 74
1
3
90 39 80 79 55 74 42 11 74
1
3
90 38 80 79 54 73 42 10 73
0
3
89 37 79 78 53 73 41 9 72
0
2 10
88 36 79 78 52 73 40 8 71
9 0
2 10
88 35 78 77 52 72 40 7 71
9 0
2
87 34 77 77 99 51 72 39 6 70
8
87 2 33 77 76 99 50 72 38 5 69

20
 8
2
86 32 76 75 99 49 71 38 4 68
8
2
86 31 76 75 98 48 71 37 3 68
7
2
85 30 75 74 98 47 71 36 2 67
7
2
85 29 74 74 98 46 70 36 1 66
6
2
84 28 74 73 97 45 70 35 66
6
2
84 27 73 73 97 45 70 34 65
5
2
83 26 73 72 97 44 69 33 65
5
2
83 25 72 71 96 42 69 33 64
4
2
82 24 71 71 96 42 69 32 64
4
2
82 23 71 70 96 41 68 31 63
4
2
81 22 70 70 95 40 68 31 63
3
2
81 21 70 69 95 39 68 30 62
3
2
80 20 69 69 95 38 68 29 62
2
2
80 19 68 68 94 38 67 29 61
2
2
79 18 68 67 94 37 67 28 61
1
2
79 17 67 67 93 36 67 27 60
1
2
78 16 67 66 93 35 66 26 60
1
2
78 15 66 66 93 34 66 26 59
0
77 14 65 65 92 33 66 25 59
77 13 65 65 92 32 65 24 58
76 12 64 64 92 32 65 24 58
76 11 64 64 91 31 65 23 57
75 10 63 63 91 30 64 22 57
75 9 62 62 91 29 64 22 56
74 8 62 62 90 28 64 21 56

21
 74 7 61 61 90 27 63 20 56
73 6 61 61 90 26 63 20 55
73 5 60 60 89 26 63 19 55
72 4 59 60 89 25 62 18 55
72 3 59 59 88 24 62 17 54
71 2 58 58 88 23 62 17 54
71 1 58 58 88 22 61 16 53
70 0 57 57 87 21 61 15 53
BH
DPH BHN
15 30 45 15 30 45 N Kp Mp
HV/1 A B C D E F G H K 3000k
N N N T T T 500k si a
0 g
g
SCLER
VPN ROCKWELL SCALES BRINELL O- U.T.S.
SCOPE

22