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What is thermodynamics?
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As an example, consider an Internal Combustion (IC)
Engine
AIR HEAT
(hot engine block)
FUEL
SYSTEM
WORK
(drive shaft)
Surroundings
System boundary
EXHAUST GAS
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Closed System - fixed non-changing mass of fluid within
the system, i.e., no mass transfer across the system
boundary but can have energy exchange with the
surroundings. Example: piston-cylinder assembly
PISTON
SYSTEM CYLINDER
GAS
ENERGY
INSULATED WALLS
ENERGY
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Open System (Control Volume) - fixed volume in space,
mass and energy exchange permitted across the system
boundary. Example: jet engine
Fuel
Air Combustion
C T Products
System boundary
Fuel
Air Combustion
Products
System boundary
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System Properties macroscopic characteristics of a
system to which a numerical value can be assigned at a
given time without knowledge of the history of the
system, e.g., mass, volume, pressure
VA VB
Vs, Ts, Ms
TA TB
MA MB
VS = VA + VB extensive
MS = MA + MB extensive
TS TA + TB intensive
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Units SI used exclusively
Fundamental units:
Mass kilograms kg
Length meter m
Time seconds s
o o
Temperature Celcius/Kelvin C/ K
Derived units:
F = m a
[N] = [kg] [m/s2] 1 N = 1 kgm/s2
P = F / A
[Pa] [kgm/s2] [m2] 1 Pa = 1 kg/ms2
E = F x
[J] = [kgm/s2] [m] 1 J = 1 kgm2/s2
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Property Definitions
= lim
M units: kg/m3
V V V
Mass, M, of the system with volume, V, is
dM
= M = dM = V dV
dV
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Consider a small area A passing through a point in a fluid
at rest. Fluid on one side of the area exerts a compressive
force F normal to the area
A
F
P = lim
F
A A A
units: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
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P= P*
P*g
Local atmospheric
P*abs pressure, Patm
Patm
Gas at L
P*abs
Mercury/water
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Temperature, T, in units of degrees celcius, oC, is a
measure of hotness relative to the freezing and boiling
point of water
100oC
0oC
0oK = -273oC
in general, T in oK = T in oC + 273.13
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System state condition of the thermodynamic system as
described by its properties (P1,T1,.)
TH>TC
TH TC
TH TC After time TE TE
Non-Equilibrium Equilibrium
TC<TE<TH
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A process is the transformation of a system from one
state to another state.
Process 1 Process 2
STATE 1 STATE 2
P1, T1 P2, T2
CYCLE
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