FUNDAMENTAL OF MOBILE NETWORK

Introduction :-

GSM900 :
up: 890~915MHz
down: 935~960MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 25MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

GSM1800 :
up: 1710-1785MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz
duplex interval: 95MHz
working bandwidth: 75MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

EGSM900 :
up: 880~890MHz
down: 925~935MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 10MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

GSM1900MHz:
up:1850~1910MHz
down:1930~1990MHz
duplex interval: 80MHz
working bandwidth: 60MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

GSM :

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. In mobile

network there are 3 generations so far. Those generations are :

1. 1st generation mobile phones in the year 70's,

2. 2nd generation mobile phones in the year 80's and
3. 3rd generation mobile phones in the year 90's
Operation:-

Generally GSM is known as 2nd generation or 2G communications

technology. GSM works under two principles. Those are

1. Time Division Multiplexing

2. Frequency Division Multiplexing.

1. Time Division Multiplexing:-

In Time Division Multiplexing, the radio frequency say 890 Mhz is shared
by different users in time. For example, if users A,B,C and D all talk at the same
time the 890 Mhz frequency is assigned to A for sometime time and allow him to
talk, then assign 890 Mhz frequency to B for sometime to speak, then to C, and
finally to D, before coming back to A. Thus the process of sharing frequency
continues in a round robin fashion. This way many users talk at the same time on
the same frequency in Time Division Multiplexing.

2. Frequency Division Multiplexing:-

In Frequency Division Multiplexing, the different radio frequencies, say

890,900,910 and 920 are used by users A, B, C and D for their respective
communications i.e by different operators. If different operators like A, B, C and D
broadcasting in the same area, then they use of different frequencies for
communication 91.0 FM, 93.5 FM, 94.6 FM, 108 FM. If we like to listen to
different communications, then, we have to tune in the recover set to different
frequencies.

Frequency Hoping:-

GSM uses a combination of TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).

For example:- Users A and B are not sharing the channel in time but also
shared frequency. This means that user A is on the channel 890 Mhz for 2
seconds, then jumps to 900 Mhz for the next 2 seconds, then jumps to 910 Mhz
for the next 2 seconds and so on. Thus each user is using a different frequency
at different time slots. This is called frequency hoping.

Introduction:-

CDMA:-

CDMA stands for Code division multiple access. It is a channel access

method utilized by various radio communication technologies. It allows several
users to share a bandwidth of different frequencies.
 The concept of sharing of different frequencies is called multiplexing.
CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. For
example:-The modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than
the data being communicated.

Main advantage of CDMA against GSM :

In CDMA the Data Transfer Speed is traditionally faster than GSM.

Block Schematic of GSM Network:-

VLR HLR AC

EIR

MS BTS BSC MSC

GMSC

MS Mobile station:-

This is the subscriber end equipment or mobile hand set in Mobile

network.

BTS - Base Transceiver Station:-

In the BTS site one 40M Tower or 15 M Roof Top Tower or 6,8, or any
feasible Pole Type Tower with Antennas of 3 sectors e.g A, B & C or 1,2&3 are
available.

Each BTS may consist of 3 , 6 or more TRX (Transceiver) e.g 2+2+2 ,

4+4+4 or more configurations in Nortel BTS & each BTS may consist of one DXU
& 3 , 6 or more DRUs e.g. 2+2+2 or 4+4+4 or more configurations in Ericsson
BTS. The inter connection between BTS & BSC is made through Mini Link
(Radio Wave) or overhead or underground OFC media. All BTS & radio
equipments should be operational in normal working condition. It is indicated by
green ,yellow & red lights.

Cell/call Transfer:-

When one subscriber is on roaming from one BTS/sector to another BTS/

sector, the call needs to be transferred from the previous area to new area
without any call drop. This handover of call is made as per the pre-defined data
of RF optimization & Drive test.

BSC - Base Station Controller

 The key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator. Base Station
Controller controls multiple BTSs and manages radio channel setup. The BSC is
responsible for RR (Radio Resource) allocation to a MS (Mobile Station). The
BSC provides all the control functions and physical call links between the BTS
and MSC.

MSC- Mobile Switching Center:-

MSC is a central component for mobile switching network. It operates all

switching functions for the mobiles within its jurisdiction. It is the heart of the
network. It also manages communication between GSM and other networks. Call
setup function and basic switching, etc., are performed by MSC.

GMSC - Gateway Mobile Switching Centre:-

A Gateway Mobile Switching Centre provides an edge function. It acts

the function of gateway that interconnects two networks i.e. the cellular network
and the PSTN. While connections are being made among different Mobile to
Landline or Mobile to mobile to different networks i.e local or trunk, then, it works
as buffer among themselves.

EIR-Equipment Identity Register:-

In GSM network the identification of EIR is must & all equipments are
identified.

MPBN - Mobile Packet Backbone Network:-

MPBN stands for Mobile Packet Backbone Network. It is a multi-service IP

infrastructure solution for GSM. Every day, the Public Broadcasting Network
connects the people each other and to the world through the open exchange.

TCU- Transcoder Unit:-

It is an unit which integrates BTS & BSC of NORTEL Equipments from

Nortel OMCR. With the help of TCU, even Nortel BSC can be connected to
Ericsson or any other MSC which eliminates the MSC handover problems among
different MSCs.

VLR - Visitor Location Register:-

 All information related to visiting subscribers e.g. all subscribers
information while on roaming from one place to another place, are stored
temporarily in VLR till he returns. VLR is a temporary visitors location register.

HLR-Home Location Register:-

All permanent information related to subscribers in a place are stored in

HLR. HLR can support up to 17 million GSM subscribers.

MSISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network:-

MSISDN means Mobile Subscriber ISDN number. This is the 10 digit

mobile telephone number e.g

SIM- Subscriber Identitry Module:-

A SIM card is a Subscriber Identity Module. It contains its unique serial number,
internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security authentication
and ciphering information. The main difference of 2G & 3G SIM is the capacity of
the SIM. 3G SIM is called USIM.

ICCID-Integrated Circuit Card Identity Number:-

It is the SIM number or number on the SIM card. It is a 20 digit number

including the 20th check digit.

A typical SIM(19 digits) example 8991 10 1200 00 320451 0 provide several

details as follows:-
The first two digits (89 in the example) refers to the Telecom Id.
The next two digits (91 in the example) refers to the country code.
The next two digits (10 in the example) refers to the network code.
The next four digits (1200 in the example) refers to the month and year of
manufacturing.
The next two digits (00 in the example) refers to the switch configuration
mode.
The next six digits (320451 in the example) refers to the SIM number.
The last digit which is separated from the rest is called the check digit.

These digits can be further grouped for additional information:

The first 3 to 4 digits represents the Mobile Country Code(MCC) (Some

cards only have 3 digits to represent the Telecom Id and country code)
 The next 2 digits represent the Mobile Network Code (MNC, AKA the
mobile operator)
The next 12 digits is the number represent the Home Location Register.
And mentioned above, the check digit.

1. 1-2 Industrial code e.g 89

2. 3-4 Country code 91
3. 5-6 Multi Network code 53
4. 7 Last Digit of the year 10
5. 8-9 Month 06
6. 10 Vendor Identity 3
7. 11 Zonal code 1
8. 12 MSC in HLR area 1 or 2 or 3
9. 13 Pre paid or Post Paid 1-Prepaid & 2-Postpaid
10. 14-19 Running counter
11. 20 Check digit Defined during creation

IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identification number:-

IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity:-

SIM cards are identified on their individual operator networks by a unique IMSI.
Mobile operators connect mobile phone calls and communicate with their market
SIM cards using their IMSIs. The format is :-
The first three digits represent the Mobile Country Code (MCC).
The next two or three digits represent the mobile network code (MNC).
Three digit MNC codes are allows by E.212 but mainly used in the United
States and Canada.
The next digits represent the Mobile Subscriber Identification
Number(MSIN). Normally there will be 10 digits but would be fewer in the
case of a 3-digit MNC or if national regulations indicate that the total
length of the IMSI should be less than 15 digits.

Examples of IMSI numeric representation

IMSI:- 404685505601234
MCC 404 India.
MNC 68 MTNL, Delhi.
MSIN 5505601234.

1. 1-3 digit is MCC(Mobile country code) e.g 404

2. 4-5 digit is MNC(Mobile Network code) 53
3. 6 digit is MSC in HLR 1 or 2
4. 7 digit is Prepaid or Post paid 1 or 2 or 3
5. 8 Vendor Identity 0 to 9
6. 9-15 Running counter 0000000 to 0999999
Recharge /Top Up Voucher:-

Recharge or Top up voucher is also called paper card. This card is

prepared and sale in public to live the mobile & enable to make & receive call
within the balance amount available.

C-Top Up Chennel Top Up:-

In C-Top Up the TLD (Top Level Distributor) will deposit money to concerned AO
of BSNL. The concerned Nodal Officer of BSNL will make the transaction ok
from his GUI after verifying the deposit money. The TLD again will distribute the
money to Distributors & Distributors to Retailers who can only do the easy re-
charge sending sms.

Electronic PIN:-

Electronic PIN is just a soft form of the magic code available in paper card. For
Electronic PIN the franchisee will deposit money to the concerned AO of BSNL.
After verifying the money deposited by franchisee, the Nodal Officer in BSNL will
issue the PIN in a password protected CD.

TPR-Third Party Recharge:-

Third party recharge is also like a channel top up. Here also the franchisee will
deposit money as done in c-top up. No PINs are issued except the transaction is
made ok after verification.

CSC-Customer Care Center:-

Customer Care Center is open for Customers to get the facilities like

1. To get duplicate bills

2. Payment of bills
3. To get CAF(Customer Application Forms)
4. To enquire any kind of information related with L/L, B/B, Mobile, etc.

Commercial Section:-
 All commercial activities are performed in this section e.g Submission of
CAF, Issue of Demand Note , Issue of Advice Note, etc.

CCN-Customer Care Node:-

Customer Care Node is a section in which all activities like receive of A/N,
connection, disconnection, etc. are performed & also all subscriber information
are available.

MINSAT- Mobile Intelligent Network Service Administration Tool:-

It is a Mobile Intelligent Network Service Administration Tool which can

access many information related to Pre-Paid connections e.g Voucher expired,
voucher available, Vouchers are used, etc.

Ciphering:-

It is used in mobile system to encrypt the data so that no one can

overhear the conversation of another user.

GPRS:-

GPRS stands for General packet radio service. It is a packet oriented

mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems.
The GPRS system is used by GSM mobile phones & it is one of the most
common mobile phone system in the world, for transmitting IP packets. GPRS
data speeds are expected to reach theoretical data speeds of up to 171.2 Kbps.

Advantages to Operator network:-

1. Multi-media Service
2. Revenue Generation
3. Smooth Migration to 3-G

Advantages to user:-

1. High Bit Rate

2. Long Message Sending Capability
3. Internet Capacity
4. Multi-media Service

EDGE:-
 EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution. It is also known
as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS).

EVDO-Data Card:-

EV-DO stands for Evolution Data Optimized. It is also used for accessing
internet and emails at anytime and from anywhere. It is a CDMA/WLL base Data
Card.

VAS- Value Added Service:-

VAS stands for value-added services. It enables customers to download

ring tones, devotional songs, listen to content, etc.

PRBT:-

It is a Personalized Ring Back Tone i.e Ring Back Tone, Busy Tone ,
Engage Tone, etc. & it is a service of BSNL which is presently available to mobile
phone customers. This facility is likely to be extended to about 2.65 lakh
customers in the twin cities of India.

3-G Node B:-

It is the 3rd Generation Mobile Network. BSNL 3G offers services like

Video call facility, Mobile Broadband, movies, video, PRBT, Mobile TV content
available on BSNL 3G Portal etc. Now this BSNL 3G works as backup
connection as well as internet on move. 3G facilities are provided to the public
after due verification of CAF(Customer Application Form) i.e. identity and address
proof documents, etc.

3G Data Card :-

3G Data cards are meant for accessing internet and emails at anytime and
from anywhere. Thus 3G Data is very fast. If you run out of your monthly data
usage you can buy additional data package. BSNL 3G Data Card guide provides
information about Plan, Price and review of BSNL 3G Data Card.