Propulsion and Power Research 2017;6(1):5869

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Propulsion and Power Research

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Double diffusive magnetohydrodynamic heat

and mass transfer of nanouids over a nonlinear
stretching/shrinking sheet with viscous-Ohmic
dissipation and thermal radiation
Dulal Pala,n, Gopinath Mandalb

a
Department of Mathematics, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
b
Siksha Satra, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal 731236, India

Received 18 May 2015; accepted 30 September 2015

Available online 11 March 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract The study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective heat and mass transfer near
a stagnation-point ow over stretching/shrinking sheet of nanouids is presented in this paper
Nanouids;
Magnetohydrodynam- by considering thermal radiation, Ohmic heating, viscous dissipation and heat source/sink
ics; parameter effects. Non-similarity method is adopted for the governing basic equations before
Heat and mass transfer; they are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method using shooting technique.
Thermal radiation; The numerical results are validated by comparing the present results with previously published
Convection; results. The focus of this paper is to study the effects of some selected governing parameters
Ohmic dissipation such as Richardson number, radiation parameter, Schimdt number, Eckert number and
magnetic parameter on velocity, temperature and concentration proles as well as on skin-
friction coefcient, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number.
& 2017 National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

n
Corresponding author. Tel/fax: 91 3463 261029.
E-mail addresses: dulalp123@rediffmail.com (Dulal Pal),
gopi_math1985@rediffmail.com (Gopinath Mandal).
Peer review under responsibility of National Laboratory for Aeronautics
and Astronautics, China.
1. Introduction
Mixed convective heat and mass transfer phenomena arise in
industrial and technological applications in the presence of
magnetic eld. Thus the study of mixed convection boundary
layer ow of an electrically conducting nanouid has been

2212-540X & 2017 National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2017.01.003
Double diffusive magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer of nanouids over a nonlinear stretching/shrinking
Nomenclature
C concentration of the uid (unit: kg/m3)
C* dimensionless concentration of the uid
Cf skin friction coefcient
Cp specic heat at constant pressure (unit: J/(kg  K))
C1 free stream concentration (unit: kg/m3)
Cw concentration at the wall (unit: kg/m3)
B0 strength of magnetic eld (unit: T)
Dm specic diffusivity (unit: J/(kg  K))
Ec Eckert number
Gr local Grashof number
K* Rosseland mean spectral absorption coefcient (unit:
m-1)
M power-law stretching/shrinking parameter (unit: J/
(mol  K))
mw wall mass ux (unit: kg  s  1  m  2)
Nr thermal radiation parameter (unit: W/m2)
Nux local Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number
qr thermal radiative heat ux (unit: J/m3)
qw wall heat ux (unit: W/m2)
Q0 dimensional heat generation/absorption coefcient
(unit: W/(m2  K))
Rex local Reynolds number
Ri Richardson number
S suction/injection parameter
Sc Schimdt number
T temperature of the uid (unit: K)
T1 free stream temperature (unit: K)
Tw temperature at the wall (unit: K)
u velocity component in x-direction (unit: m/s)
uw stretching/shrinking sheet velocity (unit: m/s)
U free stream velocity of the nanouid (unit: m/s)
v velocity component in y-direction (unit: m/s)
x, y direction along and perpendicular to the plate, respec-
tively (unit: m)
considered in this paper. Nanouid is a suspension of solid
nanoparticles or bers of diameter 1100 nm in basic uids such
as water, engine oil, ethylene glycol etc. Nanoparticles which are
present in base uids made from various materials (Choi et al.
[1]). Recent research on nanouid has revealed that nanoparticles
(diameter less than 50 nm) may change characteristics of the
uid since thermal conductivity of nanoparticles particles was
higher than convectional uids such as water, ethylene glycol,
and engine oil which are widely used as heat transfer uids in
thermal system. Nanouids contains solid nanoparticles disper-
sion in a base uid (such as water, oil, and ethylene glycol). The
common nanoparticles those are in use are aluminum, copper,
iron and titanium or their oxides. Experimental studies have
shown that the thermal conductivity of the base liquid can be
enhanced by 5%15% with the small volumetric fraction of
nanoparticles less than 5%. The enhanced thermal conductivity
of nanouid contributes to a remarkable improvement in the
convective heat transfer coefcient. This feature of nanouids
has attracted researchers to use it in application such as advanced
59
Greek letters
buoyancy ratio
heat generation/absorption parameter
nf effective dynamic viscosity of the nanouid
f dynamic viscosity of the uid (unit: N  s/m2)
f kinematic viscosity of the uid (unit: Pa  s)
nf effective density of the nanouid (unit: kg/m3)
electrical conductivity of the uid (unit: S/m)
* Stefan-Boltzmann constant (unit: W  m  2  K  4)
f thermal conductivity of the uid (unit: W/(m  K))
dimensionless temperature of the uid
stream function
nf effective thermal conductivity of the nanouid
nf effective thermal diffusivity of the nanouid
f uid thermal diffusivity
T coefcient of thermal expansion
C coefcient of thermal expansion of concentration
Tnf thermal expansion of nanouid
Cnf concentration expansion of nanouid
f thermal expansion coefcient of the uid
s thermal expansion coefcient of the nanoparticle
, 1, 2 solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles
similarity variable
magnetic parameter
electrical conductivity of uid
w wall skin friction
Subscripts
nf nanouid
f liquid
s solid
nuclear system since convective heat transfer mechanisms is a
kind of heat exchanger.
Chio et al. [2] found that these nanouids have better
conductivity and convective heat transfer coefcient compared
with the base uid. Due to better performance of heat
exchange, great potential and features, nanouids can be used
in several industrial applications such as in chemical produc-
tion, transportation, car cooling systems, cooling of heat sinks,
cooling of electronic chips, power generation in power plant
and in nuclear system to obtain high rates of heat extraction
from reactors. Many researchers, Das et al. [3], and Kaka and
Pramuanjaroenkij [4] have made a comprehensive literature
review in their books and review papers by discussing the heat
transfer characteristics in nanouids besides identifying future
research in convective heat transfer of nanouids. Bahiraei and
Hangi [5] presented a review of ow and heat transfer
characteristics of magnetic nanouids.
The study of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) boundary layer
ow of a nanouid over a stretching surface has become the
basis of several industrial, scientic and engineering applications.
60 Dulal Pal, Gopinath Mandal

Uddin [6] developed a model for bio-nano-materials processing Thus the aim of the present study is to analyze mixed
for the hydromagnetic transport phenomena from a stretching or convection heat and mass transfer at a stagnation point ow
shrinking nonlinear nanomaterial sheet with Navier slip and over stretching and shrinking sheets of different nanouids
convective heating. Malvandi and Ganji [7] studied magnetohy- (i.e., copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2)) in
drodynamic mixed convective ow of Al2O3 water nanouid the presence of thermal radiation, Ohmic heating, viscous
inside a vertical micro-tube. Hamad et al. [8] studied the dissipation, sink parameter/sink and transverse magnetic eld
magnetic eld effects on free convection ow of a nanouid with base uid water (Pr 6.8), using non-similarity method
past a vertical semi-innite at plate. They found that for a xed and Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method using shooting technique.
value of nanoparticle volume fraction, increasing in magnetic
parameter leads to decrease in the velocity prole. Hamad et al.
[9] also studied the effect of magnetic eld on free convection 2. Formulation of the problem
ow of a nanouid past a vertical semi-innite at plate.
Heidary [10] numerical studied the effects of magnetic eld We consider two-dimensional mixed convective ow of
on nano-uid forced convection in a channel. Sheikholeslami viscous incompressible electrically conducting nanouids in
et al. [11] examined the hydromagnetic CuOwater nanouid the vicinity of a stagnation-point ow over a stretching/
ow and convective heat transfer considering Lorentz forces shrinking sheet in the presence of transverse magnetic eld,
effects. The effect of thermal radiation on magnetic convection thermal radiation, heat source/sink parameter and chemical
on boundary layer ow on nanouid was studied by Mat et al. reaction. The sheet has constant linear velocity uw(x) cxm
[12]. The convective heat transfer in a nanouid past a vertical (for stretching sheet) and uw(x) -cxm (for shrinking sheet)
plate has been studied by Kuznestov and Nield [13]. Mahdy [14] and velocity of the free stream ow is U(x) axm, where a,
analyzed unsteady mixed convection boundary layer ow and c and m are constants, x is the coordinate measured along the
heat transfer of nanouids due to stretching sheet. stretching/shrinking surface. The ow takes place at yZ0,
In addition combined magnetic eld and viscous dissipation where y is the coordinate measured normal to the stretching/
on boundary layer ow on temperature distribution are shrinking surface. It is assumed that the temperature and
investigated by several researchers. The effect of viscous and concentration at the stretching/shrinking surface takes the
Joules dissipation on MHD ow, heat and mass transfer past a constant values Tw and Cw, while those of the ambient
stretching surface embedded in porous medium was studied by nanouid takes the constants value T1 and C1, respectively
Anjali Devi and Ganga [15]. Ibrahim and Shankar [16] (Figure 1).
analyzed the effects magnetic eld, slip boundary condition It is also assumed that the electric eld owing to polarization
and thermal radiation on boundary layer ow and heat transfer of charges and Hall effects are neglected. The base uid and
of a nanouid over a permeable stretching sheet. the nanoparticles are expected to be in thermal equilibrium and
In recent times, heat and mass transfer problem with the no slip occurs between them. Under these assumptions, the
effects of chemical reaction have attracted the attention of boundary layer equations of motion, energy and mass-diffusion
many researchers. Abdul-Kahar et al. [17] examined under the inuence of uniform transverse magnetic eld and
numerically the steady boundary layer ow of a nanouid Ohmic dissipation the presence of sink parameter or sink,
past a porous vertical stretching surface in the presence of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation are as follows:
chemical reaction and heat radiation using scaling group u v
transformation. Kameswaran et al. [18] focused on heat and 0; 1
x x
mass transfer in nanouid ow over stretching and shrink-
ing sheets with chemical reaction in the presence of u u dU x nf 2 u
u v U x
magnetic eld. An analysis has been carried out to study x y dx nf x2
the steady two-dimensional stagnation-point ow of a

B0 2 T nf
nanouid over a stretching/shrinking sheet by Bachok  u U x g T  T 1
nf
et al. [19]. Zaimi et al. [20] investigated the steady two-
nf 
dimensional ow and heat transfer over a stretching/ C nf
g C  C 1 ; 2
shrinking sheet in a nanouid using two-phase Buongior- nf
no'snanouid model. Recently, Mansur et al. [21] studied
magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point ow of a nanouid
over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet with suction.
Table 1 Thermo physical properties of uid and nanoparticles
They showed that the solutions for a shrinking sheet are
(Oztop and Abu-nada [27]).
non-unique those differ from the results for stretching sheet.
Rashad et al. [22] studied the free convective boundary Physical properties Fluid phase (water) Cu Al2O3 TiO2
layer ow of a non-Newtonian uid over a permeable
Cp /(J/(kg  K)) 4179 385 765 686.2
vertical cone embedded in a porous medium saturated with
/(kg/m3) 997.1 8933 3970 4250
a nanouid. Sheikholeslami et al. [23] investigated the /(W/(m  K)) 0.613 400 40 8.9538
effects of magnetohydrodynamic on Cuwater nanouid o10  5/K  1 21 1.67 0.85 0.9
ow and heat transfer by means of CVFEM.
Double diffusive magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer of nanouids over a nonlinear stretching/shrinking 61




Table 2 Comparison of results for F''(0,0) when m 1 and T nf
1  T f T s ;
Ri Nr Ec Sc 0 for stretching sheet when Pr



6.8. C nf
1  C f C s ;

m Cortell [28] Hamad and Ferdows [29] Present results


Cp nf
1  Cp f C p s ;
0.2 0.7668 0.7659 0.7668

0.5 0.8895 0.8897 0.8895 nf s 2f  2f  s
1.0 1.0000 1.0043 1.0000
 7
f s 2 f f  s
3.0 1.1486 1.1481 1.1486
10.0 1.2349 1.2342 1.2348 where is the solid volume fraction of the nanouid, is
the reference density of the uid fraction, s is the reference
density of the solid fraction, f is the viscosity of the uid
fraction, f is the thermal conductivity of the uid, and s is
T T d2 T Q 1 qr
u v nf 2
0 T T 1 
 the thermal conductivity of the solid fraction.
x y dy C p nf C p nf y
Applying Rosseland approximation (Magyari and Pan-
 2 tokratoras [24]) to optically thick media and the net
nf u B0 2

 u  U x 2 3 radiation heat ux qr [W  m-2] by the expression
C p nf y nf
4
qr  grad eb 8
3K 
C C 2 C where K* [m1] is the Rosseland mean spectral absorption
u v Dm 2 4 coefcient and eb [W  m  2] is the blackbody emission power
x y y
which is given in terms of the absolute temperature T by the
subject to the boundary conditions for stretching/shrinking Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law eb *T 4 with the Stefan-
sheets: Boltzmann constant n 5.6697  10  8 W  m  2  K  4. It is
u uw x 7cxm ; v vw ; T T w T 1 bx2m ; further assumed that the term T4 due to radiation within the
C C w C1 dx2m ; at y 0; 5 ow can be expressed as a linear function of temperature itself.
Hence T 4 can be expanded as Taylor series about T1 and can
be approximated after neglecting the higher order terms as,
u-U x axm ; v-0; T-T 1 ;
T 4  4T 1
3
T  3T 1
4
9
C-C 1 ; as y-1: 6
Using Eqs. (8) and (9), we get
Here u and v are the velocity components along the x- and qr 16  T 31 2 T
 ; 10
y-directions, respectively. U(x) stands for the stagnation-point y 3K  y2
free stream velocity. T is the temperature and C is the We now look for a similarity solution of the Eqs. (1)(4)
concentration of the nanouid, is the electrical conductivity with boundary conditions (5) and (6) in the following form:
of uid, B0 is the strength of the magnetic eld, g is the s s
acceleration due to gravity, Q0 is the heat generation or B0 2 x 2f xuw x m 1uw x
; f ; ; y;
absorption coefcient, Dm is the species diffusivity, a, b, c, d uw x m 1 2f x
are positive constants and vw is the wall mass ux with vwo0
T T1 C  C1
for suctions and vw40 for injection, respectively. Further, is ; ; C ; ; 11
the uid density, nf is the coefcient of viscosity of the Tw T1 Cw  C1
nanouid, c is the concentration expansion coefcient of
nanouid, T is the thermal expansion coefcient of nanouid where f is the kinematic viscosity of the uid and the
nf is the thermal conductivity of the nanouid. stream function is dened in the usual way as
Also, nf the thermal diffusivity of the nanouid, nf is u
y ; v  x , which identically satises the Eq. (1).
the effective density of the nanouid, Tnf is the thermal Substituting Eqs. (7)(11) into Eqs. (2)(4), we get
expansion of nanouid, ( c)nf is the concentration expan- following nonlinear ordinary differential equations:
sion of nanouid, ( Cp)nf is the heat capacitance of the m1 1 000 m 1 00 02
nanouid, which are dened as follows: F FF  mF 3 Ri
2 1 2 2 2
nf 1  0 a 3
nf
 ; nf 1  f s ;
 F Ri C 
C p nf 2 c 2
 0 
f 0 F 00 F
nf ; 1 m F F ; 12
1  2:5
62 Dulal Pal, Gopinath Mandal

Table 3 Comparison of results for - ''(0,0) when Ri Nr Sc 0, Pr 5 for stretching sheet.

Ec 0 Ec 0.1
m Cortell [28] Hamad and Ferdows [29] Present results Cortell [28] Hamad and Ferdows [29] Present results

0.75 3.1250 3.1250 3.1253 3.0170 3.0156 3.0156

1.50 3.5677 3.5672 3.5679 3.4557 3.4566 3.4566
7.00 4.1854 4.1848 4.1854 4.0657 4.0659 4.0659
10.0 4.2560 4.2560 4.2559 4.1353 4.1354 4.1354

m 1 f Nr 00 m 1 0 Here prime denotes the differentiation with respect to .
nf
0
F  2mF The important physical quantities in this study are skin-
24 Pr 2 4
m 1 Ec 00 2 Ec  0 a2 friction or shear stress coefcient Cf, local Nusselt Number
F F Nux, and Sherwood number Shx, which are dened by
2 1 4 4 c  
 
0 0 F u w
1 m F  ; 13 w nf ; Cf ; 19
y y 0 f u2w
   
T 4  T 4 xqw
m1 1  m1 00 0 0 qw nf  
3K 
 ; Nux ;
C FC   2mF C  y y0 y y0 f T w T 1
2 Sc  2 
0 C
 0 F
20
1 m F  C ; 14 !
 
C mw x
with the corresponding boundary condition as obtained from mw nf Dm ; Shx 
y y 0 Cw  C1 nf Dm
Eqs. (5) and (6) in the form:
0 21
F S; F 71; 1; C 1 at 0; 15
Using Eq. (11) in Eqs. (19)(21) skin-friction coefcient,
0 a  local Nusselt number and Sherwood number can be
F ; -0; C -1 as -1; 16
c expressed as (Kasim et al. [25])
The non-dimensional constants appearing in Eqs. (12)(16)  1
1 m 1 2 00
are the thermal Grashof number Gr, buoyancy ratio ,
1
Rex 2 C f F ; 0;
Richardson number Ri, Prandtl number Pr, radiation para- 1  2:5 2
meter Nr, heat source/sink parameter (40 for source  12
and o0 for sink), Eckert number Ec, Schmidt number Sc, nf m1 0
Rex  2 Nux 
1
1 Nr ; 0;
mass ux parameter S (S40 corresponds to the suction f 2
and So0 corresponds to injection). They are respectively
 1
dened as  1=2 m 1 2 0
Rex Shx  C ; 0 22
g T w  T 1 x3 C w  C1 2
Gr T ; 5 C ;
2 2 T T w  T 1 where Rex xuw(x)/f is the local Reynolds number based
Gr f 16  T 31 Q0 on the stretching/shrinking velocity uw(x).
Ri 2 ; Pr ; Nr  ;
 ;
Rex f 3 f K  C p f B0 2

c2 f 2uw x  x  m  1=2 3. Local non-similarity method

Ec ; Sc ; S  p ;
bC p f Dm m 1 cf
We now discuss the local non-similarity method to
17
solve Eqs. (12)(14). Truncation of this equation up to
the second level gives almost accurate results compar-
where able to the solutions by the other methods. To do this, we
s introduce the following new functions (Pal and Mondal
1 1 2:5 ; 2 1 ;
f [26]):
T s C p s F C 
3 1  ; 4 1  ; G ; R ; H 23
T f C p f
C s
5 1  : 18 Introducing the above functions (23) into Eqs. (12)(14),
C f we get
Double diffusive magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer of nanouids over a nonlinear stretching/shrinking 63

Table 4 Values of F(,0), 0 (,0), C*0 (,0) when a/c

Ri Nr Ec Sc 0 and Pr 6.8 for stretching sheet.

Sc m F(,0) 0 (,0) C*0 (,0)

1 1 1 0.0 1.4242 3.8026  1.2159

2 1.7320 3.7179  1.1275
2 1.7320 3.7179  1.7956
2 1.8333 3.1186  1.4518
0.1 1.7404 2.4548  1.4781

Figure 2 Variation of velocity proles for different value of m for

Cu-water.
 
nf
m1 f Nr
m1 000 0
FR G
R
24 Pr 2
0 0 m 1 Ec 00 00
 2mF R G R 2F G
4 2 1 4
    
Ec 0 a 2 0 a 0
F 2 F  G
4 c c
Figure 1 Flow conguration.
0 0 
0 0 

1 m G R  R G F R  G ; 28

m1 1 000 m 1 00 02 m 1 1 00 m 1  0 0
 0 0
F FF  mF 3 Ri H FH GC   2mF H G C 
2 1 2 2 2 2 Sc
2
  0 0  0 0

1 0 a 1 m G H  H G F H  C  G ; 29
 F 3 Ri C 
2 c 2

0 0 00 
1  m F G  F G ; 24 Differentiating the boundary conditions (15) and (16)
with respect to , we get
  0
nf G ; 0; G ; 0; R ; 0; H ; 0; at 0
m1 f Nr
00 m1 0 0
F  2mF 30
24 Pr 2 4
m 1 Ec 00 2 Ec  0 a2 0
G ; -0; R ; -0; H ; -0; as -1 31
F F
2 1 4 c

0 0  4
1  m F R  G ; 25
4. Results and discussions
m 1 1  00 m 1 0 0
 0 0
 In this paper, we have analyzed the effects of Ohmic
C FC   2mF C  1  m F H  C  G ;
2 Sc 2 heating, thermal radiation and heat source/sink on mixed
26 convective MHD boundary layer ow near a stagnation-point
over an innite vertical stretching/shrinking plate with suction/
Differenting the Eqs. (24)(26) with respect to and
injection effects in nanouids. The governing partial differ-
neglecting the terms involving the derivative functions G
ential equations were transformed into a set of nonlinear
and R with respect to , we obtain:
ordinary differential equation which are then solved numeri-
m1 1 000 m 1
00 00  0 cally by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting techni-
G FG GF  2mF 0 G 3 RiR
2 1 2 2 2 ques. Here, we assigned physically realistic numerical values to
1 n 0  0 a  o 3
the governed parameters in order to gain an insight into the
 G F  Ri R H velocity, temperature and concentration proles behavior. The
2 c thermo physical properties of uid and nanoparticles are
n 0 0 00
  202 00
o
1  m F G  F G G  G G ; 27 presented in Table 1 (Oztop and Abu-nada [27]). The present
results for F''(,0) and '(,0) are compared with those of
64
Figure 3 Variation of temperature proles for different value of m
for Cu-water.
Figure 4 Variation of concentration proles for different values of m
for Cu-water.
Cortell [28], Hamad and Ferdows [29] for different values of m
and Ec which are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Comparison of
the present results with the previously published works gives
an excellent agreement which testify the validity of our
computed results. The Computed values of F''(,0), '(,0) and
C*'(,0), are presented in Table 4 for different values of , Sc,
m and for stretching sheet. It is seen that for adding Cu
nanoparticle in the base uid (water) F''(,0) and '(,0)
increase but C*'(,0) decreases (Figure 1).
Figures 24 depict the effects of power-law parameter m
on velocity F'(,0), temperature (,0) and concentration C*
(,0) proles, respectively for Cu-water nanouid for
stretching and shrinking sheets. Figure 2 shows that
velocity prole decreases for stretching sheet as well as
shrinking as value of m increases and match the boundary
condition F'(,0) - a/c ( 0.01) as -1.
Figures 3 and 4 show that the temperature and concen-
tration proles of Cu-water decrease for stretching sheet as
the value of m increases whereas reverse trend is observed
for shrinking sheet for both proles. Figures 57 illustrate
the effects of magnetic eld parameter on velocity,
Dulal Pal, Gopinath Mandal
Figure 5 Variation of velocity proles with different value of for
Cu-water.
Figure 6 Variation of temperature proles with different value of
for Cu-water.
temperature and concentration proles respectively for
stretching/shrinking sheet for Cu-water nanouid.
Figure 5 shows that by increasing the magnetic parameter ,
the velocity prole decreases for stretching sheet whereas
for shrinking it increases in 0oo1.8 but reverse effect is
seen when 41.8. Figure 6 shows that by increasing the
magnetic eld parameter, temperature prole increases for
both stretching and shrinking sheets. Figure 7 shows that by
increasing the magnetic eld parameter the concentration
prole also increases for stretching sheet but for shrinking
sheet it decreases. It is interesting to see that concentration
prole for stretching sheet drastically increases as value of
exceeds 1.0. The reason behind these phenomenon of the
proles is that the effects of transverse magnetic eld on an
electrically conducting uid gives rise to a resisting force
called Lorentz force which has the tendency to slow down
the motion of the uid and increases its temperature and
concentration boundary layer.
The effects of buoyancy parameter Ri on velocity, tempera-
ture and concentration prole of Cu-water nanouid (having
10% Cu-nanoparticle) for stretching and shrinking sheets are
Double diffusive magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer of nanouids over a nonlinear stretching/shrinking
Figure 7 Variation of concentration proles with different values of
for Cu-water.
Figure 8 Variation of velocity proles with different value of Ri for
Cu-water.
Figure 9 Variation of temperature proles with different value of Ri
for Cu-water.
shown in Figures 810. From Figure 8, it is observed that an
increase in Ri, results in the increase in velocity prole for
stretching sheet. For shrinking sheet an interesting phenomenon
is observed that the velocity prole increases near the boundary
65
Figure 10 Variation of concentration proles with different values of
Ri for Cu-water.
Figure 11 Variation of velocity proles with different value of Nr
for Cu-water.
wall is increased whereas it decreases near the free stream
when the value of Richardson number Ri is increased.
Figures 9 and 10 depict that temperature and concentration
proles both decrease with increasing the value of Richardson
number Ri for stretching/shrinking sheet. It is interesting to see
from Figures 9 and 10 that no overshoot is formed for
shrinking sheet.
Figures 1113 illustrate the effects of thermal radiation
parameter Nr on velocity, temperature and concentration proles
for Cu-water nanouid for stretching and shrinking sheets. From
Figure 11, it is seen that by increasing the thermal radiation
parameter Nr, the velocity prole of stretching sheet increases
whereas the velocity prole of shrinking sheet decreases in the
region 0oo2.25 and increase when 42.25. It is also seen
that the increase in the velocity for stretching sheet is negligible
comparing to shrinking sheet whereas a signicant effect is
observed in temperature proles by the changing in the values of
thermal radiation parameter Nr, as seen in Figure 12. Further, as
the values of the thermal radiation Nr increases, though the
temperature prole for stretching sheet increases for all values of
and but for shrinking sheet it decreases for a certain value of ,
then it increases. Figure 13 shows that as Nr increases the
66
Figure 12 Variation of temperature proles with different value of
Nr for Cu-water.
Figure 13 Variation of concentration proles with different values of
Nr for Cu-water.
Figure 14 Variation of velocity proles with different value of Ec
for Cu-water.
concentration proles nearly coincide for stretching sheet
whereas there is increase in the concentration proles for
shrinking sheet without forming any overshoot.
Figures 1416 display the behavior of velocity, tem-
perature and concentration proles of Cu-water for
Dulal Pal, Gopinath Mandal
Figure 15 Variation of temperature proles with different value of
Ec for Cu-water.
Figure 16 Variation of concentration proles with different values of
Ec for Cu-water.
stretching as well as shrinking sheet for different values
of Eckert number Ec. It is interesting to note that the
proles of velocity, temperature and concentration as
shown in Figures 1416 and similar pattern of the proles
as shown in Figures 1113, except that the effects of
Eckert number Ec is just reverse of the effects of thermal
radiation Nr for shrinking sheet, i.e. there is increase in
the proles (velocity, temperature, and concentration) by
increasing the Eckert number Ec as observed in the
Figures 1416 for shrinking sheet whereas there is not
much signicant effects of Eckert number noticed for
stretching sheet as seen from these gures. Figure 17
shows the effect of Schmidt number Sc on concentration
prole of Cu-water for stretching and shrinking sheets. It
is observed from this gure that the concentration prole
decreases with the increase in the value of Sc for both
types of sheets. It is also interesting to see that the
concentration thickness is higher for shrinking sheet than
that of stretching sheet.
Figure 18 depicts the effects of the heat source/sink
parameter on temperature prole of Cu-water nanouid.
Temperature prole increases by increasing for both
Double diffusive magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer of nanouids over a nonlinear stretching/shrinking 67

Figure 17 Variation of concentration proles with different values of Figure 20 Variation of the skin-friction coefcient with for
Sc for Cu-water. different types of nanouids.

Figure 18 Variation of temperature proles with different values of Figure 21 Variation of the local Nusselt number with for different
for Cu-water. types of nanouids.

Figure 19 Variation of the local Nusselt number with Nr for Figure 22 Variation of the Sherwood number with for different
different for Cu-water nanouid. types of nanouids.

stretching/shrinking sheets. Figure 19 depict the effects of the number increases along with Nr for stretching sheet but slightly
thermal radiation parameter Nr on the local Nusselt number of decreases for shrinking sheet. It is also seen from this gure
Cu-water nanouid for different values of magnetic eld that as increases the local Nusselt number decreases for
parameter . From this gure it is found that the local Nusselt stretching as well as for shrinking sheet.
 68
Figures 2022 show the effects of magnetic parameter on
skin-friction coefcient, local Nusselt number and Sherwood
number for stretching and shrinking sheets for three types of
nanouids, namely Cu-water, Al2O3-water and TiO2-water
nanouids. It is found that as the magnetic eld increases,
the skin-friction coefcient whereas local Nusselt number and
Sherwood number all decreases for the case of stretching sheet
whereas reverse trend is observed for shrinking sheet. It is also
observed that all the proles for three different nanouids
nearly coincide for shrinking sheet.
5. Conclusions
In this paper we have investigated the mixed convective
MHD heat and mass transfer effects of stagnation point
ow of nanouid (copper Cu, alumina Al2O3, titanium
dioxide TiO2) over stretching/shrinking sheets in the pre-
sence of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and heat
source/sink with base uid water (Pr 6.8). From the
present study, the following conclusion is drawn:
(i) Velocity, temperature and concentration proles of
Cu-water decrease for stretching sheet but reverse
reverse effect is seen in temperature and concentration
proles for shrinking sheet with increasing power-law
parameter m.
(ii) With the increase in magnetic eld parameter , nano-
uid velocity prole decreases and there is increase in
the concentration proles also for stretching sheet
whereas reverse trend is found for shrinking sheet for
Cu-water nanouid.
(iii) Increase in buoyancy parameter Ri results in increase in
the nanouid velocity prole and decrease in the
temperature and concentration proles for stretching
and shrinking sheets for Cu-water nanouid.
(iv) The effect of increasing the thermal radiation parameter
Nr there is increase in the nanouid velocity, tempera-
ture and concentration proles for stretching sheet and
same trend is seen for shrinking sheet for value of
(i.e. closer to the sheet) for Cu-water nanouid.
(v) With the increase in Eckert number Ec, nanouid
velocity and temperature proles increase for stretching
and shrinking sheets whereas reverse trends are
observed on concentration proles for both stretching
and shrinking sheets for Cu-water nanouid.
(vi) Concentration prole for Cu-water closer to sheet
decreases with increasing Schmidt number Sc for both
types of stretching/shrinking sheet.
(vii) Temperature prole of Cu-water increases by increasing
for both stretching and shrinking sheets.
(viii) As magnetic parameter increases, local Nusselt num-
ber decreases for any value of Nr for stretching and
shrinking sheets.
(ix) As increases skin-friction coefcient, local Nusselt
number and Sherwood number decrease for the case of
stretching sheet for all three types of nanouids whereas
Dulal Pal, Gopinath Mandal
reverse trend is observed in skin-friction coefcient and
local Sherwood number for shrinking sheet.
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