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Amipox GRE Cal Manual
Amipox GRE Cal Manual
Calculation Manual
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Table of contents
Introduction....................................................................................................... 01
1 Pipe Properties................................................................................................. 03
1.1 Reinforced Wall Thickness........................................................................... 03
1.2 Total Wall Thickness..................................................................................... 04
1.3 Diameters..................................................................................................... 04
1.4 Pipe Cross-Sectional Area........................................................................... 05
1.5 Pipe Weight.................................................................................................. 05
1.6 Pipes Linear Moment of Inertia................................................................... 06
1.7 Allowable Collapse Pressure........................................................................ 06
1.8 Pipe Stiffness............................................................................................... 07
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1.9 Minimum Bending Radius............................................................................ 08
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2 Hydraulics......................................................................................................... 09
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2.1 Pipe Sizing................................................................................................... 09
2.2 Pressure Drop/Loss Calculations................................................................. 09
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References
Introduction
This calculation manual is intended for use of Amipox GRE pipe design and focus
primarily on the quantification of its section properties. ASTM D2992, ASME B31.3,
and API 15LR&HR are available pipe standards that are used by this manual in
determining the structural wall thickness of Amipox GRE pipe. Second, hydraulics
of fluid is considered for pipe sizing, energy losses, and water hammer which are of
equally important to be accounted by the designer. Thirdly, applications on above
ground is fundamental in the Amipox GRE pipe system due to its helical winding
process, such that above ground application is highlighted to undertake expansion
or contraction due to temperature change, contraction and elongation due to
Poissons effect, and longitudinal pressure respectively. These are the behavior of
Amipox GRE biaxial pipes being considered. Additionally, series of equations are
available in calculating the support spacing requirement of the pipeline that is
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needed to prevent excessive deflection due to weight of the pipe, fluid, and other
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loads. Lastly, for underground Amipox GRE pipeline design, AWWA M45 manual is
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referred to be used.
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1 Pipe Properties
PDi
tr = ; h = F HDB (eqn.1.1)
(2h P)
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tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)
h = allowable hoop stress (N/mm2)
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D i = average reinforced inner diameter (mm)
F
= TI
service design factor
(conservative value of 0.50 for static and
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1.0 for cyclic are used for Amipox pipes)
P = internal pressure (N/mm2)
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2Sc tr ; tr = Pc Dm
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1 Standard Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure Design Basis for Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-RTR) Pipe and Fittings (Par.3.1.8.)
2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Code for Pressure Piping B31.3, (Par. A304.1.2.c p.82.)
3 American Petroleum Institute (API): API Specifications 15LR (Par.5.5.1 to 5.5.2) and API Specifications 15HR (Par.5.1.1)
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1.2 Total Wall Thickness
Amipox pipe wall thickness consist of multiple layers namely resin rich liner, structural layer, and topcoat
layer, which defines the total wall thickness. Normally for Amipox standard pipes, liner thickness is 0.50mm
and top coat is 0.30 mm. However, topcoat layer is not considered in pipe design calculations.
1.3 Diameters
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Amipox pipe is manufactured using a fixed steel mandrel. The inside diameter of the pipe is controlled by
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the outside diameter of the mandrel while the outside diameter of the pipe depends on the laminate
thickness which is defined as a function of pipes pressure rating. Based on this fact, several notations for
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diameter were defined.
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1.3.1 Average Outside Diameter (Do)
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Do = di + 2t or Do = Di + 2tr (eqn.1.5)
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1.4 Pipe Cross-Sectional Area
1.4.1 Inner Pipe Cross-sectional Area (Ai)
Ai = (di)2 (eqn.1.8)
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Ai = inner pipe cross - sectional area (mm2)
di = pipe's inner diameter (mm)
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tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)
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1.4.3 Cross-sectional area of inner pipe's liner (Al)
Al = (di+tl)(tl) TI (eqn.1.10)
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Al = crosssectional area of inner pipe's liner (mm2)
di = pipe's inner diameter (mm)
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1.5.2 Fluid Weight (Wf)
Wf = Aif 9.81 10-6 (eqn.1.13)
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Do = average outside diameter (mm)
Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm)
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1.6.2 Moment of inertia of liner (Il)
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Il = (Di4 di4) (eqn.1.15)
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I = Is + Il (eqn.1.16)
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Pc = allowable collapse pressure (KPa)
Ec = effective circumferential modulus (Gpa)
tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)
Va/h = poisson ratio in hoop direction
di = pipe's inner diameter (mm)
Vh/a = poisson ratio in axial direction
Note: For industrial application use 70% of calculated value and for marine application use 30% of calculated value to
resist at least 30 meter water column.
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Ec t 3
STIS = () (eqn.1.18)
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12 Dm
STIS =
Dm =
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specific tangential stiffness (Pa)
mean diameter (mm)
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Ec = circumferential modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)
t = total wall thickness (mm)
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1.8.2 PS : Pipe Stiffness, by parallel plate load test per ASTM D 2412
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PS = 1000 Dy (eqn.1.19)
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t
PS = pipe stiffness (kPa)
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1.8.4 SF : Stiffness Factor per ASTM D 2412
SF = 0.149r3m PS 10-6 (eqn.1.21)
SF = stiffness factor (N m)
rm = mean pipe radius (mm)
PS = pipe stiffness (kPa)
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1.9.1 Minimum allowable bending radius (Rm)
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EbDo
Rm = ; sb = sa - sp
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2sb
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Rm= minimum allowable bending radius (m)
Eb = axial bending modulus at minimum temperature (Gpa)
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sa = allowable axial tensile stress (Mpa) for Amipox pipe 50% of the
ultimate axial strength from ASTM D2105 is utilized.
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2 Hydraulics
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2.1.2 Minimum Pipe Diameter
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2.1.2.1 Minimum pipe diameter for water
di = 186
Q/sg
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di = pipe's inner diameter (mm)
Q = flowrate (li/s)
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di = 262 Q/sg
(eqn.2.2)
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2.2.1 Hazen-Williams Equation
For water applications the Hazen-Williams equation is a useful tool to estimate the
pressure drop or head loss of liquids. The Hazen-Williams equation is applicable mainly
for water pipes under full turbulent conditions. More often, this method is used for water
in a temperature range of 0C to 37C.
Hazen-Williams defines a flow coefficient dependent on the pipe material. For Amipox
fiberglass pipe system the Hazen-Williams value is 150 and does not change with time,
while for the non-corroded steel pipe the value varies from 100 to 120, and for corroded
old steel pipe the value reduces to 75.
Q1.85
hf = 10.67 ( 1.85 4.87 )L (eqn.2.3)
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C di
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hf = head loss over lenght of pipe (m)
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Q = flowrate (m3/s)
C
C
=
=
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Hazen-Williams coefficient (dimensionless),
150 for Amipox pipe
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di = pipe's inner diameter (m)
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2.2.1.2 Hazen-Williams Equation for Amipox pipe with 100m pipe length (hf).
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Head loss for Amipox GRE pipe for liquid flow in meters of water column per 100m pipe
length using Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient C=150.
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Q1.852
hfa = 0.1007 ( ) (eqn.2.4)
di4.865
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Q = flowrate (m3/s)
di = pipe's inner diameter (m)
L v2
hf = f (eqn.2.5)
di (2g)
hf = lost head(m)
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe (m)
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di = pipe's inner diameter (m)
v = fluid velocity (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity = (9.81 m/s2)
fl = 64 (eqn.2.6)
Re
fl = friction factor for laminar flow (dimensionless)
Re = Reynolds number
For turbulent flow - the Reynold's number Re 4000, friction factor can be determined
from Colebrook equation:
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[ ] (eqn.2.7)
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1 = -2log e + 2.51
ft 3.7di Re ft
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Note: In as much as equation is difficult to calculate because it is implicit in (ft ) diagrams and computer programs are
used to give relation between friction factor (ft), Reynolds number (Re), and relative roughness e( ) One simplification
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to this formula within accuracy of 99% is by the use of (eqn.2.8). di
[ ( )]
Re -2
ft = 1.8 log (eqn.2.8)
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e = absolute surface roughness factor (m)
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= 5.3x10-6 for Amipox fiberglass pipe
ft = friction factor for turbulent flow(dimensionless)
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Re = i (eqn.2.9)
Re = Reynolds number
v = fluid velocity (m/s)
di = pipe's inner diameter (m)
= kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
hf = K v
2
(eqn.2.10)
2g
hf = lost head (m)
K = friction factors for fittings
v = fluid velocity (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity = (9.81 m/s2)
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Typical K values for Amipox GRE fittings
45 Elbow Standard 0.30
45 Elbow Mitered 0.50
90 Elbow Standard 0.40
90 Elbow Mitered 0.80
Tee Standard (flow through flow) 0.40
Tee Standard (flow through branch) 1.40
Reducer Small Diameter
One (1) Step 0.20
Two (2) Step 1.50
Reducer Large Diameter
One (1) Step 0.08
Two (2) Step 0.20
Note: Values reflect in here applies to Amipox GRE piping system only, additional sources of minor losses such as
valves and other appurtenances shall be taken into consideration by the user.
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2.2.3 Manning's Equation (Partially filled pipeline)
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The Manning's equation is used for water pipes with partial flow. This is the case
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normally in gravity flow condition, drainage lines, and sewerage applications where the
flow is under the influence of an elevation head and gradient of pipeline only.
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Qm = 1 Ai (R)3 (S) (eqn.2.11)
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Water hammer is the function of wave velocity and fluid density. Wave velocity can be determined from the
value of pipe's circumferential modulus of elasticity and other parameter. Since, the modulus of elasticity of
Amipox pipes are significantly lower than steels pipes, wave velocity is expected to be lower, thus making
Amipox pipes less susceptible to surge pressure when compared to steel pipes.
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sg = fluid specific gravity (dimensionless)
V = change in flow velocity (m/s)
a= 1
[ (f
g
1 d
+ i
k10 trEc109
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(eqn.2.13)
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di = pipe's inner diameter (mm)
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tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)
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Ec = circumferential modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)
2PsLw
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Pv = (eqn.2.15)
tv
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Note: Rapid valve closure can cause wave pressure buildup done by energy of moving fluid. These pressure wave
travels throughout the system and can result to damage far from the wave source. The longer the time taken to close
the valve, the less will be the risk of water hammer.
Pt = Ps + Pw (eqn.2.16)
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3 Above Ground Piping Systems
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L = length between anchors (m)
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Tc = temperature change (C)
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3.1.2 Change in length due to internal pressure and Poisson's effect.
pdi2L E
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Lp = (1-2vh/a l ) (eqn.3.2)
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4tDmEl Ec
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3.2.1 Thrust force due to internal pressure and Poisson's effect.
Fp = PAs 1-2vh/a El
Ec
( ) (eqn.3.4)
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Ft = Thrust force due to temperature (N)
Ct = coefficient of axial thermal expansion (mm/mm/C)
Tc=
A =
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temperature change (C)
cross-sectional area of the pipe (mm2)
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El = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)
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For design anchors, the current effects of pressure and temperature need to be added.
F = Fp + Ft (eqn.3.6)
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4 (m)(Eb)(ls)109
Ls =
(Wp+Wf) (eqn.3.7)
Description of pipe support
13 Single span simply supported (two supports per span length).
2.6 Pipe analyzed as fixed at both ends.
5.4 Pipe analyzed with partial support
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3.3.2 Guide Support Spacing
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Thermal stresses creates compressive buckling load to the pipe when expansion occurs,
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unless the pipe is constrained in a close interval to prevent buckling. Below is the
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equation to determine the maximum allowable guide spacing interval.
2Ebls
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Lg = (eqn.3.8)
Ct(As)(Tc)(Ec)
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References
American Society for Testing Material International. (2006). ASTM D 2992: Standard practice for
obtaining hydrostatic or pressure design basis for 'Fiberglass' (Glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-
resin) pipe and fittings petroleum and natural gas industries Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping .
P.A., United States: Author.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (2006). ASME Code for pressure piping, B31.3: Process
piping. Three Park Avenue, N.Y.: Author.
American Petroleum Institute. (2001). API Specification 15HR: Specification for high pressure
fiberglass line pipe (3rd. Ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.
American Petroleum Institute. (2008). API Specification 15LR: Specification for low pressure fiberglass
line pipe (7th. Ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.
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American Water Works Association. (2005). AWWA Manual of Water Supply Practices M45: fiberglass
pipe design (2nd. Ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.
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International Standard. (2002). ISO 14692: Petroleum and natural gas industries glass-reinforced
plastics (GRP) piping (1ST. Ed). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
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Young, W.C., Budynas, R.G. (2002). Roark's formulas for stress and strain (7th ed.). Two Penn Plaza,
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Utmost care has been taken to ensure that all contents of this brochure are accurate. However, AMIANTIT and its subsidiaries do not accept responsibility for
any problems which may arise as a result of errors in this publication. Therefore customers should make inquiries into the potential product supplier and
convince themselves of the suitability of any products supplied or manufactured by AMIANTIT and/or its subsidiaries before using them.
This handbook is intended as a
guide only. All values listed in the
product specifications are nominal.
Unsatisfactory product results may
occur due to environmental
fluctuations, variations in operating
procedures, or interpolation of data.
We highly recommend that any
personnel using this data have
specialised training and experience
in the application of these products
and their normal installation and
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operating conditions.
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The engineering staff should
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always be consulted before any
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ensure the suitability of the products
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for their intended purpose and
applications. We hereby state that
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AMIPOX
First Industrial City
P.O. Box 589
Dammam 31421
FT-AMIPOX V1 01-13-ENG
Saudi Arabia
Tel.: + 966 (3) 847 1500
Fax: + 966 92 000 4070
info@amiantit.com
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