Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C010311320 PDF
C010311320 PDF
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. I (May Jun. 2015), PP 13-20
www.iosrjournals.org
Abstract: A closed loop control of the fourth order (LCLC configuration) resonant converter has been
simulated and presented in this paper. The PI controller has been used for closed loop operation and the
performance of proposed converter has been estimated with the closed loop and the open loop condition. The
steady state-transient responses of nominal load, sudden line and load disturbances have been obtained to
validate the controller performance. The proposed approach is expected to provide better voltage regulation for
dynamic load conditions.
Keywords: Resonant Power Converter, LCLC configuration, PI Controller, State Space analysis
I. Introduction
The increasing efforts on pushing to high power density and high efficiency DC/DC converter have
lead us to develop converters capable of operating at higher switching frequency with high efficiency. For this
reason, resonant converters have made lots of attentions due to high efficiency, high switching frequency and
high power density. The invention and evolution of various DCDC resonant converters (RC) have been
focused for telecommunication and aerospace applications in the recent past. It has been set up that these
converters experience high switching loss, reduced reliability, increased electro-magnetic interference (EMI)
and high acoustic noise at high frequencies [1-12]. The LCLC resonant inverter is a forth order resonant
topology which has been successfully used in different industrial applications such as space power distribution
systems, resonant inverters, Ion generator power supplies, multi lamp operation ballasts, renewable energy
power conditioning systems, constant-current power supplies and dual-output resonant converters [13-19]. This
topology employs more parasitic elements and has many desirable features. Thus, it appears to be a serious
prospect for high voltage conversion [20-25]. The converter of this topology uses an inductive output filter
similar to a Parallel Resonant Converter (PRC) [1, 2]. In [12], [26] LCLC resonant converters with an LC output
filter are analyzed using the First Harmonic Approximation technique (FHA). In high voltage applications, a
resonant converter with a capacitive output filter is used, because the inductor in an output filter is bulky and
very difficult to fabricate [20][25].
Ls Cs Ls Ls Cs
Series resonant, parallel resonant and series-parallel resonant [26]. Depending on how the resonant
networks are combined with other circuit configurations, one can obtain several types of resonant converters.
The more common configurations are: DC-to-high-frequency-AC inverters, resonant DC-DC converters and
resonant link converters. In this work, the focus will be on the resonant DC-DC converters.
A main advantage of resonant converters is the reduced switching losses. Resonant converters can run
in either the zero-current-switching (ZCS) or zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) mode [27]. That means that turn-on
or turn-off transitions of semiconductor devices can occur at zero crossings of tank voltage or current
waveforms, thus reducing or eliminating some of the switching loss mechanisms. Since the losses are
proportional to switching frequency, converters can operate at higher switching frequencies than comparable
PWM converters [28].
G1 G3 Ideal Iout
DS4 L1 L2
DS1 1:n
iL D1 D3
C2
A
C1 Cf RL Vout
Vdc B
D2 D4
G2 G4 Load
DS3 Resonant Converter
DS2 (LCLC)
Diode Bridge
Rectifier
DC/AC converter
-
PWM PI
+
Vref
Fig. 2 closed loop control of resonant converter with LCLC configuration
This converter has also been often used with inductive output filter [29], [4]. However, in the current
work the focus will be on the converter with capacitive output filter because this configuration is better suited
for high-voltage applications. Eq. (1) gives the voltage conversion ratio of the series-parallel resonant converter.
Vo 4 k
21 (1)
nVin k v
1
k 21
tan
2 2
1 f s2, N 1 1
. f 2 1
s , N
1
C p R e C p R e
k v 1 0.27 sin
2
Where
. C p Cs - Ratio of the parallel to the series capacitor
- Output rectifier conduction angle
- Phase displacement of the fundamentals of the voltage across the parallel
capacitor and the input current of the output rectifier
C p R e - Dimensionless parameter
n - Transformer turns ratio
f s, N f s f o - Normalized switching frequency
fs - Switching frequency
f o 2 Ls CS 1
- Series resonant frequency
This converter operates for low power close to the parallel resonant frequency (2L pCs)-1) and for full
load, close to the series resonant frequency (2LsCs)-1). The real resonant frequency of the circuit changes with
the load as shown in Fig.3. This happens because the load defines the influence of Cp on the resonant frequency.
For high load the resonant current flows for only a small part of the switching period through C p. Thus, the
converter behaves as a series resonant converter and the resonant frequency is almost equal the series resonant
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10311320 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Implementation of PI controller for fourth order Resonant Power Converter with capacitive .
frequency fo. On the other hand, for low load the resonant current flows almost the whole switching period
through Cp. Therefore, the converter behaves as a parallel resonant converter. When operating above resonance,
the converter behaves as a series resonant converter at lower frequencies (high load operation) and as a parallel
resonant converter at higher frequencies (low load operation) [30]. At higher switching frequencies the series
capacitance becomes so small that it behaves just as a DC blocking capacitance.
The resonant inductor then resonates with the parallel capacitor and the converter operates in the
parallel resonant mode [31]. By proper selection of the resonant elements, the series-parallel resonant converter
has better control characteristics than the resonant converters with only two resonant elements [32] being less
sensitive to component tolerances. This configuration aims to take advantage of the desirable characteristics of
the series and the parallel converter while reducing or eliminating their drawbacks. Unlike the series resonant
converter, the series-parallel resonant converter is capable of both step-up and step-down operation [33]. This
capability can be observed in the voltage conversion ratio curves of the series-parallel resonant converter as
shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Voltage conversion ratio of a series-parallel resonant converter independency on the load and on the
normalized switching frequency
The voltage conversion ratio curves also show that the output voltage can be regulated at no load. Thus,
the main disadvantage of the series resonant converter is successfully eliminated with this configuration. It is
important to note that the lower the value of the parallel resonant capacitor C p the more the circuit will have the
characteristic of a series resonant converter. Therefore, the value of the parallel resonant capacitor Cp may not
be too low in order to permit that the converter takes the characteristic of the parallel resonant converter at light
load. When the resonant current flows for a long interval of the switching period through C p (and this is the case
at light load operation), it is increased above the level expected in the series resonant converter, producing a
higher output voltage. Therefore the presence of Cp in combination with Ls results in boosting of the converter
output voltage at light load [33].
The main disadvantage of the parallel resonant converter, i.e. the high device current independent on
the load is supposed to be eliminated in the series-parallel resonant converter. Unfortunately this drawback
cannot be totally removed but, with the proper choice of the resonant elements, it can be considerably reduced
for certain load levels [29], [26]. The limiting factor in reducing Cp, to reduce circulating current is the upper
switching frequency limit. As the value of Cp gets lower relative to Cs, the ratio = Cp/Cs also gets lower and
consequently the converter operating frequency range gets wider. As very high switching frequencies are not
desirable due to practical implementation limitations, one has to find a compromise between reducing the
circulating current for low loads and having a reasonable limit for the upper switching frequency. Normally one
designs the converter such that it operates essentially as a series resonant converter so that the circulating current
will decrease as the load decreases to a certain level. Below this level, the converter behaves like a parallel
resonant converter, and the circulating current no longer decreases with load [4]. Unfortunately, in the case of
high-voltage generation, where high voltage conversion ratio is required, the value of Cp cannot be significantly
reduced. Thus, the circulating current does not decrease considerably with the load and losses remain almost
unchanged.
The PI controller used to tune the gate pulses of the inverter MOSFETs corresponding to the load
voltage with respect to the reference voltage. The pulse generation using PI controller as shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
Fig. 6 Matlab Simulink model of the proposed LCLC Resonant converter with closed loop operation
1.5
S1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
1.5
1
S2
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time in sec
30
Voltage Vin (V)
25
20
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
40
Voltage V0 (V)
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec)
0.4
0.3
Current (A)
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
40
30
Voltage (V)
20
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time (sec)
Fig. 9 Output voltage and current responses of LCLC SPRC at initial condition
Current (A)
0.4
0.35
42
40
Voltage (V)
38
36
34
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
Time (sec)
Fig.10 Output voltage and current responses of LCLC-SPRC with load changes
Fig.7 shows the zero voltage and zero current switching responses of switches S1 and S2 of the LCLC-
SPRC power converter. Fig.8 shows the input and output voltage and current responses of LCLC-SPRC with PI
controller. The servo response of the LCLC converter with PI controller has been observed from the figure 8. It
represents the input voltage suddenly incremented from 24V to 28V at t=1.4 sec and suddenly decremented to
20V at 1.6 sec and return back to the actual input voltage of 24V at 1.8 sec. During this time period of t=1. 4 -
1.8 Sec the output does not vary due to servo disturbance and the boosted output voltage is held as constant of
38V. Fig.9 shows the output voltage and current responses of LCLC SPRC at initial condition. Fig.10 shows
the output voltage and current responses of LCLC-SPRC with load changes. During this regulatory response, the
converter output voltage has been quickly settled with its reference value without any fluctuation with load
increment at t=1.4 and load decrement at 1.8 sec.
VI. Conclusion
In this paper, a new LCLC configuration is proposed by using state space analysis. The output voltage
and current are obtained using zero voltage and zero current switching time using PI controller. The steady-state
solutions have been deduced and simplified by introducing the output voltage coefficient. The reaction time of
resonant current has been calculated using output voltage coefficient, indicating a frequency limit that takes in
the converter to operate in CCM. From the simulation results, it is apparent that the proposed LCLC resonant
power converter has reached its steady state response without any oscillations with implementation of PI
controller. In time to come it may continue the operation of LCLC-SPRC with fuzzy and neural controllers and
compare the performance about the same.
References
[1]. M.K. Kazimierczuk and D. Czarkowski, Resonant Power Converters (JohnWiley and Sons Inc., 1995).
[2]. R.W. Erickson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997).
[3]. I Batarseh, Resonant converter topologies with three and four energy storage elements, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 9(1), 1994, 64-
73.
[4]. R L Steigerwald, A comparison of half-bridge resonant converter topologies, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 3(2), 1988, 174-182.
[5]. A K S Bhat, Fixed-frequency PWM series-parallel resonant converter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl, 28(5), 1992, 1002-1009.
[6]. H. I. Sewell, M. P. Foster, C. M. Bingham, D. A. Stone, D. Hente, and D. Howe, Analysis of voltage output LCC resonant
converters, including boost mode operation, IEE Proc. Electronics Power Application, 2003, 673-679.
[7]. J A Martin-Ramos, J. Diaz, A. M. Pernia, J. M. Lopera, and F. Nuno, Dynamic and steady-state models for the PRC-LCC resonant
topology with a capacitor as output filter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 54(4), 2007, 2262-2275.
[8]. Y. A. Ang, C. M. Bingham, M. P. Foster, D. A. Stone, and D. Howe, Design oriented analysis of fourth-order LCLC converters
with capacitive output filter, IEE Proc. Electronic Power Application, 2005, 310-322.
[9]. J L Sosa, M. Castilla, J. Miret, L. G. Vicuna, and J. Matas, Modeling and performance analysis of the DC/DC seriesparallel
resonant converter operating with discrete self-sustained phase-shift modulation technique, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 56(3), 2009,
697-705.
[10]. M Borage, K. V. Nagesh, M. S. Bhatia, and S. Tiwari, Design of LCL-T resonant converter including the effect of transformer
winding capacitance, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 56(5), 2009, 1420-1427.
[11]. E H Kim and B. H. Kwon, Zero-voltage- and zero-current-switching full-bridge converter with secondary resonance, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron, 57(3), 2010, 1017-1025.
[12]. J H Cheng and A. F. Witulski, Analytic solutions for LLCC parallel resonant converter simplify use of two-and three-element
converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 13(2), 1998, 235-243.
[13]. P K Jain and M. C. Tanju, A unity power factor resonant AC/DC converter for high-frequency space power distribution system,
IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 12(2), 1997, 325-331.