Chng 3.

Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

CHNG 3

MT S K THUT TRONG WCDMA

Gii thiu:

Vi nhng ci tin v k thut: k thut m ha, iu ch s, iu khin cng sut,

h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 WCDMA tng dung lng ng tryn
mt cch ng k ng thi cung cp cc dch v tc d liu cao ( 384 Kbps n
2 Mbps) v truyn thng a phng tin. Tnh bo mt thng tin ca h thng c
m bo nh k thut tri ph trc tip, s dng cc b m gi ngu nhin PN, mi
thu bao c xem nh l tp m nhiu ca thu bao khc.

Mc ch ca chng:

Tm hiu cc k thut s dng trong WCDMA:

K thut m ha.
K thut iu ch s.
K thut tri ph.
K thut chuyn giao.

3.1 M ha
Trong thng tin di ng, ba dng m ho kim sot li c s dng l: M
khi tuyn tnh hay c th l m vng, m xon hay m chp, m turbo.

Trong m vng c s dng pht hin li cn hai m cn li c s dng

sa li v thng c gi l m knh. M Turbo c s dng cc h thng
thng tin di ng th h ba khi tc bit cao.

3.1.1 M vng
M vng cho php kim tra d vng (CRC= Cyclic Redundancy check) hay
ch th cht lng khung cc bn tin. M vng l mt tp con ca m khi tuyn
tnh. B m ho c c trng bng a thc to m. C k bit vo th b to m cho

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

ra mt t m n bit, trong n-k bit l cc bit CRC c b sung vo k bit u vo.

B m ny c t l m l r=k/n. m ny t m c rt ra t hai a thc: a thc
to m G(X) bc n-k v a thc bn tin M(X), trong X l ton t tr. T m c
tnh ton nh sau:

- Nhn a thc bn tin M(X) vi Xn-k.

- Chia tch M(X).Xn-k nhn c trn cho a thc to m c phn d R(X).

- Kt hp phn d vi tch trn ta c a thc t m

C(X)= M(X).Xn-k + R(X)

Cc a thc to m c s dng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba tnh

ton cc CRC c th l:

GCRC24(X) = X24 + X23+ X6+X5+ X +1

GCRC16(X) = X16+ X12+ X5 +1

GCRC12(X) = X12 + X11+ X3 + X2+X +1

GCRC8(X) = X8 + X7+ X4 + X3 + X + 1

V d:
M(X) = 1101011011 (k=10)
G(X)=10011 bc n-k =4, n=14, thm 4 s 0 vo M(X)
M(X).Xn-k = 11010110110000
Chia M(X).Xn-k cho G(X) ly phn d ghp vo bn tin gc t m pht i

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

CRC Example

Checksummed frame will be transmitted:

(Frame with 4 zero bits are appended minus
remainder)
1101011011 1110

Ogrinal frame Checksum

27

3.1.2 M xon (m chp)

m xon mt khi n bt m c to ra khng ch ph thuc vo k bit bn
tin u vo m cn ph thuc vo cc bit bn tin ca cc khi trc . M xon
c xc nh bng cc thng s sau:

- T l m: r = k/n

- di hu hn k (ph thuc vo s phn t nh ca thanh ghi dch to nn b m

ho).

Mt b m ho xon gm mt thanh ghi dch to thnh t cc phn t nh,

cc u ra ca cc phn t nh c cng vi nhau theo mt qui lut nht nh
to nn cc chui m, sau cc chui ny c ghp xen vi nhau to chui m
u ra.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

M chp cng c c trng bi hai s nguyn l n v k nh m khi, nhng n bit

ra khi b m ha khng ch ph thuc vo k bit vo m cn ph thuc vo K-1 b
k bit vo trc . K c gi l di rng buc (constraint length). M chp (n,
k, K) c xy dng t cc thanh ghi dch k bit. Vy c th xem m chp l m c
nh, l im khc bit c bn ca m chp so vi m khi.

3.1.3 M Turbo
M Turbo l s kt ni ca hai hay nhiu b m ring bit to ra mt b
m tt hn v cng ln hn. C hai kiu kt ni c bn: kt ni ni tip v kt ni
song song. Vi m ni tip th thng thng b m ho 1 l m R-S (Reed Solonon)
cn b m ho 2 l m chp. Ta cng c th dng cc b m khi thay th cc b
m ho ny.

Trong b m Turbo s dng mt b m tch chp c bit: m tch chp h

thng quy (Recursive Systematic Convolutional Code_RSC). M tch chp c
tnh h thng l m tch chp m c mt phn t m ng ra chnh l dy tin u
vo, tc l u vo ca dy tin c a trc tip n mt trong nhng ng ra ca
b m. Do cu trc nh vy nn yu cu ca b m ha v gii m t phc tp hn
so vi m khng h thng.

Mt b m tch chp thng thng c biu din qua cc chui g1= [1 1 1]

v g2 = [ 1 0 1] v c th c vit l G = [ g1, g2]. B m ho RSC tng ng b
m ho tch chp thng thng c biu din l G = [ 1, g2/g1 ] trong ng ra
u tin ( biu din bi g1) c hi tip v ng vo, g1 l ng ra h thng, g2 l ng
ra feedforward.

Mt b m ho tch chp quy c khuynh hng cho ra cc t m c trng

s cao hn so vi b m ho khng quy, ngha l b m tch chp quy cho ra
t t m c trng s thp v cng dn n vic thc hin sa sai tt hn.

Hnh 3.1 ch ra s m ha m Turbo kt ni song song vi hai b m RSC

thnh phn.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Hnh 3.1 B m ho turbo kt ni song song

Mi b m ho RSC c gi l cc b m thnh phn (constituent code).

Cc b m thnh phn c th khc nhau, tc m khc nhau nhng c cng c
khi bit ng vo l k, cc chui m ho ng ra bao gm mt chui h thng (chui
bit vo). b m ho th hai, chui bit nhn vo m ho trc ht phi qua mt
b chn. Tt c cc chui m ho ng ra s c hp li thnh mt chui bit duy
nht n bit trc khi truyn. Hnh 3.2 v d v m turbo ng dng trong h thng
UMTS .

Hnh 3.2 M Turbo dng trong h thng UMTS

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

3.2 Phng thc iu ch

3.2.1 Phng thc iu ch PSK

PSK l phng thc iu ch m pha ca tn hiu sng mang cao tn bin
i theo tn hiu bng tn gc.

Gi s tn hiu sng mang c biu din: f0 (t)=cos( t+ )

Biu thc tn hiu bng gc s(t) l tn hiu dng nh phn (0,1) hay l mt dy NRZ
(Non-Return Zero). Khi tn hiu iu pha PSK c dng:

P(t) = cos { ot + + [s(t).] /2}

Trong : = 2 /n l s sai pha gia cc pha ln cn ca tn hiu.

Biu din tn hiu theo kiu cu phng:

P(t) = cos { ot + + [s(t).] /2}

= cos { [s(t).] /2}.cos( ot + )- sin{ [s(t).] /2}.sin( ot + )

t a(t) = cos { [s(t).] /2}

b(t)= - sin{ [s(t).] /2}

P(t)= a(t). cos( ot + )+ b(t). sin( ot + )

Vy tn hiu iu pha l tng ca hai tn hiu iu bin vung gc nhau.

3.2.2 Phng thc iu ch BPSK

Vi n= 2, = th ta c kiu iu ch BPSK (2-PSK). Tn hiu BPSK c dng:

P(t) = cos { ot + + [s(t). /2}

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Hnh 3.3 Tn hiu BPSK

Tn hiu bng gc s(t) l xung NRZ lng cc v s iu ch ny s dng

mt trong hai pha lch nhau 1800.

- Vi cc bt 1: P1(t)=cos{ + + }

- Vi cc bt -1: P-1(t)=cos{ + - }

Nh vy, bin ca tn hiu BPSK khng i trong qu trnh truyn dn,

nhng b chuyn i trng thi.

Hnh 3.4 Biu vect ca BPSK

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

3.2.3 Phng thc iu ch QPSK

Vi n= 4, = ta c kiu iu ch 4- PSK hay QPSK. Tn hiu QPSK c

dng:

P(t) = cos (ot + + s(t). } )

Tn hiu bng gc s(t) l xung NRZ lng cc nhn 4 gi tr. S nguyn

l b iu ch 4- PSK s dng mt trong 4 pha lch nhau 900 c gi l 4- PSK
hay PSK cu phng (QPSK).

b(t)=1

s(t) P(t)
SPC
B quay
pha 90

a(t)= 1

Sng mang chun f0(t)

Hnh 3.5 S nguyn l iu ch tn hiu QPSK

Tn hiu bng gc c c a vo b bin i ni tip thnh song song,

u ra c hai lung s liu c tc bt gim i mt na, ng thi bin i tn
hiu n cc thnh tn hiu 1. Hai sng mang a ti hai b trn lm lch pha
nhau 900. Tng hp tn hiu u ra hai b trn ta c tn hiu QPSK. Tn hiu ra
hai b trn:

M1 (t) = a(t).cos o.t M2 (t)= b(t).sin ot vi a(t)= 1 b(t)=1

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Tn hiu QPSK l:

P(t) = a(t)cos o.t + b(t)sin ot

S tn hiu QPSK v Biu vecto c mnh ha nh sau:

Hnh 3.6 Tn hiu QPSK v biu vecto

3.2.4 Phng thc iu ch bin cu phng QAM

iu ch bin cu phng l phng php iu ch kt hp gia iu ch
bin ASK v iu ch pha PSK. Trong phng thc iu ch ny, ta thc hin
iu ch bin nhiu mc 2 sng mang m 2 sng mang ny c dch pha 1 gc
900. Tn hiu tng ca 2 sng mang ny c dng va iu bin va iu pha:

Q1(t) = a(t).cos [ot + 1(t)] v Q2(t) = b(t).sin [ot + 2(t)]

Tn hiu s(t) l tng ca 2 thnh phn ss(t) v sc(t) v c biu din nh sau:

= 1 + 2 = a(t).cos [ot + 1(t)] + b(t).sin [ot + 2(t)]

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Nh c bin thay i m cc trng thi pha ca sng mang cch xa

nhau, do vy kh nng mc li s gim y cng chnh l u im ca QAM.

2/L LPF

t/h

SPC B quay
s(t) M-QAM
pha 90

2/L LPF

sng mang

Hnh 3.7 S nguyn l iu ch tn hiu M-QAM

B chuyn i SPC chuyn i tn hiu iu ch vo thnh 2 chui tn hiu

NRZ song song. B bin i 2/L c chc nng chuyn i chui NRZ thnh chui
tn hiu c L= . Vi L= 4 th M=16, ta c iu ch 16-QAM v vi L= 8 th
M=64 ta c iu ch 64-QAM.

Hnh 3.8 Biu khng gian tn hiu 16-QAM

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Hnh 3.9 Biu khng gian tn hiu QAM nhiu trng thi

3.3 Tri ph

3.3.1 Tri ph trong WCDMA

3.1.1.1 Cc h thng thng tin tri ph

Trong cc h thng thng tin thng thng rng bng tn l vn quan
tm chnh v cc h thng ny c thit k s dng cng t rng bng tn
cng tt. Trong cc h thng iu ch bin , rng bng tn cn thit pht
mt ngun tn hiu tng t gp hai ln rng bng tn ca ngun ny. Trong cc
h thng iu tn rng bng tn ny c th bng vi ln rng bng tn ngun
ph thuc vo ch s iu ch. i vi mt tn hiu s, rng bng tn cn thit c
cng gi tr vi tc bit ca ngun. rng bng tn chnh xc cn thit trong
trng hp ny ph thuc v kiu iu ch (BPSK, QPSK v.v...).

Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (vit tt l SS: Spread Spectrum)

rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi
c pht. Khi ch c mt ngi s dng trong bng tn SS, s dng bng tn nh
vy khng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, cc ngi s
dng ny c th dng chung mt bng tn SS (tri ph) v h thng tr nn s dng
bng tn c hiu sut m vn duy tr c cc u im ca tri ph.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l SS nu:

- Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng bng tn ti
thiu cn thit pht thng tin.
- Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu.
C ba kiu h thng SS c bn: chui trc tip (DSSS: Direct-Sequence
Spreading Spectrum), nhy tn (FHSS: Frequency-Hopping Spreading Spectrum)
v nhy thi gian (THSS: Time-Hopping Spreading Spectrum). Cng c th nhn
c cc h thng lai ghp t cc h thng ni trn. WCDMA s dng DSSS,
DSSS t c tri ph bng cch nhn lung s cn truyn vi mt m tri ph c
tc chip (Rc=1/Tc, Tc l thi gian mt chip) cao hn nhiu tc bit (Rb=1/Tb, Tb
l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. Hnh 3.10 minh ha qu trnh tri ph
trong Tb=15Tc hay Rc=15Rb. Hnh 3.10a cho thy s n gin ca b tri ph
DSSS trong lung s cn truyn x c tc Rb c nhn vi mt m tri ph c
tc Rc c lung u ra y c tc Rc ln hn nhiu so vi tc Rb ca
lung vo. Cc hnh 3.10b v 3.10c biu th qu trnh tri ph trong min thi gian
v min tn s.
Ti pha thu lung y c thc hin gii tri ph khi phc li lung x
bng cch nhn lung ny vi m tri ph c ging nh pha pht: x=yc

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Hnh 3.10 Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)

x, y v c k hiu tng qut cho tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph; x(t), y(t) v c(t) k
hiu cho cc tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph trong min thi gian; X(f), Y(f) v C(f)
k hiu cho cc tn hiu vo, ra v m tri ph trong min tn s; Tb l thi gian
mt bit ca lung s cn pht, Rb=1/Tb l tc bit ca lung s cn truyn; Tc l
thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph, Rc=1/Tc l tc chip ca m tri ph.
Rc=15Rb v Tb=15Tc.

3.1.1.2 p dng DSSS cho CDMA

Trong cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA, mt tp m trc
giao c s dng v mi ngi s dng c gn mt m tri ph ring. Cc m
tri ph ny phi m bo iu kin trc giao sau y:

1. Tch hai m ging nhau bng 1: cici=1.

2. Tch hai m khc nhau s l mt m mi trong tp m: cicj=ck.
1 N
3. C s bit 1 bng s bit -1 trong mt m Ck = 0 , trong N l s
N k=1
chip v Ck l gi tr chip k trong mt m.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Bng 3.1. cho thy th d s dng b m gm tm m trc giao: c0, c1, , c7.
Bng 3.2 v 3.3 cho thy th d khi nhn hai m ging nhau trong bng 1 c 1 v
nhn hai m khc nhau trong bng 3.1 ta c mt m mi.
Bng 3.1 Th d b tm m trc giao
c0 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

c1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1

c2 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1

c3 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1

c4 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1

c5 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1

c6 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1

c7 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1

Bng 3.2 Th d nhn hai m ging nhau trong bng 1 c mt

c1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1

c1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1

c1c1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Bng 3.3 Th d nhn hai m khc nhau trong bng 1

c1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1

c3 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1

= c2 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Nu ta xt mt h thng gm K ngi s dng c xy dng trn c s CDMA,

th sau tri ph cc ngi s dng ny s pht vo khng gian tp cc tn hiu y nh
sau:
K K
=y i =
y c x
=i 1=i 1
i i (3.1)

Ta xt qu trnh x l tn hiu ny ti mt my thu k. Nhim v ca my thu ny l

phi ly ra xk v loi b cc tn hiu khc (cc tn hiu ny c gi l nhiu ng
knh v trong h thng CDMA chng c pht trn cng mt tn s vi xk). Nhn
(3.1) vi Ck v p dng quy tc trc giao ni trn ta c:

(3.2)

Thnh phn th nht trong (3.2) chnh l tn hiu hu ch cn thnh phn th

hai l nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cn l nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc c
gi l MAI (Multiple Access Interferrence: nhiu a ngi s dng). loi b
thnh phn th hai my thu s dng b lc tng quan trng min thi gian kt hp
vi b lc tn s trong min tn s. Hnh 3.11 xt qu trnh gii tri ph v lc ra tn
hiu hu ch ti my thu k trong mt h thng CDMA c K ngi s dng vi gi
thit cng sut pht t K my pht nh nhau ti u vo my thu k. Hnh 3.11a cho
thy s gii tri ph DSSS. Hnh 3.11b cho thy ph ca tn hiu tng c pht
i t K my pht sau tri ph, hnh 3.11c cho thy ph ca tn hiu ny sau gii tri
ph ti my thu k v hnh 3.11d cho thy ph ca tn hiu sau b lc thng thp vi
bng thng bng Rb.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Hnh 3.11 Qu trnh gii tri ph v lc tn hiu ca ngi s dng k t K tn

hiu.

T hnh 3.11 ta thy t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR: Signal to Interference

Ratio) l t s gia din tch hnh ch nht c t m trn hnh 3.11c v tng
din tch cc hnh ch nht trng trn hnh 3.11d: SIR=S1/S2. T s ny t l vi t
s Rc/Rb, v th t s Rc/Rb c gi l li x l (Processing Gain).

3.1.1.3 Cc m tri ph trong W-CDMA

Khi nim tri ph c p dng cho cc knh vt l, khi nim ny bao
gm hai thao tc. u tin l thao tc nh knh, trong mi k hiu s liu c
chuyn thnh mt s chip nh vy tng rng ph tn hiu. S chip trn mt k
hiu (hay t s gia tc chip v tc k hiu) c gi l h s tri ph (SF:
Spectrum Factor), hay ni mt cch khc SF=Rs/Rc trong Rs l tc k hiu
cn Rc l tc chip. H s tri ph l mt gi tr kh bin, ngoi tr i vi knh
chia s ng xung vt l tc cao (HS-PDSCH ) trong HSDPA c SF=16. Thao
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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

tc th hai l thao tc ngu nhin ha tng tnh trc giao trong mt m ngu
nhin ha c trn vi tn hiu tri ph. M ngu nhin ho c xy dng trn
c s m Gold.

Trong qu trnh nh knh, cc k hiu s liu c nhn vi mt m OVSF

(Orthogonal Variable Spread Factor: m trc giao h s kh bin) ng b v thi
gian vi bin ca k hiu. Trong 3GPP, OVSF (hnh 3.12) c s dng cho cc
tc k hiu khc nhau v c k hiu l Cch,SF,k trong SF l h s tri ph
ca m v k l s th t m (0kSF-1). Cc m nh knh c cc tnh cht trc
giao v c s dng phn bit cc thng tin c pht i cng t mt ngun:
(1) cc kt ni khc nhau trn ng xung trong cng mt trn ng xung v
gim nhiu ni , (2) cc knh s liu vt l ng ln t mt UE. Trn ng
xung cc m OVSF trong mt b hn ch v th cn c qun l bi RNC, tuy
nhin iu ny khng xy ra i vi ng ln.
Cn lu khi chn m nh knh chng khng tng quan vi nhau.
Chng hn khi chn m Cch,8,4=+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1, khng c s dng m
Cch,16,8=+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1; v hai m ny hon ton ging nhau
(tch ca chng bng 1) v chng s gy nhiu cho nhau.
Cc m OVSF ch hiu qu khi cc knh c ng b hon ho ti mc k
hiu. Mt tng quan cho do truyn sng a ng c b tr bi thao tc ngu
nhin ha b sung. Vi thao tc ngu nhin ha, phn thc (I) v phn o (Q) ca
tn hiu tri ph c nhn b sung vi m ngu nhin ha phc. M ngu nhin
ha phc c s dng phn bit cc ngun pht: (1) cc khc nhau i vi
ng xung v (2) cc UE khc nhau i vi ng ln. Cc m ny c cc tnh
cht tng quan tt (trung bnh ha nhiu) v lun c s dng trn vi cc
m tri ph nhng khng lm nh hng rng ph tn hiu v bng thng truyn
dn.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Hnh 3.12 Cy m nh knh

ng truyn gia nt B v UE trong WCDMA cha nhiu knh. C th

chia cc knh ny thnh hai loi: (1) knh ring truyn lu lng v (2) knh
chung mang cc thng tin iu khin v bo hiu. ng truyn t UE n nt B
c gi l ng ln, cn ng ngc li t nt B n UE c gi l ng
xung. Trc ht ta xt tri ph cho cc knh ng ln.

3.3.2 Tri ph v iu ch ng ln

3.3.2.1 Tri ph v iu ch cc knh ring ng ln

Nguyn l tri ph cho DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel: knh s
liu vt l ring, knh truyn lu lng ca ngi s dng) v DPCCH
(Dedicated Physical Control Channel: knh iu khin vt l ring; knh i cng
vi DPDCH mang thng tin iu khin lp vt l) c minh ha trn hnh 3.13.

Mt DPCCH v cc i su DPDCH song song gi tr thc c th c tri ph v

pht ng thi. DPCCH lun c tri ph bng m Cc=Cch,256,0, trong k=0. Nu
ch mt knh DPDCH c pht trn ng ln, th DPDCH1 c tri ph vi m
Cd,1=Cch,SF,k, trong k=SF/4 l s m OVSF v k=SF/4. Ngha l nu h s tri
ph SF=128 th k=32. Nu nhiu DPDCH c pht, th tt c DPDCH u c h
s tri ph l 4 (tc bit knh l 960kbps) v DPDCHn c tri ph bi m
Cd,n=Cch,4,k, trong k=1 nu n{1,2}, k=3 nu n{3,4} v k=2 nu n{5,6}.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

b tr s khc nhau gia cc h s tri ph ca s liu, tn hiu tri ph c nh

trng s bng cc h s khuych i k hiu l c cho DPCCH v d cho DPDCH.
Cc h s khuych i ny c tnh ton bi SRNC v c gi n UE trong giai
on thit lp ng truyn v tuyn hay t li cu hnh. Cc h s khuych i
nm trong di t 0 n 1 v t nht mt trong s cc gi tr ca c v d lun lun
bng 1. Lung chip ca cc nhnh I v Q sau c cng phc vi nhau v c
ngu nhin ha bi mt m ngu nhin ha phc c k hiu l Sdpch,n trn hnh
3.13. M ngu nhin ha ny c ng b vi khung v tuyn, ngha l chip th
nht tng ng vi u khung v tuyn.

Hnh 3.13 Tri ph v iu ch DPDCH v DPCCH ng ln

Cc nghin cu cho thy mi s pht khng lin tc trn ng ln c th

gy nhiu m thanh cho thit b m thanh t gn my u cui di ng. Th d in
hnh l trng hp nhiu tn s khung (217 Hz=1/4,615ms) gy ra do cc u cui
GSM. trnh hiu ng ny, knh DPCCH v cc knh DPDCH khng c ghp

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

theo thi gian m c ghp theo m I/Q (iu ch QPSK hai knh) vi ngu nhin
ho phc. Minh ha trn hnh 3.14 cho thy s iu ch ny cho php truyn dn
lin tc ngay c trong cc chu k im lng khi ch c thng tin iu khin lp 1
duy tr hot ng ng truyn (DPCCH) l c pht.

Hnh 3.14 Truyn dn knh iu khin vt l ring ng ln v knh s

liu vt l ring ng ln khi c/ khng c (DTX) s liu ca ngi s dng
Nh minh ha trn hnh 3.15, cc m ngu nhin ha phc c to ra bng
cch quay pha gia cc chip trong mt chu k k hiu trong gii hn 900. Bng
cch ny hiu sut ca b khuch i (lin quan n t s cng sut nh trn cng
sut trung bnh) trong UE hu nh khng i khng ph thuc vo t s gia
DPDCH v DPCCH.

Hnh 3.15 Chm tn hiu i vi ghp m I/Q s dng ngu nhin ha phc,
biu din cho t s cng sut gia DPDCH v DPCCH

DPCCH v cc DPDCH c th c ngu nhin ha bng cc m ngu nhin

di hoc ngn. C 224 m ngu nhin ha di ng ln v 224 m ngu nhin ngn

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

ng ln. V c th s dng c hng triu m nn khng cn quy hoch m

ng ln. S m ngu nhin cho DPCH (0,., 16777215), cng vi SF thp nht
c php ca m nh knh (4, 8, 16, 32, 128 v 256) cho phn s liu c n
nh bi cc lp cao hn, chng hn khi thit lp kt ni RRC hoc khi iu khin
chuyn giao.

3.3.2.2 Tri ph v iu ch knh chung ng ln PRACH

Phn ny s trnh by n nh m cho tin t v phn bn tin ca PRACH l
mt dng knh chung ng ln.

Tri ph v ngu nhin ha phn bn tin PRACH c minh ha trn Hnh

3.16.

Hnh 3.16 Tri ph v iu ch phn bn tin PRACH

Phn iu khin ca bn tin PRACH c tri ph bng m nh knh

Cc=Cch,256,m, trong m=16.s+15 v s (0 s15) l ch k tin t v phn s liu
c tri ph bng m nh knh Cd=Cch,SF,m, trong SF (c gi tr t 32 n 256)
l h s tri ph s dng cho phn s liu v m=SF.s/16.

Phn bn tin PRACH lun lun c tri ph bng m ngu nhin ha di. di
ca m ngu nhin ha c s dng cho phn bn tin l 10ms. C tt c l 8192
m ngu nhin ha.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

3.3.3 Tri ph v iu ch ng xung

3.3.3.1 S tri ph v iu ch ng xung

Khi nim tri ph v ngu nhin ha ng xung c minh ha trn hnh
3.17. Ngoi tr cc SCH (knh ng b), mi cp hai bit knh trc ht c bin
i t ni tip vo song song tng ng mt k hiu iu ch, sau c t ln
cc nhnh I v Q. Sau cc nhnh I v Q c tri ph n tc 3,84Mcps bng
cng mi m nh knh Cch,SF,m. Cc chui chip gi tr thc trn cc nhnh I v Q
sau c ngu nhin ha bng m ngu nhin ha phc nhn dng ngun pht
nt B, m ny c k hiu l Sdl,n trn hnh 3.17. M ngu nhin ha ny c
ng b vi m ngu nhin ha s dng cho P-CCPCH (knh vt l iu khin
chung s cp), trong chp phc u tin ca khung P-CCPCH c nhn vi
chip s 0 ca m ngu nhin ha ny.

Sau tri ph, mi knh vt l ng xung (tr cc SCH) c nh trng s

bng cc h s trng s ring k hiu l Gi nh trn hnh 3.17. P-SCH v S-SCH gi
tr phc c nh trng s ring bng cc h s trng s Gp v Gs. Tt c cc knh
ng xung c kt hp vi nhau bng cng phc. Chui nhn c sau tri ph
v ngu nhin ha c iu ch QPSK.

Hnh 3.17 S tri ph v iu ch cho tt c cc knh vt l ng xung

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

3.3.3.2 Cc m tri ph ng xung

Trn ng xung, cng cc m nh knh nh trn ng ln (m OVSF)
c s dng. Thng thng mi ch c mt cy m v mi cy m c t di
mt m ngu nhin ha dng chung cho nhiu ngi s dng. Theo quy inh,
cc m nh knh dng cho P-CPICH v P-CCPCH l Cch,256,0 v Cch,256,1. B qun
l ti nguyn trong RNC n nh cc m nh knh cho tt c cc knh khc vi gii
hn SF=512 trong trng hp s dng chuyn giao phn tp.

M OVSF c th thay i theo tng khung trn knh PDSCH. Quy tc thay i nh
sau, cc m OVSF c s dng cho kt ni pha di h s tri ph nh nht l m
t nhnh cy, m nhnh cy m c ch ra bi h s tri ph thp nht ny. Nu
DSCH c sp xp ln nhiu PDSCH song song, th quy tc tng t c p
dng, nhng tt c cc nhnh m c s dng bi cc m ny tng ng vi h s
tri ph nh nht u c th s dng cho n nh h s tri ph cao hn.

3.3.3.3 Cc m ngu nhin ha ng xung

Trn ng xung ch c cc m ngu nhin ha di l c s dng. C tt
c 218-1=262143 m ngu nhin c nh s t 0 n 262142. Cc chui m ngu
nhin c k hiu l Sdl,n c cu trc bng cc on ca chui Gold. tng tc
qu trnh tm , ch 8192 m trong s 262143 c s dng trong thc t v c
ct ngn ly on u 38400 chip ph hp vi chu k khung 10 ms. Nh minh
ha trn hnh 3.21, ch c cc m vi n=0,1,, 8191 c s dng. Cc m ny
c chia thnh 512 tp. Mi tp gm 16 m (i=015) vi mt m s cp v 15
m th cp. 8 tp (i=07) vi 8x16 m hp thnh mt nhm to nn 64 nhm
(j=063).

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

Hnh 3.18 Cc m ngu nhin ha s cp v th cp

V thng thng mi c nhn dng bng mt m ngu nhin ho s cp,

nn qu trnh tm kim cng l qu trnh tm kim m ny. Qu trnh tm kim
c th c thc hin theo ba bc sau:

- Tm P-SCH (knh ng b s cp) thit lp ng b khe v ng b k

hiu.
- Tm S-SCH (knh ng b th cp) thit lp ng b khung v nhm m.
- Tm m ngu nhin ha nhn dng .

3.4 K thut chuyn giao

Cng nh iu khin cng sut chuyn giao mm v mm hn cn phi c
cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA trnh hin tng xa gn. Khi MS tin su
vo vng ph sng ca ln cn m khng c BTS ca ny iu khin cng
sut, n s gy nhiu ln cho cc MS trong ny. Chuyn giao cng c th trnh
c iu ny nhng c th xy ra hin tng xa gn thi gian tr. V th cng
vi iu khin cng sut, cc chuyn giao mm v mm hn l cng c quan trng
gim nhiu CDMA.

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

3.4.1 Chuyn giao mm

Hnh 3.19 Chuyn giao mm

Chuyn giao mm xy ra gia hai hay nhiu hay hai on thuc hai BTS
khc nhau (Hnh 3.19 ch minh ho cho hai BTS). MS pht n v thu t hai BTS
ny ng thi. Trong khi chuyn giao mm MS vng chng ln vng ph ca hai
on thuc hai trm gc khc nhau. MS thu ng thi thng tin ca ngi s
dng t cc BTS v kt hp chng c c thng tin tt nht. ng ln thng
tin pht i t MS c cc BTS thu li ri chuyn n RNC c kt hp chung.
Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm. Cc BTS pht lnh iu khin cng sut.

3.4.2 Chuyn giao mm hn

Hnh 3.20 Chuyn giao mm hn

Hnh 3.20 biu din trng hp chuyn giao mm hn. Chuyn giao mm
hn xy ra gia hai hay nhiu on thuc cng mt BTS. Trong khi chuyn giao

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Chng 3. Mt s gii php k thut trong WCDMA

mm hn MS vng chng ln gia hai vng ph ca hai on ca BTS. Thng

tin gia MS v BTS xy ra ng thi trn hai knh ca giao din v tuyn v vy
cn s dng hai m khc nhau ng xung MS c th phn bit c hai tn
hiu. Ph thuc v ph sng, c th xy ra chuyn giao mm v mm hn ng
thi.

3.4.3 Chuyn giao cng

Chuyn giao cng c th xy ra trong mt s trng hp nh: chuyn giao t
mt ny sang khc khi hai c tn s sng mang khc nhau hoc t mt ny
sang khc khi cc ny c ni n hai RNC khc nhau v khng tn ti giao
din Iur gia hai RNC ny. W-CDMA cng h tr c chuyn giao cng n GSM.
iu ny l cn thit khi trin khai W-CDMA cc thu bao W-CDMA c th phi
s dng GSM cc vng W-CDMA cha kp ph sng.

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