March 2017 | 35.00 PVC 2017 Rapid Corey ater-y elated a) Hyperbola Trigonometry Freee Vector 3-D Probability Tro RW aoS TMNT TEST RiDER FOR JEE TEST DRIVE FOR BOARD GOLDEN OLDIES RAINBOW FUN ARCADE More bares More Features More Practice...JEE MAINs ADVANCEDMATHEMATICS pectrum Publier PARULJAIN Chairman YCIAI “Bioria Head” SANJAY SHARMA ‘Publishing Manager” AMITVERMA Project Head. TERA SIDDIQUE ‘Coondnatr PRACEE SIN Production Managers PAL SINGIL Civultion @ ANIL XUMAR GUPTA Advertisement 31-9296] General Manager, Se arbnepml Cover Layout Design SHANU MANSOOR Page Designer ANITBANSAL Diagram BRAIAMPAL SINGH ‘Dpeseting MAYANK,SANDEER VIPIN, ARTUN iy Editor ‘Pros Readers GORA SHARMA ARUN ‘Headofce ARIBANT MEDIA PROMOTERS KALINDL, TP NAGAR, MEERUT-2 Phone o124-2401479,2512970 Fu O12 2401668 Email spectrum@aribanbooks com Website wwwarihanbooks.com Giuation Regd Ofce ARIHANT MEDIA PROMOTERS 45715, AGARWAL ROAD, DDARYA GAN}, NEW DELKI-2 it 01-47630600, © Publisher Printed and Published by Paral fain fer Arihant Media Promoters Printed at rihantPablations (Eda) Tad TERNagaz Meerut (UP) * hleighs reserved No prt a ss again ca be pried wae orin pst iho he writen person of he pabihe + Theedtr and peblsherf thie mapaie do thirst ‘ery the infration ped bt aot ak acy ‘espasy far the alte aearcy fhe alration pubed + Alitesujet to Mecrat (2) retin ony ver Px Dear Aspirant, ‘By now your studies would bein il wing as March sth month of examinations. New situations always pose new challenges andthe anes ppiable to March 2017. The fly levels abit higher for pprnt this ea due to election, The deceased gp between [EE Mains and Board exams may ismande your planning and afet your result, ‘Examinations ae no ony meant tes our knowledge and study sis Rather our personality san individual isals tested through the. Daring an exainatien our bility odo work to deal with ica sitstions,towistand ental pests and our hiking under etree ace as tested, The dy of examination isnot tala favourite fr many ameng us, but nabody can ao it You may fe nervosa seared annus oral en thi parla day But remember! "Esame arent hes Tater these ae the stepping stones to succes Slave al our neal feeling be lied and take it aay Keep flowing postin mind t perform beter in Board: + Cafu reading of question paper is very important In Boards, proper ime (eg half an hourin (CBSE alloted for thi tas. ryote he ime propery is wl be teeny procedure ‘rough which you can ignite your mind forthe marine ak head next 3 Bos ‘Priore and plan yur pape alia within this alted ime only dont wast thi time ia anything ele, + Tey toconrert those question ito ow charts or diagrams which ae net ear to you. This will lp in beter veel of problems, + Answer yourbest question is Betpulinclchng he examines atetion + Trytobeasneat and cleanas posse Start every new question rom afresh page, + youre shor of ane, avoid calelaons and ithee is some el check yo + Once your examination over and you ae otf the hall avoid cus he examination paper ce qustion with other candies, This nay create unnecessary tenon tw hghlght the important pars of the time of checking of your sponse shee. ‘Last not the est“ to tay pose and never et native thoughts induenc ou sal Thy tbe ehusiastic while rlvng a problem because ‘Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm” ‘The spectrum team wile aol wing for Yur Feedbacks sn ements Good luck oe Contents Rapid Concept Revision @ Class XI (02) Test Rider JEE Main Prep Up (34) Test Rider JEE Main Scale Up (39) Golden Oldies (41) Rainbow (46) Concept Map (48) JEE Advanced Drill (50) Rapid Concept Revision @ Class XII (58) Brain Teasers (85) Test Drive Board Exam Prep Up (88) Test Drive Board Exam Scale Up (91) Fun Arcade (94) Quizzer (96)@ CLASS XI SYLLABUS Rapid CONCEPT REVISION > HYPERBOLA Abyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (i.e. focus) and a fixed line (ic. directrix) is always constant, which is greater than one. This ratio is called eccentricity (), Let $ and MZ be the focus and directrix of the hyperbola, IfP(x,, 94) is any point on the hyperbola, then PS 5 Fay Or PS =ePMye>1 Or A hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in such a ‘way that the difference ofits distance from two fixed points (0, foci) is always constant. Standard Equation of Hyperbola Standard equation of hyperbola is PX ze where, a and b are constants and ‘The sketch of the locus of a moving point which satisfy, the equation 2 -%=1, is shown in F the adjoining figure. (02 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Some Important Terms (@ Symmetry On replacing y by (~) and x by (-2), fy then the equation 2-2 quation SE curve is symmetrical about both X and Y-axes. Gi) Foci The points S(ae, 0) and S’ (- ae, 0) are the foci of the hyperbola and ‘the distance between foci is SS’ = 2ae. ‘remains same. So, the ii) Directrices The lines ZM and Z'M' are called the directrices of the hyperbola and its equations are Also, distance between the Airectrioes is 22’ = 28 (iv) Axes The lines AA’ and BB’ are known as transverse axis and conjugate axis, respectively ofthe hyperbola (a) The length of the transverse axis = AA’ = 2a () The length of the conjugate axis = BB’ = 26 (¥) Centre The point of intersection of the axes of the hyperbola is known as centre (C) of the hyperbola dale. x=2 andx Note All chords ps C aro bse "at (vi) Vertices ‘The end points A and A’ of transverse axis are known as the vertices of a hyperbola, ‘The coordinates of A and A’ are (a, 0) and (a, 0), respectively. (vil) Focal chord A chord ofa hyperbola passing through, its focus is known as focal chord. (vii) Foeal distance The distance of any point on the hyperbola from the focus is called focal distance. ‘The difference of the focal distances of any point onthe hyperbola is always constant and this constant is always equal to the length of the transverse axis of the hyperbola. If P is any point of the hyperbola, then SP - SP =2a=Length of transverse axis, Latusreetum ‘The focal chord perpendicular to the transverse axis is called latusrectum, IfLL’ and NN’ are the latusreetums of a hyperbola, then these lines are perpendicular to the transverse axis AA’ and passing through $ and S’, aay war co) Hor, = {2 and ‘and length of latusreetum = LL! = 22 Ordinate and double ordinate Let Pbe a point on the hyperbola. From P, draw PQ perpendicular to the axis of the hyperbola and produced it to meet the curve again at P’. Then, PQ is called ordinate and PP is called double ordinate. Eccentricity of hyperbola The eccentricity ofa hyperbola is e = J + (6"/a") Auxiliary circle Equation of auxiliary cirele of the hyperbola & xi) xii) E-Dat isxteyaot (aiii) Parametric equations of the hyperbola The parametric equations of the hyperbola are x=asec8 and y=btan@, where 8 is the parameter and 0.<0 <2n. (aiv) Equation of chord The equation of chord Joining the points P(asec0,,btan0,) and x y i Qlasec®,,btan8,)is}asec®, btane, 1|=0 wo) -fm 3-3) Conjugate Hyperbola ‘The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes are respectively the conjugate and transverse axes of @ given hyperbola, is called the conjugate hyperbola ofthe given hyperbola. ‘The conjugate hyperbola of the erbola 2 -* -1is- 24% -1ie S-% hyperbola Haris +E atie S- Pant Properties of Hyperbola and Conjugate Hyperbola Properties of hyperbola and conjugate hyperbola are given below © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Conjugate hyperbola Hyperbola ‘Standard equation Centre ‘Equation of transverse ‘Equation of conjugate axis = 0 yo ‘Length of transverse axis 2a B ‘Length of conjugate axis 2 2a Foci z ‘ ‘Equation of directrices xai? & Vertices Eccentricity Length of latusrectum Parameter coordinates (asecd, btan) _(atan0, Bsecd) Focal distances of| ‘SP =er,-a SP point (x,, 9.) and 8 Difference of focal distances (SP —SP) Tangents atthe vert Position of a Point with Respect to a Hyperbola Let an equation of the hyperbola be. If value of hyperbola at (x, 9) is, following cases arise. (If, =0, then the point lies on the hyperbola. Gi) If, <0, then the point lies inside the hyperbola. Gi) If, > 0, then the point lies outside the hyperbola Various Form of the Equation of Tangent 1. Point Form If Pa, 9,) is any point on the hyperbola, then the equation of fF orig TH ¥ tangont othe hyperbola ~ 2. Parametric Form If Plasec8,btan 6) is any point on the hyperbola, then the equation of tangent to the hyperbola z 2» 2s0c0 -2tan@=1 a 6 3, Slope Form ‘The equation of tangent to the hyperbola. in terms of slope mis y= mx + a"? — 6 MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 03,© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Condition for Tangency and Points of Contact EY a1 etal ~B and the coordinates ofthe Jem? 0 aim —6 Nature of Tangents Drawn from a Point to a Hyperbola Te unjunu ante ren fv patos pel which are given below : ( If a point lies outside, then two tangents are real and distinet. i) If a point lies on the hyperbola, then two tangents are coincident. Gi) If @ point lies inside the hyperbola, then two tangents are imaginary. Various Form of the Equation of Normal 1. Point Form The equation of normal tothe hyperbola 2-271 at PU, 98 2, Parametrle Fo ‘The equations of normal to the hyperbola 2 x =1at Pla sec, btan®) is B ec 3. Slope Form The equation of normal tothe hyperbola 2 — 22 =1 in terms of slope m is y= mss “Me +0) a? Bim? ‘The coordinates of points of contact are Note Four normals can be drain ftom ary point to a hyperbola, Conormal Points Any four points on the hyperbola at which the normals pass through a common point, are called conormal points. Note Tangent drawn at ary point bisects the angle between the Ines joining the point to the foci whereas normal bisects the supplementary angle between the lines. (04 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Equation of Pair of Tangents ‘The equation of the pair of tangents drawn from a point P(x, 9) to the hyperbola 5 - 5 = Lis $8, =T? Equation of Chord Bisected at a Given Point TEL,» bisets the chord of he hyperbola - 2% =1, then the equation of chord bisected at the point P is T = S, where, T=*% Equation of Chord of Contact ‘The equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn from a oy 4 ZY e1isT=0, e ° point P(x.) to the hyperbola = where Diameter ‘The equation of a diameter bisecting a system of parallel oes : Y etisy- x gotisy chord of slope m of the hyperbola u Conjugate Diameter ‘Two diameters of a hyperbola are said to be conjugate diameters, if each bisects the chords parallel to the other. ‘Twolines y = m,xand y = m,xare conjugate diameters of the ee e hyperbola 2-2 <1, if mm, =2 wyperbola aoe Po Director Circle ‘The equation of director circle ofthe hyperbola ££ ae Pole and Polar ‘The polar of a point (x,y) with respect to the hyperbola slisxt+yt=a? EF righ Mh <1orP =o. ae ey Asymptotes If the length of perpendicular drawn from a point on the hyperbola to a straight line tends to zero as the point moves to infinity, then the straight line is known as asymptotes. ‘The equations of two asymptotes of the hyperbola 2 y bok a? 2-Yerarey=+2xori4%=0, oe abRectangular Hyperbola A hyperbola whose asymptotes are perpendicular to cach other is called rectangular hyperbola. Or Ifthe length of transverse and conjugate axes of any hyperbola is equal, then it is called rectangular hyperbola Various Form of Rectangular Hyperbola 1. Cartesian Form (@ The general equation hyperbola is x” - y* =a" Gi) If.we take coordinate axes along the asymptotes of a rectangular hyperbola, then the equation of rectangular hyperbola becomes xy = ¢?, where cis any constant. of the rectangular 2. Parametric Form ‘The parametric equations of rectangular hyperbola aye! aroxetand y=£, whore is any parameter Properties of Rectangular Hyperbola xy? =a? (The equations of asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola are y = + z. (iit © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION (ii) The transverse and conjugate axes of a rectangular hyperbola are equal in length (i) ecentrcity(e) = 1 a =i3 Properties of Rectangular Hyperbola xy =c? (The equation of chord joining 4 and ¢, is x+ vit elt, +4) =0. ‘The equation of tangent at (x, ,) is xy, + y=2c! or 2y2e2 BO The equation of tangent at (ct,e/£) to the hyperbola is xl t+ yt=2c. The point of intersection of tangents at (ct,,e/4) and Rett, Be Lat heh iy Git) Ww) (ete / t,) is w wid vii) The equation of normal at (x, 9,) is xx, ~ yy, = 22-92 ‘The equation of normal at is xt" - yf ~et* + ¢=0. The equation of the chord of the hyperbola xy =e, whose middle point is (x, 9), is 7 = 8, ive ay, + m= 2m 9, The slope of the tangent at the point (ct,¢/ 0) is =1/€, which is always negative. Hence, tangents drawn at any point to xy =c? would always make an obtuse angle with the X-axis ‘The slope of the normal at the point (t,¢/¢) is? which is always positive. Hence, normals drawn to xy =e! at any point would always make an acute angle with the X-axis, Notice Board (x) JEE 2017 IMPORTANT DATES 5 Desrinon Day. Date and Tine 4. | JEE (Main) 2017 [Offline exam] ‘Sun, 02-04-2017, 2. | Rests of JEE Main} 2017 Thu, 27082017 3. |Ropisation for JEE (cance) 2017 Fr, 26.04.2017, 000 |ST 0 Tue, 02-06-2017, 1700 1ST 4 | Repistaion win Late Fee We, 0-082017 to Th, 0405-2017, 17.0018 8. | admit card avalabe or downloading Wed, 106-2017, 10.00 Io Sun, 21-05-2017, 0800 IST 6 luce (asvances 2017 sun, 21.05.2017 Paper-1 09:00-12:00 IST Paper-2 14:00-17-00 IST 7._| (a) Online display of ORS and scanned responses 8. | Online display of answer keys 9._ | Feedback and comments on answer keys from the candidates Declaration of JEE (Advanced) results 11. | Online registration for Architecture Aptitude Test (AAT) 12, | Architecture Aptitude Test 13, | Declaration of AAT results 14,_| Seat Allotment (Tentative) {b) Request from candidates for review of scanned responses /Wod, 31-06-2017, 10:00 IST to Sat, 03-06-2017, 17:00 IST ‘Sun, 04-06-2017, 10:00 1ST ‘Sun, 04-06-2017, 10:00 IST to Tue, 06-06-2017, 17:00 IST ‘Sun, 11-06-2017, 19:00 1ST ‘Sun, 11-06-2017, 10:00 IST to Mon, 12-06-2017, 17:00 IST Wed, 14-06-2017 (09:00-12.00 IST Sun, 18-08-2017 Mon, 19-06-2017 to Tue, 18-07-2017 "1ST Indian Standard Time MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 051 3. 06 MASTER STROKES ‘The locus of point of intersection of tangents at the ends of normal chord of the hyperbola x" ~ y* =a",is Gai ytmx" = da'xty? yt =x" = dusty? (ary! -24) @y +x Let A and B be two fixed points and P be another point in the plane, moves in such a way that A,PA+ k,PB= hy, where k, ke, and k, are real constants. Then, the locus of P is a/an (a) circle, if, = Oand hy, ky > 0 @) circle ik, > 0, &y< Gand hy = 0 (chellipse, if h, = hy > Oand b, > 0 (@) hyperbola, iP ky = — Land kk > 0 ‘The equation of the line passing through the entre of a rectangular hyperbola is x - y-1=0. If one of its asymptotes is 3x - 4y - 6 = 0, then the equation of the other asymptote is (ajax + By 417 (4x By +8 (0) 8x ~2y + 15=0 (a) None of these If radii of director circles of. ae fare 2r, r respectively and e,, ¢, are the eccentricities of the ellipse, hyperbola respectively, then (a) 26h ~e2 = 6 We 4e5 <6 (dei 2 = 6 (d) None of these A variable straight line of slope 4 intersects the hyperbola xy ~1at two points. The locus of the point which divides the line segment between these two points in the ratio 1: 2, is (a) 16x" + 10xy + y?=2 6) 16x" - 1089 + (C)16e* + Oxy + y= 4 (@)None of these If P(aseco,, btano) and Q (aseep, btanf) are two @ ~_-4-1 we-_-1 Feecke oF Feecd ORL a caste (a) None of these ‘The locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at the end points of normal chords ofthe MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM le the line 2x+ 16 y=2 touches the hyperbola = 2! = 4 then the point of contact is I-28 1-508 (5) ats 27 9% ae is a double ordinate of the hyperbola $= 1 such that OPQ is an equilateral triangle, O being the centre of the hyperbola, then the eccentricity ¢ of the hyperbola satisfies a @i MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Relation between an Angle and an Arc Let r be the radius of the circle, / be the length of segment and" be the central angle. Then, 2 NI ee ke ont i) Area of sector OAB => r*0 POINTS TO REMEMBER Minute hand makes 6° angle = 30 radian + Hourhand makes 30° angle f= m6 racian +The angle between two consecutive numbers in a clocks 30° |r 6 radian) Trigonometric Ratios In ADEF, right angled at E, there are six possible ratios, cach ratio is named as follows Perpendicular _ P sin = Fiypotanuse "HT ewo= Bate 2B Fypeeniae Perpendicular _ P B | NX Hypotenuse _ covec 9 = Hypotenuse . Perpendicular P soca - Hypotenuse _H Base B cot -__Base B Perpendicular P A perfect number Nis one in which the sum of its divisors equal N. The problem is that it has yet to be proven whether or not any odd perfect© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Trigonometric Functions All six trigonometric functions with their domain, range, graph and other details are shown in the table given below Function Domain Range Other Details Graphical Representation sinx=0,ifx=nn,neZ 4 sinz>0,ifxe(2nn2n=D9, foo =sin Ro al ez nL | * sinx <0, if xe (Qn 1), 2na), neZ cos x=0,ifx=(2n +4, neZ x= (an + DD, cos > 0, if fl2) ~ cos x R ra vein -v5 thn D5) ner cos <0, if re(@n +04 ,n49% (n+ 04.0 tanx=0,ifxsnn,neZ fe) =tanz {anon} k mmvoa tacle(or}) tans <0 # xe((n-2) 09} eS neZ wts cot A + cot B cot Acot B+ 1 ‘eat B - oot A (ix) sin(A + B) sin(A ~ B) =sin? A —sin® B= cos" B - cos A (@) cos(A + B) cos(A — B) = c0s* A —sin* B= cos* B—sin® A SPEED BOOSTER + Heosx—cosy =aand sing ~siny =: (iti) eot(A— and tanlx+ y! 1 Heosx + cosy =aandsinx + siny =, thon sfx y) =F ondtans y= ley 10 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Identities Based on Sum of Three or More Angles @ a Git) Ww) o wid (vii) tan (A, + A, + Note Ide sin(A + B+C) = cos A cos B cos (tan A + tanB + tanC — tan A- tan B-tan0) =sin A cos B eosC + cos Asin BcosC + c08 A.cos BsinC -sin Asin BsinC cos(A + B+ C) = cos A cos B cos (1-tan A tan B - tan BtanC -tanC tan A) s A cos B cosC ~sin Asin B cosC cos Asin B sin ~ sin Acos Bsin C tan(A+B+C) “tan A+ tan B + tanC ~tan Atan Btan€ T- tan Aten B- tan BtanC —tan€ tan A co(A + B+C) cot A cot BcotC ~ cot A cot B- cot "cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot € cot AT sin (A, + Ay +4 Ay) = 608 A, 008 Ay... 08 A, (S, -8,+ 85-8, +.) + A,) = 008 A, c0s Ay ...c08 A, (1-8,+8,-8,+..) S,-8,+8,-8,+ 1-8,+5,-5,+ where, S, =tan A, + tan A, +... + tan A, S, tan A, tan A, + tan A, tan A, + = sum of tangents taken two at a time. S,=tan A, tan A, tan A, + tan A, tan A, tan A, + = sum of tangents taken three at a time and s0 on. cos (A, + Ay + FAD= WAS A= S, = nian, = A,= Athen we nave G, tant A, = "Cstan® A, ntities Based on Multiple of an Angle 2tanA (i sin2A= 2sin A cos A = HRA (ii) cos 2A =1- 2sin® A = 200s" A-1 = cos* Asin? A = 1= tan A Ty tan®A 2tan A Gi) tanga = RA (iv) sin 3A = 3sin A- 4sin* A w) 3A =4cos" A - 3cos A (i) tanga - 318m A tan? A 1- Stan ASPEED BOOSTER * sisi 60" —0 sif60°+0)=1sind@ + e25s 60" ~O}easf0" + O1= ew 30 + tanBtan|60°—etani60° +6) =tan36 + conan Mens teas BA chm iA) = sino. + sinior +B) + sinior + 2B}+...+ sinfor+ (n- 1B) _tnfer on Bh so( 2) = + cose cosla + B)+ cosa + 2) = .. cosla.+ (n— 118} wf) ies Based on Transformation of Product into Sum and Difference (i) 2sin A cos B =sin(A + B) + sin(A-B) (ii) 200s Asin B=sin(A + B) ~sin(A~B) Gi) 208 A cos B = cos A + B) + cos(A - B) (iv) 2sin Asin B = eos(A — B) - cos(A + B) Identities Based on Transformation of Sum and Difference into Products @ sinc +sinD = asin( © <2) oo( =?) Go sine ~ind=200(2=2)en( 222) id cos + cos = 2e0 =?) exo =?) (x) ont =o 2422) (222) sine oan Aton = ASB. “ cos A- cos B Wi) ots ox ei (vi) cot A + cot B gn A-sinB Conditional Identities When the angles A, B and C satisfy a relation like A+ B+C =n, many interesting trigonometric identities cean be established. 1. A+ B+C=n, then @ sin(B +O =sind (i) eos B =~ cosiC + A) © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION in(A+ B) cot(B + 0) Gi) cost + B)=— cos Civ) sin () tan(C+ A)=-tanB (wid oot A WA+B4+C=n,then (coo 42* c i coe $ =i AEB) 2 2 ai sin 4)= cos z 2 ool) worsen) somo 34 | A+ B+ C=, then (i) sin’ A + sin’ B ~sin® C= 2sin A sinBeosC Gi) cos? A+ cos* B + cos? C= 1 - 2c0s Acos BeosC (Gi sin’ A + sin’ B + sin*C= 1 — 2sinAsinBeosC |. HA+B+C =n, then ii) aint A + sin? — gine & 2" a tiv) cos? + cos? - 2 2 IA+B+C =r, then (i) tanA + tanB + tanC= tanAtanBtanC Gi) cotB cot C + catC cot A + eat Acot B = (i) tonAtan® + tanBtan€ + tan€ tanA Bg tiv) cot + cot + cot © = cot A cot B cot © Be 1fA+B+C =n, then (i) sin2A + sin2B + sin20 = dsin AsinB sinC Gi) sin2A + sin2B ~sin2C= dos AcosB sinC ii) sin(B + C- A) + sin(C+ A-B) + sin(A+ B-O) sin Asin B sinC = eos Acos B eos C ~ 4sin AsinB eos C (iv) c082A + cos 2B + cos 2 (¥) c082A + cos 2B ~ ens 2 1A+B+C =n, then () sind + sinB + sinC = eos cos2 cos © 2s Gp sin A + sinB sin = Asin sin cos S 2 (ii) co8 A+ cosB + cog C=1 + Asin’ sin® sin 2 22 (iv) cos A + cos. B - cos C=-14 Ae084cos2ein€ 2a (8A, cos, cos SinBsinG ' SinCsinA sin AsinB MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 «11© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles 7 16 rr 228° 16 = y3-1 VB-1 [2-2 sin 2a 7 z Va+1 a+ es 22 2 tan W3-VDWZ-) 2-W8 JB-1 Bet 245 cot WE+VHWE+) 2418 ferNE = BHI vB-1 2-5 SPEED BOOSTER ions are given below: "Maximum and minimum values of some standard tigonometi fu ‘Maximum value ‘Minimum value acos xt bsin,xeR d 7 fe) ere ere fis) =acosxtdsinx+C,xeR C+ faroh c-fere + IF sin, + sind, + sind, ++ sine, + He0s8, + cos8, +... + £080, =n, then cos8, 1 MASTER STROKES 1. Foro << al the values of tan® Seeos' x—4 tan Sx-sin 2x + 16sin* xlie in the interval 7 121 21 wy ® (03) (9) 10 (4) None of these 2. Theleast value of cos’@~ 6 sin cos + Ssin'@ + 2is (a+ SI0 416 wo (@)None of these 8 3. Ife+ y+2=n, tanxtanz=2and tan ytanz=18, then tan‘ is equal to @s — wI6 wr 20 4, Biggest among (sin 1 cos 1), (Sint + e051), 9 Tain Z and 1is : (a)sin 1 cos 1 (0) nT + Jom ivan? ay 5. The expression 2"*° + 2°°*" is minimum, when@is 10. equal to Gomn+ Enee Ones TE, nez Panes (ons E,nez (@) None of these 12> MARCH 2017 >» MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 6. Inan acute angled AABC, tan Atan BtanC (23 (2 vB o> (@) None ofthese 1fu = Ja cos" 0+ Bain @ + Jasin" 0+ 5 cos", then the difference between the maximum and minimum values of u’ is given by @a-o* o2ere wero? @ x0 +09 If both 0 and @ are acute angles and 1 1 sin@ =+, cos 6 =4, then the value of @ + 6 belongs to 0 = 5,08 6 =5 then t ‘8+ Obelongs to (a)(n18,0/2) (6)(n12, 2213) (o)(2n15, 5x6) (rie, Tta=——288® thon} +8 ©- £080. souatto > cos6+sind I=sin® > Oa @i-a ira IfA and Bare positive acute angles satisfying the equations 3 cos’ A+ 2cos? B= 4and @ co8 A @= aMW. 12. 13. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Im AABC, if cos 8A + cos 3B + cos SC =1, then one angle must be exactly equal to 3060" fe) 90" @ 120° ocecnandos+sins = thentan ico Lai gyn a 3 If @,8,7,8 are the smallest positive angles in ascending order of magnitude which have their sines equal to the pasitive quantity & then the value of Tea sin 2 is equal to gtsm gion @ fo w 4407 gy P41 3 4sin = % 4 asin b +2sin 27885 (2 jT-R O)2TR Loto, be such that x Sain cos0 > 5eos"o" @2 ws 4 ws 26, Let 8,9 €[0, 2m] be such that volts en? 2080 (1-sin #)=sin?0(tan$ + cot) cos (1-sing)=sinéa tan + ot) cos 9 tan(2n—0) > Oand—1 9) satisfying (6 (as (28. If0 = ——, then cas@ cos 28 cos 30... cos 10040 8. 180 = 2E, thon cos ens 29 eos 30. cos equals 1 1 @o ot, @-ay 7 » = ad 29. Ifsin Asin Bsin C + cos A cos B=1, then the value ofsinC is @t om — @o @-1 30. Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a distance V3+ 1 apart, Ifthe chords subtend at the enn contre, angles * and 2, where k> 0, then the an k value of fA] is @1 we ws (as Answers 1.6) 3) 4.0) 8.0) a) Be) 8) 10.00 He 26) 18.0) 160) 17.0) 18) 19.) 20.00) Di) 2K) 28) PA) Ba) 26.10) 27.0) 2B) -28.(a) 30.00) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 13,PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES AND CIRCLES CONNECTED WITH THEM In any AABC, the side BC, opposite to 2 A is denoted by 4; the sides CA and AB, opposite to ZB and ZC are | REMEMBER denoted by 6 and c, respectively. Semi-perimeter of the triangle is denoted by s and its area by A. > Apollonius Theorem “The sum ofthe squares of any two sides of a . ‘angle equals te the square of hal te Sine Rule third side, along with twice the square ofthe retin isesing the thd sid, Tus, It states that in any triangle, A. ABC, we have “The sides of a triangle are HW, NN ‘AB + AC =2(AD? + BD") e e proportional to the sine of + Napir’s Analogy (Tangen'cule ‘opposite angles.” Nw A-8)_(a-b) For any abe ton(A=2) =(2=2 on, Tn AdBe, wehase 7 Sy roan S2)-( S35 abe In BEY (ARE a SnAsinB ainC 7 lore) "2 sind + Mollweide’s Formula Note Above equality can be writen as S24 ‘ind angles, Forany age, 242 Cosine Rule + ma Theorem If the length of the three sides of triangle are known, [Sea ont on the side Ad of APOR such tht AS: S0™= m:n then we can find all the angles by using cosine rule which p59". /PS =e and 2095), Then, i: states that, {i) (m+n) cot = meoter —n cot (ii) (m+n) cot® =ncotR — meat @ : Ss and ZI é . Projection Formulae Im any ABC, Half Angle Formulae boos C +c cos B i) sin’ (S=DE=9 Gy gn B- [S=OB-9 cearease omg omy a C_ ie=aG-5 A_ {iis=a) =acos B+ boos A fii) sin = |S“ PISO Gig) cog A = , = ae OREN Be i.e. any side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the projections of other two sides on it Note In ABC, projection af AB an BC = BD = ecosB and projecton of AG on BC = CD = boos IW : ZL XS where, 6~ Sem perimeter ofthe triangle é a ov) 14> MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUMCircumcircle (i) The circle which passes through A the vertices of a triangle, is ealled (L\ circumciel. Ains\ Lalry) (Gi) The centre of cireumeircle is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. 2 fe REMEMBER , beg, Bind_2ind_2ane Bind 2sinB Deine a ° °F nae ia SPEED BOOSTER + Cheearte ofan obtuse angled nl eso tho ag si meant of right angled triangle isthe mid-point of hypo meant of an acute angled triangle les inside the tan (i) Circle which can be inscribed in a triangle, touching its each side, is called incircle. (Gi) The centre of incircle is the point of intersection of bisectors of the angles of the triangle. REMEMBER a alten + eos Ad cosB + cost asingsin€ sin sin exind sind 2g cos z SPEED BOOSTER * Ip, py and, ao espoctivaly the lngths of porsanleular om hrc tw egosts ie of angle, hn aa ht fabel® aR” + Ifacy andzare the lengths of perpendiculars drawn from the ‘cnt eS oe et Agcy tn Panes eae wd sie, Escribed Circle © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION () The circle which touches the side BC and two sides AB and AC produced of AABC is called escribed circle opposite to ZA and its radius is denoted by 7. Similarly, r, and r, denote radii of cescribed circles opposite to 7B and Lo. Gi) The contres of escribed circles are called the excentres. REMEMBER ft cos sin cas, ra 4 Roos if, =4 Beas 7 2 oy tnre4e Centroid (G) (i) The point of intersection of medians of a triangle LZ A {Selle centroid of the triangle. % ee, Gio Controid divides the NS nd ‘median in the ratio 2:1 Therefore, AG =2 ap, DG = Lab 3 3 Gif) Length of the medians of AABC are Loot AD = 3 25+ Be =a 3 ; 1 soo cr = 2 2a? + 2 3 ant weed TSF MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 15© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 4 Orthocentre (H) ‘The point of intersection of altitudes, ofa triangle is called orthocentre. . 8 ¢ € REMEMBER leis situated onthe lin joining its cireurcenre (0) andorthocentre |} and divides this lin inthe ratio 1:2,i8, OG: GH= 1:2. + Othacent ofan auto anglad tangle is inside the triangle * Orthocentreof an obtuse angled triangle lies ouside the triangle thocenreof right angled ingle lis tthe vertex which contin right an + Tha distances of archoconre ftom the vertices and the sides ofa ‘langle ae given below From vertices From sides AH=2ReasA | DH=2A cosB est BH=2RcosB | EH =2R cas Acosl OH=2R col | AY=2A casAemsd + lx yandzare he distances ofthe vrtegs of ABC respectively ‘rom the orhocente, thon 24 £4 = a ry ee SPEED BOOSTER + The distance between creumcente and in Pedal Triangle The triangle formed by joining the a end points of the altitudes drawn from the vertices ofthe triangle is, . called pedal triangle (@ ADEF is the pedal triangle. (i) Measures of sides and angles © of pedal triangle are given below : ‘Angi Sides ‘ZEDE = 180° - 24 EF =a cos A = 180° - 28 DF =b eosB 10° DE =e cos (i) Area © sin 2A sin 2B sin 20 ‘ R iv) Circumradius, R= % ww R= (v) Inradius, r = 2R cos A cos B cosC 16 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Note For an obtuse angled triangle, measures of angles are 2A, 28 and2C ~ 180° and sides are @ cos A, b cosB, -ccasC. Excentral Triangle Let ABC be a triangle, Ibe the incentre and I, I, I, be the centres of the escribed circles opposite to A, B,C respectively, then I, I, I, is called excentral triangle of ABC, whose sides and angles are given in the following table Angle ADI, = 90° Adel = 90° B 2 c 2 ALI,I, = 90° REMEMBER "= Circumadius (f") of excentral triangle is 2A, where Fis the circumvacius of ABC, 1 Area of excental triangle = Cecumetele where, =inradius , R =circumradius 1. When Two Sides and the Included Angle are Given A= Area of AABC = i besin A=2easinB=4 absin€ 2 2 2 =] Product of two sides) x sine of included angle2. When Three Sides of a Triangle are Given (Heron's Formula) A=Area of AABC = [aC where a, b and c are the sides - When Circumradius and Three Sides are Given A= Area of AABC = 22 wR 4, When Two Angles and Included Side are Given A= Area of ABC = & x Sin Bsin€, ain (B +0) sinAsinC _¢! sin Bsin A o 2 n(A+@) 2 sin(Ba A) 5, When Inradius (r) and Semi-perimeter (s) of a Triangle are Given A= Area of ABC =r-s 6. When Triangle is Right Angled Triangle A =Area of AABC =4 x base xheight 7. When the Lengths of Three Medians are Given sehr ofaane = T= NETS ALT wheres MAEM I, fonda th nth ins 8. When the Lengths of Altitudes are Given = Area of AABC = Area of a Quadrilateral Area of quadrilateral ABCD P 1 = 4 Product of diagonals) 4 x (sine of included angle) = 4x BD x AC sina A or area of quadrilateral ABCD can also be obtained by ls ai(s- Bs —ei(s = d) - abed cos* a ZA+ 0 +bterd ae where, a= and s= © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral Area of cyclie quadrilateral Be dab + ed) sin B f a 3 Hore, ZB is given by Vie i) coon tibiae ad? SY) Bab + ed) 4 or area of eyclic quadrilateral can also be obtained by Yis= a) BI = le—a), where s= SPEED BOOSTER + Sum of the opposite angles ofa eytc quacilatoral is 180°. + Ineyelc quacilatral, sum ofthe product of opposite sides is equal to the product of diagonals, Tus, in cyclic quarlateral ABCD, we have AG-BD=AB-CD + BC-AD + Cireunradiu of eye quate Ral aes Ballad > bel lab+ od] aye Regular Polygons If the polygon has n sides, then we have (@) Sum of the interior angles =(n —2)x (Gi) Bach interior angle = = 2* Gi Radius of ereumseribed cirde, R= exsoe() where a is the length of each side of regular polygon. Gx) Radius of insribed crete, r= -cot(4), where ais the length of each side of regular polygon. Area of Regular Polygon It the polygon has n sides, then Required area =n x Area of 6OAB =nr'tan(2) = 2 sin(22) dn terme of sieumradius ) = 4na' oot (5) (interms ofsidea) a (in terms of inradius r) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 177. 18 MASTER STROKES If the aren (A) and an angle (8) of a triangle are given, when the side opposite to the given angle is minimum, then the lengths of the remaining two sides are faa [faa cw {98 [a 158" Vino Visine’ Vain If the sides of a triangle are in AP and the greatest angle of the triangle exceeds the least by 90°, then sine of the third angle is 5 & w8 "y (@) None of these ot 7 If p,q and r are the lengths of the internal bisectors of angles A, B and C respectively of AABC, then Kos + Leos + Leas is eal to pee eats aad 1 @lyhl a 1 abe a eb fai iit oistyh @isth StS rs In AABG, if the altitudes are in HP, then (a) angles, A, B and Carein AP (@) sides a, 6 and care in AP (o)sin A, sinB and sinC are in AP (@) None ofthe above Tn AABC, least value of + © + is equal to a°R'C coer ween wher (4) None of those 3 In AABC, x, y and 2 are the distances of incentre from angular points A,B and, respectively. If then 2 is equal to ‘abe 8 @ we ws (@ None of these IA denotes the area of any triangle with semi-perimeter, then wart 4 Wace ack 7 In AABC, AB = 2, BC = 4,CA=8 If Dis the mid-point of BC, then the correct statement is i 7 (a) conB + 1h eos +L y 16 i" 3 (AD 424 (a) AD* = 25 MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 9. In SABC, ita’ +b" +c? =ac + Bab, then the triangle is () equilateral (6) right angled and isosceles (c) right angled but not isoscoles {d) None of the above 10. In ABC, AD and BE are the medians drawn through the angular points A and B, respectively. If ZDAB =2 Z ABE = 36° and AD = 6 units, then circumradius of the triangle is equal to (a)(3~ 4B) cosee C (6)(3 + 8) cosee C fo) 2(3~ VB) cose fd) 2(3 + VB) cosee C mM. If the median AM, angle bisector AD and altitude AH drawn from vertex A of AABC divide ZA into four equal parts (D lying between H and M), then @a-% x vans WA 12, In ABC, medians AD and BE are drawn. If AD =4 ZDAB =~ and ZABE =, then the area of 2 WS 12, then the area @ 13, In ABC, if, of triangle is () 216 59 units (6) 326 sq units (6) 316 sq unite {d) None of these 14, In AABG, if 7 = 36, r, = 18 and 7, = 12, then the perimeter of triangle is (36 units (0) 18 units fe) units (d) None ofthese 15. If Dis the mid-point of side BC of ABC and AD is perpendicular to AC, then feo" a oa" 30" 16, In SABC, ifr, = 2r; = Sry then a:b:¢ equals (o3:4:5 W534 (52438 (4) None of those 17. In ABC, ifr, = 8, 7, = 12 and r, =24, then the side a is equal to (16 (6) 20 2 (4) None ofthese 18, Ifthe sides of a triangle are sina, cosa and [T+ Sino. cos for some 0 MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM In this ease, the remaining elements are determined by ‘using the following formulae A= YSS=@ =D (=O), where 2s-a+b+e 20 2, AA in A= 24, c=" tan sin Antes ab 2 Seay Boa. ca tan . A+ B+C=180° 236-8 6-0 Case I When two sides a, b and the included angle C are given In this case, we use the following formulae A be AFB gabsinc, tan $ asin€ sin A Case Ill When one side a and two angles A and Bare given In this case, we use the following formulae to determine the remaining elements A+ B+C =180" 3C =180"-A-B asinB asin , 1 ig ande = SERE, = 5 casin B Case IV When two sides a, band the ZA opposite to one side are given In this case, we use the following formulae sin Esind “0 sin € (© = 180" -(A + B) and ¢ sin A From Eq, (i), the following possibilities will arise (@) When Ais an acute angle and a 1, which is impossible. Hence, no triangle is possible. (b) When Ais an acute angle and a = bsin A In this case, only one triangle is possible whieh is right angled at B. (c) When Ais an acute angle and a> b sin A In this case, there are two values of B given by sinB = 58104 say B, and B, such that B, + B, = 180°. Side c can be obtained by usinge = 25" sin A2 4. 5. 10. MW. MASTER STROKES In ABC, if B= 90 then tan* 4 equals brew @ bre ere w aob If two sides and included angle of a triangle are respectively 3+ V3, 3- v3 and 60°, then the third side is we (WB @ If the angles of a triangle are 30° and 45° and the included side is (J + 1) em, then the area of the ) 4B B triangle is (0) Bh emt (3 eg? z z (0-1) em* (a) None ofthese In ABC, if 6 = 3, c= 4and B = 60°, then the number of triangles that can be formed is f@o on 2 @- In AABG, ifa, ¢ and A are given and 6, 6, are two values of third side 6 such that 6, = 24, then sin A equals (d) None of these Tn AABC, if the length of the sides are JZ, VB and JB, then the measures of the angles are (a) 30", 607, 90° (0) 45%, 15%, 60° (None of these Tn ABC, ifa= 100, ¢ = 100V3 and A = 30°, then Bequals (a) 5" or 185° () 60° or 120° (6) 108" or 15° (d) None of these In ABC, if A = 45° and B= 75°, thena + V2e equals (ab ()2 (ow ww In ABC, if a = 40, ¢ = 40V3 and B = 30°, then the triangle is (a) isosceles (©) equilateral (ci right angled (d) None of these In AABC, if'a = 3 +1, B = 30° and C = 45°, then equals (aia we (oa ws In AABC, ifa~4, b= 3and ZA~60", thencisa root of the equation (ac ~8e-7=0 Wes 8e+7=0 (et ser T= 0 (We + 3-7-0 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. 1 1 In AABC, the lengths of the two larger sides are 10 and 9 units, respectively. If the angles are in AP, then the length of the third side ean be s+ (6) 303 (os @3 Tn AABC, if = V+ 1, e=VB-1and A=60 then the value ofan (2=°) is z 1 w= wt @ i wh wn ah Ifthe angles A, B and C of ABC are in AP and b:¢ =3: V2, then ZA is ww () 60° oss (30° In AABC, if A= 120", 6 =2 and c= 30°, then a we ah 2 In AABC, if A = 80°, C = 105" and b= V3, then a equals 2 ws ON 2 In AABC, ifa = 3, b= 2V8 and c = V3, then A equals (sr 45 wer wr In ABC, ifa ~5, B ~ 45° and c ~ 22, then b equals a2 wes (o) 213 (a) IS 0, then B equals ie oe "3 a an ® 2% we 2 ws In the ambiguous case, ifa, band A are given and ¢,,€, are the two values of the third side, then (6, ~¢)" (6, +¢,)* tan® Ais equal to ws ()4a* (eae! (ite? Answe 10) 2) 3) A) BL) 6 70) 8) 8) 10.00) 1) la) 13) ta) 15.8) 60) 176) 18.06) 19.06) 20.00) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 21(IB) INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION We know that, inverse of a function exist iff itis one-one and onto, Now, as all trigonometric functions are many-one in their actual domain, therefore for inverse of these trigonometric functions to be exist, actual domain must be restricted, e.g. sine function can be restricted to any ofthe inteate| SE le =} etc, and thus it 2 2\'2'2h|2'2. becomes one-one and onto. DOMAIN, RANGE AND GRAPHS OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS All six inverse trigonometric functions with their 3. f(x)=tan"x domain, range, graph and other details are given below. () Domain (2) = (Gi) Range (prineipal value branch) i) Domain (x) | ) I funeti (Gi) Range (principal value branch) LE Gi) Increasing function 2'2) (iv) x, > tan" x, >tan" x52, €R (ii) Increasing function (v) tan” x > tan x, > xig.m eR (iv) > m-9sin"! x, > sin" x5 41,5) € 11] (0) sins, >sin" x, 94 > 5,85 [11] 2. flx)=cos* x 4, f (x)= cosec"x (9,1 i) i) Range (principal value branch) i) Domain (x) =| di) Range (principal value branch) ~[0, x Gi) Deetaringhnction (i) Decreasing funtion Civ) x > tsar cbs! ay 0s" ay ay, €[-1,1] Gv) 5 > xy coves, cen my “MU LL) (@) coe 4 boos" yoy Can te elLI) (7) cosec™' x, > cosee" x, = 5, < 43%, % €(-% -I1UI, 22 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUMsec*x (@ Domain 9 = R=(-,0 (Gi) Range (principal value branch) = [0, x] - {} Gi) Increasing function (iv) a > x 2800"! x >800" ay, mx, (4, -LU LL) (w) see"! x >see ay x, > 45 hm €(-2-11U [1 © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION @ Domain (x) =R ii) Range (principal value branch) = (0, x) (ii) Decreasing function iv) x > x =s00t"' x < cot ay, €R (©) cot" x, > cot" x, 9x, < xm. eR Note f any pont (x, ,)es onthe cuvey = (9 hen corespording 101(y, x)]e8 on y= F(x} Since, points (x,y Jandy, are about he ine y= x, therefore the graphs oy =e) {7 (a)aresyrnmetical about the ln y = x PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ‘There are following properties of inverse trigonometric functions, Property! If T is trigonometric function and T~'(:) is its inverse, then T(T*(x)) , V x € Domain of T~ @) y=sin(in® x) =a xe[-1,1 Gi) y= 08 (cos! x) = 45 x €[-1,1] Gii) y= tan (tan™ 2) (iv) y = cosee (cosec™x) = x; (v) y=see(see"'x) = x; x €(- (i) y= cot (cot™ x) = 2; x € (-, =) Graphically tan tan“) cot (cot! x} = Property II If is trigonometric function and T~"(a) is its inverse, then T (T(x) = x,¥ x Dp, where Dy is principal value branch of inverse trigonometric function. If x@D,, then T-“(T(~) + xand in this ease, graphical approach will help you to get the possible solution, (i) Graph of y =sin“(sin x) As we know that, fog(x) is periodic with period of g(x), so 2) is periodic. with poriod of TC. Hence, jin (sin x) is periodic with period 2r. Also, for length of interval 2r, we have sin“(sin x) = hse Now, the graph of y =sin“"(sin x) can be plotted as MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 23© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION From the graph, itis clear that yesin“sin a) =4 x: (ii) Graph of y = cos™(cos x) Clearly, y = cos" (cos x) is periodic with period 2x and x) OSesn Pn-x; RSxs2n or'ena=| So, its graph can be plotted as Main ous (iii) Graph of y =tan” (tan x) Clearly, y=tan™ (tan x) is periodic with period m and tan“'tana) =x MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Now, the graph of y = cosee~(cosee 2) can be plotted as Note The graph of cosec“{cosee x) is similar to sin” (sinx) but exclude the points x = nx, ne Z. (v) Graph of y =sec~(secx) Clearly, y =see™"(see 2) is periodic with period 2 u Osx0,y>Oandxy>1 @ sinr(2) = cones, ,-1ulh=) oes tan (242 i ‘ont Oe ee its1 i am ()= cot"! x, if x>0 f x) |-r+ cot xifx<0 tan ray, Property V tax ) @ sin x4 cos x=2,¥ xel-1,11 GD tan x— tan! y= A+ ay, if x>0,yOand xy<-1 1g JTSoF + TE Property VI { sin (xyT-y? + yVI-*), if-1smy 0, then we have sin x= eos"! f= or ifxy1 aosin"(xfI=97 + T=), if O0 andx*+y?>1 rosin" (xf=9" -WI-#), (iy) sin x-sin“! y=) if O1 an-sin"\ayt yw, ai if-1sx0,0eys1 land 249% >1 {cost (ay- I= # T-9), if-1smyslands+y20 2x —cos"ixy Jt -#VE- 9", lif -1 > (anyi=¥) if xo =n -sin"Qx1—7"), if x< Leyel sin“ (Br—4x),if -2sxs4 (x4), if 58255 Gi Saint x] osin"Ge ait > 2 1 Jn ~sin""(8x 42°), if x <=. c , 3 cos” (2x*=1),if 0< 251 Gi), 20s" 2n ~cos” (2x*-1),if-1<<50 cos"(ax'-a0, if Lexi 2 Ov) Sea" x=] an corts-9.f Rexel 2m + cos"'(4a"— Bx), if 1 S252 2 |e (-Bit-rexct To# (v) 2tan x= [ow (152) wocace (vii) 2tan! x= Ate pow: [128] -ncaeo FIND THE MISs (vii Stans x= | SPEED BOOSTER Hts ac sincty + sin! Fetten ae ty? +2421 ++ sir 2= thon ia xfioe + yy + AIH F = 202, way bye rad, Ise ie sicly 4 sit z=, + Meas" a+ cosy + cos" z= m thon? + y? ++ 2ne=t + Meares cosy then yet x= 3. eye zone Mean ac tan y + tare z= ta yee } In gonoral, Wheres, = 2,8) = Dk as = KN them ay + yo 2=1 5 thon ny + fs Htan" ac tan y 4 tan 2= than xy 4 2= REMEMBER erbolic Function 1: then is called the inverse hyperbole sine of x and itis written as y = snk" x Similar cosh, anh” defined, Let us look at some important sin alog,bor he The A tart 7 cost og, b+ ie seo lg (A n= Ba (0) er so (4) 1 cots ju fe bs ING N 3.5 9 15 23 33 ? 59 26 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM3. 8. 9 MASTER STROKES 22} v tant (1 +m, then x equals 2 oa 4 (@Noneotthese Exhaustive set of values of parameter a so that sin”! x~tan”'x=ahas a solution, is I a@if-2% yf “reel “| (a) None of these ‘then x belongs to the interval “a4 (d) None of these We e-1 x" ~ 4s, then @xe(2+ \9-2n,~) @xeQ- iB (xe (2-9-3, (@ None of the above ‘The number of triplets satistying sin”? x+ cos"? y+sin"! z= 2r, is fo 2 1 (@) infinite sin”? {cos (sin”* 2)} + cos”? {sin (cos™? 2)} is equal to @e ws ose @o 7 2 4 1. 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. tan { 1 cos a} tan f a2 equal to be 20 w2 (d) None of these Tf (sin7’ x)* + (cos"? x)? = bn ., then x is equal to 8 1 ‘a as wet @ yet ond (Noneot hee a ‘The solution set ofthe equation Ittan”? £4 tane! 2 tan? £4 tan? £=% then x‘ - x! (Sab) + abed is equal to If f(x) = cos"! x+ cos"! 4= + — 3-32" }, then fis 37 pep nef f@= (8) 20s 2- ” 3 » 3 ‘The trigonometric equation sin”' x = 2sin"' a hasa solution for @lols4 1 wea oFsleal (oallrealvaluesofa Ja Ifa =2 tan"! (JB -D,p=3sin"! cos”? 4. Then, @acBey Wacr MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM REMEMBER ‘Trigonometric functions + sin’, cost x, sex, cosee'x [IE a 2; if @ is odd or fraction Periods tan" x, cot 5a is even or odd + [sinz feos} [fanz foots) loose sees] + [sinter = bh leostar +b, Jsectax ~ b)h Jeosee(ax ~ 5), @ Itan(ax + 6)} Joot(ax + 8) SPEED BOOSTER oblom solving strategy, changing a variable in igonometic equation = Equations of the form P{sin x + cos x, sin x cos x)=0, where Pie, zlisapalnonial, canbe solved changingcosx + smx=¢ lk 2sinxcosx = ‘e.g. The equation sinx + cosx =1+ sinx cos. can be solved by substituting sine cos =t = Equation of the forma sinx + bcos x +d=0, where a, band dare real numbers anda, b+, canbe soe by changing sin and cos ino ther coresponting tangent ofall the ange. The equation 3ctux + dann Bean be solved by aubattutng x vetan’ m2 + Mary equations can be sod by introducing a now variable 10g. The equation sin 2+ cos! 2x = sin2xecas changes to aly i{y—]) aby sbtistigsinaveoe 20 IMPORTANT POINTS Some important points be considar while sing tigonoratrc equations 1 Checkthe vality ofthe given equation, e9.3sin0 — 420s0=7ean never be tue for any @ asthe value (3sin@ — &cos6) can never exceeds 3" + (-4¥ = 25-5. So, there is no solution of this equation + Trigonometic equations inobing sec0 or tan can never have a solution ofthe form f+ the 2 Similarly, igonometrc equations invohing cosec® or cot® can never have a solution of the form 8=n-x. The coresponding functions are undefined at these values of + Sometimes te equation has some mtatons ao. eg. cot’ x+ cases? =1 can be tue only if cot?x=0 and cosec!x = simultaneously as cosoc'x > 1 Hence, the solutions @ = (2a + 1/2.Trigonometric Inequalities For solving trigonometric inequation f(x) a, where f(x) is some trigonometric function, the following steps should be taken Draw the graph of f(2) in an interval length equal to the fundamental period of f(x) MASTER 1. ‘The set of values of a for which the equation sin x (sin x + c0s x) = Ohas real solutions, is Gilt - v2.1 + V2) 10,24 3) 2, The sotution st ofsin(x— 2 cos Tx cos 3+ sin 3 hn +(-1)' Ova 9 4 ” 4 (kr D Bhez (a None of these 3. The solution set ofthe equation (sintB*) "°° = sin? (4 2) ~ cost x ~x) eus(2n +) is given by ined hez = = o @s Re thheZ ne Dh, x= nem (@None of these 3 4. ‘The number of rel solutions of the equation sine! cope! <2 142" hig fo wa we 5. Ifsin x= has exactly one solution in [oS] then the number of values of , is 4 wo wa we wa . Number of glution(s) ofthe equation (ease) (Soe) ae wow) wa 7. ‘The set of values of x satisfying [sn (os 2] = (Udenotes the greatest intoger function) (ailGdn's Dx, nt Dane Z f Al olen E,n+ 92 \nez U 2} (infinite (@ infinite -1is 2 (qr+nd.an+ 9B )nez 2 2 (@) None of the above 8. The solution set of the inequation cos x—sin x21 in[0, 2 (@ None of these © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION (ii) Draw the line y =. ii) Take the portion of the graph for which the inequation is satisfied. (iv) To generalise, add nP (n ¢ 1) and take union over the set of integers; where P is fundamental period of f(x). STROKES 9. 1f0 2, is @o 2 (4 as ‘The number of solutions of the equation sin x =[ e08 3x in [0, x] is @s wa (os ws 13. The number of solutions of the equation sin x=[1+sin x1 +1 -cos x|in(0, 2n, is f@o ot (o)2 a6 If the values of x between 0 and 2x which satisty fhe equation sin +| cos x|=—> are in AP, then 12. 14, the common difference of the AP, is = ‘bn 5x WE we 3% cw a 4 oe S 15, The number of solutions of the equation 2tan x+ x=" inl, 28}, is wr wr (3 (4) intinite 16. The roots of the equation 2 sin* 0 + sin® 29 = 2 are we we we g 6 4 3 @ 2 17, For 0 <0 <4, the solution(s) of 5, the solution(s) Soen{o« in =D) nna BE) i ir , 18. The number of solutions of the pair of equations 2sin® 0 ~ cos 20 =O and 2 cos* 0 - 3sin 0 = O in the interval [0, 27] is, f@o wr 2 wa TRUM < MARCH 2017 < 29© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 19. ‘The number of values of @ in the interval #3) such that 22 forn =0,4 1,4 2and tan 8 =eot 58 a5 well as sin 20 = os 48, i @2 5 7 as 20. The set of values of @ satisfying the inequation 2sin? 0 —5sin 0 + 2>0, where 0 <0 <2n, is fo, 5115", on] 0, 5] [ ER an Vel te) (@) None of these 21. The number of distinet solutions of the equation Fes? 2x+ cos! x+sin' x+ cos’ x+sin® x=2 in the interval [0,2a} is ot Os @s ws 22. The possible values of @ < (0,x) such that sino sin 9 sin 700, are (ai 242,428 Se 358 gy 2t 8 5 De Be Be TEEPE Ts (254 = 23. For x (0,7), the equation sin x + 2sin 2x~sin Sx=Shas (a) infinitely many solutions(6) three solutions {e) one solution (d) no solution 24, The values of x satisfying tan"! (x + 3) — tan"! (x. td — 0,4 -40 45 25. The number of all possible values of 8, where 0.<0 MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 23. ‘The number of positive solutions satisfying the equation tan’ fy fos 24, Iesin~ xtty equals: @y 2 fea (d) None of these 25. Let f :{0, 4n]-+10, x]be defined by f(x) = eos"? (cos 2) The number of points x <[0,4r] satisfying the equation f(x) = ye sin’ xsi" 2h + deiy's! = x'y’ + y'2" + 24x"), where zen, then 2 ws fos 5 Answers 1.@) 2.(0) 3.0) 40 5.0) 6. 7.(0) (0) 9.0) 10.) 1) 12) 13.00) 14.) 15.8) 16.(0) 172) 18.0) 1] BOLL) 21) 22(6)—2.fa) 2A.) 28.00),Sometimes we are required to find the height of a tower, tree, building and di HEIGHT AND DISTANCE 1ouse, width of a river, ete. ce of ship from lig We cannot measure them accurately, though we can find them using the knowledge of triganornetri ratio. Angles of Elevation and Depression Let O and P be two points such that the point P is at higher level. Let OA and PB be horizontal lines through O and P, respectively. If an observer is at O and the point P is the object under consideration, then the line OP is called the line of sight of the point P and the ZAOP, between the line of sight and the horizontal line (OA, is known as the angle of, levation of point P as seen from 0. Ifan observer is at P and the object under consideration is atO, then 2 BPOis known as the angle of depression of O as seen from P. Obviously, the angle of elevation of a point P as seen from point O is equal to the angle of depression of O as seen from P. Some Useful Results (i) Any line perpendicular to a plane is perpendicular to every line lying in the plane. Gi) Ina triangle the internal bisector of an angle divides the opposite side in the ratio of the arms of the angle. (Gif) In an isosceles triangle the median is perpendicular to the base. (iv) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal, MASTER STROKES 1. Aman from the top of a 100 m high tower sees a car moving towards the tower at an angle of depression of 0". After sometime, the angle of depression becomes 60" The distance in metres) travellod by the ear during this time is 2008 (103) @) 20088 2. A pole stands vertically, inside a triangular park ‘ABC. If tho angle of elevation of the tap of the pole from each corner of the park is same, then in AABC the foot of the pole is at the (a) centroid () circumeentre (ciincentre (@ orthocentre 3. Ata point 15 m away from the base of a 15 m high house, the angle of elevation of the top is, (as) 80 (30° ww 4. From the bottom of a pole of height A, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is. The pole subtends aan angle Bat the top of the tower. The height of the tower is a hsinasin(a—B) oy sina conta + B) sins coal e) hsinercost = (a) Rsinasin(a + sin 5. The lengths of the shadows of a vertical pole of height 1, thrown by the Sun's rays at three different ‘moments are h, 2h and 3h, The sum of the angles of. clevation of the rays at these three moments is equal to cos @e 2 6. Whroe vertical poles of heights h,, hy and hy at the vertices A,B and Cof a AABCsubtend angles a, andy respectively at the circumcentre of the triangle. If cota, cot and coty are in AP, then A, fi fy are in (ar mar (HP (@) None of these 7. The angles of elevation of the top ofa tower from the top and bottom of a building of height ‘e” are 80° and 45°, respectively If the tower and the building stand at the same level, then the height ofthe tower is WB eab+0 We — @aW- 8. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from each of the vertices A, B and C of a horizontal triangle iso. ‘The height of the hill is (a) btancccosee B w atanccoosee A, 2 (d) None of these (@) LetancxcoseeC 2 9. ‘The angular elevation of a tower OP at a point Adue South of it is 60" and at a point B due West of A, the elevation is 30°, If AB = 3m, then the height of the tower is wm wm 2 4 10. A vertical pole PO is standing at the centre O of a square ABCD. If ACsubtends an angle of 90° at the top, P of the pole, then the angle subtended by a side of the square at P is (was (60° (@2Bm 6) 2m () 90° (d) None of these MATHEMATICS SPE TRUM < MARCH 2017 < 31© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 11. Lot abe the solution of 16" + 16°*"" = 101n (0, 2/4. the shadow of a vertical pote is ofits height, then the altitude of the sun is (aja. we fe) 2a ae 2 3 12, A circular ring of radius 3 om is suspended horizontally from a point 4 em vertically above the centre by 4 strings attached at equal intervals to its circumference. Ifthe angle between two consecutive strings be , then cos equals 4 @s 0) (@Noneofthese 5 13, The shadow of a pole of height (V3 + 1) m standing on the ground is found to be 2 m longer when the clevation is 30° than when elevation was «. Then, a is equal to 75 (80 (eas ow 14. A vertical lamp-post of height 9 m stands at the corner ofa rectangular field. The angle of elevation of its top from the farthest corner is 30°, while from another corner itis 45°. The area of the field is (812m! 6) NIm' (OSVTm NT m" 15. An isosceles triangle of wood of base 2a and height his placed with its base on the ground and vertex directly above. The triangle faces the sun whose altitude is 30°. Then, the tangent of the angle at the apex of the shadow is 2ah 23 ah hw € W wee © 16. A tower stands at the centre of a circular park. Aand Bare two points on the boundary of the park such that AB(~ a) subtends an angle of 60° at the foot of the tower, and the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from Aor B is 30". The height of the tower is i 2a - Wa 2% @wia Ie 1 a 17. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from a point isa. After walking 6 m towards the top up of a slope, inclined at an angle to the horizon, the angle of levation of the top becomes y. Then, the height of the ws w hillis ( bimasinG > py bsinasin’y ~) n= sinty =) bain(y —B) sin -B) (o bin = ca) 208) sin(y — @) ‘ ” Fainasingy —@) 18, ABis.a vertical pole with B at the ground level and Aat ‘the top. A man finds that the angle of elevation of the point A from a certain point Con the ground is 60°. He moves away from the pole along the line BC to a point D such that CD = 7m, From D the angle of elevation of the point Ais 45°. Then, the height of the pole is 32 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 19. Ahouse subtends a right angle at the window of an opposite house and the angle of elevation of the window from the bottom of the first house is 60°. If the distance between two houses is 6 m, then the height of the first house is (@w3m Em (8m (@) None of these 20. The angle of elevation of top ofa tower from a point on the ground is 30° and it is 60° when it is viewed from a point located 40 m away from the initial point towards the tower, then the height of the tower is = B a 23m 2m — @W5m (a) 204) a © 21, From the top of a hill hm high, the angles of Gepression of the top and the bottom ofa pillar are a and j, respectively. The height (in metre) of the pillar ia) itanB ~ tana) py Manet = tan) «a ” ‘tangs tana canine (a Mtn tae 22. A bird is sitting on the top of a vertical pole 20 m high and its elevation from a point O on the ground is 45°. It flies off horizontally straight away from the point 0. ‘After one second, the elevation of the bird from O is reduced to 30°. Then, the speed (in m/s) of the bird is (a) 202 (€) 40,02 -1) 23. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from three collinear points A, B and C, on a line leading to the foot of the tower are 30°, 45° and 60” respectively, then the ratio AB : BC, is 18 2:8 WB BB 24, ‘The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical pole when observed from each vertex of a regular hexagon is © Ifthe area of the circle cireumseribing the hexagon is Am*, then the area of the hexagon is (a) SIA py oA wy 3 * (S84 me (a) DBA ys 2 25. ‘The upper (3h portion of a vertical pole subtends an angle tan"* 2 at a point inthe horizontal plane through its foot at a distance 40 m from the foot. A possible height of the vertical pole is 2 40 (0) 60 (aso Answers 1.(0) 2.0) 3.(d) 4.(0) 5.) 6.(a) 7.2) 8.0) 8.(g)— 10.(6) 11(6) 12) 13. 14a) 15.00), 16.() 17.1) 18.4) t9f@) 0.48) 2i(a)—22(b)—2B.K6) BAL} ———25.(0)REVISION Cum CRASH COURSES FOR JEE MAIN 2017 40 DAYS JEE MAIN 2017 PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, MATHEMATICS re ea ein ET PUNTA (CUES JEE Main PHYSICS C142 %370 C127 %360 C126 %360 C125 %360 Complete Coverage of ENGINEERING Syllabus in just 40 Days with Day wise Study and Unit Tests & Mock Tests(©) TARGET JEE 2017 TEST RIDER Comprehensive Simulator Test Series for JEE Main & Advanced JEE MAIN (PAPER ONE PREP UP) (COMPLETE SYLLABUS) inet) >» Mock Questions from Complete Syllabus with Complete Solutions INSTRUCTIONS + This tet consists of 30 questions and each question is allotted 4 marks for correct response, + Candidates willbe awarded marks a stated above for correct response ofeach question. 1/4 mark willbe deducted for indicating incorrect response ofeach question. No deduction ftom the total scare willbe made if no response is indicated for an iter in the answer sheet, + There is only one correct response foreach question, Filling wp more than one response in any question willbe treated as wrong response and marks for wrong response willbe deducted according as per instructions. 8! 9! 10! 1. Tho value of the determinant | 9! 10! 11!/is 10! 11! 12! (a) 18) 9 ao 18) 9) U0) (6) 2180 (80 U0 (4) 408) (99 coh 2. The sum of the series 1+ 2+ 18,284 335 upto ee eS infinity is 3 1 2 2 we ot o2 we? "2 "2 °F ° 5. Jim 2 =F is equal to 0 tand=sino (aloes =) logs 5 4, Let fix) =|] 2|~ 3] then points, where /(x) is not differentiable, is (are) @23 W023 @a wo 5. If@ is the reflection of P(3, 6) in Y-axis and R is the reflection of Q in X-axis, then the distance between PandRis (a) 45 NB () 6B (@) 35 6. 1£0/s the origin and P isa point on the locus y’ =16x, Then, the locus of the middle point of OP is, (a) y? = 8 wy’ (co) y*= de @y’ 34 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 7. The equation of the tangent to the circle x? + y? 4 8x -8y + 16=0, which makes equal, intercepts on the positive coordinate axes, is (ols Oe y- 52 (x+y (x+y-1 8. "The minimum area of triangle formed by the eye tangent to the ellipse = + Ber Pe 35 18 and coordinate () 20 sq units ()25 sq units 015 sq units {) None ofthese 9. Ia parabola has the origin as its focus and the line x= 4as the directrix. Then, the vertex of the parabola is at 10,2) 10) won 10. 1f the line passes through the points (51, p) and (8.4, crosses the ¥Z-plane at the point 0,4 (a2 Wp =8,q=4 @p=2,q=8 nm. 2, then the maximum value of| 2 is equal to +1 8-1 (ved @a12. Angle between the tangent to the curve y=x?-Tx+ 9 at the point (3, 0) and (4, 0) is @ 6 13."Tho domain of definition of the funetion (2) given by the equation 5° +5” @)-bex0,¥ xe R, then (@a<-7 @a>t @-T 00is 3 sq units, Then, the value of pis L ; L fe wi wr wh os 3 28. Ifsin® ign integrating factor ofthe differential ao en Pcan be equation 7 + Py =@, then P can bi ws ws (@2sinx 29.16 f(x) =[tan® 2}, where [-] denotes the greatest integer function, then (a) fx) is diferentiable at 2 (0) FC) is continuous ats (© lim, Fc) dows not exist (d) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 3sin 2a - tana ()reotx —(eheonx (cote 30. tan! + is equal to jwhere, Zea F | @a O20 (030 @4a In a group of 23 people, atleast two have the same birthday with the probability RUM « MARCH 2017 < 35Answers with Explanation Bt 9! Lo! 1 @Leta=| 9 101 a to! 1! 12 1 9 9x0 (sp (3p Gon ]1 10 10x14 1 il uxi2 On applying operations Ry + Ry Ry and Ry + Ry ~ Ry, we get 1 9 9x10 a=cap (9 aop]o 1 20 02 a In the above graph, there are three sharp edges r= - 30,3 Hence, f(x) is not differentiable at (~ 8,0, 8b 5. (¢) We can depict given information in question by following figure 36 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 5. (a) Let coordinates of P = (xy, 9,) and 08) my P88 Aaah Distance between P and R is [pr |= i= 3= 8) be the ‘moving point. According to the question, P(s,, y) lies on the locus y= tbe yh 16x ‘ ‘Alao, Ra, i the middle point of OP. Oe ory anap = 2+ 4 andi on = 2aand y, = 28 ‘On putting the values of, and y, in Bg, we get (28)'=16(20) = 4f?= 8a = fh =8a Locus of point R(t, 6) is y* = &e /. (e) Given circle is x® + y+ Sx - By + 16= 0 Contre = (= 4,4 and radius = Y=" + OF 18 Let the equation of tangent, which makes equal intereepts on the positive coordinate axes be SeZeliesty Length of perpendicular from the eentre(~ 4, 4 to tangents +'y a is equal to radius ofthe cree See tl gy a= 4d era Hence, the equation ofthe tangent isx + y = 43. . (a) We know that, equation of tangent tothe ellipse y e080. ysind Lat P(Scos0, 4sin0) is Point of intersection of tangent to coordinate axes are ‘A(see9, ) and B(0, 4eosee 0) Arenof 40AB = 1x OAx OB 20 20 * Fino-cos8 inv x Seee0 x 4 cose @ Value of 22 wil he minimum, when value ofsin20i8 ‘maximum, ie. 8in20 = 1 ‘Minimum value of area of AOAB = 20g unite10. nM. 12, 13, 14, (b) Given, x = Ais the directrix of the parabola and origin as focus of parabola, We know that, the mid-point of focus and directrix is the vertex ofthe parabola Vertex =(27 4 0-0) () Equation of the line passing through (5, 1, p) and GqDis x-3_y 5-3 1-@ poi (o 17,33) Also, point (0, #2, =18) ies on Ba, (@), we get point, a. @, we a3 2 in From Ist and Ilird terme, leP-2[2[-250 Ue l-8+ ville! -WB 0,¥ x €R, when discriminant of the given quadratic expression is less than zero and coefficient of is greater than 0. Here, sign of coefficient of x is positive. (2a)? = 4(1) (21 = da) <0 a+ da-21<0 (a+D@-9<0 -Ta Its contrapositive will be~9—>~ p In statement form, ~q > ~ p: Iftwo trianglos are not similar, then these are not identieal (6)-"109,32 logo(5° ~ 1) and log y(5* + 8) arein AP. Blog (5 ~ 1) = logo? ~ loge 5" + 3) > (=) Let = y o-n MATHEMATICS SPE TRUM « MARCH 2017 < 37& TARGET JEE 2017 38 21 22, (d) Equation of plane containing the line & = 2 # -4y-5=0 G+D=0 ye5ory=-1 5 = bors" =-1 but 5 # ~ 1, because exponential function ean never he negative vuus 72), (8) On patting = Lin (1 + 5x ~ the sum of coefficients, ‘Sum of coefficient we can find {1+ sy - 2a) 1+ 5TH =D die alx-0)+ Wy +e2-H=0 Wf) and 2a + 8b+ de i) Another equation of plane containing the other two lines is a(x -0 + &ly-D + qiz-O=0 ) Also, 34; + 44; + 26, = 0 and day + 25, + 34-0 On solving, we get Bq. (i) becomes &—y-10e= 0 aw) ‘The plane (is perpendicular to the plane (i. Ba -b-100=0 “ (On solving Eqs. (i) and (), we get a} 73 From Eq. 0, ea2ys2=0 23. () Let vector p makes angles «, and y with i, jand ke, respectively. costar+ cos" + cosy = 1 o We know, square of a vector is square of te modulus, lixp P= Gx p)?=(-psinw*.1 = p'sinta Similarly, we can write . lixp P= ptsin'p and [lex pit = 2 lixpPelixp P+ liexpe pisintat p?sin'p + ptsiny pi ~ costa + 1 - cos?B + 1 ~ ens*y) = p'3 (cosa + cos’ + c08?y) *[3-1)= 2p" 2sin2y 24. (a) Ais the event that three defective machines are identified in first three Lests out of eight machines, 25. (6) Given, number of flags= 7 ‘Total number of signals that can be formed = (Number of signals formed using one flag) + (Number of signals formed using: two flags) +... + (Number of signals formed using 7 flage) + 42+ 210+ 840 + 2520+ 5010 + 5040 3699 MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 26, [4 fe) de=15 > [fade = free) de = 15 = Axl ~ fifa de =18 > 6 31~ [fs ds = [fle de BP fla) de = f* 7 de - {5700 ae -C9 27. (a) Tho points of intersection between the curves x= py? and y= px* are (0, 0) and(+,1) (p'p) " pore pF Required area OABCO ‘Area of OCBDO ~ Area of OABDO = 3 204 1 . Za-di-sop-} tas Bet apr PMP 28, (b) Given, integrating factor = in? We know, Integrating factor = JP a sinte > [Pax logisin’2) On differenting both sides, we get 2 ogisint P= 4 togisin’s) S ogisint si 29. (b) Wohave, f(x) Jim f(a) = limftan?x1 = Oand (CO tan?x] [tan*o} = 0 1) is continuous at x = 0, 30, (a) Let ¢ tant re tan "tana(©) TARGET JEE 2017 TEST RIDER Comprehensive Simulator Test Series for JEE Main & Advanced JEE MAIN (PAPER TWO SCALE UP) \. Mock Questions from complete syllabus to enkance Your Problem Solving Skills INSTRUCTIONS ee sey WITH ANSWER KEY «This est consist of 30 questions and each question is alloted A marks for corzet response. + Candidates willbe awarded marks a stated above or correct response of each question. LM mak willbe deduced for indicating incorrect response ofeach question, No dedaction fom the taal score wl be made if no response is indicated for an tem inthe answer shee, + There is only one cortct response for each question. Filing up more than one response in any question wil be ected wrong respones and marks for wrong espons willbe deducted according as pet instructions. A and B participate in a tournament of ‘best of ‘7 games’. It is equally likely that either A wins or B wins or the games ends in a draw. Then, the probability that A wins the tournament, is ‘The extremities of a diagonal of rectangle are (- 4,4) and (6,~1). A circle circumscribes the rectangle and cuts an intercept AB on the Y-axis. Then, the area of the triangle formed by AB and tangents to the circle 21 399 299 199 at A and B, is @ ® © ae 4 ° 4 7 9 (a) a sq.units 0). ae oq units yr 2n+3 2. Thevalue ofthe YET Fis equal to (38 gga (a) None of these ws w6 or aw. 7. Ifthe normal at (18, 12) to the parabola y? = 8xcuts it 3. Ifa pair of lines x* - 2pxy- y= Oand again at Q. Then, the value of 9P@ is x? — 2gxy - y® = 0 is such that each pair bisects the (a)TOV10——(B)8OJTD (GOVT = (a) ANT angle between the other pair. Then, pq is equal to soa" + x29) 4 Da? 41 @i 2 2 at 8. The value of aris 4. The equation of circle which touches the X-axis and the line 4x 3y + 4=0. Its contre lying in the third quadrant and lies on the line x - y-1=0, is (a) 9(x" y+ Ge + By +1 (0) 9 (x + y*) - 6x - 24y-1 he DG=D 1 1 (a)£/tog 6 - 1 (ors {im8- 3) 5 (1 5- 4] 2 (ter6-2) ocx! 3 aga ale al (424 95) 4 66 4 BTy 41 1- Far (@) None of the above 9. The vale off 2 is 5. The sum of ; Bt. 4 (1B aiys xd A(t) + Basar- maa wala) tea aes . tom terms is @ nage rr onr- ret wi (og EE (iret men wor MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 39& TARGET JEE 2017 (eae + heed (0) Blog| SE * Pr Noe es (d) None of the above 10. A normal inclined at 45° to the X-axis of the ellipse 2s ole axes in P and Q, respectively. IfC is the centre of the ellipse, then the area of ACPQ is Lis drawn. It meets the major and minor (a? 83? (at sb? fo sa unit (0) og unit wars oH wat 0) G2 =” squnit (@ None of these was 11. The square root of x + ie +7 + Tis YP ees + toe ed @s Oe BN + Foe $i +s e-TI T+ (ee est] 12. 1f, Bare the roots of the equation x+1=2 x(1-%2) and y, Az are the two values of 2, determine from the the equation ae Then, value of 2. 4 2is equal to ), then —n is equal to fo-2 w-4 fue v2 12) 14.ttA=|1 2 sjandat=|-4 38 ¢ |, then Isai [5/2 -3/2 1/2 the values of and c are equal to @ar @i-1 12 wt 15.4 question paper consists of two sections having respectively 3 and 4 questions. The following note is given on the paper “It is not necessary to attempt all, the questions. One question from each section is compulsory”. The candidate can select the question in way is equal to fis 102 103 105 40 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 16. Ifthe 3rd, 4th, Sth and 6th terms in the expansion of (+ 0)" be respectively a, 6, and d, then the value of Bae ,. bd oe wo wo @ Be 3 B 17.4 hemispherical bowl of radius a is filled with water upto a depth fk. The volume of water in the bow! is farh{as 2) ania *) Urs v3) oma + 2) (@ None of thee ts 18. An aeroplane is flying horizontally at a height of 2/3 km with velocity of 15 km/h, ‘Then, the rate at ‘which itis receding from a fixed point on the ground ‘which it passed over 2 min ago, is G)8kmb ()10kmh (0) 12 km ete 241 letsinx + nxt Alog 4 x0 at x0. Then, the value of is (o)dog, 2 0) Bog, 2 (loge (a) None ofthese (d) 9 kam, 19.1 fix) wre is continuous 20. A line with positive direction cosines passes through the point P(2, ~1, 2) and makes equal angles with the coordinate axes. The line meet the plane 2x+y+2=9 at point @ The length of the line segment PQis a3 os or 21.16 ,b, Gare unit vectors such that @-b = 0=a-@and the angle between b and é is ©, then the value of laxb- axis (@-1 we ws a. 22.18 the planes x—cy-be=0, cx-y+az-0 and b+ ay~2~0 pass through a straight line, then the value of a? « B# + c2 + 2abe is (2 @-2 (oi @-1 23. The sum of the square deviations for 10 observations taken from their mean 50 is 250, The coefficient of variation is (a) 10% (6) 40% () 90% (d) None of these 24.~(pva) v (~p Aq)is logically equivalent to f@~p ip oq @~a 25. The value of lin HB(SE* ~Sainttr + + Sainds +o) facosa ——(bjsina (@)- cosa (d)~sina To be Continued at Page 67(©) GOLDEN OLDIES CONIC SECTION A collection of best questions asked in JEE to revise your concepts Single Option Correct Type The locus of the mid-point ofthe chord of contact of tangents drawn from points lying on the straight line 4x —5y = 20to the circle x24 y?=9 is [NIT JEE 2012) (a) 20(x? + y®) - 36x + 45y = 0 (b) 20(x? + y") + 36x - 45y = 0 fe} 96(x* + y") ~ 20x + 45y = 0 (d) 36 (x? + y*) + 2ox - 45y = 0 ‘Let ABCD be a quadrilateral with area 18, with side ‘AB parallel tothe side CD and AB = 2CD Let AD be perpendicular to AB and CD. Ifa circle is drawn inside the quadrilateral ABCD touching all the sides, then its radius is TIT JEE 2007) @3 @. we ws 2 3. The APQR is inscribed in the circle x? + y® = 25.18 @ and R have coordinates (3, 4) and (~4, 3) respectively, then Z@PR is equal to” (tT JEE 2000) @z!2 | Oxi @ ald lo 4, The contre of circle inscribed in square formed by the lines x? - 8x +12 =Oand y? ~ ldy + 45=0, is THT Jee 20031 @4D OG) ORM 4,9) 5. [axis ofa parabola is y =x and vertex and focus are ata distance /2 and 3V2 respectively from the origin. Then, equation of the parabola is (iT JEE 2006) @-V=8aty-D Olx+ 9? = Bat y-D (te-yt=4ery-B e+ yt =2e yD 6. Ifthe focal chord to y® = 16 xis tangent to (x-6)? + y? =2, then the possible values of the slope of this chord are wT 2003}, (@)(-1,1) 0) 2,2) (OH-2,1/2) (2-1/2) 7. The normal at a point P on the ellipse x" + 4y* =16 ‘meets the X-axis at @. If M is the mid-point of the line segment PQ, then the locus of M intersects the latusrectum of the given ellipse at the points ree ole wo (-8) ole sat) @ (225.248) 7) 8. "The area (in sq units) of the quadrilateral formed by the tangents atthe end pata the Faris 5 EE Mains 20151 a2 latusrectum to the ellipse = @e 18 vy 9. The ellipse E, :* + =1 is inscribed in a 9° 4 rectangle R, whose sides are parallel to the coordinate axes. Another ellipse I’, passing through the point (0, 4) circumscribes the rectangle R. The eccentricity of the ellipse E, is WT JEe 20121 w@ 2 7 1 ot ? 2 10, Consider a branch of the hyperbola at = y! - aN - Ay ~ 8=0 with vertex at the point A. Let B be one of the end points ofits latusroctum. IfC is the focus of the hyperbola nearest to the point A, then the area of the AABC is INT JE 2008) (@) th ~ 273) sq unit (6) (ITB ~ 1) sq unit (0 + (275) squnit (@)({BTE + 1) sq unit Single Integer Type 11. ‘Two parallel chords ofa circle of radius 2 are at a distance 3+ 1 apart. Ifthe chords subtend at the contre, angles of and 2n/&, where k > 0, then the value of (Alis ., where [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k. [IIT JEE 2010) 12. Lot S be the focus ofthe parabola y* ~8 and PQ be the common chord of the circle x? + y® - 2x-. and the given parabola. The area of AQPS is ...... TUT Jee 2012) 13.'The line 2x+y=1 is tangent to the hyperbola 5,571 I this line passes through the point of intersection of the nearest directrix and the X-axis, then the eccentricity of the hyperbola is HIT JEE 2010] MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 41& GOLDEN OLDIES 14, A vertical line passing through the point (A, 0) 2 intersects the ellipse = + 2 =1 at the points ipse “T+ 7 »* P and Q Let the tangents to the ellipse at P and @ ‘meet at the point R. If (h) = area of APQR, A=, max ACh) and A, = (h), then, BIB, ~8Ay sequal tou. (IT JEE2013) More Than One Option Correct Type 15, Circle(s) touching X-axis at a distance 9 from the origin and having an intercept of length 24/7 on Y-axis, is/are WEE Advanced 2013} G@) x? yb By 4 9-0 B) x24 y? Ge 4 Ty+9 (xt + y= Ge -8y+ 9=0 @) zt + y* er -Ty1 900 16. The tangent PT and the normal PN to the parabola ‘y? =4ax at a point P on it meet its axis at points 7 land N, respectively. The locus of the centroid of APTN is a parabola, whose UEE Advanced 2009} 24,0) (0) divectrixis x = 0 (a) vertex ie| 22 2a (o) Iatusrectum is 72 (d) foous isa, 0 = w 17. Let A and B be two distinct points on the parabola 9? = 4x. If the axis of the parabola touches a circle of radius r having AB as its diameter, then the slope of the line joining A and B ean be IT Je 20101 @-i oh 2 @-2 18, Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola = — = ee yp 9 4 parallel to the straight line 2x ~ y=1. The points of contacts of the tangents on the hyperbola are iT Jee 2012 ae @ w(-%,- ( bapa) () (33, (d) (- 3, 202) Linked Comprehension Type Directions (Q. Nos, 19-20) Let PQ be a focal chord of the parabola y* - 4ax. The tangents to the parabola at P andQ meet at « point lying on the line y= 2x + a,a> 0. UEE Advanced 20131 19. Length of chord PQ is @ ta ba) Bad} Ba 20. If chord PQ subtends an angle 0 at the vertex of ¥ 3 4ax, then tan @is equal to @ aT Answers with Explanation 1. (a) Here, equation of chord of contact wrt. P is (42-20) @ ‘and equation of chord bisected at the point @(h,R) is She yh = REEME G9 oh hy = EAE «i From Eqs. () and Gi, we get 2045, ar TS 20h ng, 90 cra Pa = 20h___9h 5 20h? +H) = 94h - 58) Dh = 20a? + 9*) = 36e—45y 2. (b) Lot CD = « Thon, AB = 20 ‘The equation of BCis y (e- 20 = Be + ay dra=0 It touches the circle (x - 9)? + (y—)? 42 > MARCH 2017» MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM, 2? + or ~ dor ase (2? Ban)? =r? (a2 + a8) = ow roof dear ABCD = 18 Elan oars 9-38 > Ga > rae 3.(@) Let O be the point at ‘entre and P be the point at circumference, Therefore, 2QOR is double the ZQPR. So, it is sufliciont to find ZQOR. Now, slope of| 0Q,m, = 4/8, and slope of OR, m= 8/4 Here, “mm my ==1 Therefore, | "2 QOR = x/2 which implies that 2 QPR = x/4 4. (a) Given, circle is inscribed in equare formed by the lines x? =r + 12=Oand y* ~ dy 4 45=0 > r=6 and x=2y=5and ‘which could be plotted as “oles deo, aes fees” * neh xHere, ABCD clearly forms a square Contre otingeibed cre Point of ntersetion of diagonals =Miaspoine ot AC oF BD = (28, 88) 47) z 2 | 5. (a) Since, distance of vertex from origin ie VZand focus is V2, V(,1) and F (2, 2 Ge. lying on ‘where length of latusrectum = 4a By definition of parabola PM? =(4a) (PN) where, PN is length of perpendicular upon ie tangent at vertex w&-y) (ety a(t? CE = (ey? = 8+ y-B 6. (a) Horo, the focal chord of y* G@- 6? +P =2. > Focus of parabola is (a 0) iv. 4, 0) Now, tangents are drawn from (4,0)to(x ~ 6)? + 9? = 2, Since, PA is tangent to cree, AC _V2 tano = slope of tangent AE peottangent Be 16x is tangent to circle Tangent 7. (e)Given, 1 16 Here, 2 Equation of normal 4x see 108 sin Isayl w “ =u «ai iS) GOLDEN OLDIES 43 For givenelipse,e? =1-4.2.3 oe sven ellipse? =1 A = 8 ett Boene 1 6) 6m saving Eg. i) and Gi), we get @ 2 Ais wey 8. fd) Given equation of ellipse is = a 29,0 =5 > a=3b=W5 2 2. x8 ee meta (deja 4+ 41, where a x= 248 2 nr} Fs ) Ce M Wess For point Ctx, yx ~ WB = ae Now, Ac=v and Bo=* 11. (8) Let Required angle 44 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 14, (9) Given, 12, (4) The equation of parabola in parametric form is xamhynat Solving it with the cirele, we get ace = Beat 4 = Me-Die rer o=0 = 201 So, the points P and @ are (0, 0) and (2, 4) which are also diamotrically apposite points on the circle. Also the focus is $ = (2 0) x PS x 13, (2) On substituting (¢ ojiny o-- 41 Also, y = - 2x + 1 is tangent to hyperbola. Tota tt > Lage aba sce $420 3 67-H(e-Y=0 ‘¢= 1 gives the conic as parabola, But conic is given as hyperbola, hence A 75 Let the coordinates of R he (x, 0 PQis chord of contact. a which is equation of PQ, x fohon ot = i 200) Are tap @R = 2c PQ Ba neyo a aia MY GE a = Ath) which is always decreasing, S04, 9+ 6g+e~0 “ be, ‘ere 3 +e from Ka. and a= 0 WT ‘Also, mys: when A’Bis chord piace? «io rom Bae se weet 18, (a,b) Equation of tangent, parallel to y=20—1 is aPs Gg + 920 > (g+3%=0 = ge-Sande=9 fi=16 > f=t4 x4 yrs by4 920 @ «i 16, (a, d) Equations of tangent and normal at point Plat*, 2ad are tysxsat® and y=-te + 2at+at® Let centroid of APTN be Rt, tt oat?) + 20+ af 19.) Let Prat, 200, @[ 5. — 22 as PO focal chor Point ofintrsetion of tangents at P and Qis [-a.ale- 1 i Length fol chord = t+ 2) and 20. (d) Angle made by chord PQ at vertex (0, 0) is given by Focus ee) oferty MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 45RAINBOW Learn Through Problems APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE Section targetted to provide stepwise learning & practice through selective problems 1® The equation ofthe normal to the curve y= (+a)? +sin"(sin®2) at x= 0, i ast ynd bee or-7 (@) None ofthese © (8) Step Find the valu o eoordinae, fs -oordnate is Wehave in’e) @ + OF +sin" Gin?) > y=1 ‘Step II Differentiate the given equation of the curve wrt. ‘and find the slope of the tangent and normal. Differentiating Bg. () want, we got 2 ca} eS +0! [8 tog a0) « 1 » {Bog ’ ‘Step III Using point-slope form of the equation ofa line \(e ~ x), find the equation of tangent or normal. So, the equation of the normal at (0,1) is y-1=-1@-0 = etyel TRY THESE 1, The equation of the tangent tothe curve of intersection with the Y-axis, is 2"? at the point (alae ty = iors yao (anya? {dl None of these 2. The equation of the tangent tothe curve y =(2x — 1}e™"—*! at the point of is maximum, is (aly—t=0 bie (xsy-120 lWix-y+t=0 ‘3. Tho oquation of the normal to the curve y =0-*I*! at the point, ‘where the curve cuts the line x: ; is (ai2elec+ a= 4 {bl 2eler—2y)=0? 4 ens 2.(@) (e)2eley —20 l2eley + 2e)=0 4 1. 26) © The hnction (a) =2 og (= 2)— 22 4 x01 increases onthe interval O02 HAD OO ao © (b) Step I Find the domain of the given function. Geary, fa) defined forall > 2 Step It Differentiate the given fnetion wr. Wehave, f(x) logix - 2 — 2% 4 de ed 2 = Pay= ae 4 . =2@-D@-9e-9 ea Step III Solve the inoquality /"(x) > Oor /"(x) <0. Clearly, Fa) > Oforz (=) V9) P'@)< Oforx 61,203) + = +e aT F ~ ‘Step IV Function f() will be increasing for which /"(x) > 0 and decreasing for which f"(x) < Owithin its domain. ‘Thus, f(z) is increasing on (2,9. and. TRY THESE 1. fx)=[xlog, x, x >0is monotonically decreasing in bee! (bo ve}—telive] iinet 2, Lotti stolen acorn) xe, =) Then, is sey ineoasng inthe interval w(-24) 02) (24) 0G) willbe t tm 3. ho onatimoin atin a ron-ineroasing, is behl-2- 100.3), Wie2- NV (0.2) (2-1 L0,3) (a(-2- 100.2) DA) Bia) 30) 46> MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM© RAINBOW (© On the interval (0,1), the funetion 2 (1 — x) takes its maximum value at the point @o wi wt @i a 2 3 |® (b) Step 1Put y xa —2" ina Y, ‘Step 11 Fina & 2 < 252)" 1-2 + FHA) as = 24a 2) dx - ae) 25x — "(1 ~ 4x) ay Step 111 Put & and solve this equation for Let ee 6 ay Now, 2 as 16, be the roots of this equation, ee eee Step Cones = 1 hangs om pie to nogative asx inereases through ¢,, then the function attains a local maximum at x= 6, dy 16% changes its sign from negative to postive as x F changes its sign ative to pe increases through ¢, then the function attains a local minimum atx = ¢, & does not change sign as. inereases through, then 1 & does not change sign through 6, te x =¢, is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum. In this ease, x = ¢, isa point of inflection, Clearly, 2 > on the let neighbourhood of 4 and & < 0 ar a ae in the right neighbourhood of. So," changes its ign from positive to negative in the neighbourhood of 2 1 Hence, it attains maximum at x TRY THESE Te ad= J" tae 2e atin she inert [0,2 has (a}a maximum at and amin at 2%. r @ (bh a maximum at and ainimum at 2 4 In (e) a maxinum at 2 anda iin a. 4 (ah neiter a maximum nr ainimum of, Osxst Welad=s2—e'!, 1ex-<2and gla)=f? fled» eI 3] woe 2x53 ‘thon which ono ofthe follwing is incoroet? {a} gle fas a cal maxima at x= 110g, Zand lee minima at [b) aphas aca maxima atx = tang local minima atx = 2 lel (rhand alxdRave same points of local mai ae local minima 14) None ofthe above xs0 xo sin x? ~3x), 13. Lotf{x}be a function defined as fx) bx $5, Then, atx =O. flr) {a} has local raxmun (ep as local nina (ois discontinuous (4) None ofthe above B10) 2.1) Bib) (© Uingdiferential the approximate value of V2BD is sol 502 502 @)S04 ® (6) Step I Define a functional relationship between the Irdopenden arable and dependent variable yy observing the given expression ye fey ae Step 1 Chote a vl nearest othe vale for which we have find yn ach a way hat ether 9 ven or The chosen ur yea bec omptedforchoven Let a Step Il Donate the valu of at which we hav to ind ghye + Ae and Bad he, Pade = 252-982 Fors = 25 we ave yo Step 1V ind rom he lation tained in Sep and 52-25 = 02 put the value of x chosen in Step I. Now, yank > we -(¢ 1-1 de We Mde je .as 285 HH) Step VR yn atin y= : a0 Step VI The approximate value of y is y + Ay. Hence, \252 = y+ ay + 002= 502 TRY THESE 1. The approximate value of {1.0002} is fah12 (oa fats is 2. The value of (127)"" to four decimal places is 1a) 8.0267 (bisae7——e155267 (at 5001 13 The somivertical angle ofa cone is 45°. the height ofthe cone is 0.025, than ts approximate lateral surface area is (a) 40W7n (o) 007 le)asevin (@ None ofthese B16) 2) 3.0) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 47CONCEPT MAP Revi SION Tool INTEGRATION @ FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAE ON INTEGRATION Following ethefundanent forms onntegations @ fee + Cne- (oJ teabaetec (i fewme se 6) fot c.ar oar (0) finzde=— cose +6 (ei) feotxde-rina +c (od fe ae anxec Ik=-cotx +c (ip feos (i) foecxtns denser ¢ (0) f cone cots de =—coees + (a) feats de=Log in| +€ (a un de = loge + (si fcca r= og Jcea-+ wns |+ ae fens x =o eee = cot +6 _ Hart) 6 te) flac #) d= were J fle) a= FU) +6 @ INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION 192s a omtinuusdiferemable function, then toeraateinterals ofthe form ff(0(3) 6) ds ve sobsttue (x)= and (0) d= dt This substation duces the inegral J F929 4° (2) ds to the form f fey Tis itera ane evaluated by sing he standard results After evaluating hisimteral, we eubstate back he value off 22 (x) © INTEGRALS OF THE FORM Jin coe" ds, fuin™ xd, feos" xd mn ©, then o evaluate this typeof integral, we tee the following eps Step Find mand, Step I mis oie, power ar index ofsin xis 0, polcosx=randreducetheintegrandinterms oft. If rns odie. power of coe is odd then putin x= and redce the intgrandin terme of I'm and n both are odd, then either of the above substitutions can be wee, ‘Step IL Evaluate the integral obtained in Step Il and replace! byt vale, @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM Jain® xe" de wt (ns 4 nguie een nee In oder ‘rales pe of els we eth lowing tee Step Chageteitgrandin rms tan cade dividing numerator and denominator by cas", where ke-(nem Sept Ste tnx @ SOME STANDARD SUBSTITUTION ‘The following substitutions are very useful to evaluate these integral Result Revs. y Rev. f @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM j—t—« ax sbete In order to evaluate this type of integral, we use the following steps Step 1 Make the coelicient of x" unity, ifs no, by rltiplying and dividing bythe same, INTEGRATION BY PARTS Letuandy be to fncns of then Jorde=u(frdcr— fF frac te ie the itera ofthe productof we functions function) Note Proper choice fe and second function Integration with he ep of he above ale alle the inspation by par Ia the abe rue, there ate to ers om RES sin bh teers tener the second function isinveed. Therefore nthe product twe incon, sone of hee anton i natch, inpable (og lng sin“ c087! tan") ve tke tas the fst function and the remaining, Step Add and subtract the squae of thehalff the coclicient of xto express ax’ + bx + cinthe form @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM 1 J ds. Inorder to evaluat this type of integra, we use the following steps Step 1 Make the coeficient of unity ifitis not, ‘Step H Find hafof the coefcient of inside the square root to exprets the quantity inside fac the square foot in the form (: ' 4) 1 tt (uit ‘Step IV Use the suitable formula fom the following formulae ‘© INTEGRALS OF THE FORM Jha In order to evaluate this typeof integrals, we use the following steps Step 1 Write he numerator px + gin the form petqnh {Etat sie ofon ie peegen@acs y+ Step Wain the vues of and by gating the coins fie owes xan const eon fensfunction is taken the second faction, tet is 0 other function, then unity is taken ar the second funtion, inthe integral bath the functions ate easly tntgrbl, the the ret fant ie chaen in wach 3 vray thatthe derivative of the function isa simple fntion andthe fonction th ebsined under the ntegrl sign is eaily integrable than the rigid ‘neti, Note 2 We can also chose the st fnstion a the {ction which ome Sit inthe word ILATE, where ands or theives egonemeic ection (int c067" 3 tan“! te) Laan rte log encons stands forthe algerae functions ‘sande forthe trigonometric functons ander the exponent fnctions, Step TI Replace p+ q by R(2ax-+8)~q inthe given inegeal to get BE gage web tee “jo = ce Step IV Integrate RHS in Step TI and put the values of and obtained in Step IL Remark In order to evaluate integrals of the form Pus) Pree hte PC a plyowilf desee ereaterthan or qual totwo, we divide the numerator bythe denominator and express the integrand as a(s)+ RO Bikes where, R(x)isalinea function of x PG) Pam hee J @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM RG) at tbree 1 1 [intarbeat a Saban 1 1 ari din x + beos x)" —— ar bein? x econ Tocvalatthitype ofiategzal, we ute thefalloing tee Step 1ivide numerator and denominator by sx Step€Replaesecsifany, in denominator by! + tan? Step Put tan x =t so thats xd = dt Step 1V Afr performing he aboe steps, the integral wil rece to the form JL which can be Wibve tered @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM _——— asinxt bears) ay bsing |e aaa ae beosx S asinx beosx ve ‘To evaluate this type of integrals, we use the folowing eepe ‘Step LPutsin x = 225 Tota?) an? x/2 irate? Sup Race + inthe ue by ac, Stepan =1 otha sec Ace performing these three steps, the integral S dem at 2 tedster f "dw cane Fei inate Toor ite oft fom H Series wemayabosubtiea re =rin ‘cacibeae oO INTEGRALS OF THE FORM sin x +beoe x Saas dws ‘To evaluate this type of integrals, we express the numerator as follows Numerator =) (Dilfretiation of denominator) “+ u(denominator) ie. (asinx + beosx) SE tesns + deoss) + esa + does) ‘where, and are constants to be determined by comparing the coeflcientsofrin xandcos xonboth sides. jeinetbees Gains} doors Mccosx—dsin)+n(esin e+ does) ‘sing + dos ‘ = fou ce Tain deo =Ux+ Alog| csinx + deosx|+ K @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM JeUeo+foaide Theorem f Ufla)+ f(a) d= efla)+C Note The above theorem is ako tue, we havee™ in phceer Theorem 2, (0 fe sind =F (asinba~beosbe) 46 (i) J & costa de (acostx + bsinbs) +6 @ SOME IMPORTANT INTEGRALS The flowing ar some well inteprals. WPF data stetao(2Jo0 + heugles YF ee [feo e ae ain [JP Note Jo atu integra oo tem Jar +Bc+e dk wo empressar + bec 28 he sum o dilerence of two squares and apply one ‘of he formulae gen above as the case may be. @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM Jpeg) gi be Fe ds Tere thi pe of igre, we apes tena facor pe gas pee q= 2 (ae +4 OH where, A andj can be deermined by equating the coefficients oflike powers ofx and constant term on both sides, Sloe gar er ede oh fica far verete tu Yor ebee ae The frst integral on RHS is evaluated by putting aac! +be-+ ¢=t andthe second integral is evaluated bY ‘hemethod discussed above. @ INTEGRALS OF THE FORM Jota xsd +] xo +h ed an To evaluate this type of integrals, we dvde the numerator 1 and dominator by? and put +21 or whichever on diferenition gies the numerator ofthe sescling integrand.J) TARGET JEE 2017 Er, Love Agrawal JEE ADVANCED @DRILL A collection of 30 innovative problems on JEE Advanced pattern from complete syllabus Single Option Correct Type 1. If a circle of constant radius r passos through the origin O and cuts the axes at P and@. Then, the locus of the perpendicular from 0 to PQ is (atx? yx + y%) = ar? Ba? + Mat = yh) oat tat + a =a C(x" ~ yxy) wart 2. The equation of the curve for which the intercept cut-off by any tangent on Y-axis is proportional to the square of the ordinate of the point of tangeney, is oa-& 1 3. The value of lim A(x] + (2x14 13¢1+ dnb, where 'Idenotes greatest integer function, is wt we wo we 4. The points on the curve ax* + 2bxy + ay® O MARCH 2017 > MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 5. The sum S) are tan is equal to m las +) foitannt snes E Oitanrnt sae -% unt smi) @tanratone y= i i More Than One Option Correct Type 6. If] 2, =[z_| =1and arg(2,) + arg(z,) =0, then 7. Let (1+ 2920 + 9" = Sya,x”, Tag) ay are in AP, then the possible values of n are 2 ws (4 3 Ifat =8 B =e, 7 = 2=log, o, then , x=log,a®, y=log, 6 and (alae =1 aye =2 (ed hghy =2 (A) ighy =1 9. If the vectors b=(tang,-1,2/sim@/2 and [tan tang, 5 are orthogonal and a vector a = (1, 3sin 20) makes an obtuse angle with the Z-axis, then the value of Bis (a)(4n+ 2m - tan" 2 ()(4n + Da + tana (o)(4n + r= tanta (d)(4n + Ym + tant2 10. If an ellipse intersects the hyperbola 2x” ~ 2y? =1 orthogonally. The eccentricity of the ellipse is reciprocal to that of the hyperbola. If the axes of the ellipse are along the coordinate axes, then (a) equation of ellipse isx® ~ 2y? = 2 (©) the foci of ellipse is +1, 0) fe) equation of ellipse isx? + 2y* = 2 (@) the foci of ellipse11. Ifa function is defined as f(2) =| (@) f(x) is continuous at x () f(x) is continuous at x (6) f(x) isnot differentiable at x = 2 (@) f(x) is differentiable atx T2.1f a function f:R —>1-1,1) is fd defined as Bol x41 , then which of the following statement is true? (a) fis ineroasing for x > Ound decreasing for x < 0 (6) the area included by the curve y = f(x) and the line y= Tis 2r sq units (e) minimum value is not attained even though fis bounded (a) f is many-one and onto 13. Three six faced fair dice are thrown together. The probability that the sum of the numbers appearing on the dice is n(3 MARCH 2017» MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM. Answers with Explanation 1. @) Lot the coordinates of Pand Q be (p, 0) and 0, 4) Equation of PQ is Eide o Pa Centre ofthe circle lies on the line PQ, since PQ is a diameter of the circle, = ptegaar? “a [Equation of OM which is perpendicular to PQ is pr=qy=h It passes through (0, 0) hao Equation of OM is px -qy=0 lit) From Eqs. (i) and (i, we get On substituting the value ofp and gin Ba, we ast teatro my > tty ats y? 2. (a) The equation of tangent at any point (x,9) is & y-y= Bx ae? a When X=0, then =y-2 4 intercept » yn [y-intereept] Iie given that ¥ =y2 ye Let Now,Hence, requned solution is tee fBdeoke 10 = Zeke y = xohay4 Oy + x-Cy=hay G.G 3. (e) Since, xclelelsx 2e-1<[2e]<2e Be-1<[8r)<8e ne -1<(ne}sne On adding above terms, we get (142494.+n)—mefa Ts [2e]4 [8] ++ [ae] Se(+2431..4m) nint3) ey nine) MED -ncte]s [2e]4 (elt Ins nine) ain+) _ fel [2e) + fae). * 3 iy ef 222 1) i et L Be Le) me nam ® tim MTD Peg 5 Feet Heer Mette) ox 2m a “2 5 tim (2+ L2e}+ tne) x a w 2 4, (a) Let P(x,y) bea point on the curve ax? + Dixy + ay? =e whose distance from the origin is r. x=reos and y=rsin0 As rcos and rsin Olio on ax? + 2bxy + ay? =e. ar* cos? 0+ 2br? sin cos 0+ ar? sin? 0=¢ > (e+ dsin20 r* ar bain 26 = wo From Eq, (i), ia minimum when (a+ bsin20) is maximum, = sin 26is maximum, bn p[-r =r Wren 0, p(t = BB ere Da0 re) Te@?sr-DO—rsD iS) TARGET JEE 2017 aed > arg @) 2 yl 7. (a,e,d) Wehave, A+ 2e! <4" SPO Oye?) Hast assays" a,0° + On comparing the coefficients of x, x2, 2°, we get 4,="G,a,="C, + 2anday="C, = 2G, Since, q;,) and a, are in AP. Bay =, +05 22°C, 4 2)="G, 4 "C,42°C, (n=2) 6 mnt =2n=n22) = me @ 18041 Bn? +2 nb on? 4260 (n-Bin-B(n—41=0 nad 8. (ad) Since, =a = (=a = bY 3 Wa saan = worel Again, x=log,, 6, y=log eand 2log,@ | Toga 10g. 8, 10g 8! log, 6 and logge! = log. a = hae? byay? and hy=et Hence, hy (aye)? 9. (ae) Given, a the Z-asis, therefore its Z-component is negative 3 sin20) makes an obtuse angle with = sin20<0 > ~1ssin20<1 @ Since, b and eare orthogonal = bo > tan 0-tand-6=0 = (tand-8)(tan0+2)=0 MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 53,& TARGET JEE 2017 which is true. tan20> 0 20s in third quadrant and Jin O72 is meaningful If 0 sin8/2< 1, then 0= (dn + Dx ~ tant2 and = (dn + 2a ~ tan? 2 10. (,) Since, given hyperbola i rectangular, sits ceccontricity is V2 and eccentricity eof the ellipse is {at the equation ofthe ellipse be where 6? =a%(1 4) So, equation ofthe ellipse is sts ayaa! and let (x, 9) be a point of intersection of the ellipse and the hyperbola "Then, 2? ~ 2y? = 1 and2? + 29f =a’ Equations of the tangents at (x, »,) tothe two conics Ber, = 2yy, = Landanx, + 29, ‘Sinco, the two eonies intersects orthogonally f From Ba. (0, we got x? Hence, the equ focus ist= ae, 0 2 ion of ellipse is x* + 2y® = Qand its 11, (bye) We have, fix) = |2~x,0 f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 and tim ftx) = im, (2) lim, fla) = im, 2+ 9 pa=o = fix) iecontinvous at x Now, 740") =1and f"0") Spey =-tand f"2*)=1 > f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0,2. 54 > MARCH 2017» MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM “ 12, 13, (a,b) Weave fa) = = -1-—2 a & = rae (ee D? Ix > 0, ("x) > 09 fis increasing and ifs < 0, (x) <0 =f is decreasing, Range (f) = [1,11 So, itis into function, Minimum value oceurs at x = 0 f= fo rt dx = {tan x} (25 (6, 6) Total number of cases x 6x 6=216 ‘The number of favourable ways = Coefficient of x" in(x +x? +4 28)9 = Coefficient of 2-9 in - x°)°C = = Coolfcient ofx*“8 inl = bs OS n-3E5) a n-302¢, a8 tg, = Dn = 2 2 (w=Dim-2 quired probability = = Die = 2 Required probability = (3) Given, log , 2 log (2 = Bande f= | tog2+ logy 2” = log 362? - 5) = = (rt 222" MF 10027) + 25-207) 7 = em -12027) + 92 = rer = po2a ~ 5 exists only when 2" ~ = Sis the only solution. Boooes st 15, (0) We have, f(x) a secx, 2 2ecos*x/2 x*+sinz x + tanx ~ fen =f) > a) inadd = f'(z)iseven 3 Pena = f(x) + f(x) is odd function Let Wx) = (x? + fle) + fC) = Mon == ho) Shea) inadd fo2 hands 16, (2) Since, system of equations has non-zero solution and, D, = Dy = Dy = 0.80, D must be equal to zero, lp: a2 ay lar Pa as|=0 la, a2 Ps =a a-P, O > | 0 ppm ay ay pal= 0 Ce. Le Ry 9 Ry ~ Ry, Ry > Ry ~ Ry S (P, ~ a NlP2 ~ a2)(P5 ~ a) 1 a o ° 1 “1 a a Ps Iev- 1 Paz Pa ~@ 0 a ° 0 1 - |-o a Ps as la @ Pa~ Gy Po @y Pa~ 4 Pam FG 9G +46) a Pa Pa-% Pa~ ay Pa-% moe 17a) (= fig FE =F, wg, ee) y= Boh — 19 Fon am, 7 sinfae « D2 ign B= tf =1) > ~ 22+ 0) = wx? -sinax + C - msinaex +1 Iwhen x = 0, then C = 1] (-sina) = ~sin?at sin’a+1=1 iS) TARGET JEE 2017 18, (2) Ifx is positive real number, then x=[el+ feb “ where 0 x) <1 Now, Str -[x])=x+lx) = ae = 6 [2] 3 = x= Ste 2 From Eq. (0, Since, 0< {e)<1 1 = osliser 5 > osiz1<2 = bela 19, (4) naPQS, e J aoX es 7h sind, © es sin, + 6) mapgr, nl + 5 ar, of «in mnapre, sind i TR Inapse, — Sm@2 0) _ sine Ww SE PS From Eqs. (D, (i), (i) and (iv), BP sng) (Sinn) sina, + opin, + 09 lr 2)(Fet®) ning (Bana) (Fear) 2xBed 20.15) = Sit, ~ "pp = MB Min Bins _ (= Dion + Din = Mae Mins Beg. ns Mins z rey so mene ® "Wet = 2 __-_ 2 weber e wad MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 55®& TARGET JEE 2017 Tara D (25015 (2xab+ DEY} 21. (0) Let the three given points lie on the line les my +n=0, where, mand nare real numbers. Then, | mf £ ° tea > Wb mets n= (3m + m= 0 For!=a,b,¢ =a, care roots of equation US + me + ne Sm - n= 0 Then, at b+ 2 T and abe Now, abe~ (be + ca + ab) + 3a +640) (im +n ( 22, (@) Weave, & 4 {2 a p= yest = yest ‘Since, curve passing through origin, e=0 yo sae) dy 404 #64 = 2400)] a 3! Gea ; dy 4084 2%) ae atx) = fla) is strictly increasing forallx = R, oats = and it doesnot change sgn = x = is the point of inflection. 56 > MARCH 2017» MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 23. (e) x 9 y Deands 9-9 y-9-= e ‘Area enclosed by y= f(s), Xaxis and ordinate atx = 2 AaB 2g 226 Dy a3 t) 2 2p tog AP 22 2 22~ log 8 0 — log 2 = 22-tog or 22 = 2-211 ~ tog 2 2-2 - tog 21 Bag 2 24, (b) Given, normal at point P (am?, ~ 2am) intersects the parabola y* = ax at @. P ian? 2am) Let the coordinate of @ be (am?, - 2am), 2 ™ im ‘Tangent at P and Q are am? i) and -myj =x + amb “i Points of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) isx = - 2a - am* wt yecetm sme [om a-m-2] - R am25. (a) Let R be x,,.%). ‘Then, PQ is the chord of contact of parabola w.rt. R which is given by yy = 2a (x +x) Length of perpendicular from R to PQ is RM yf ~ dax, vot + 4a? ‘Then, area of APQR 1 PQ: Rat 2 "@: 21 (ite GF eit 2 ayy + 4a" of a Since, andy = 22 Area of APQR 5 tat. e mot 26. () Bag contains p red and glue balls. Let E, be the evont of drawing a red ballin the ith draw. ‘Then, B’: event of drawing a bluo ball in the itl Let E : event that P wins the game. ‘Then, 2": event that Q wins the game, ‘Since, after each draw, the ball drawn is replaced. P(E) = Pana (E) = 2 pra pea draw. P(E.) + PUB(ESE,) + POB\BSRSB(E, ) + Ey) + PUR) PURPLE.) + PUR) PCED PE) PE)PE,) + PL pip+@ _ pra p+ 2pq P= 24 PCB) = 1 ~ Pus) 27. (b) Since, P(E) = P(E) pra _%9 pidg p+ 2g = pt q= Sp 29 > pig= 2h iS) TARGET JEE 2017 28. A+rBosC>qD>p A. Point (3,2) lies on Ber yse- -2yse-1 = B-2xr+n- > Ae w+ 8=Oand 2, —y-2 = aepe-3 B. I¢the required image ix, y, 2), then x-3_y-5 T+18) ay z r (ey2 C. Given plane is Bet Bye Der 5-0 “ and given line is 2 cy er ‘Equation of line through point (2, 8, 4) and parallel to the line (i) is i) Any point om line (iis (Bk + 2, 6k + 8 2k + 4) Ifit lies on plane (i), then k= ~1 Point on the line (i is(~1, ~ 8,2) Required distance (a+ D7 ++ a+ ara® D. Any point on the line x-2_y-2 2 2 3 4 which satifies the line x-4 Required point is(-1,- 1, - 29. A+n5; Bop; Cons Dg A. Since, MM = 1 and|M|=1 [IM |=\IM—- M™M] mM = M1) = IM =I=|0- 4M (0711 = Mi -1)° [M=I| beT-M is a3 x 8 matrix -[M= 1] > 2|M=1|=0 > |M-z|=0 D+ sh A-1 a+ B.Given,| +1 2, 2-4 R-S AV4d =o + DM FO + doe On putting A = 0, we get To be Continued at Page 87 MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 57@ CLASS XII SYLLABUS Rapid CONCEPT REVISION (> ALGEBRA OF VECTORS ‘The quantities, which have both magnitude and direction, are called vectors. Geometrically, a vector is represented by a directed line segment, say AB. Here, A is called the initial point and B is called the terminal point or tip. The ‘magnitude or modulus of AB is denoted by | AB| or AB, ‘The magnitude of a vector is always a non-negative real number. 4 e train Tena por Types of Vector On the basis of magnitude, position or their initial and terminal points, following are types of vectors S.No. Vector Definitions 1 Zero ‘A vector whose intial and terminal points vector coincides is ealled zero or null vector andit, to is denoted hy 0. Alo, i can be represented by AA, BB, ete 2 Unit vector of unit magnitude i called unit vector ‘vector. The unit vector in the direction ofa ‘vector a is denoted by a, Also, it is defined ial 5. Likeand Vectors are said to be like oF unlike unlike according as they have same or opposite vectors __ sense of direction, 4 Coinitial Two or more vectors having vectors same initial points are called 9/, coinitial vectors, Coterminous Vectors having same terminal points are vectors called coterminous vectors S.No. 6. 10 Vectors Negative of a vector Free and localised Collinear or parallel Coplanar Reciprocal of a vector Defi ‘A vector whose magnitude is same as ‘that of given vector but the direction is ‘opposite toi, is called negative vector of given vector. IF AB is a vector, then its negative vector is BA, ie. AB = - BA. Vectors whose initial points are not specified, are called free vectors, but ifa vector is drawn from given specified point, then itis called localised vectors. ‘Two or more vectors are said to be parallel, if they have the same support or parallel support. Parallel vector may have equal or unequal magnitudes and their directions maybe same or opposite ‘Two or more vectors ae called coplanar, st hey leon the same plane, Note that two vectors having sare initial point are always eoplanar but threo oF more ‘vectors may'oF may not be coplanar ‘A vector having the same direction ax that ofa given vector a but magnitude sequal to the reciprocal of the given sctor is Known at the reciprocal of tnd is denoted by a”, Thus, if |al= 3, then ar] = 4 58 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Vectors Definitions Properties of Vector Addition 11, Equal ‘Tworvecors a and bate said o be equal, Following are the proportis of vector addition ‘vectors if they heve same magnitude end (i) Vector addition is commutative, ic. a+ b= direction, regardless of the positions of their initial points, We write tas a= b. ii) Vector addition is associative, ie(atb)+e=a+(b+e), Fee orem bess, i) lw the aive iy fixed point O (called origin), is called a+0=a-0+a position vector ofthe point P-Iftx, y,2) (iv) (~a) is additive inverse of a, as a + (—a) =0, {s evordinates of point P, then. i.e, negative of vector is its additive inverse. lop] = yz" A Subtraction of Vectors Components of Vector If a and b are two vectors, then a-b is defined as AfP(., y, 2) is any point in space, then a a-b=a+Cb). a o Note Let A and & be two given points wth postion vectors OA and ° yi a J 08 thew AB = 08 OA ZL hen Here, x, y and z are called the scalar oe components of OP and xi,,y} 2k are kd Subtraction in Component Form called the vector components of r | 4 Let a=aitaj +a Saeco wi tonbadenk ‘ ‘ x en, a~b=(a, bi + (a, -b)}+ (a, - dk ection Cosines Then, b=(a, ~b i+ (,-b)}+ (0, - bk ‘The angles, which the vector makes with the positive Properties of Vector Subtraction directions of X, ¥ and Z-axes, are ealled the direction angles Gabe b—a and their cosines are called the direction cosines. If Gj) Ay esa-(b-e) component form of vector aisa = xi+ yj+ 2k anda, ,yare the angles made by the vector a with X,Y and Z-axes, then, REMEMBER cosa. =—~, cos {}=—* and cos y= Tap Pfu 4 9 Ta] Tangle lagu Note costa + costs + cosy =1 Ja bila] +b] . ie Addition of Vectors . feo bfat[b (i) By triangle law If two vectors, say aand bare represented by two sides of a triangle taken in the same + The internal bisector of ne angle between any two vectors is along the vector sum af the coresponding unt wero. + Tho extra biscetor af the angle betwoen any twa vactrs is along order, then their sum (a + b) can be ‘the voctor itfrence of tho corresponding uit vectrs. represented by third side of the 4: TR represents the resultant of two forces and O, triangle taken in the reverse order. fa) R=P+ a ii) By parallelogram law If two wil vectors, say a and b are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their sum (a+b) can be represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose initial point is same as the initial point of the given vectors, (tan Addition in Component Form . . Let a=ai+aj+ajk Scalar Multiplication of a Vector «hk Ifaiis a vector and m is a scalar, then ma represents the and babit bbs ble . weetor whose direction is same, when m >0 or opposite, Then, a+ b=(a, +d)i+(e, + 64+ (a, + dhe when m <0 and magnitude is m times of| a] MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 59© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Properties of Scalar Multiplication of Vectors If a,b are vectors and m,n are scalars, then following are true. (mia) = alm) {Gi)_m (na) = n(ma) = mnta) Gi) (nt at na iv) m(a+b)=ma+ mb Section Formulae If aand b are position vectors of two points A and B, then the position veetor ¢ of the point, which divides ABin the ratio m:n, is - 4 [internal division] e_mbona and [external division! Linear Combination A vector r is said to be linear combination of vectors 8), My Ay. My, if there exist sealars hy, hy yok, such that n= Ra, + hyty + yy + + tty Linearly Dependent A system of vectors a, @y,ay...,a, is said to be linearly dependent, if there exist scalars yy Rayos yy tall zero, such that fra, + hay + hyay +o + ya, =O Properties of Parallel Vectors (® Iaandb are parallel vectors, thon there exists a scalar k such that a Rb Gi Ita and b are two non-zero, non-parallel vectors, thon kat hb=0->h ~h,=0, ie, two nonzero, non- MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM10, i. 12. MASTER If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, then AD + EB + FCequals @2aB 0 @3aB 4 AB I'a,b, cand dare the position vectors of the points A,B,C and D such that no three of them are collinear and a+ €=b + d, then ABCD is a (@) rhombus (®) rectangle () square (@) parallelogram ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with centre at the origin such that AD + EB+ FC=2 ED. Then, equals (a2 wa wos ws If ABCD is a parallelogram with AC and BD as diagonals. Then, AC- BD is equal to @4AB 6)SAB@)2AB (AB IfOACB is a parallelogram with OC = a and AB=b, then OA is equal to 1 1 @arb Wa-b @Lb-» WLa-w oetb- a i IEG is the intersection of diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD and 0 is any point, then OA + OB+ OC + OD equals @20G 406 @50G 306 Let G be the controid of ABC. If AB = a and AC=b, thon AG, in terms of a and b, is 2 1 1 1 @a+y Oar @liasr) wt "3 6 "5 "2 b) ‘The position vectors of the points A,B and C are 2i+ jk, si-2j+ kandi+ 4) ak, respectively. ‘These points (a) form an isosceles triangle (b) form a right triangle (are collinear (@) form a sealene triangle If the points with position vectors 20i + pj, and 104 - 13} are collinear, then p is equal to W387 @)=7 ws If the position vector of a point Ais a+ 2b anda divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3, then the position vector of Bis (@2a-b ()b-2a @a-s Wwb Ifa, band e are three non-zero vectors, no two of which are collinear and the veetor a + bis collinear with ¢, b+ e is collinear with a, then a+b + eis -i @7 equal to @a wb fe None of thes If points A(60i + 3), B(40i - 8) and C(ai — 52) are collinear, then ais equal to 0-40 (oB w-» STROKES 13. Let OA =i + 9} -2% and OB=5i + j- 2k. Then, vector OC bisecting ZAOB and C being a point on the line AB, is a+ j-t @i+j-k 14, If the vector ~ i+ j- k bisects the angle between the vector ¢ and the vector 3i + 4j then the unit vector in the direction of ¢ is Vitis to}. 2k 1 js ok j@Loari+ioj+ 2a @-Lani- 10} + ao "5 a % 7 wards j-io (a) None of these 1 nis 10} 2i0 baton) oe -Lani+ij-2%@ @— Ia i v B 15, Ifr = ai + 2}- 5k, a= 2j- 5+, b= i+ 9j- 2k and c= ~2i+ j- 3k such that r = xa + yb~ ze, then ()x, yz are in GP (a), y,2 are in AP (o)x, 9,2 rein HP (a) y,%,2arein AP 16. Let AB=3i+ j-k, AC=i- j+ 3k anda point Pon the line segment BC is equidistant from AB and AC, then APs equal to (a) tik (odie ke (bi - 2h (a) None of these 17. The vector ¢, directed along the internal bisector of the angle between the vectors a= Ti — 4j- 4k and b=-2i—j+ 2icwith| e|= 56, is (34-1) + aa 3 (i+ 5 + aio oid + 75+ 2h ws — Bi + Bj + 2k 18. Ifa, b and e are three non-zero veetors which are pairwise non-collinear. Ifa + Sbis collinear with e and b + 2eis collinear with a, then a + 3b + 6e is equal to @e wo @are da 19. Ifthe vectors AB= i + 4le and AC= Si - 2] + le are the sides of aAABC, then the length of the median through Ais @ wv NB NB 20. Suppose that p, q and r non-coplanar veetors in R°. Let the components of a veetor salong p,q.and r be 4, 3 and 5, respectively. If the components of this vector salong-p+q4r,p-qtrand-p-q+r are x, y and 2 respectively, then the value of ax i yezis rT os ws ws Answers 1 20 36 4 5. (b) 600) 72) BG) BB) 10. (0) 1@ 120 120) 46) 16 16. ( 7a Ba 1%) 20.6) MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 61(By PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS Product of two vectors can be sealar or vector. Sealar (or Dot) Product of Two Vectors ‘The scalar product of two vectors a and b is defined as product of magnitude| al and| b| and cosine of angle between them, i.e, a-b =| al|b| cos8, (06 0, when is acute and a:b < 0, when 0 is obtuse. (i) aaslal?=a* Gil) Scalar product is commutative, ie. a-b=b-a, Gv) Scalar product is distributive over addition, ie, a(b+e)=a-b+ae (v) Ifa: b= 0, then either a= 0 or b = 0 or a is perpendicular tob, wo (vii) The angle between a and b is given by ab one lal] by a,j+ajkand b=b,i+d,j+b,k Then, a-b=(o,i+a,}+a,b0-(i+ og + 68 = ab=ah; +a, + ay In particular, a * SPEED BOOSTER For any two vectors and b, we have = Maximum value of a:b = [al |b] = |a+b|=[a]+[b|— alld = |ayb|=[a—bl>alb Projection of Vector Projection of vector a on veetor b=|a| eos 0 = O MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM Vector (or Cross) Product of Two Vectors Ifa, bare two vectors and6@ is the angle between them, then ax b=|al|b|sin 0, where it is the unit vector perpendicular to both @ and B, and A forms a right, handed system. Properties of Vector Product () Vector product is not commutative, ie.axb+bxa, infact axb--bxa (ii) Vector product is not associative, ie.(axb) xerax(bxe) Vector product is distributive over addition and subtraction, ie. ax(b+e)=axb+axe and e)=axb-axe Gi Gv) ® jp also jxi = (i) a= ait a}+ ak and b= 4146+ bk, then ij & axb-l, a, a hm a (vii) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and ty is given by a= 2 2*P, = ¥ Jaxb] (vit) A vector of magnitude k and perpendicular to the k(axb) Taxi Geometrically, |axb| is the area of the parellclogram, whose two adjacent. sides are represented by a and b. (0) The area of ABC is 1 1 JAB Ac)or 4 Bex Bal SIABx AC| or 51 BC BA) plane of a and b is + tio or }]CBxCal 2 (xi) Ifa, b and ¢ are the position vectors of three points A, B and, then the area of ABC 1 Jlaxbs+bxesexal 3! " (xii) The area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d and d,, in given byt la, xa. (xiii) If 0 is the angle between a and b, then laxb] lal-[b]© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION (xiv) ax b =0 eal] b, where a and b are non-zero vectors. (xv) If @, and 7 are three non-coplanar vectors, then any ‘vector can be written as REMEMBER Tree points AB and ae colinear if ABX 2 be the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides with its centre at the origin. Let a, be the position vector of the ia Agk =, Qn IE value of nis @1 ws we 27. Let band be three non-coplanar unit vectors such ws that the angle between every pair of them is + I ax b+ bx @-pa+ gb + re where p,qandrare scalars, then the value of P+ 2° +7 jg 7 (2 oa (os @s 28. In R?, ifthe magnitude of the projection vector of the vector ai + jon V3i + jis VB and ifa= 2+ V36, then the possible value(s) off islare 12 34 45 ws 29. In R, lot VBi+ j, i+ VOjandpi + -ppj be the position vectors of X,¥ and Z respectively w.r-t. the origin 0. If the distance of Z from the biseetors of the acute angle of OX with OY is—%, then the possible e values of p|are @8,9 78,9 2 was 30, Let ABCD be a tetrahedron with AB = 41, BC ~ 36, CA=1, DA=18 DB = 27 and DC =18 Then, the square of the distance between the mid-points of AB and CD equals fa) 1096) 548 (oa ast Answers 1.0) 200) 3.0) 4() 5.48) 6.(0) 7a) 80) 8() 10.(0) 1) 12.6) 13.0) 14.) 18.00) 16 (>) 17-(a) 186), 19.) 20.18} 2t(0) 22.00) 23.6) 8I) 25.10) 26(6) 27-0) Ba} 8.2) 30.(0)(iB) PRODUCT OF THREE VECTORS Product of three vectors can be scalar triple product or vector triple product. Scalar Triple Product ‘The scalar triple product of three veetors a,b and e is defined by (axb)-e=lal|b]|e|sinOcos 4, where 0 is angle between a and b, while ¢ is angle between vectors axb and ¢. Scalar triple product is also defined as box product and represented as [a b el, Properties of Scalar Triple Product ® Geometrically, scalar triple product represents the volume of the parallelopiped, whose three coterminous edges are represented by a, band ci.e. V =[a bel. i) Dot and eross ean interchange their position in sealar triple product ie. a-(b xe) =(axb)-e Also, (a be]=[beal=[eab] Gii) a(bxe)--a-(exbhic.[abe]-—[aeb] Gv) [kabel=hlabel (where isscalar) (v) [a+ bed]=[acd)+(bed] (vi) [ab b-e e-a]=Oand [a+b b+e ct+a)=2[abe) (vii) Ifa, band e are coplanar, then [ab e]=0 (iii) If any two of three vectors are samo, then the vectors are coplanar, ic.[a ab] =[b b a]=[e e b]=0. Scalar product of three vectors, two of which are equal and parallel, is 0 i. (ab e|=0. Ha=airaj sale, b=bi + 63+ ble @ a, a hob by ) wo and e~ 0+ 6,3 + esl thon [a be] — (xi) In general, if a=, ~ am + a,n, b=)1+ bm + dnand e=c) + week me eam +eyn, then 1m nj ‘where, , m and m are non-coplanar vectors. If [abel~0, then [abel>0 for right handed system and [a b e] <0 for let handed system. The volume of the tetrahedron OABC, with O as origin and the position vectors of A, B and C being a, band e respectively, is given by Ea be) (xii) (xii (xiv) The position vector of centroid of a tetrahedron, ifthe Position vectors ofits angular vertices are a, b, cand 4 is given by La b+e+ dl (xv) The angle between any two plane faces of a regular tetrahedron is cos @) (xvi) The angle between any edge and a face not containing fl the angle is cos REMEM e's entity Habe and dare fur vectors, then jax bl fe x d= " peed Vector Triple Product Lot a, bande be any three vectors, then the expression x (b x) is vector and is called vector triple product. Here, the vector a x (bx o) is perpendicular tothe aand lie in the plane of band e, ie, ax(b%e) can be written as xb+ ye. Note )a xb xe)=(@-e)b—(a bye ()@ xb)xe=(¢-ajb-(c-bja Properties of Vector Triple Product (@ In general, ax(bxe)#(axb)xe. But if, ax (bx e) =(axb) xe, then some or all a, b and e are zero vectors, or a and e are collinear. Gi) (ax) x(exd)=[(axb)-d) e-[(axb)-e]d =labdje-labeld (axj)+iex(axip 2a label Reciprocal System of Vectors Ifa, b,e and a’, b’, ¢ are two sets of non-coplanar vectors such that aa’ —b'b’=e-e' = 1, then the two systems are called reciprocal system of vectors, bxe y_ exa [abe|’” [abel’ ay, fab =a'b’ — (aby? Gi) Ixia (iv) laxb bxe exa xb abel Also, a= Properties of Reciprocal System of Vectors bea =b-¢=c-a'=0-b=0 Gi) (abe) [a be }=1 oo (iii) The orthogonal triad of vectors i, j and k is self reciprocal Gv) a, B and © are non-coplanar iff a’,b and¢’ are non-coplanar. REMEMBER Song a vector equation means determining an unknown vestor {oranumber of vectors satisfying the given conditions). * Gonoraly, to slve vet equations wo express th unknown asthe Inoar combination of thyoo non-coplanar vectors, for 09 raxasyb+ z(axb); as ab and axb aro non-coplanar and find x,y and 2 using gun conditions MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 6510, 66 MASTER STROKES If is a unit veetor such that x(bxe)+ y(exa)+z(axb), then 1G a) (bx 0) + (Fb) (ex a) + (#-€)(axb)] is equal to ‘a)|iabel] L (3|labe)] @o Lot a,b and ebe three vectors such that(abe}=2. If r=I(bxe) +m(exa)+n(axb) be perpendicular to a+b+e,then the value of + m + nis (a2 on wo {d) None of these If bis a unit vector, then (a: 6) b+ bx(axb) is equal to colaf abs aba a Ifa,b ande are any three non-coplanar vectors, then[a+b+e a-e a-blis equal to (ao label abel (d)-Siabel Let a, band e are the three vectors having ‘magnitudes I, 1 and 2 respectively such that ax(axe)+b=0, then the acute angle between a and eis @e wt or we "3 4 " "D Ifa, band e aro non-coplanar and non-zero vectors, then (axcb) x(b x) x (bx a) +(e xa) x(exb) is equal to @abelarbse) — )[abelarbse) wo (d) None of these ‘The acute angle between any two faces of a regular tetrahedron is “ w(t vee-(5) coow(2) CW None afte 3 Ifa, band e are non-null coplanar vectors, then [a-2b+e b-2e+ae~2a+b] equals @label (lack) (0 wuiabel Let G,,G, and G, be the centroids of the triangular faces OBC, OCA, OAB of a tetrahedron OABC. If V, denotes the volume of the tetrahedron OABC and YV, that of the parallelopiped with OG,,0G, and 0G, as three concurrent edges, then av, ()8¥,=4V, (BV, =2V, Let r, a, b and e be four non-zero vectors such that r-a=0,|rxb|=|r||b|,| rxe|=|r| |e} then abel is equal to @-1 0 1 we MARCH 2017» MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 11, Lot Vai + je and W~i+ si, Dis a unit veetor, then the maximum value ofthe sealar triple product UV Wh is f@-1 6 (a) J60 If and b are two unit vectors, then the vector (a+b) x(x b) is parallel to the vector @ars wa-b OR 12. a+b arab 13. If and ¢ are unit vectors, If Ww is a vector such that w+ (wi) =%, then &-(xw) will be equal to @l-ow @)1- [wh fo)lwp—ca-w)* (a) All ofthese If the vectors a and bare perpendicular to each other, then a vector v in terms of a and b satisfying the equations v-a=0, v: b=1and[vab]=1, is b axb ye Tb] TaxbP (a) None of these 14. parallelopiped formed by i+ ‘becomes minimum, is ws oF aj+k, j+akandai+k 1 = wt OG "5 16. Ifa, band care any three non-coplanar vectors, then (a+ b+e)-(b+€)x(e+a) equals fj@o @labe] (2abe} @s[abe) Ifa, band e are vectors such that| b|=| e|, then {(a+b) x(a+-@) }x<(bxe)-(b + €) is equal to for @-1 wo (a) None of these 17. 18. If the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the veetors a, band e as three coterminous edges is 27 cu units, then the volume of the parallelopiped havinga=a+ 2b—c,=a-band y=a-b—cas three coterminous edges is (a) 27 eu units ©) 9euunits (6) 81 euunits (d) None ofthese 19. fa:(oxihi v(a-(oxI)} +(a-Chxf)keis equal to (a)2axb) )3taxb) ab @-(axb) 20. ‘The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector Lo a (2i-3) we” @ Luis 3j-si 3 be ).(2a+-b) [(axb) x(a—2b)] is 2 ws (4 ws 22. Two adjacent sides of the parallelogram, ABCD are siven by AB: Lk and AD=-i+ 2+ 2k. ‘The side AD is rotated by an acute angle o in the plane of the parallelogram so that AD becomes AD’. If AD’ makes a right angle with the side AB, then the cosine of the angle c is given by 8 ws "9 : 3 @. a8 23. The vectors which are ocplnar with vectors i+ j+ 2k and i+ 2}+ I, and perpendicular to the vector i+ j+k are +jand i+ 2}+ aie be three given vectors. If r is a vector such that rxb=exb and r-a=0, then the value of r- bis (is ws 6 ws 25. Ira. §j- 6h), then the value of 2a~b)-{(axb) x(a + 2b)) is @-5 —W)-3 (os ws 26. The number of distinet, real value of 2 for which the vectors a=2° i+k, b=i-A'jand e=i+(2h-sini)j- 2k are coplanar, is oo oR @s [Continued es Page 0 26. If p® =a" cos*6 + 6’ sin’ @, then the value of p = te inequal to 2B gy Gg att 2008 27. The smallest positive values of x and y satisfying cot x+ cot y=2, are 3 4 28. The value of xe yt 2) tan! (eel + tan! y ve + tant (222 }s equal to © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 27. The points with position vectors ai + j+k, i-j—K, i+2}-ieandi+ j+pk are coplanar, if wocrase O)A-w(1-B)=0 (1a +P)a0 (d)(1+011+B) =0 28. Let PR=3i + j—2k and SQ =i-3j-4k determine diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS and PT=i+ 2]+ Sk be another vector. Then, the volume of the parallelopiped determined by the vectors PT, PQ and PSis ws 20 (10 (30 29. Iflaxb bxe exal=2(abel,, then 2 is equal to fo wr © ws 30. Let unit vectors a, b and@ are coplanar and a unit vector dis perpendicular to them. I xb) x(éxd)=—i-—j+—k and the angle Gxt x(@xd = Fi—Fie jk and the an between fi and bis 30°, then @ is/are (0) X¢-21-3}s b = 1-2} +2) @ Answers 1) Bo) KS) BLO) © 7 86 9%) 10.0) We 20) 3158.0) 16.0) 17 16. 19.(0)20.(0) 21.(6) 2200) 23.) 24.10) 28. 18) 26.(0) 27.2) 28.) 28.) 90.(0) (x 2% (don 29. Let n(U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300 and n(A no B) = 100. Then, n(A° B®) is equal to (a) 400 @) 600 (e200 a) 200 30. The value of fim 1*8i-¥— c08 #1 logI= 2), ig @-1 wiz @-12 wt Answers 128k 6@ 70) 8) 8) 10.) Me) i) 18.0) 14) 18.) 16.(9 17.1) 18.06) 18.) 20.08) 2) 2) BQ) 25.60) 26.(a) 27.) 28.) B.C) BD. MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 67iB) 3D GEOMETRY Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in 3D ‘Three mutually perpendicular lines intersecting at O in space, divide the space into eight parts which are known as octants. The perpendicular lines are known as coordinate axes and the planes XY, YZ and ZX are known as ‘coordinate planes. Coordinate of a Point in Space Let P be a point in space, 2 then the position of P is c given by triad (x 9,2), where x’ and 2 are perpendicular distances of from YZ-plane, ZX-plane and 778 XY-plane, respectively. Ifwe assume i,j and i unit , vectors alongOX,OY andOZ . respectively, then position vector of point Pis vi Fela oft ah Note The coordinates feign © are (000), The coordinates of any pointon X-axs are(x, 0, 0),on Y-avs are (0 y, OJand on Zs fare (0,0, 2) The coordinates of any point in YZ-plane are (2.y, 21m x7-plane are (x, O)and in Zkplane are Distance between Two Points Let P(x, 95,2) and @ (py, 23) be two given points. ‘Then, the distance between these points is given by PQ= Vx, +e x Section Formulae (@ The coordinates of any point, which divide the join of points PCs, 94.2%) and Q(x Jp 2,) in the ratio m:n internally, are BY , Mat mS (Gi) The coordinates of any point, which divide the join of points P(x,,94,2)) and Q(x, y,2,) in the ratio m:n my ~My ~ Thy Mey ~ Nz externally, are REMEMBER The coordinates of mid-point of line segment joining the points ek, WAN Le, Psy zsband Olx,, yy 2shand Ox, Td 68 > MARCH 2017 » MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM * Tho coordinates ofthe contoid of a triangle formed with vertices Phe Yn 2, ry, 2 1NG Rly Yoo 2 08 (2b Wty ty nrg ta) 3 3 3 = The coordinates of the centold of a tetrahedron formed with vertices PIX, Ys, 2), QM Vo Zz) UR Ye 2s )8NU Sty, Ye 21a KGAA, We ttle BEL PE Ze a SPEED BOOSTER = Ifthe position vector of point Pis given byr = xi + y+ zk, then coordinates of Pare (x,y, 2. + Th dace of any pit Pay.) hng_posion vector opmrasi y+ chon te ein is fa? + y+ 2 whichis enue the modus of te veto OF = Let P(x, y, 2) be any point in the space and PA, PB, PC be the purely con fom P WOK, OV 02 nas respecte Then, a +The cooinats of any pointing on the line joing points PAX Ye 2:)and Ox, ¥,Z,}may be taken as: (sets sn ete, tet eet eel thio divide Pin the ratio k:1 This called general pin onthe line a. Direction Cosines of a Line Let a, and 7 be the angles which a directed line makes, with the positive direction of X,Y and Z-axes respectively, then cosqr, cos and cos yare called the direction cosines of the given line and generally they are denoted by lm and n respectively, ie. = cos, m = cos and n = cosy. Note The direction cosines of Xa ate (1, 0,0), Y-ans ar (0, 1,0) and 2-208 a0 (0,0, 9 (Th along th mit vecto ne can be taken as fi + mj + ok on cosines of Ine. (ini? +? + 1 = 1. wheres, m, nare drection cosines of any Ie.Direction Ratios of a Line Ifa, band c are three numbers proportional to direction cosines f, m and n of a line, then a, b and ¢ are called its direction ratios. They are also called direction numbers or direction components. Now, by definition, we have Lim abe Isayl = Is ak,m=bkandn=ck = [=4 4, Verte ndn=+ b c where, the sign should be taken all positive or all negative. Note Orono ere nt que, wheres Grecson cosines ero rave. REMEMBER The direction ratios ofa ne joining the points At, 23) and Bets yr 2sl 0X, yy Jy a0 2,2, f+ having dracon cosas mand, then ° m= and ded lel +l iection rats ofr area, ance, then aie of eck Angle between Two Lines ) If is the angle between two lines having direction cosines L, m,,7, and by my, My, then e088 = hl, + mm + my (a) Lines are parallel, it = = 9, Lom, (b) Lines are perpendicular, if hl, + mm, + n,n, =0. (ii) If 8 is the angle between two lines whose direction, ratios are proportional to a, , ¢ and ay, by, ¢y respectively, then the angle 0 is given by 210, + Bb, + Cy (a) Lines are parallel, if 24 = S =4, cos (b) Lines are perpendicular, ifaja, + 6,5, + ¢1¢, SPEED BOOSTER * Any ne equally icine oll the three axes have rection cosines (: tela ‘) OVE) + The age ater any woaginal of cab icor“( 2), "The angle between a diagoral ofa cube andthe diagonal ofa face of the cube is cas" J © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION the edges ofa rectangular prallopipd area, then the angles betwen the two diagonal are cos"{ 22-26" +e" ere REMEMBER iy myn, andy. ato the dation cosines ofthe te ins ined to cach ta tangle ie dracton cosines of = acute angle bisector are thy mom yg tM = obtuse angle bisector are Ll, mom, ny ‘and Projection of a Line Segment ona Given Line Projection of the line segment joining ‘two points P(x, ,24)andQ (2, J»,2.) on another line (AB) having direction cosines l,m and n, is (ma) 1+, -Hm4@%-a)n A 3 Oi Yo 23) Pin yu) Note Here, PQ and 8 need net be coplanar. REMEMBER Projection of Pon X,¥ and Z-axes are x, — xf, —¥yand 2, rospoctivaly. * Projection of vetorron the coordinate axes ae, mr|andoe Area of a Triangle Ifthe vertices ofa triangle are A(x, 94,2), Bt Yo. 22) and Clay yy 25) then Area of AABC = [+ A+ wad where, 3 1 1 and 1 d]s % My 1 Vector Form Let Al, %, 2), B (ay ¥o.2,) and Cla, y,,2,) be the vertices of AABC, then aH oH a WH Note Three points are colinear if area of triangle formed by these points is zero, MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 69MASTER ‘The cosine of the angle of the triangle with vertices, AQ, ~ 1,2), BUG 11, 2) and CU, 2,6), is og 88 ole 8 ae e % (a) @is a In AABG, if the mid-point of the sides AB, BC and CA are (J, 0,0, (0,1, 0) and (0, Qn) respectively, then wos ww Ifa line makes angles a, B and y with the coordinate axes respectively, then cos 2x ~ cos 2 + cos 2y equs 2 w-1 fet w-2 and = with X and Y-axes a Ifalline makes angles = 3 respectively, then the angle made by the line with Zaxisis @e 2 me ic (a) = ) 0 4 2 IfOAis equally inclined to OX, OY, OZ and Ais VB nits from the origin, then the coordinates of Aare W339 O11, VD) CLAD @aty Ifthe direction cosines of two lines are connected by the equations +m-+n=0andl! = m'—n" =0,then the angle between the lines is @e ©) 2 w ws 4 For every point P(x, y,2) on the XY-plane, fajx=0 Wy=0 @z=0 {d) None of these For every point P(x, y,2) on the X-axis (except the origin), (ax=0,y= yao, A rectangular parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the points (5, 7, 9) and (2, 3, 7), parallel to the coordinate planes. The length of an edge of this rectangular parallelopiped is @ wa 4 A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7), parallel to the coordinate planes. The length of a diagonal of the parallelopiped is (aT ONT ‘The XY-plane divides the line joining the points (1,3.4 andi, 5,6 (a) internally in the ratio 2: 8) externally in the ratio 2: 3 (c)internally in the ratio 8:2 (a) externally in the ratio 8:2 ‘The points A(S,~1,1), B(7, ~ 4,7), CU, ~ 6,10 and Di-1,~ 8,4) are the vertices of a 220 x20 Wx =0,2=0,920 (d) None of these (d) Mlof those 10. OB {d) None of these M1. 12, Jo > MARCH 2017 > MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM STROKES 13. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 16.0) 2 (@) trapezium (c) rhombus (©) rectangle (@ square straight line which makes an angle of 60° with each of ¥ and Zaxos, inclines with X-axis at an angle of @s wer I ass I the direction cosines ofa line are+,} and 4, then @e>2 @e=2 45 ‘The acute angle between the lines whose direction ratios are given by +m n= Oand ! +m? =n* = 0,is @o w we we ) @ = @o STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE Equations of Straight Line in Different Forms Vector Form (@ If a straight line passing through a point with Position vector a= x, i+ 9, +k and parallel to a vector b= hi+ bj+ bye, then its vector equation is r=a+ 2b, where his a scalar Gi) Ta straight line passing through two points having position vectors. = a=aity,jeake and bexityd+ak, then its vector equation is (ba), where 2 is a scalar. Note The equation of straight ine passing through origin and parallel iobist= 8, Cartesian Form If a line passes through a point A(x, 9,,2,) and having direction ratios a,be, then its cartesian equation is 27% a be Note (If m,n ae direction cosines, then equation of straight Ine is YW 27% which ig known as symmetrical form of Ino. (DH a tine passes through two points Ab, yz) and B(x, yo, Za). thon its cartesian equation is REMEMBER The parametric equation of ane passing hraugh Aly, 23nd hang direction aioe a, 2,8 Kets t hay =, + hb, 22, + Re, where being a parameter + The coordinates of any point on tha line 2A: =P“ = 22g ve a B li, Fahy, + Ba 2, +e, hare bing a prarte. SPEED BOOSTER + Equation of X-axis + Equation of ans: ad + Equation of Zanes A= 2 " 0 + The coordinates of point on the fn isata distance of units fom {x.y 23h are ican yt Bz, + er) Perpendicular Distance of a Point from a Line Vector Form Length of the perpendicular from a point P(r,) to the line r=a+ 2 [a-n) xb) Ib] perpendicular is Pind is given by and foot of given by, (a-n)b tae 5 (2-2), (iar ) Cartesian Form Let the equation ofthe line be == a (af be the given point aot _* eo ‘To find the length of perpendicular PL, use the following steps (i) Let the coordinates of point L be (a + ah, +b”, 2, +R). i) Find DR’s of PL and use the condition of perpendicularity to find A. Put the value of d in (x, + ak, », + DA,2, + 62), to got the foot of perpendicular, Find PL using distance formula, Gi (i) Note The cstance of the point ts, YZ) fom the ine wom yee cosines of ne ne is [=F +O, wF ee = er) 2. were mand n are direction V {0 - SPEED BOOSTER Image of @ point inthe given ne + miyy = y)# ale, = 2) Pb 2a: B.1) tage) Since, Loot of perpendicla| isthe mid-point of P and Qfimage of point Pin the line), we can ge , if Lis found out MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 71© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION ‘Two straight lines which are not parallel and which do not intersect, are known as skew-lines. Note Two skew-nes are never coplanar. Line of Shortest Distance If, and l, are two skew-lines, then the straight line which is perpendicular to each of these two lines, is called the line of shortest distance. Note Theres one and only one ne perpendicular to each of tnelines , and Shortest Distance between Two Skew-lines Vector Form ‘The shortest distance between the lines =a, +Ab, andr=a, +b, is [Gaz ~ a,)-(b, MARCH 2017 > MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM A plane is a surface such that the line segment joining any two points on it, ies completely on it. Equation of Plane in Different Forms ‘The general equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d= 0, where a, b, are DR's of the normal to the plane and a* + 6 = c? #0. Equation of Plane in Normal Form Vector Form ‘The vector equation of a plane normal to unit vector A at a distance d from the origin is r= d. Cartesian Form The equation of plane in normal form is x + my + nz = p, where l, ‘mand n are direction cosines of a line normal to plane and p is perpendicular distance of the plane from origin Intercept Form ‘The equation of a plane whose intercepts area, bandcon X,Y and vz 1 Zanes respectively, ie= Equation of Plane Passing through a Given Point Vector Form The vector equation of a plane passing through a given point having position vector a, is (ra) m~0, where m is a vector normal to the plane, Cartesian Form The equation of a plane passing through a given point (x, 9,,2,)is a(x—x) + (yy) + el 2) = 0, where a, band ¢ are direction ratios of a line perpendicular to plane Equation of Plane Passing through Three Non-collinear Points Vector Form ‘The equation of plane passing through three non-collinear points, having position vectors ¥,, x, andy, is Ik —¥, ¥-x, ¥~x,]= 0. Cartesian Form The equation of plane passing through three non-collinear points AG, 9520); B (ty Hu. 29) and Clty I, 2) 8 xm y7¥, yon xo% IM Equation of Plane through Two Given Points and Parallel to a Given Vector (or Line) Vector Form ‘The equation of a plane passing through two given points having position vectors x, and F, and parallel to a given vector m, is (r-¥)-far-) xm]=0.Cartesian Form ‘The equation of a plane passing through the points (940%) and (x ¥q2) and parallel to a line having Jr—% ym =~ direction ratios a,,¢,is{x—x, y-y, 2-2] =01 a 6 ¢ Equation of Plane Passing through a Given P and Parallel to Two Given Vectors (or Lines) Vector Form ‘The equation of a plane passing through a point having position vector a and parallel to two given veetors b and e, isr=a+ b+ pe, where 2 andy are sealars or (ra) (bx) =0 or r(bxe)=a(bxe) Cartesian Form ‘The equation of a plane passing through a point (x, 91, 2;) and parallel to two lines having direction ratios a,,6,,¢, and k- ¥- aydyepis] a be =0 Planes Parallel to a Given Plane Vector Form ‘The equation of a plane parallel to the plane r-A = 4, is r-fi=d,, where d, is a constant to be determined by the given condition. Cartesian Form ‘The equation of a plane parallel to the plane ax by + cz d=0 is ax+ by + cz+k=0, whore his a constant to be determined by the given condition, REMEMBER uation of XY-plana is 2= 0, equation of plane parallel to XY-plane 2=4. + Equation of YZplane is x= 0, equation of plane parallel to YZ-plane kad, * Equation of Zeplane is y =0, equation of plane parallel to ZX-plane isy=d, + Four points namaly Al 2, Bbt 24 )C¥¥2,) 3nd Dixy. 24h willbe copianay, i ong point les onthe plane passing ‘troligh ater thee points Planes Passing through the Intersection of Two Planes Vector Form ‘The equation of a plane passing through the intersection of the planes r-m=d, and orem,=d, is (ron, ~d,) + k(r-n, ~d,) =0 or r-(n, + km,) where k is any arbitrary constant. Cartesian Form ‘The equation ofa plane passing through the intersection of planes h + hdy, REMEMBER © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION ax+hy+q2+d,=0 and a,x+ by +ez+d,=0is (axt by beet dh) + Max by + eg + d,) =0 where, # is any arbitrary constant, ant by +02+d,~Vanda,x+ by +6,2+d, —0are two non-parallel planes, then these tivo equations taken together repre Tne, which is kaowm as unsymetical form ofa line Distance of a Point from a Plane Vector Form ‘The length of the perpendicular from a point having position cl vector ato the plane rn = dis given by p = 27 Cartesian Form ‘The length of the perpendicular from a point P(x, ¥,,2,) 0 the plane ax + by + cz + d= 0is given by lax + by, + ez, + dl fesbae Distance between Two Parallel Planes Vector Form The distance between two parallel planes r-n=d, and dnd, r dy ingen by pl A Cartesian Form The distance between two parallel planes as hy eas 4 sande hy tees d=0igien by p= Taree Position of Two Points with Respect to a Plane ‘The two points P(x, 91,21) and Q(x, ¥».z))lie on the same side or the opposite sides of the plane ax + By + cz +d =0, according a8 ax, +by, +z, +d and ax, + by, +cz,+d have the same sign or the opposite signs, Angle between Two Planes Vector Form Let © be the angle between the planes r-m, =d, and |n,|I nf ren, =d,, then cos@ = Cartesian Form ‘The angle between the planes axthy+o2+d,=0 and a,x + by + ¢,2 + d, = Vis given by bab, MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 73© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION REMEMBER wo planes are perpendicular, fmm, =0 of aa, + bb, +e¢,=0 Keb eG and parallel, if 2 . me Planes Bisecting the Angles between Two Planes Vector Form ‘The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the planes r-n, =d, and r-n, =d, are Note (if the tne is paral to the plane a be aX + bey + 0,2 +d = O.thenaa, + Be, (i) Hines perpendicular tothe plane, then we ha Condition for a Line to Lie in a Plane Vector Form The liner =a + Ablies in the planer-n =diffb m= Oand an=d, Cartesian Form lemndi |rm—dl oe cs saya ye tho ino TA -2=%-274 ties in tho plane tail Indl inl Tad Tom om Cartesian Form art by bert d-oitt ‘The equations of the planes bisecting the angles between. the planes a,x + by +q2~d, =0 and at by reg +d,=Oare axsbytezed ax bytezsd) Vee REMEMBER Wa,4,>0, + The equation ofthe bisector ofthe ange batwaan the two plans contarng te on is as by teed, Wome + Hfaa, +80, © 62, >0,thoo tho ori as in the obtuse anglo bariven the two planes and the equation ofthe bisector ofthe acuta angleis alt by tect) + Waa, +66, +2, <0, then the origin lis inthe betwoon the two planes and the equation ofthe bis abtuse angle between the two planes is ant byroutd, ant by seen dy aun ven ute angle or ofthe Angle between a Line and a Plane ‘The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between, the line and normal to the plane. Vector Form 10s the angle between the line r= a + Xb andthe plane ren=d,thensing = "2 [bila] Cartesian Form If0 is the angle between the line and the plane a,x + by +z + d=0, then ayy + Bb, + GC Yer OF er jas + be ee sing = 74 > MARCH 2017 > MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM ( ax, +64 +e +d=0 (i)al=bm+en=0 SPEED BOOSTER The equation fa plane containing the ne aly—a)+ By —yi}+ el2—2)= 0, wher af + bm Condition for Two Non-parallel Lines to be Intersecting (Coplanar) and the Equation of Plane Containing Them Vector Form The lines r=a, + Ab, and =a, +ub, are intersecting (coplanan) iff{a, b, b,]=Ca, b, b,)and the equation of the plane containing the two lines is [r by by]=la, b, b,] or (rb, by]=[a,b, by] Cartesian Form The lines are intersecting (coplanar) iff] 0, a and the equation of the plane containing the two lines is you 2-8 yom 2-2 a & «forla & «4 4 & oe 2 & & SPEED BOOSTER =0 + The image ot aflaction xy, 2) a paint x,y. 2)}ina plane ax + by + e2 + d=0's given by Yor 2-2 Aran + by +02, +d) 5 Frere ar) + The fot of perpendicular (x.y, fam a point av+ by +024 d=Dis given by“ = Yoh = > alae byt +d) Ferre vy zion the plane5. 7. 8. MASTER Ute ping tho ho pine (02-2) ae : 2 (aa~6,b-4 a-2b-8 If the straight lines 2—* 2? " 2 8 intersect at a point, then kis equal to @2 w-2 o-5 ws 242 Let the line 2 hie in the plane z pl 8y-o2 + =0. Then, (@,8) equals 1) a8) 6-19 55) Consider the lines Z,:2*1=2+2-2+1 ang tT 2 yee The unit vector 2 3 perpendicular to both Jy and Ly is Lehatietk vy @ Lites oe og Te "a L iaties 1 oii @ we Let P (32,6) be a point in space and @ be a point on, the line r=(—j+ 2k) +u(- 31+ j+ 5k). Then, the value of u for which the vector P@ is parallel to the plane x—4y + 8¢=1, is qt a 1 a oF oo; A plane passes through (1, 2,1) and is perpendicular to two planes 2~2y+2=0 and x-y+22=4 The distance of the plane from the point (1,2,2) is @o wr (od iB @ Let A be a vector parallel to line of intersection of planes P. and P, through the origin. IfP, is parallel to the veetors 2) + Si and 4j— le and P, is parallel then the angle between A and ai vJ-2he is an Bor = 272 wha 20% Sor ros evs 5 ‘The point (4,7) lies on the plane x+y +2=2 Let. aol +()j+ yk and ke x(k xa) =0, then y equals @o or fo2 we 3 STROKES 9 10. Avariable plane =1at a unit distance abe from the origin cuts the coordinate axes at A, B and G-Ieentroid(x,2,2) of ABC satisfies the equation tia -k, then the value of kis fs ws wu (aus If the distance of the point P (1,~2,1) from the plane x+2y-22=a, where a >0, is 5, then the foot. of the perpendicular from P to the plane is vs) @ (3 a 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. Zand containing the straight lines = 5 3.42 (@x+2y-22=0 () dx + 2y-) (ox 0 (@) Bx + 2y-4e. = +2 If the distance between the plane Ar-2y+z=d and the plane containing the lines = 3 and = is v6, then [dis equal to @3 ws Aline from the origin meets the lines 8 ws @. 2+) ng 3943 T 24 2-1 respectively. If length PQ=d, then d* is equal to at Pand @s wa (os ws ‘The distance of the point (1,59) from the plane x-y+z=5 measured along the straight line xayazis @NS ONT wy ‘The length of the perpendicular drawn from the joint (3.-1,11) to the line =. is point (3—1,11) 3 7 @VS a) NG @) JB ‘The point P is the intersection of the straight line Joining the points Q (2,3,5) and R (1,~1,4 with the plane 5x-4y-z=1. IFS is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point T (2,14) to QR, then the length of the line segment PS we ove wa (2, MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 75© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 17. The equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes x+2y-+32=2 and x-y}2~Sand ata distance 2/ 3 from the point (B1-D,is (a) 5e—lly+2 xtyren 8 (0) Be + y=8B-1 (ax ~WBy-1-WB 18. the straight lines ==> 2*1_Z ana 2 241 _Y+1 _ 2 are coplanar, then the planes xl 5 2 containing these two lines are (@yt2e=-1 Wyte (yt ae (@ytz-1 19. If the three planes x=5, 2x—5ay+3z—2=! and byt y~82=0 contain a common line then (a8) is equal to 1 w(t, (5 a thet) 20. If perpendicular are drawn from the points on the then 21. Ifa line! passing through the origin is perpendicular tothelines Lir=Ge)i+-1+29}+(44 20 Jer=(B4 201+ (8s 20)+ 240K ‘Then, the coordinates of the point(s) onl, at a distance of JI7 from the point of intersection of 1 and j, are (ai(S5.8) andi 333, 118) .q(118 o(sa5)—(554) 22. Consider the set of eight vectors Valais bj ck:0,5,ce(-1,D) If three non-coplanar vectors ean be chosen from V in 2" ways, then n equals 1,0) @)(-1,-1,0)and (1, 0,1, Nana 22.2) (ss (3 ws ws wes x-A_y-2_2-h px _yt2_2 23. If the lines 7=* EK ana g intersect each other, then lies in the interval (a) 10) O,-9 (0) (3,15) @ a, 13) 76 > MARCH 2017 > MATHEMATICS SPECTRUM 2782-4 the To plane 2x-y+2+3=iis the line @ 24, The image of the line == From a point PO. 2,2), perpendiculars PQ and PR are drawn respectively on the lines y=, 2=1 and y=~x,2=-1 IfPis such that ZQPR is a right angle, then the possible value(s) of 2 isiare @2 on @-1 @-B 26. Avariable plane is at a constant distanee p from the origin O and meets the set of rectangular axes OX (i=1,2,3) at points A,(i=1,2,5), respectively. If planes are drawn through A, A,, A, which are parallel to the coordinate planes, then the locus of their point of intersection is (a)x*+y*+24=p? ist lib gy"? p aout P 27. The equation of the plane containing the lines 2x~5y+2=3 x+ y+ de =5and parallel to the plane xt By + 62=1, is (ex 3y+6e (0) de + 6y+ 12e=-13 () 2e+ By 122-18, (dj z+ 8y+62=-7 28. The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point of intersection of the line == plane x-9+2=16, is, www ow ws 29. The distance between the lines x=2+4, y=1+ 6, and the plane r-(+2]+ 6k) =10, is 32 1 1 fo a) "5 ar wi ot 7 Ta 30. The shortest distance between the lines xt y+z2-1=0, 3r+y422-2=0and x=y=2, is 1 @ Ones @e 2 Answers 1.4) 2) a 4.00) 5.) 6.(d) 7) (0) 9(@) 10.) M46) 126} 18.) 1) 18.00) 16.(3) —17-(a) 18.0) 19,0) 20,10) 21d) 22-00). AS) 25.10) 26.(c) —-27-(a) Bo} 29.44) 30.18)Probability is defined as a quantitative measure of uncertainty. Itis an approximate ool for many diverse field. Terminology used in Probability Sample Space ‘The set of all possible outcomes of a trial (random experiment) is called its sample space. In general, it is denoted by S and outcomes of the trial are known as sample points. Event ‘The subset of sample space is called an event. Note () Sample space $ plays the same ol as tne universal efor allprbloms relate to tha pariculr experimen {i gis aso a suoset ofS whicnis called an imoossile avert, {i) Sisalso a subset of S whichis called a sure event ora cenain event Types of Event Simple Event ‘An event containing only a single sample point is ealled simple event or elementary event. Compound Event Event obtained by combining two or more elementary events is called compound event. Equally Likely Events Outcomes are said to be equally likely, when we have no reason to believe that one is more likely to oceur than the other, Mutually Exclusive Events Events are said to be mutually exclusive or disjoint, if ‘oceurrence of any one of them prevents the occurrence of all the others. Independent Events Events are said to be independent, if the happening (or non-happening) of one event is not affected by the happening (or non-happening) of others, Dependent Events ‘Two or more events are said to be dependent, if the happening of one event affects (partially or totally) the happening of other events. PROBABILITY Exhaustive Events IfB,FyByy.F, are n events of a sample S and s OB, = By then UBB. E,,E,By,....B, are called exhaustive events. In other words, events .E, are said to be exhaustive, if atleast one of them necessarily occurs whenever the experiment is performed. By By Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive, if following conditions are satisfied. (i) BL UE,UE,UE, VU... UE,=S G) BB, OBEN. OF, Note The collection of elementary events associated with a random ‘experiment always fotm a system of mutually exelusive and ‘exhaustive system of experiments. In ths system PIE UE, UE, UU E) = PE) ~ PlEe) PE) +. PLE) = 1 Axiomatic Approach of Probability Im this approach, some axioms or rules are depicted to assign probabilities Let $ = {u;, tty Wy, 18,} be the sample space associated with a random experiment. Then, a function P which assigns every event Ec $ to a unique non-negative real number P(E), is called probability function, if the following axioms hold @ 0

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