a PUTA Rex wa bh A) | Spectrum PeV _ 2017 Rapid Concept Revision Laws of Motion and Friction MoT em tal -icey ar RESP EELDS (icine alread a Moving Charges & Magnetism ESTAS TET) TEST RiDER FOR JEE MEDi QUEST FOR NEET TEST DRiVE FOR BOARD JUVENILEZ GOLDEN OLDIES teat cna Thermodynamics RAINBOW kinetictheory of Gasses FUN ARCADE MEGA ISSUE 2 More Pages: More Features More Practice.* AQDAYS JEE MAIN 2016 ARevision Cum Crash Course for JEE MAIN 2017 PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, MATHEMATICS a * Come IC om PT JEE Main DAES aU 142 %370 143 2370 127 7360 C126 7360 C125 7360 For further information about the products from Arihant log on to wwwarihantbooks.com or email to info@arihantbooks.comP YSICS Dear Aspirants, |New ifr avays brings ae hopes, ne plas new etic ad ewe resolutions to our life. like January, because itis the month in which, I can see a pectrum ole year stething ot ahead of me, Slowly 2016s winding down and 2017s knocking at our doors Publisher PARUL JAIN Chairman YCJAEM Science has growth in its roots. 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Along with all Genera Mager ‘HEEB om these, one personal piece of advice from my side is Cover bayou Deis SHAN MANSOORL “Tey to manage your Tine as you manage your Money: Toe toigie | AME BANSAL “Try to manage your Time as you manage your Money’ Diogo —BRAIAMPALSINGL ‘The spectrum team will be anxiously waiting for your feedbacks and comments "ypeseing MAYANK,SANDEER ARVUN.VIRIN Good buck py Etre OBIT Pooper ANETERIBAR oot Headojfce ARIHANT MEDIA PROMOTERS KALINDL, TP NAGAR.AG Phone o121-2401479,2512870 ===<- Contents Cinstion ARAN MEDIA PROMOTERS eg fee 43713 AcARVAL ROAD, . a DARYA GAN; NEW DELI 2 Rapid Concept Revision @ Class XI (02) i 01-47630500, Test Rider JEE Main Prep Up (20) © Publisher Printed and Published by Parl jin or ‘Test Rider JEE Main Scale Up (27) -Aribant Media Promoters Printed at Arihan Publications (India) Lad JEE Advanced Drill (32) TER Naga Meerut (U2) + Abigis ered Nopute ismaguinecnbepeatdia | Explication (40) ‘ern prtwikou the wen pean he shee (ul) pabitee Amplifier (41) + Thies nd ebb gin do rb o sesh adroit dot ke soy ain Te 3 ‘pny rt cite cay rain Brain Teasers (43) pabhed + Al pte eject to Mera (0 jittion ok Rainbow (45) Concept Map (48) Rapid Concept Revision @ Class XII (50) Medi Quest (76) Golden Oldies (80) Test Drive Board Exam Prep Up (85) Test Drive Board Exam Fun Arcade (94) Quizzer (96) ale Up (90)@ CLASS XI SYLLABUS Rapid CONCEPT REVISION (> LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION KINETICS In kineties we deals with forces causing motion of bodies, ties Kinematics Kratos {Study af mation Physical sc reloconce cof bodies concerning to cause 9! motion forces causing motion) 1. Inertia Inherent property of all bodies due to which they resist any change in their present state. Inertia is of three types Inertia of rest, Inertia of motion and Inertia of direction. Inertia is not a physical quantity so it does not have any Inertia of a body of higher mass is more than that of a body of lower mass. 2. Linear Momentum 02 Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained in the body. It is measured in terms of the force required to stop the body in unit time. It is measured as the product of the mass of the body and its velocity i.e., momentum = mass x velocity. If body of mass m is moving with velocity v then its linear momentum pis given by p= mv. Itis a vector quantity and it’s direction is the same as the direction of velocity of the body. JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM + Units : kg-m/s [SI] and dimension [MLT~!] + two objects of different masses have same momentum, the lighter body possesses greater velocity. p= mv, = mv = constant 4 Mie ved [as p is constant) 3. Newton's First Law + A body continues to be in its state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force to change the state ile. Acceleration, a= 0->2F =0->5R, =0 IF, =0,2F, + This law tells us that to produce an acceleration in a body we need a force but the law does not tell us how much force is needed. + The frame of reference in which Newton's first law is valid is called inertial frame, ie. if a frame of reference is at rest or in uniform motion, it is called inertial while if a frame of reference is an accelerated one, then itis called non-inertial, 4, Newton's Second Law + The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied to it, i.+ Ifforce applied, ie. F = Othen Newton's second law gives a= 0, Therefore, it is consistent with first law. + In case of particles moving towards each other under mutual forces, according to Newton's second law. = F, =-F, ice. for every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction, which is Newton’s third law. 5. Newton's Third Law + ‘To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction, ie. the force of action and reaction are always equal and opposite to each other. + There is no time lag between action and reaetion, ie. they act simultaneously. Furthermore, reaction exists only as long as action is present. + Whenever one force acts on a body, it gives rise to another force called reaction, ic. a single isolated force is physically impossible. This is also why total internal force in an isolated system is always zero. + Action and reaction never act on the the same body, but always on different bodies, If action and reaction had been acting on the same body, then body will be in equilibrium and no motion would have even taken place. ‘Area under force (F) versus time (2) graph gives total change in linear momentum, ie. impulse J = [°F dt = [ap =total change in linear momentum = Impulse, 6. Law of Conservation of Momentum + The total linear momentum of an isolated system of partiles is conserved. This law follow from the second and third law of motion. + A rocket is an example of a system with varying mass Rocket propulsion has been explained in terms of the principle of conservation of linear momentum + The velocity () of rocket at any time ¢ is given by =ielog,| 2] where, a is initial velocity of exhaust gases relative to the rocket, my is initial mass and m is ‘mass of rocket at time ¢. The thrust on the rocket is given i by P= o(), where 2” is the rate of combustion of » dt f fuel at the instant ¢ 7. Pseudo Force + As an observer on the accelerating train, if you apply Newton's second law to the puck as it accelerates towards the back of the train, you might conclude that a force has acted on the puck to cause it to accelerate, We call an apparent force such as this a fictitious force or ppsoudo force because itis due to an accelerated reference frame, Remember that real forces are always due to interactions between two objects. A fictitious force iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION appears to act on an object in the same way as a real force, but you cannot identify a second object for a fictitious foree. + Fictitious forces may not be real forces, but they can have real effects, An objects on your dashboard really slides off if you press the accelerator of your car. As you ride on a ‘merry-go-round, you feel pushed toward the outside as if due to the fictitious “centrifugal force.” You are likely to fall over and injure yourself if you walk along a radial line while the merry-go-round rotates. The Coriolis force due to the rotation of the earth is responsible for rotations of hurricanes and for large-scale ocean currents. + Pseudo force arises only in a non-inertial or accelerated. frame. + Newton's laws are not valid in presence of any pseudo force. 8. Equilibrium +A aystem is said to be in sy equilibrium if it does not tend to undergo any further change ofits own. Any further change | rust be produced by external. "7%; " means (e. force). +A body is said to be in translational equilibrium = = if the sum of all the forces E, acting on the body is zero. Forequiedun ZF = @ BE yy =A +B, + Fy = w or SF, =F, + Fa + Fe @ and IF, =F, + Fy +F,,=0 ® If the particle is at rest, itis in static equilibrium; whereas if it is moving at a constant velocity, it is in dynamic equilibrium. In cither case 2F = 0. + The simplest kind of equilibrium situation is one where two forces acting on a body balance each other. When you stand motionless, you experience the downward gravitational pull of the earth, your weight W. The weight isbalanced by an upward force exerted on you by the floor. ‘This force is perpendicular to the floor and it is called a Normal Force, PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY 1. Make a simple sketeh showing the body under consideration. 2, Wentify the forces acting on tho body, Draw arrows on your sketch to show the direction of each force acting on the body, in other wards, make the free body dia 3. Choose 2 coordinate system and resolve the forces int components that are parallel tothe coordinate axes 4, White the equations for equilibrium along each axis of the coordinate syst 8. Solo the equations forthe requited unknowns. PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 03© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Practice ‘SHOTS, 1, Following graph shows (x~ 0; displacement-time variation of a body of mass 0.4 kg. The magnitude of each impulse is @)0.8Ns @02Ns 2. A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown vertically upward by applying a force by hand. If the hand moves 0.2 m while applying the force and ball goes upto 2m height further, find the magnitude of the force. (g=10 ms) @4n ()16N (@)0ANs OWN — ON (BBN 3. Aplayor caught a erickot ball of mass 150 g moving fat a rate of 20 ms“ If the catching process is completed in 0.1 s, the force of blow by the ball is (@150N BSN @3ON (4) 300N 4. A particle of mass 0.3 kg is subjected to a force F =—kx with k =15Nm™. What will be its initial acceleration, if it is released from a point 20 em away from the origin? %(6)15 ms* (5 ma 2 (@)3 ms" (@)10 ms" 5. A machine gun fires a bullet of mass 40 g with a speed of 1200 ms“, The man holding it can exerted ‘a maximum force of 144 N on the gun. How many bullets he can fire per second at the most? @. ws (2 ws 6. Three forces start acting simultaneously at 1-0 over a particle moving with velocity v, These forces fare represented in magnitude and direction by 3 sides of a triangle ABC as shown. The particle will move after 3 s with a velocity of boo. (©) more than v (a) less than v (©) less than 2 (4) with same velocity v /. Arrocket with a lift mass 25% 10* kg is blasted upwards with an initial acceleration of 10 ms~*, Then initial thrust of blast is (a) a5x10°N (ux N Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes is 18N and their resultant which has magnitude 12 N, is perpendicular to the smaller force. Then the magnitude of the forces are (@12N,6N 6)18N,5N ()10N,8N (d)16N,2N Forces F,, F, and F, are acting on a particle of mass m such that F, and F, are mutually perpendicular. It is observed that the particle remains stationary. If force F, is removed then acceleration of the particle is (7 x108N (175% 10°N oy Eke we 10. A reference frame attached to the surface of earth, (a) Is an inertial frame of reference by definition. (©) Cannot be an inertial frame because the earth is revolving round the sun, (o) Is an inertial frame because the earth is revolving round the sun, (a) Is an inertial frame because Newton's laws are applicable in this frame. APPLICATIONS OF LAWS OF MOTION Newton’s laws found their applications in nearly every 2. Acceleration of a Body over a case of mechanics, We are discussing few of them, 1. Apparent Weight of a 7 Body ina Lift RK, + The reaction exerted by the surface of contact on the body is. the apparent weight of the body. Tf we use Find law ‘lM Prog = Ma * and R-mg=ma | Rema +0) toa + ais taken negative if lift is moving downwards and positive if itis moving upwards. (04 » JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SI Smooth Surface + When x pull is horizontal (as shown in figure) m | ee Ih R=mg and F =ma + When a pull is acting at an angle (@) to the horizontal (upward), As shown in figure R+Fsind=me F sno > R=mg-Fsine and F cos@ = ma F cos+ When a push is acting at an angle (0) to the horizontal B (downward) ‘As shown in figure R=mg + Fsind and F cos = ma 088 TR 3. Acceleration of a Body Placed Over a Smooth Inclined Plane + When inclined plane is at rest Normal reaction R =mg cos0 Force along a inclined plane F=mgsino ma =mg sin® a=gsino + When a inclined plane given a horizontal acceleration a towards left Since the body lies in an accelerating frame, an inertial force (mb) acts on it in opposite direction. Normal reaction (as shown in figure) R=mg cos0 + mbsind and ‘ma = mg sin0 - mb cos a= gsin® - beos8 The condition for the body to be at rest relative to the inclined plane a= gsin® ~bcos =0 b=gtano 4, Motion of Connected Bodies Newton's laws finds their application in analysis of motion of connected bodies. + For unequal mass (rm, > ms, suspended from a pulley (2 =") ‘ + Body accelerated on a horizontal surface (m,) by a falling body (m) [7 ‘through a pulley (as shown) ui mcoss (a) Acceleration, a (@) Acceleration, «(ate «tension 1 =( Pete iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION + Motion on a smooth inclined plane (o Acclration = (=M288) (b) Tension, 7 = Muma(+ sin Og * (im, +m) + For ablock system and pulley shown in figure, . (rm +m —ms)8 (a) Acceleration, a = TS mise Gm +m, +m) Bang rm, + m9) (mn, +m + m,) msm, +mg)g Gm, +m, + my (b) Tension, 7, = Tension T; and net tension, 7 = 27, = + For pulley and block arrangement shown in figure, (a) Net acceleration, net accelerating force __ (rm total mass Gm, +m, + M) ” Cs (M+ 2m msg (Me m+m,) 1m) (frm, +m.) + For pulley and block system on a smooth double inclined plane as shown in figure, we have (msin@, ~m, sin@,)g ma) =mlg-a) = and tension, T; =m,(g +4) a) Net acceleration, a = @ (my, mmy(sin®, +sin8,)g (b) Tension in string, 7 (m+ mg) PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 05© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Practice 'SHOTS| 11. A spring balance is attached to the eeilling of a lif. ‘A man hangs his bag on the hook of spring balance. ‘The spring balance reads 49 N, when the lift is stationary. If the lift moves downwards with an acceleration of 5ms™*, the reading of the spring balance will be @Un (1sN O)T4N ssn 12. A lift is moving down with an acceleration a. A man in lift drops a ball inside the lift. The acceleration of ball ‘as observed by the man in lift and a man standing over the ground outside the lift are respectively. sg Oe-agra We-ae Wag 13. Three identical blocks each of mass 2 kg are drawn by ‘a force 10.2 N with an acceleration of 0.6 ms on a frictionless surface, then what is the tension in the string between blocks B and C? eH Ha (@92N 78N AN (@98n 14, Two masses m, = Skgand m, = 48kgare tied toastring that passes over a light frictionless pulley. What is the acceleration of masses when system is left free to move? (g=98 ms) (a) 0.2 ms ()9.8ms"* 5 ms* (48 ms* 15. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined surface with angle of inclination a. The incline is given an acceleration a to keep the block stationary. Then a is equal to (a) goose, (© gtana ©) g cosecn (@) goote 16. A block is released from rest on an incline of angle 45° and is allowed to slide a distance d. If time taken to slide down a smooth incline is n times that of a rough ineline, the coefficient of frietion is Ons = fouy-1-4 f-2 \ fouy=1+4 @us= if Cuya1+ 3 Dies b+ 06 » JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SI 17. Consider two blocks A and B placed over two inclined planes with angle 60° and 30° cy 3 Relative vertical acceleration of Awith respect to Bis, (@4.9ms* 49 ms foo 98m" 18. A mass of M kg is suspended by a weightless string. ‘The horizontal force that is required to displace the ‘mass untill string makes an angle of 45° with the MgB (@ Mas -1) 19. block of mass m is connected to another block of ‘mass M by an ideal massless spring of spring constant the blocks are kept on smooth horizontal plane ee Ifa constant force of magnitude F is applied on block of mass M then the force on m will be mE Os mk fay @ Qi we me ye mE w ime wm 20. An end of a rope is tied to a hook and other end is hanging free after passing over a pulley. Maximum tension which rope can bear is 360 N. With what value of maximum safe acceleration can a ‘man of 60 kg climb on the rope? (a) 16 ms* @)6 ms? (o4me* (@) Man of such weight cannot climb aver this ropeiS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION FRICTION + Whenever the surface of a body slides over that of another, each body exerts a force of friction on the other, parallel to the surfaces. The force of friction on each body is in a direction opposite to its motion relative to the other body. + The force of friction comes into action only when there is a relative motion between the two contact surfaces or when an attempt is made to have it. + Itis a self adjusting force, it can adjust its magnitude to any value between zero and the limiting (maximum) value, ic. SPS fae + The frictional force acting between any two surfaces at rest with respect to each other is called the foree of statie friction, And the frictional force acting between surfaces in relative motion with respect to each other is called the force of kinetic friction or sliding friction, 1. Laws of Friction ‘The limiting (or maximum) force of friction is proportional to the normal force that keeps the two surfaces in contact with cach other, and is independent of the area of contact between, the two surfaces. Mathematically, Trea = WN 2. Properties of Friction + If the body does not move, then the static frictional force f, and the external force F parallel to the surface are equal in magnitude and f, is directed opposite to F. If the external force F increases, then f, also increases. + The maximum value of stati friction is given by Faas =H where 11, = static coefficient of friction and NV is the magnitude of the normal reaetion. If the external force F exceeds fgauthen the body slides on the surface. + If the body begins to slide along the surface, the magnitude of the frictional force rapidly decreases to a constant value of fy given by f= wheres is the coefficient of kinetic friction ‘ Sirocin ang ‘Te variation ofthe fore of rction with the appled force, ‘Wnen the block i at rest the force of state tion) balances the applod force Funk, reaches 3 ‘maximum valve cated limiting ction. When te block ‘moves, its subjected to tho foeo of Kno ton. 3. Angle of Friction It is the angle which the resultant of the limiting friction and the normal reaction makes with the normal reaction, ic. Hs = tan, where is the angle of friction. 4. Angle of Repose It is the minimum angle that an inclined plane makes with the horizontal when a body placed on it just begins toslide down, If9is the angle of repose, then ian § =1Ls Angle of repose (0) = Angle of friction (6) me acoso Block over inclined plane 5. Motion down the Plane @ When an inclination is greater than repose then the body is sliding down the rough inclined plane with some acceleration given by a= gsinO-itg g cos (Gi) Inclination ais less than angle of repose and the body is pulled down the plane with uniform velocity by applying an external force P is given by P=ygmg cosa.—mg sinc. ii) When inclination is less than repose and the block is pulled down with certain acceleration, then =umg cose. + ma 6. Motion up the Plane ( Inclination may be greater than or less than the angle of repose but the body is projected up the plane with some initial velocity. In this case, the net retardation acting on the body is given by a= gsind="_g cosd (ii) Force required to pull the body up the plane with, constant velocity, P=mgsina—-ugmg cose Force required to pull the body up the plane with constant acceleration, P =mg sino.—uxmg cosa + ma If-an object slides down a rough inelined plane of inclination 8 is n times, the time it takes to slide dev a similar amooth inlined pane, then Gi w=tano [1h] PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 07iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Practice ‘SHOTS’ 21. Minimum force required to push a body up a rough (coefficient of friction u) inclined plane is F, while the minimum force needed to prevent it sliding down is F,, If angle of inclination of inclined plane is 8 such that tan@ = 2u then the ratio F, Fy is (wa on 2 ws 22. A inclined plane of inclination angle ¢ is such that its upper half of slant surface is perfectly smooth while the lower halfis rough. Ifa body starting from rest at the top will again come to rest at the bottom then the coefficient of friction for the lower half must be (@)2sino—@)2ea89(@)2tano— tang 23.A block rests over an inclined plane (@= 30° and 1 =08). If friction force on the block is 10 N, the mass of the block in kg is (20 O40 1B 4) 25 24, Minimum velocity (in ms“) with which a car driver must traverse flat curve of radius 150m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid slidding is (a0 30 we (a2 25. A block of 2 kg is given a speed of 6 ms” is stopped by friction in 10 s over a flat surface. The coefficient of fiction is (002003 @O0B (aM 26.A block B of mass 0.2 kg is placed over a block A of mass 1 kg. A is placed over a smooth frictionless surface. Coofficient of static friction between A and B is 0.15. With what force A must be pulled so that B began to slide over A? (@) 1.7648 (woaTe4N (03N (d) None ofthese 27. An insect is crawling up over a hemispherical bowl. Coofficient of fiction between insect and surface is 13. If line joining insect with the centre of hemispherical bowl makes angle a then, maximum possible value of o is fa) cot" 3 () tan? fe)sec™ 3 (d) cosec* 3. 28.1n given figure, if coefficient of friction = sm, =4keg, mass m, = 20 kg and g =10 ms then, acceleration of black mis 0.03, mass (@)18ms* —@)08ms* (14 ms @) 04 ms~* (08 » JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM (29. Aheavy uniform chain lies over a horizontal table top. Coefficient of friction of surface of table and chain is 0.25, What % of length can be hung from table edge without slipping? (Ie =) BR (OBR (IB. 30. A block of mass 0.2 kg can be held stationary against vertical surface of wall of a room by applying @ horizontal forces of 10 N. Coefficient of fiction botweon wall and block is for wor 0s wos Answers 1) 2) BD) 61) 7) BH) 1040) Mie) 12613.) 1G) 15.6) 16) 17.6) 18.) 18-20) atid) Zt) BHO} LIC) 26.(a) 27. fa) 2B). La) © -30.1). WB JEE ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAM 2017 SOLVED PAPERS (2016-2006) W333 ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAM BTN a dt) co7s| 2415MASTER STROKES 31.A block of mass m is at rest under the action of force F against a wall as shown in figure. Which of the following statement is incorrect? UUEE 2005), i (a) f= mg (where f is the frictional force) (6) F=N (where N is the normal force) (6) F will not produce torque (d) N will not produce torque 32. The pulleys and strings shown in the figure are smooth and of negligible mass. For the system to remain in equilibrium, the angle0 should be |J££ 2004) a ! a ar 30" as wer 33.A string of negligible mass going over a ‘clamped pulley of mass m supports a block ‘of mass M as shown in the figure. The force on the pulley by the clamp is given by DEE 2006}, (a) Mg (0) Sm (o) ai Ma mam @ Oem 34. Given in the figure are two blocks A and B of weight 20 N and 100 N respectively. These are being pressed against a wall by a force F as shown in figure. If the coefficient of friction between the blocks is 0.1 and between block B and the wall is 0.15, the frictional force applied by the wall in block Bis UEE 20151, Esl 4 fats} o Joe Wie-20N Ih y= 200N (@100N — @)120N(@)8ON ISON 35. A block of mass m is placed on a surface with a vertical cross-section given by y= 2"/6. If the coefficient of friction is 0.5, the maximum height above the ground ‘at which the block ean be placed without slipping is EE 2014) im 2 olm 1 @tm 6) ; ) 36.A block of mass m, another mass m,=2 kg are placed together (see figure) on an inclined plane with angle of inelination 0. Various values of © are given in List I. The coefficient of friction between the block m; and the plane is always zero, The coefficient of static and dynamic friction between the block m, and the plane are equal tou = 0.8 FE 2014 Adv.) In List IT expression for the friction on the block my are given. Match the correct expression of the friction in List II with the angles given in List I, and choose the correct option. The acceleration due to gravity is denoted by g. ‘Useful information tan (55 tan (165°) = 03) List & IN °) 04, tan(115*) = 02, List mgqsin® (ong +m) gsind uma cos Gm, + m)ge0s0 )P-2, Q2,R2 (@)P-2, Q2, R883 37. A block of mass m is on an inclined plane angle, The coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is and tan >y. Tho block is held stationary by applying a force P parallel to the plane. The direction of foree pointing up the plane is taken to be positive. As P is varied from P,=mg(sin®-11cos®) to Py =mg(sind + 1 cos0), the frictional force f versus P raph will look like ee 2010) ee @ + ott PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 09© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 38. What is the maximum value of the force F such that the block shown in the arrangement, does not move? (@20N @12N @i5N 39. A block of mass 0.1 kgis held against a wall applying a horizontal force of 5 N on the block. Ifthe coefficient of friction between the block and the wall is 0.5, the magnitude of the frietional force acting on the block is (@25N (6)0.98N (49N (@)049N 40. A block of mass 2 kg rests on a rough inclined plane making an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the plane is 0.7. The frictional foree on the block is (a) 98N ()07 x 98x JBN ()98 x JBN (or x98 41. A small block of mass of 0.1 kg lies on a fixed inclined plane PQ which makes an angle® with the horizontal. Ahorizontal force of 1 N acts on the block through its centre of mass as shown in the figure. The block remainsstationary if take g =10m/s*) yee 2012), (@)10N (ajo= 45" (= 30" ()e= 60° (a)0= 15" 42.1n the figuro, a ladder of mass m is shown leaning against a wall, Itis in static equilibrium making an angle 8 with the horizontal floor. ‘The coefficient of friction between the wall and the friction between the wall and the ladder is 4, and that between the floor and the ladder is, ‘The normal reaction of the wall ofthe ladder is N, andthat ofthe floor is Ny. If the ladder is about to slip, then DEE 2014 Adv.) (ay = Oy 4 and N, tens 2 (Dis # Og = Dand Ny tan = (OM, # Oy # Dand N, = — Tug ma 43. Two blocks A and B of equal masses are released from an inclined plane of inclination 45° at ¢=0. Both the blocks are initially at rest. The coofficiont of kinetie friction > between the block A and the inclined plane ig 0.2 while it is 0.3 for block B. Initially the block A is «2m behind the block B. (take g = 10 m/s*) What is the acceleration of block A down the plane (a) 4V2 ms~* (6) 242 ms* va me (@) 352 ms 44..n the figure masses m,,m; and M are 20 ke, 5 kg and 50 kg respectively. The coefficient of friction between ‘M and ground is zero. The coefficient of friction between m, and M and that between m, and ground is 0.3, The pulleys and the strings are massless. The string is perfectly horizontal between F, and m, and also between P, and my ‘The string is perfectly vertical between P, and P,. An external horizontal force F is applied to the mass M. (take g = 10 m/s”). Causes friction f; at surface of m, and frietion fz at surface of my, af | he G If f, ~ 2f; then, what is the value of F ? @30N ION (0) 60N 45, Block A of mass m and block Bof mass 2m are placed on a fixed triangular wedge by means of a massless, in extensible string and a frictionless pulley as shown in figure. The wedge is inclined at 45° to the horizontal on both sides. The coefficient of frietion between block A and the wedge is 2/3 and that ‘between block B and the wedge is 1/3. If the blocks A and B are released from rest, find tension in the string, @4N wa. 3 (aw 3m ) 20mg (0) me 46. Two blocks connected by a massless string slides down an inclined plane having an angle of inclination of 37°. The masses of the two blocks are M, = 4kg and M, = 2kg, respectively and the coefficients of friction of M; and M, with the inclined plane are 0.75 and 0.25 respectively. Assuming the string to be taut, find the common acceleration of two masses. (sin 87° = 06, cos 37° = 08) (take g = 98 m/s*)XY NN (a) 1.5 ms ims (0) 2.5 ms" @13 ms* 47. Ablock of mass 2 kg slides on an inclined plane which makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the block and the surface is V/3//2. What force along the plane should be applied to the block so that it moves down without any acceleration? iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 49.A block of mass 1 kg lies on a horizontal floor of a truck, Coefficient. of friction between block and truck's surface is 0.6, If truck accelerates at 5 m/s” , the frictional force on the block is @5N @ION — @25N IBN 50.A circular dise with a groove along its diameter is placed horizontally. A block of mass 1 kg is placed as shown. The coefficient of friction between the block and all surfaces of groove in contact is u = 2/6. The has an acceleration of 25 m/s?. The acceleration of the block with respect to dise is (lake g =10 m/s?) 25 me (a) Less than 11 N (6) More than 11 N {) Less than 10 N * 2 * 2 (d) Less than 9 N (@10ms* — @)5me* 1B ms* (d) 2 ms 48. A block is moving on an inclined plane 0 = 45°. Foree Answers required just to push up the block is 3 times of the force required just to prevent slipping of block down S11 82 (0) $3.4) 9H (6) 85.) the plane. What is the coefficient of friction between 96: {¢) 97. (a) 98. (a) 98. (0) 40. (a) block and plane? 41(@) 42.1) 43, (@) 486) 48, (0) (aon 08 05 aoa 46. (0) 47.(0) 48.) 48. (a) 80.) The Highly Useful ate NCERT EXEMPLAR as arihant FOR CLASS XI & XII F281 150 Detailed Explanation to all Objective & Subjective Problems of NCERT Exemplar Books F279 2175, PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS Rete ETT E TUG NCERT F282 %175 F278 *150 PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 ¢ 11By WORK, ENERGY AND POWER BASIC CONCEPTS OF WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 1. Work ‘The work W done by a constant force F when its point of application undergoes a displacement s is defined to be WF scos “a F F @ ‘The work W done by the fore F when ts point of ‘soplcation undergoes a displacement sis WaF's=Fecos0 where, is the angle between F and sas indicated in figure. Only the component of F along s, that is Fcos0, contributes to the work done. + Work is also defined as the dot produet of foree and its displacement as given by W-Fs ti) + Interms of rectangular components, the two vectors are F=Rit F,j+ Rk and s= Aci + Ayj+ Ack hence, Eq, (ii) may be written asW= F,Ax+ F,Ay+ F,A2, + Work is a scalar quantity, Units : The units of work are of two types Absolute units Gravitational units Jegem [SI]: 2kg-m of work is done when a foree of Ikg-wt. displaces the body through Im in ite own direction Joule (St): Work done is said to be one Joule, when 1 [Newton force displaces the body 1 m in its own, direction, From W = Fs, FromW = Fis, eg. = 1 kg LJoule= 1 Newton 1 metre | = 981Nx 1m. Work Done bya Constant Force + As the body is displaced in the direction of F cos®, (as shown in figure) therefore work done by the foree in displacing the body through a distance sis given by W =(F cos8)s= Fscos® or W = sno . fa Fetes + Work done by a force is equal to the scalar or dot product of the force and the displacement of the body. 12 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM. + Ha number of force F,, F,, F,, ..F, are acting on a body and it shifts from position vector ¥, to position vector m then W=(R, +P) + F, +... F,)-(y 9) Work done bya Variable Force + When the magnitude and direction ofa force varies with position, the work done by such a force ‘for an infinitesimal displacements given by dW = F-ds + The total work done is going from A to Bas shown in the figure is So a W- [Peds [{F coss)as os /8 he. Work done as Area Under Force Displacement Curve + Area under force displacement curve with proper algebraic sign represents work done by the force. w-["aw = [/ Fde= Area under curve between x; and x, Force OR, Sicacorat Conservative Force Electrostatic, gravitational, elastic magnetic forces and all ‘the central forces are conservative in nature. ii + In conservative field work done by the foree (line integral of the force, ie, [ Fdl) is independent of the path followed betweon any two points. Was =Wase Wan (see figure)Non-conservative Force AA foree is said to be non-conservative if work done by or against the force in moving a body from one position to another, depends on the path followed between these two positions and for complete eyele this work done can never be a zero, Frictional foree, Viscous foree, ete are not conservative forces, + In conservative field work done by the force (line integral of the force ie. { F-dl over a closed pathiloop is zero, As shown in figure, Wase + Wea a= 2. Energy ‘The energy of a body is defined as its eapacity for doing work. + Since energy of a body is the total quantity of work done therefore itis scalar quantity, + Dimension: [ML°T~] and units: Joule (SI), erg [CGS] Other units: electron voll (eV), kilowatt hour (kWh), Calories (ca. + Relation between different units: 1 J = 10" erg ‘LeV = 16 x 107% J, 1 kWh = 36 x 10° J, 1 Calorie = 418 3 Kinetic Energy + The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. + Work done on the body in order to increase its velocity from zero to vis given by fer W = [mede=m|ode=nf 5 + Thoin enn ofthe ds KE = 2! Work-energy Theorem + Work done on the body in order to increase its velocity from uto vis given by Wf dyno ae =n ET Wed mio? 0, the force is directed toward positive r, which means repulsion, whereas F, < 0 means attraction. The following important points can be easily noticed by looking at the potential energy and force diagrams, (r > 1) :F, > 0, The particle is weakly repelled. (r=n):F,=0, At the maximum point of the potential energy function, the particle would be in unstable equilibrium. If the particle were slightly displaced either to the left or to the right, it would tend to move away from this point. (yeren):B, <0. ‘The force is attractive, being strongest at, where the slope is greatest: (<7): F, = 0, At the minimum point of the potential energy funetion, the partiele would be in stable equilibrium. If slightly displaced in either direetion, it would tend to return to this point. (r <7), > 0. The particles repel each other. The repulsive force becomes stronger as r is reduced (since the slope U(r) gets steeper) un 4 PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 13© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION From the given potential energy function U(r) one can find the radial component of the force from F, = -dU/dr, which is the negative of the slope of the U(r) curve. A positive force means repulsion, and a negative force means attraction. Law of Conservation of Energy + For a body or an isolated system by work-energy theorem we have K, ~ K, = work done wo + Potential energy in a conservative field U,-U,=-[ Fede ti) + So, from Bigs. (i) and (i) we have K,-K,=-W,-U) or K,+U,=K, +0, ie, K+U constant + For an isolated system or body in presence of conservative forces the sum of kinetic and potential energies at any point remains constant throughout the motion. It does not depends upon time. This is known as the law of conservation of mechanical energy. AK +U) = AB =0 {as B is constant in a conservative field} AK +AU =0 Law of Conservation of Total Energy + If some non-conservative force like friction is also acting on the particle, the mechanical energy is no more constant. It changes by the amount of work done by the frietional foree. AK +U)= AE =W, [where W; is the work done against friction] The lost energy is transformed into heat and the heat energy developed is exactly equal to loss in mechanical energy. We can, therefore, write AE +Q=0 [where@is the heat produced] ‘If the forces are conservative and non-conservative both, it is not the mechanical energy alone which is conserved, but it is the total energy, may be heat, light, sound or mechanical ete., which is conserved. In other words “Energy may be transformed from one kind to another but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy in an isolated system is constant”. This is the law of conservation of energy. 14 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SF 3. Power + Power of a hody is defined as the rate at which the body can do the work. Aw _W + Average power (Pj,) =< =— ag Pa) =F Sy a + Instantaneous power (Pay) === 28 [as dW = F-ds| power (Pan) =G-=—Z : J Pag = Fev fas v = 58) raat lasv =F i.e, Power is equal to the scalar product of force with velocity. + Dimension [P]= [ML?T~* | and units Watt or J/s [SI] + Practical units Kilowatt (kW), Mega Watt (MW) and Horse power (hp) + Relations between different units. 1W=14dis=10" erg’s ihp=746 W 1 MW=10° W LkW=10°W + The slope of work-time curve gives the instantaneous power. As P=dW/dt=tané aw. di + Area under power time-curve gives the work done as P Pat W =Area under Pt curve PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY * Draw diagram of the system showing inital and final configuration and assume a coordinate system. * Specity the reference level for potential energy. In case of spring itis advisable to assume zero potential energy atthe natural length ofthe spring. Incase of gravity, any convenient love can be chosen as reference frame. * Looking a the initial configuration, ask yourse ‘What forms of energy are present initially? "Ifthe parte is moving include mi? 7 + the particle isnot cated atthe referance love include my, + Ifthe spring is stretched or compressed, include yet * Looking a the nal configuration ask yourselt ‘What forms of energy are present finally? + Ifthe parle is moving include dav * the parce isnot located atthe reference include may, * Ifthe spring is stretched or compressed, inde He? + Equate the inital and final total energies K, + U, =K; + Uy J nu? + my, + Lee? =" mu? + may, + he? ZI + may, + sha = 5? + may, + shat + SoWvo for tho unknownPractice ‘SHOTS, I. Attimet = 0s, aparticle starts moving along X-axis. If its kinetic energy increases uniformly with time ¢, the net foree on it is proportional to et we we wer 2. An athelete covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s, His kinetic energy canbe estimated inthe range (a) 200106003 (6) 2% 10° Sto 3x 10°F (8800 50003 (4) 20000800 3. Potential energy of a particle varies with its position x avon (2-2) (EF Ifsotal mechanical energy af the particles 24. Then themes speed of parte alia @t OB ot 2 a 4. Abomb of mass 16 kg at rest explodes into two pioces ‘of masses 4 kg and 12 kg. The velocities of 12 kg mass is 4ms™. Kinetic energy of the other mass is, (@) uaa (6) 2885 (i923 (a 96.5 5. Abody of mass mis accelerated from rest to speed vin atime interval of T seconds, Instantaneous power delivered to the body as a function of time t is, iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION wine 7 Lime! ort 6. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top of a hill of height 100 m. It rolls dowa a smooth surface to the ground, then climbs up another hill of, height 30 m and finally rolls down toa horizontal bare at a height of 20 m above the ground. Velocity attained by the ball finally is fa)40 (6) 20 ms"! (6) 10 ms (4) 1030 ms" 7. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation proportional to its displacement x. Its loss of kinetic energy for any displacement (x) is proportional to fx? we fox @log.x 8. A force F = 5i + 3j + 2k (N) displaces a particle from origin to position r = 2i - j(m). The work done on the particles in joules is; @-7 ow (10 @-0 9. Aspring with spring constant 5 x 10° N/mis stretched initialy by 5 cm from its unstretched position. The work that must be done to streteh it further by 5 em is (a) 12.50 N-m (6) 18.75 Nem (6) 25.00 N-m (4) 6.25 Nem 10. body is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering a constant power. Distance moved by body in time ¢ seconds is given by COLLISION Collision is an isolated event in which a strong force acts between two or more bodies fora short time asa results of which the energy and momentum of the interacting particle changes Ithereis no loss of kinetic energy during a collision, it is called an elastic collision, while there is a loss of Kinetic energy during a colision itis called an inelastic collision. The coefficient of restitution fora collision between tuo bods is the ratio ofthe magnitude of their relative telocities after collision to. the magnitude. of their ated Jay = wal When two bodies ofmasses M, and M, are moving along the same straight line with volotitos wand ts respectively undergo inelasti¢ colision, the loss in Kinetic energy is given by relative velocity before the collision, ie. € fee wet foe" @en (=e) MM, 2 ar= Xl — 1)? 2M, = My)“ ~™ += When the two bodies after the collision stick together, then collision is always inelastic in nature. + When two bodies of masses M, and M, are moving along the same straight line with velocities m4 and. u, respectively undergo perfectly inelastic collision, the loss in kinetic energy is given by MM, 20M, + MD xy — ty)? + Conservation of momentum for pair of bodies with provided two scalar equations for conservation of momentum along line of impact called normal direction and along tangential direction. PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 15iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION + The definition of coefficient of restitution provides one more equation. It expresses the loss of energy of the system. + For elastic collision, conservation of energy equations may be used. Classification of collision on the basis of conservs n of kinetic energy perfectly elastic, inelastic and perfectly inelastic collision Perfectly clastic collision Inelastic collision Perfectly inelastic collision Callsoaisaqualiokinaicccorgy” cls iesct opal tokinalecsagy ornoveithuace wily afer the {Shcpertety te, mine pevely nla forms, In some cases (KE) g,q < (KE) j,iui necessarily mean that all the initial Srnsatentnratttosat tt Nantcenepr lack tpte ta she incr energy athe sytem arhet, Tn im inet energy i earn can tisteoraschaden) wiot onercans bo" consatntwinomentan ine oergy Sed te cling paricen Bouncing ef balwithause ball Tin of coda ohn ee ‘Ric sertheclsion with also tween tno automobiles on where the lls remains eed in these Classification of collision on the basis of the direction of colliding bodies @® Tnacallaion ifthe motion af cling two parts colsion ia planing, auc tha his deo of motion Bratt oraslareiscadiebateal™ shina plane th clon ical tedimerloal terse tre dimers been nisin aati woe Lov, ‘After collsion fore calision @gne track, AMAZING REALITIES 16 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM. Suppose formula one racing driver feel around 5 units weight under heavy braking, they can experience over 100 units if a crash causes them to decelerate extremely quickly over a very short distance.Practice ‘SHOTS, 11. A2 kg block sliding on a horizontal floor with a speed. of 4 ms”. It strikes an spring and compresses it. Force of kinetic friction is 15 N and spring constant of spring is 10000 Nm“, Spring is eompressed by (6)2.5em (@)85.em 12.4 mass m moves with a velocity v and collides inelastically with another identical mass. After collision first mass moves with a velocity of v/ V3 in a direction perpendicular to the initial direction of motion. Find the speed of second mass after collision, @55em (Mem fe (6) Bv 2 ’ o we w w 13. bullet is fired into a fixed wooden block. Bullet losses half of its velocity in penetrating block by 3 em. How much further bullet will travel in the block? Ga)3em @)2em 15cm (diem 14. Block of mass M moving over a frictionless table collides with a spring of spring constant & and compresses it by a length L. The maximum ‘momentum of the block after collision is — a (o) SML ©) » a (o)20r0 aM 15.A small block of mass M moves on a frictionless surface of an inclined plane, The angle of inclined plane suddenly changes from 60° to 30° at point B. 4 Ae a ‘Gn an Assume that block is initially at rest at A and its collision with Bis totally inelastic. Speed of block at B immediately after it strikes the second ineline, is (@) 160 ms (0) 45 ms" (N30 ms" @) 15 ms 16. Two small particles of equal masses start moving in opposite direction from a point A in a horizontal circular orbit. Their tangential velocities are vand 2u respectively, as shown in the figure. Between collisions, the particles move with constant speeds. iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION After making how many elastic collisions, other than that at A, these two particles will again reach the point A? 4 ws @. 17. ball hits the floor and rebounds after an inelastic collision. In this case (@) the momentum of the ball just after the collision is the same as that just before the collision (@) the mechanical energy of the ball remains the same in the w2 collision (@) the total momentum of the ball and the earth is conserved (@) the total mechanical energy of the ball and the earth is conserved 18. Two particles of masses m, and m, in projectile motion have velocities v, and v, respectively at time £0, They collide at time fy. Their velocities become ty' and oat time 2 while still moving in air. ‘The value of (m;” + mg’) — (muy + mgv)| is (a) rer0 lm +m.) ty am + mee (a'im,« moet 19. An isolated particle of mass m is moving in horizontal plane (x), along the X-axis, ata certain height above the ground. It suddenly explodes into two fragment of masses m/4and Sm/4. An instant later, the smaller fragment is at y= Sem, The larger fragment at this instant is at Gy wy y @y 20. A shellis fired from a cannon with velocity vmis at an angle @ with the horizontal direction, At the highest point in its path it explodes into two pieces of equal mass, One ofthe pieces retraces its path to the cannon, and the speed in m/s of the other piece immediately after the explosion is + 206m, =20em (@) cos (©) 200080 3 cos (@) [Bocose 3 MG Answers 4) 2) 6@ 7@ 8) 80) 1.0) He 2G 1.) 15 66) 76) 86 1%@ wa) PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 17MASTER STROKES 21. When a rubber band is stretched by a distance x, it exerts a restoring force of magnitude F ~ax+ bx’, where @ and 6 are constants. ‘The work done in stretching the unstretched rubber band by L is UE 2014 Main] oy Mat*+ ob ) SlaL'+ bu) ont 5) (a) ob? +1? @ ae 22. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force, [ = y | x] eis 2 | bing conta [areal aesred] x ing sy-plane is DEE 2013 Adv.) (a) 2Kn 0) ): = ao 23.18 W,, W, and W, represent the work done moving a particle form A to B along three different paths 1, 2 land 3 respectively (as shown) in the gravitational field of a point mass m. Find the correct relation between W;,W, and Wy FE 20071 a (a) W, > W, > We OW, =W,=W, (OW Wee Wy (@Wy> W,> We 24. A force F = ~k(yi + x) (where his a positive constant) acts on a particle moving in the ay-plane. Starting from the origin, the particle is taken along the positive X-axis to the point (a 0) and then parallel to the Y-axis to the point (a, a). The total work done by the force F on the particle is ce 20081 (a) 2a )2ka*—@)~ha® aha? 25. A uniform chain of length ZL and mass Mis lying on a smooth table and one-third of its length is hanging vertically down over the edge of the table. If g is acceleration due to gravity, the work required to pull the hanging part on to the table is (a) MeL mais fo) Mebi9 ( MeLins 26.. body is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering constant power. The distance moved by the body in time is proportional to @* wer oe? we 18 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM. 27.A particle of mass 0.2 kg is moving in a straight line under action of a force which delivers a constant power of 0.5 W to the particle, If particle starts from rest then its speed after 5s is (a) 2ms™* (6) Sms (c) 5s (d)7ms* 28. block (B) is attached to two unstretched springs S, and S, with spring constants & and 4, respectively. ‘The other ends are attached to two supports M, and M, not attached to the walls. The springs. and supports have negligible mass, ‘There is no friction anywhere, 2 1 ‘The block B is displaced towards wall 1 by a small distance and released. The block returns and moves a maximum distance y towards wall 2. Displacements x and y are measured with respect to the equilibrium position of the block B. The ratio > is = UFE2008 Adv) L (a4 2 js @t 2 a (29. An ideal spring with spring constant & in hung from the ceiling and a block of mass M is attached to its lower end. The mass is released with the spring initially unstretched. Then the maximum extension in the spring is FE 2012] (te 2 Me Me gy Me b bs Bs 30. Ablock of mass 2 kg is free to move along the X-axis. It is at rest and from f = 0 onwards it is subjected to a time-dependent force F(t) in the x-direction. The force F(t) varies with ¢ as shown in the figure. The kinetic energy of the block after 4.5 sis {JEE 2010), fo (4500 7505 (05.08 5 (@ 14.061 31.A particle is placed at the origin and a force F = kx is acting on it (where, kis positive constant). IfU(0) = 0, then graph of U(z) versus x will be (where, U is the potential energy function) DFE 2008],ue (@) xo x uw © x @ x 32. A wind-powered generator converts wind energy into electric energy. Assume that the generator converts a fixed fraction of the wind energy intercepted by its blades into electrical energy. For wind speed ¢, the clectrieal power output will be proportional to Ot fev (aot 33. A spring of force constant kis cut into two pieces such that one piece is double the length of the other. Then, the long piece will have a force constant of (218) & 310% (3k (or 34. Two masses of Lg and 4g are moving with equal Kinetic energies. The ratio of the magnitudes of their momenta is @ Ba @ine 35. If a machine is lubricated with oil (a) the mechanical advantage of the machine inereaso (6) the mechanical efficioncy of the machine increases (@) both its mechanical advantage and efficiency increases (d) its efficiency increases, but its mechanical advantage decreases art (oi:z 36. Consider an elliptically shaped rail PQ in the vertical plane with OP = 3m and 0Q = 4 m, A block of mass kgs pulled along the rail from P to@ with a force of 18N, which is always parallel to line PQ (see figure). ‘Assume no functional losses, the kinetic energy of the block when it reaches @ is (1 x10) J. The value of nis (take acceleration due to gravity = 10 ms“*) DEE 2018 Adv le SY Ce ig @s we wor ws iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 37. A particle, which is constrained to move along X-axis, is subjected to a force in the same direction which varies with the distance x of the particle from the origin as F (x) =-kx + ax, Here, b and a are positive constants. For x20, the functional form of the potential energy U (2) of the particle is ue Uw @ x @) x ue uw) o x @ a F 38. A lead bullet just melts when stopped by an obstacle. Assuming that 25 per cent of the heat is absorbed by the obstacle, find the velocity of the bullet in ms" if its initial temperature is 27°C. (Melting point of lead =327° C, specific heat of lead 0.08 cal/g °C, latent heat of fusion of lead = 6 cal/g, 7 42 JTfeal) f@a10 510 we 80 39. A body of mass 2 kg is being dragged with a uniform velocity of 2 m/s on a rough horizontal plane. The coefficient of friction between the body and the surface is 0.20, J =42 Jjeal and g =98 m/s?. The amount of heat generated in 5 s is around (@) eal ©) cal (eal @9eal 40. A block of mass 0.18 kg is attached to a spring of force constant 2 Nim. The coefficient of friction between the block and the floor is 0.1. Initially the block is at rest the spring is unstretched. An impulse is given to the block as shown in the figure. The block slides a distance of 0.06 mand comes to rest forthe fist time ‘The initial velocity of the block in m/s is 10 ‘Then Nis DEE 20111 2 ws wa @o Answers Qi) 22} 23.0) BA] 289) 26.(0) 27. (o)—2B.(0)} 2.) 90.4) Bl) a2). ) HL) 36.1) 97.) 88. (a) 8H.) 4D.) PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 19(©) TARGET JEE 2017 TEST RIDER Comprehensive Simulator Test Series for JEE Main &- Advanced JEE MAIN (PAPER ONE PREP UP) ayes 1) eC} Cater) Mock Questions from Complete Syllabus with Complete Solutions. INSTRUCTIONS + This test consists of 30 questions and each question is allotted 4 marks for correct response, + Candidates willbe awarded marks a stated above for correct response ofeach question. 1/4 mark wil be deducted for indicating incorrect response ofeach question. No deduction ftom the total score willbe made i no response is indicated for an item in the answer sheet, «There is only one correct response foreach question, Filling up more than one response in any question will be treated as wrong response and marks for wrong response willbe deducted according as per instructions. 1. Inan experiment, to measure the volume of an. irregular lamina using screw gauge, a student ‘observes that the zero line of the head scale is 4 division below the line of graduation. ‘There are 100 divisions on the circular seale, He gave 2 complete rotations of the circular scale and found that the distance moved by the screw is 2 mm. If the main scale reading is 4, then find the relative percentage error in the volume. Given 35th division coincides with the main seale line and the measured length of the body has a relative error of 2.25% (a) 1.69% w2n% (3% wi9%% 2. Two balls are thrown simultaneously from a top of a building with same initial velocity u. One ball is thrown vertically upwards and the other ball is thrown vertically downwards. The distance between the two bodies after time 5 s is (take, g =10 m/s”) (a)i0u ()5u (oibu (@) 20 3. Two balls A and B are projected simultaneously from the origin with initial velocities 60 mis and 20 m/s at angle 60° and 30° respectively, with horizontal, The position of the ball A with respect to ball B after 3s in y-direction is given by (112.79 m (0) 12.30 m (0194.50 m (100m 20 > JANUARY 2017 > PHYSICS SPECTRUM 4. Ablock of mass 4 kg is released from a height of 25 em on a smooth track. The minimum value of h, so that it completes the verticle circle should be (a) 25 em (20cm 5. Four blocks are connected with a string passing over a frictionless pulley fixed at the corner of a table as shown in figure. The coefficient of static friction of Awith table is 0.50, The minimum mass m of the block, so that blocks do not move should be @)10em @5em (5g Weg WaKg 6. Ablock of mass 5 kg is connected to a massless spring through a string passing over a frictionless pulley. Initially, the block is at rest and spring is in the state of its natural length. The maximum elongation produced in the string when block moves Akgby a distance of 2m downwards will be (take, g = 10 mis*) @50m 25m @5m 7. Consider a uniform square plate. y Line AB pastes through its centre. CD is another line passing through centre of plate, it makes an angle a with AB, If moment of inertia £ about an axis AB is 21, then the ‘moment of inertia of the plate about the axis CD is (@2r (@) 2 sin? (e) BT cos*e. (@) 2 cos" (aiD A satellite of mase 2m is circulating around the earth with constant angular velocity. If the radius of the orbit is Ry and mass of the earth is M, then the angular momentum about the entre of earth is (a) 2m (GM, (0) M 2am, [aw VRo (©) 100m 2m 9. Ifthe pressure at half the depth of a lake is equal to 2/3 pressure at the bottom of the lake, then the depth of the lake is, @iom 020m (©) 60m @30m 10.3 kg of ice at -13°C is mixed with 10 kg of water at. 13°C in an insulating vessel having a negligible heat capacity. The specific heat of water of ice are 1 keal/kg/ °C and 0.5 kcal/kg/°C, respectively. The latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 keal/kg. The final ‘mass of water remaining in the container is (a) 1.4 kg (@) 10.7 ke (72 ke (@93ke 11. At 27°C, the ratio of density of a fixed mass of a gas tor pressure of gus is 2, At 153°C, the ratio will be f@> wo 3 a @23 as 75 200 12. Carnot engine has efficiency 2, Bficiency becomes 4 when the temperature ofthe sink is lowered by 157 K. What is the temperature of the souree? 85K = INK (399K) 34K ®& TARGET JEE 2017 13. A particle of mass m is executing oscillations about the origin on the X-axis, Its potential energy is U(2) =hLzP, where A is a positive constant. If the amplitude of oscillation is A, then its time period T 1 (@) proportional to 2 @) independent of A (6) proportional to VA () proportional to A** 14. A closed hollow insulated cylinder is filled with gas, at 27°C and also contains an insulated piston of negligible weight and negligible thickness at the middle point. The gas on one side of the piston is heated to 90°C. If the piston moves 10 em, then the length of the hollow eylinder is (a) 210.4 em (6) 96.5 em ()105.2em (d) 64.20m 15. A string is rigidly tied at two ends and its equation, of vibration is given by y=cos 2nt sin 2ns. Then, minimum length of string is @im wim 2 (5m 21m 16. Ina diode AM-detector, the output circuit consists of R=1k@ andC =10 pF. A carrier signal of 100 kHz is to be detected. Is it good (ayes no () information isnot sufficient (a) None ofthe above 17.4 parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and plate separation d is charged to potential V and then the battery is disconnected. A slab of dielectric constant K is then inserted between the plates of the capacitors so as to fill the space between the plates: 1fQ, E and W denote respectively, the magnitude of charge on each plate, the electric field between the plates (after the slab is inserted) and work done on the system in the process of inserting the slab, then state incorrect relation from the following a) QV yw aeeAv! ar OW Ska oz-% aw (1-4) a E 18. Two identical thin rings each of radius 2 m are coaxially placed at a distance 2 m apart. If 5 C and 10 C are respectively, the charges uniformly spread con the two rings, the work done in moving a charge of SC from the centre of one ring to that of other is, fo ()~220k (e) 318k (ay 3841 PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 21&) TARGET JEE 2017 19. When a shunt of 402 is attached to galvanometer, the deflection reduces to + th. If an additional shunt of 20 is attached, the deflection will be NW saan f@uis wns forio wine 20. A cell is connected between two points P and R of a circular conductor PQRS of centre O with angle POR =30°. If B, and B, are the magnitudes of the ‘magnetic field at O due to the currents in PQR and PSR respectively, the ratio 2 is By a 21.4 20 eV clectron is circulating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform field of magnetic induetion 3x10" Wb/m®, The orbital radius of the electron is (a) 45 em ()a5em (60cm (@) 500m 22. A small circular loop of radius 2.5 em is placed inside a square loop of edge 30 em. The loops are coplanar and concentric. The mutual inductance will be, if current flowing through square loop is 5A. (a) 6x10" H (0) 74x10" (e)TAx10- @osx07H 23. A star initially has 10" deutrons, It produces energy bia the processes. 2H FH fH p 214 fern ‘The masses of the nuclei are as follows ‘M(H*) =2.014amu; M(p) =1.007 amu ‘M(n) = 1.008 amu; M(He*) = 4001 amu If the average power radiated by the star is 10°W , the deutron supply of the star is exhausted in a time of the order of (a) 10° fe) 10" s ws 10s 22 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SI 24. A hydrogen like atom of atomic number Z is in an excited state of quantum number 2n, It ean emit a maximum energy photon of 204 eV. If it makes a transition to quantum state n, a photon of energy 40.8 eV is emitted. The value of n will be 1 we ws 4 25. The half-life of B® is 5 days. What time is taken by (7/ 8)th part of the sample to decay? (@) 34 days (6) 10 day (@)18 daye (@) 20 dave 26. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission from a material is 5200 A. Photoelectrons will be emitted when this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation from a (@)50W blue lamp (0)1 Winfrared lamp (6) 50 W blue lamp (4) 1 W ultraviolet lamp 27. The transfor ratio ofa transistor is 50. The transistor is used in common-emitter configuration. ‘The input resistance is 4k and input AC voltage is 0.02 V. The peak value of eollector current is (@)0.25 ma (6) 0.25 pA (610.50 m8 (2) 0.50, 28. A lens is placed between a souree of light and a wall It forms images of area A, and A, on the wall for its two different positions. The area of the source or light is fa) AA z ORE 29. In a Young's double slit experiment, the separation between the slits is 0.5 mm, The distance between the screen and slit is 1.5 m. For a monochromatic light of wavelength 500nm, the distance of rd minima from the central maxima is, (2.25 mm (4)0.75 mm (e)8.75 mm 30. A glass prism ( =1.5) is dipped in water (u =4/3) as shown in figure. A light ray is incident normally on. the surface AB. It reaches the surface BC after totally reflected, if @)1.50 mm fa)sino> 8/9 (osines2/3 ()2/3 SER > Peh> eR Llrom Eq. = nek S_oxa = Ign = =A 106m 5. (a) FBD of given system is Ny mH Fee Tia aa) tf 080 emg athe Nodemy P=uN =050(7+ m g For the blocks to remain at rest 65 050(7+ mg 12s(T+m) 25 Mguy = SKE 6. (a) When block goes down by xo, spring extends by “BT pterors Loss in gravitational potential ofthe block = gin in chengy of pring mero: Shei ok Maximum extension of spring ‘amg fog _ 10x10 a) 7. @) A'B'LAB and ’°D'LCD From symmetry, Tag=law=2l and Top=lon From theorem of perpendicular axes, 50m, PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 23&) TARGET JEE 2017 10. nm. 12, 24 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPE = and o 5 From Ba. (0, we gt (a) Angular momentum Mass x Orbital velocity x Radius 5 (OM), — om (GME = mm[ | Fe t= 2m JM Substituting the value of 7, in Eq. (i, we get Syn -o7 Fi Pressure at the bottom = py + how 8\n vm <2 ‘According to given condition, = (S)n-waen = 4 ne} + pg 2p + how) pot Ane (po how = Spot Sh pg -2py+ Dhpe @ = fe Bo 2210" 20m pe 10°x10 (a) le will absorb heat to raise its temperature to 0% then ite melting takes place Let m= Initial mass of ce mde m= Mass of ee that mols . Fema “o ‘m= Initial mass of water ‘. 0 From Eqs. (D) and (i), we get By law of mixture, heat gained by ico = heat lost by water 1D.» 3 mXCxO9+m/xL= m C09 S — BHOHAH+m/x80=00009) = 80m,’=1005 : Lake 14, (a) Using Charle’s law, we have constant r a(ieto) a density M ) P Jaze R(G00 - 368 3 = M0 “a te10 4-10 R 2 = 2.2 _ densi M «i 363 300 DIuseoe RAR ‘As the piston moves 10 em, the length of one side will be From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get (+10) and other side( 7-10} 3 3 = s00{4+10)-389(4-20) 2 3 fa) y=Work output _W nq QT) = 150/+ 3000 =181.5!~ 3630 Heat input @ > 6630=31.51 , = [=210dem, @ 15. (b) Given equation of stationary wave is ‘Also, we can show that ‘ysin mx 008 2nt QT Comparing it with standard equation, nx =2Asin 2 cos. ’ * We have, 2 <2n¢ =p h=1m, ‘According othe quetion, Minimum distance of tring ist mode) Lae @16, (b) For demodulation, 1< vteT.03x10" = 0° 265x10"m/s ‘Now, radius of circular path, Be 9110! 2.65310 Lexdo axa 22, (b) Magnetic field due to square loop at centre will be By = Het (ens0, + 00803) and PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 25& TARGET JEE 2017 24. 25. 26. where, eof square loop T= carrent flowing through square loop bap, nad x Flux through smaller loop, 4=Bslar?) Bidder yyy aL ay 2a T Here, r= radius of cireular loop On putting values of r and L, we got BAnx10™ x(00257 74 9H (030 2014-4001 1,007 -1.008 028 ams (028% 981 x 10" 1.6 «10 J = s82x10#y Power of star = 10!°W 10" Number of deutrons used = 10" -o.26310% aM io® 2oxa Deutron supply exhausts in — = 10s () Let ground state energy (in eV) be By, ‘Then, from given condition, Ty B20 eV on Ei, 2046 a(Z 4) 040V = (2-1-2080 ® and B= By Ase S EAA e (8 )oaasev 0 4n® on? 4n® vom Ba) and we get H sy = oe nee oe fe) By using, Nan, ronan v5) where, wef So, SW ( 5 . ay ay® 2 tal5days (@) Inthis case, for photoelectric emission the wavelength of meident radiations must be less than 5200 A. ‘Wavelength of ultraviolet radiations is less than this value (6200 A) but wavelength of infrared or blue radiations is| higher than this value. 126 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM 27. 28, 29. 30, (a) '=60, R= 4kO.= 40000, Vi=Q02V, Vind, 5A - Me=Paly = 80%6x10-%A 25x10 025x107 = 025mA A . oe. where, Ay= area of source) ay s m= [Roh Vas Att . mex [ele ya 0 myrtle yan tls - ix Fear Var VAs Ay= VAAy (c) Distance of nth minima from central bright fringe, metus DAD ” a Forn=8 i Sra minima, eye 2XBED 50010 1.5 * 2x 05x10 375x10-%'m 375mm (a) For total internal reflection at AC mcSJ TARGET JEE 2017 TEST RIDER Comprehensive Simulator Test Series for JEE Main & Advanced JEE MAIN (PAPER TWO SCALE UP) as 110 (COMPLETE SYLLABUS) WITH ANSWERS, Mock Questions from complete syllabus to enhance Your Problem Solving Skills, INSTRUCTIONS «This es consists of 30 questions and each question i alloted 4 masks fr co + Candidates willbe awarded marks as stated above for correct respons of each question 1/4 mak willbe deducted fr indicating incorrect response ofeach question, No deduction fom the toa core wl be made if no zespone is indicated for an tein the answer hee, «Theres only one correct reponse fr each question, Filling up more than one responce in any question wile rated a wrong response and marks for weong response willbe deducted according as per instructions. responce 1, The value of KE and PE are measured as follows K=1000+ 204, U=2000# 203 ‘Then, the percentage error in the measurement of ‘mechanical energy is (o25% ow 05% 15% 2. A physical quantity nis calculated using the formula lay wee measured quantities. If the fractional error in the measurement of x, y and z are 2%, 1% and 3% respectively, the maximum fractional error in the calculation of nis (05% 5% where x, y and z are experimentally won a m% 3. A block of mass m is stationary with respect to wedge of mass M which is moving with uniform speed v as shown in the figure. Wark done by the force of frietion on the block in t seconds is © (a)zero (a) ME%sin 20 © ~Aetsinto 4. A particle is moving along a curve y=2s" ~ 4x. Ibis subjected to a force of F = 10xyi + 15}. If the particle is displaced from (0, 0) tothe point (3m, 6m), the work done by the farce is (@) 1355 (B) 145d (1854 (@) None of those 5. A solid sphere of radius « and mass M collides elastically with a cubical block of mass M and side 2a. The entire system is on a smooth horizontal ground. Given that the sphere was rolling without Slipping with an angular velocity w at the time of collision. The velocities of the sphere and the block after the collision are (sham Pe.pre0 (0,3, 000 PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 27&) TARGET JEE 2017 6. A.uniform rod AB of length L 5 and mass 2m lying on a smooth horizontal surface, A. particle of mass m strike the rod with a velocity v at point ; ata distance x from end Aas shown in the figure. The particle comes to rest after collision. The value of x, 80 that point A of the rod remains stationary just after the collision, is L we "s L @e "3 wn war 3 3 7. A satellite is projected with velocity & atte r times its escape speed from the earth's surface. The initial velocity of the satellite is parallel to the surface of earth as shown in figure. The maximum distance of the satellite from the centre is of earth will be (a) two times ofthe radius ofthe earth (b) three times ofthe radius ofthe earth (6) five times of the radius of the earth (d) equal tothe radius ofthe earth 8. A pendulum makes perfectly elastic collision with a block of mass m lying on a smooth surface. This block is attached to a spring of spring constant k. When pendulum is slightly displaced and released, then time period of oscillation of the system is Lf we(E- ” (G i) [ir fm wane aan | Ve Oey 9. A police car moving at 22 m/s chases a motorcyclist fs shown in the figure. 2ms Potco cor ‘The police man sounds his horn at 176 Hz while both of them move towards a stationary siren of frequency 165 Hz. Compute the speed of the motorcycle, ifit is given that he does not observe any beat. (Take, speed of sound as 330 m/s) Totoro (a2mis@)33mis_— (e)Zero ad) LI ms 28 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SI TRUM 10. A pipe of length Z, closed at one end is kept in a chamber of gas of density y,. A second pipe open at both ends is placed in second chamber of gas of density y,, The compressibility of both the gases is equal, If frequency of first overtone in both the cases are equal, the length of the second pipe is on, Me 31, si 4a 4, 1, fs ofr, alt on Dn 11. Water in a lake starts freezing, if temperature of surrounding is -20°C, The graph between thickness of ice xand time ¢ is plotted, Which of the following graph correctly represents this situation? Vo Aho © @ 12. p-V plots for two gases during adiabatic process is shown in the figure, plots 1 and 2 should correspond respectively to (@ HeandO,, (o)0,andNy (@) He and Ar (@O,and He 13.A piston divides a closed gas cylinder into two parts, fas shown in figure. One part has pressure p and volume 5 V. Other part is having pressure 8p and volume V. The piston is now slowly moved to equilibrium position. New pressure for the adiabatic process is (a) 216 p (6)05 p rsp (054 p 14. A potentiometer has a resistance of wire of 4m length and resistance 40, a cell of emf 12 V is connected aeross the wire.Ifcells having emf £, =2V and &, = 4V and internal resistance r; = 20and 7 = 62are connected as shown in figure, the null deflection on length AC is SIF M\ 4 1 3 5 @tm em @Sm dBm 3 "G "5 5 15, An electric field lino emerges from a positive point charge +q at an angle ¢ to the straight line connecting it to a negative point charge —2q as shown in figure. At what angle 0 will the field line enter the charge -2q? Be 16. A solid sphere lies within a concentrie shell as, shown in the figure. A charge of 15 x 10° uC is initially provided to inner sphere. Now, if keys Ky and K, are alternatively closed for 4 times each. Potential difference between the sphere and the shell becomes (given a = 1m) (ajax 1o'V ()42% 10° V (12x 10°V (a)15 x10 V Lex. Ld 17.4 circular current loop is shown in given figure. The ‘magnetie field in the region is along X-axis and its magnitude in the space is inereasing with increasing y-coordinate, The net magnetic force on the loop is ®& TARGET JEE 2017 Oz % (a) along ~Z-axis () along + X-axis (6) along + Z-axis (d) None of these 18. The intensity of magnetisation J is plotted against the magnetising field HT for different substances. The curves A and B shown in the figure are associated with (a) steel and soft iron respectively () soft iron and steel respectively (©) adiamagnetic and paramagnetic substance respectively (@) a paramagnetic and diamagnetic substance respectively 79. A small bar magnet is being slowly inserted with constant velocity inside a solenoid as shown In figure. Which graph best represent the relationship bebwoon em induced with me i oe Nn gd \ 20. In a series L-C-R circuit, the frequency of a 10 V AC voltage source is adjusted in such a fashion that the reactance of the inductor measures 150 and that of the capacitor 11 Q. If R = 30, then the potential difference across the series combination of L and C will be ov wav (ony wey 21. The binding energies of the atom X and ¥ are Ey and Hy respectively, Four atoms of the element Y fuse to give one atom of element X. This fusion process is accompanied by release of energy 0. Then, Ex, By are related to each other as (@) By ~ 4By =—9 (0) By = 4By (By + By + 9=0 (Bx 4B PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 29&) TARGET JEE 2017 22. White light is used to illuminate the two slits in a Young's double slit experiment. The separation between the slits is b and the screen is at a distance D >> b from the slits, at a point on the screen directly in front of one of the slits. Find the missing wavelengths, oe Be webb 23. Given figure shows a graph between log,|n|and A, tog, Ae ta orbit in a hydrogen like atoms. The correct curve is, Where, A, is the area enclosed by the nth 1 2 os @s 24, During an experiment on photoclectrie emission from a conducting surface, the wavelength of incident light is 2 x 10~’ m and stopping potential is 2.5 V. Threshold frequency of the conductor is (a) 9x 10" He (0) 9x 10" He (c) 12x 10" Hz (d) 12x 10" He 25. Figure given below shows a system of logic gates, For output to be high inputs X and Y must be x4 A ¥ a > (a) X = Oand¥ =1 fo) X=1and¥ =1 26. A boy cannot see objects closer than 40 em from the left eye and closer than 100 cm from the right eye. While on a mountaineering trip, he got lost from his friends. He tries to make an astronomical telescope from his reading glasses to find his friends. Which lass should he use as the eyepiece and what. ‘magnification can he get with relaxed eye? (a) Right eye lens, -2 () Left eye lens, 4 (c) Right eye lens, (@) Left eye lens, 2 @X=tandy =0 @X~=0and¥ =0 30 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM 27. transmitting antenna of height hand the receiving antenna of height 45 m are separated by a distance of 40 km for satisfactory communication in line of sight mode. Thus, the value of h is (take radius of earth as 6400 km) @10m 25m (€)20m @0m 28. A transistor in CE configuration has input resistance Roy = 20 and load resistance of 5 kQ. If = 60 and an input signal 12 x 10~ V is applied then (@) A, = 150and A, = 9 x 10° jeal diodes D, and D, are connected to a battery as shown in figure. The current supplied by the battery is @oo1a mia 01a ona 30. In two pin experiment for finding focal length of a convex lens, graph of object distance u and image distance v is plotted as shown, A straight line equally inclined to axes meets the graph at point pep orp apap Answers 1) te) BAL 5.(a) 6.0) 7.0) 80) 8a) 10.) i) 12) 13.6) 1) 15.0) 16. (0) 181) 18.) 20.00) 2A (d)—-22(—) 23.5). (a} 25.1) 26.(3) 27.10) 28.(8)—2B.c} 80 (4)SAMPLE QUESTION Nd tt) CBSE CLASS XI & XIl EXAMINATION 2017 =a — a —_ sampte quesTion papers | | saMPLe QuEsTioN papens | | saMPlE QUESTION papeRs | | saMPLE QUESTION PAPERS CBSE Chemistry : a Physics Mathematics | | Biology Li F106 |2175, F103 |2175, Fo90 |%175, F107 [2175 Fast Track Revision at the Start of the book Three Stages; III & Il of Sample Papers Latest CBSE Sample Paper & Solved Paper in Class Xi(&) TARGET JEE 2017 JEE ADVANCED @RILL A collection of 30 innovative problems on JEE Advanced pattern from complete syllabus Single Option Correct 1. ‘The dimensional formula for a physical quantity 6 is expressed as [0]=(M~LT%], The errors are measuring the quantities M, L and are respectively, 3%, 4% and 6%, The maximum percentage of error that occurs in measuring the quantity is (a) a+ 48 + 127 () 904 48 + By () 0 ~ 48 - 12 @arpe% Charged bullets each with 1 charge are fired continuously at the rate of @ per unit time through a thin smooth infinite tunnel XY. PQ and RS are smooth conducting rods on which a conductor AB 4 Tnoves with a constant velocity v as shown in the figure, The foree required to maintain constant speed of ABis soa v @ wafeeet) » [ue 1 (a) » $2002), (8)P om Se(S] a e(3)) 5. 3. A fixed mass of a gas is taken through processes P3Q>R->P. Here, P->@ represent isobaric, Q— Ris adiabatic and R > P is isothermal. Work done by the gas during the process is (take, y=3/ 32 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM vem) fa) 5x 108 (49x05 (o)2x10° (a10% A block of mass m is attached to a spring of spring constant k as shown in the figure. The block is kept in a car moving with acceleration a, towards right. Assuming all the surfaces as smooth, the maximum ‘velocity of the block reactive to the ear is 5 — fa) |™ a, [am a, ” lor Oe (0 a (2) 20, Ve Pel ‘Two identical small balls of mass m, having charges 4+q and —g are attached to the end of a light insulating thin rod, length of the rod is 4a. There is another identical ball having charge -q is fixed at point O as shown in the figure. Initially the rod and ball system is rotating about an axis,1, passing through the rod with angular velocity @y. When the system is released, then find the angular velocity «! of the rod about an axis [, through the pivot into the plane of the paper when the rod turns ™ through ©, ee @—41 ot BYBregna™ ‘a Qeregna™ o— @ {4 Brey lma V2neyma More than One Correct Option 6. Consider an R-L-C series circuit as shown in the figure given below. The readings of voltmeters V, and V, are 50V and 60V, respectively. ‘The source voltage is 65. For this situation select the correct statement(s). @ 08 (a) Voltage across resistor, capacitor and inductor are 25V, 60 + 25/3 V and 25V3 V, respectively (6) Voltage across resistor, capacitor and inductor are 25V, 253 V and 60 + 25/3, respectively (c) Power factor ofthe cireut is (@) Power factor of the eireut is Ina nuclear fission process 2 g of uranium, the mass lost is 1.84 mg. The efficiency of power house run by the fission reactor is 16%. To obtain 800 MW power from the power house (a) 1742 g uranium is required per hour (©) 2283 y uranium ia required per hour (c) energy obtained from the power house per hour is 14x 10°. (@) energy obtained from the power house per hour is 288 x 10° J. 8. Two light bulbs shown in the circuit are having ratings P (12V, 12W) and Q (12 V, 36 W) as shown in the figure. When the switch is closed, then 10. m1. 12, iS) TARGET JEE 2017 we ef@iev. 2m eve ofeSii12¥ 36 (q) the intensity of light bulb P increases (6) the intensity of light bulb P decreases (6) the intensity of light bulb @ increases (d) the intensity of light bulb @ decreases ‘The values of measurement of a physical quantity y in five trials were found to be y =1.52, ws =1.54, Ws = 154, yy = 153and ys = 155 ‘Then which of the following statements is/are correct?” (a) mean absolute error is 0.01 (6) relative error is 0.01 (6) percentage error is 0.01% (d) percentage error is 1% An otherwise infinite straight wire has two concentric loops , and ¢, of radii r, and r, carrying equal currents in opposite direction as shown in the figure, 1ri-— then 7 (a) hot (a) magnetic field atthe centre due to the two loops 6, and {are in the same direction (b) magnetic field at the contre due to 6, and 6, are of same ‘magnitude (©) magnetic field atthe centre is zero (@ magnetic field at the contre due to $, and gy are in opposite directions In an a-decay, the kinetic energy of the a-particle is 50 MeV and @ value of the reaction is 52 MeV. The mass number of the nucleus is 4, then (assume that daughter nucleus is in ground state) (a) value of Ais 104 (6) in the decay process, mass number of the nucleus decreases by 4 (c) value of Ais 208 (@) in the decay process, mase number of the nucleus increases by 4 A source of light of power P is shown in the figure. ‘The surface of the block (at rest) on which light beam is falling is having a reflection coefficient r = 0.8 and absorption coefficient a = 0.2 PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 33{&) TARGET JEE 2017 Pin (o) Compression in the spring is **. (Boy stron he sing}? (© Comprenion nthe ping SEF (2 Bore store in ning e324 13. Two resistors 209 and 402 and an ideal inductor of 20 H are connected to a4 V battery as shown in the figure. Switch S is shifted to b from a at time t = 0 it Li et (a) the initial current through the battery is 2 A (@) final cureont through the battery is A (6) initial current through the battery is 4. A. io (4) final current through the battery is © A Integer Type Answer 14. A vertical U-tube is spinned about the vertical axis passing through the left hand limb with the help of a motor as shown in the figure. 3p Hoye Ifpressure difference in the two limbs is 193p gh and win angular pedis SE the vale fi Vi (assume p and 3p are densities of liquids in the two limbs) 34 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM 15. The distance of the earth from the sun is four times that of the planet mercury from the sun. The temperature of the earth isin radiative equilibrium. with the sun at 290 K. Assuming all the three bodies tobe black, the radiative equilibrium temperature of the mercury is found to be 29 x (N) x10" K. Find the value of N. 16. A rigid wire of mass 1 kg is bend form of an are of a circle subtending an angle of 120° at its eentreO and having two weights of 8g and 525 ig at its ends, rests with its convexity downward upon a horizontal plane as shown in figure. The inclination Oto vertical of the radius to the end at which 9 kg is attached. Find the value of 2x tan0. ° a9 ™ 17. A certain species of ionized hydrogen like atom produces an emission line spectrum in accordance ‘with the Bohr Model. A group of lines in the spectrum form a series in which the minimum energy is 4.896 eV and the maximum energy is 13.6 eV. Find the atomic number of the atom. 18. The pin P placed at the bottom of the beaker is focussed using travelling microscope T. When water is poured into the beaker to a height A, it is found ‘that the microscope is to be raised by 2 em in order to focus the object again. The height h (in em) of the water level is 19. A person can throw a ball at a speed on the earth ‘which can cross a river of width 20 m, The person reaches on an imaginary planet whose mean density is thrice that of the earth. Evaluated value of maximum possible radius of the planet so that if the person throws the ball with same speed it may escape from the planet is found to be — km. Calculate 6. 20. For an observer A on the bus direction of motion of the particle is as shown in the figure. For an observer B on the ground the particle rise vertically. If ‘maximum height reached by the particle from trolley i (28) m thon ind he vale 3v twas-tne bus) oe v=20m| Gord 21. Two loud speakers 9, and ¢, are emitting sound waves of wavelength 2 with initial phase difference ot A minima is observed at a minimum distance of BA «x(%) trom point 0 on the sereen y as shown in ( 3 ) m ¥ the figure. Evaluate x. rey 2 lo | 4) =<) 200 24 Passage Based Questions Passage 1 A thin pipe of mass M is framed in a semicircular shape of radius a as shown in the figure. ‘The pipe rests on a rough horizontal surface. A vertical force F is applied as shown such that the section rolls without slipping. X and Y are two ends of the pipe and coefficient of friction between the surface and the pipe ist. Now answer the following questions based on the above scenario of the passage. ough 22. For the instant shown the angular acceleration is @ Mad —__ Mae 23. Coefficient of friction between the ring and the surface is given by iS) TARGET JEE 2017 @—F _ oe 2Mg—F) Mg wo—F _ wo Tags Me-F ‘An sparrow with its chick is moving upwards with a speed of 20 m/s at a distance of 10 m infront of a plane mirror of length 4 m as shown in the figure. A light source S is placed symmetrically before the plane mirror. This mirror isplaced at a height H = 30m above the surface of ground, Om 2 foome Crean 24, ‘The maximum time during which the sparrow can see the image of the source in the mirror is @i5s Mills @44s 228 When the sparrow is at a height of 34 m from ground drops the chick. Greatest distance over which the chick can see the image of souree in plane mirror during free fall and corresponding time duration are 25, respectively (@) 4%, 563 (0)22m, 283 (22m, 56s ()49m,288 ssage 3 ‘Monochromatic light of wavelength 4 coming from a distant source is incident upon the two shits of a double-slit experiment as shown in the figure, Width of each slit is y (y >> 2) and the interference pattern is ‘observed on a distant screen. A thin sheet of transparent, ‘material having thickness ¢ and refractive index 1 is placed between one of the slits and the screen, The intensity at a point at time t =0 is 2, Plane ot ans sesen PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 35{&) TARGET JEE 2017 26. The intensity at X, is minimum if the value of¢ is rin BALAN -D o @ fan) 7 wt 27. If the width y of one of the slits is increased to 2, the intensity of X, can be expressed as Tel y 4coel281= D4] ctf + don 220=M}) obfee sone 2 =D) Il geog{ 280? De} ogls-« ‘cml anty? vey] ols. sooo nO =e > Matrix Match Type 28. Consider a spring block system passing over a pulley through a string as shown in figure, Mass of the pulley is m and it is smooth. When the block is released from rest the spring was in its natural length, Assume that the value of m is such that finally it is just able to lift the block of mass M up after releasing it. Now match the quantities in Column I with the corresponding values in Column IL Column I Column I ‘A. Tension in the rod when [13mg ‘misin equilibrium B. Weight of m required tojust|2. 2mg Bf C. Normal force actingon M |3. Me. when m is in equilibrium 2 D. Tension in the string when |4, Ma displacement of mis 4 29. In Column-I certain situations are shown and Column-II depicts graphs corresponding to these situations. Match Column-I and II. 36 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM 30, Column 1 Column I 5 — Distance of sider from. left end = x. Reading of galvanometer= y B. — ay / Na, Uniformly charged sphere distance from centre = x, potential = y ©. Velocity ofa particle 3. executing SH! Displacement from mean position = y D. Heatisextracted from 4. asolid at a constant rate, The temperature of the solid = y time elapsed = ‘A cuboidal box having rectangular cross-section of (2m x 4m) area and mass M = 20 kg is resting over the surface of a car moving at constant acceleration 2mis? as shown in the figure, Coefficient of friction between the block and the car is = 0.2. A force F acts at the top of the box. Now match Column I with Column I. Column IL A 1. Box neither topples nor slips B, 12, Box topples but does not slip © ‘8, Box slips but doos not topple 4 Box slips as well as topplesAnswers with Explanation 1.0) Given, 9 =P 20 gall, pale oO a0 ar e+ ay 4B + 127 2. (6) Current due to charged bullets is 4 t4-@ Magnetic field at a distance x from this infinite current carrying tunnel Bir) = Be 2a Induced emf in the rod AB b= [2807 vdr= BR in cojay Bo [BO ede Power dissipated = © = Fy R 3. (6) For isobarie process PQ, Py Po ® er isothermal protsa RP Pa Va Ps Vo «i For adiabate process QR, Peavy Pe Vi From Bas i and Gi) we get [8]? = 64m* gn Ee Ve gt Te at Work done, W = Wg + Won + Wap (Vg ~ Vp) + [P¥a— Pave} v1 «Pvp in (YE Ve. Putting values, we get W = 49 x 10° J 4, (e) Solve the question relative to the frame of the car. For maximum velocity the block must be in equilibrium position. Let x» be the equilibrium elongation in spring, then may From work-energy theorem we get 1 7 Lm =—Lasd + mato 2 2 ™ Solving the above equation, wo got v= ay 5. (a) Change in electrostatic Potential energy of the system o- es F r@oia gig Treg 8a Tregha Applying conservation of mechanical energy, we get ak (65)? vos 13 1. (bd) Power to bo obtained from power house = 800 MW. In this ease energy obtained por hour 300 x 10" x 8600 = 288 x 10! J Here only 15% of output js utilized. In order to obtain 288 x 10! J of useful tenergy, the output energy from the power house is given by 288 x 10" 100 “5 192 « 10" J per hour Let this energy is obtained from a mass Joss of Am kg, thon (am) c= 192 10!" > am= 021 kg Since, 1.84 mg mans is lost in 2 pram of turanium hence for a mass loss of 0.21 g, the required uranium is given by an’= PEO aoa g Ez > Rp> Rg when awited is open, J Ppa thRy, Py=TbRe + Phe yan pe Vo 3 Veo 6Vand Vy <6 When mitch eased Vp Vp 8V > Po> Pp (abe) Mean val, GoM we Mat Ys Me = 1536158 Absolut errors are =v, Mean absolute err Oto 00" 000 QOL + OL Relative error = O02 ist 00649 = 001 201 000 1% oi oot Se orvor 10. (ed) Current in the two loops 6, and (0, are in opposite directions therefore for Beentze=0 a Bo wel Hol ol fan Aan, By Br - now 11. (be) Let 3X —> 424Y + fHe Now we ean write, K,=4=4Q5 a= 208 e@ 12. (a,b) In this situation 20% of the incident photons are absorbed by the block and 80% are reflected back, Thus the photon whieh is absorbed will impart ‘momentum h/3. to the body and the photon which is reflected will import the change in momentum 2h/2 to the body. ‘Thus net force acting on the body can be sven by 03Ph Te {As the block is at rest Fahy 18? Compression in the spring, LSP of Potential energy stored in the spring, uy Lgg? = L682? 2 oe 15. (ab) Att = 0,16. when the switch is Just pressed zero current exists inside ‘the inductor, So 200 and 400. resistors 2h, OPA he *% F PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 37{&) TARGET JEE 2017 areinsras anda nt resitane of Gan "45 = 6nd ents arcs the cout 41g iB st » the arent inthe ndutor {ovat attaina maximum value ey the Ente euent panes hugh tenor tnd cron nhs resin 20 oe 4-1, cory 14,2 Let prose a point At dsumee se Ps |i» | Hence, I, be te ah Now ata distance x we ean write P= Py = 2p 2 Again we can also write, _ p20 Leas Py P= BH ang > PP, = 25 At “ = 2542) = Stata Adding Rags. () and (i, we get 25, Py Py =path? (t+ 5} w Comparing with the given value, we got Nez 15. (2) Pri Prins = 86) ARR? Tf At oquilibriam, B, = Py -> Toasts i, V Four Fann 2808)(8)*- 500 29% 2x10 K N=2 16. 1) According to question, free body diagram can be draven as, 38 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM About C, anti-clockwise momenta Jockwise moments wh a OF sinc) +9: OAsind = 0G. sin(60" — 8 + = sine = 29 sin(60° case ~ cos 60° ae sin@ + sin120° e088 ~ cos 120° sin@) = 2Bxsind = VB cose so, 2etand=1 17. (4) According tothe situation given in the question, we can write 4.896 = nase wal Also, 136=1962,-52=2 196 2 136 enxn4 on (8) Refractive index of water is bees ‘When the beaker is filed with water upto of the pin is h ie ‘The height to which the travelling rmieroseope is raged is given by normal shit z=h-k, 19. (8) Let the speed of the ball which ccan cross 20 m wide river be 1. usin (2% 45°) ‘Then, R= @ 5 20% ¢ TT > u= 208 ‘Let radius of the planet be R, then mass of the planet axM, fant. Becape velocity from the planet (LOM, PoxaxM, Ri BR, \ Rx Re ee Its given that. Comparing with the given value, we get 8 =Sso-3 B 20, (2) From the given situation s0mis = ve0s 60° = 40m b= vsin6oe 40x 2x10 20 e = 60em According to the question, Heyyy = 60= 12055 =2 21, (5) Phase difference for minima ageQn-nF 2 2n 25 (gsin0) = (2n 1) 7B 3 * Won 2A - 200, 100, _ 25 ue Comparing with the given value, we get 22, (a) Torque due to applied force, = Fa = [gi where Ips the moment of inertia about an axis passing through point of contact 0. Ma*— M(C@)* fo + M(GO!*= Ma? - MCG)" + Mia - Ca)? 2_4Ma® [ 1 Ma — oe = L Angular acceleration Fa. Pe Wa® 2Mace In the clockwise direction, 25. (c) ALO, Mg ~F =N Frictional force f = WV = (Mg + F) For pure rolling 2Ma® (_M_Vf. ] (aes) iB a (at : “ CE = AB=4m GS=GJ=2m AC=10m=10AG DF =DC+ CE + EF = 44m ‘The greatest distance over which the sparrow ean see the image of ight sources Sin the mirror is 44m, Required time, ye atance 44 99, speed 20 25, (a) Initial velocity ofthe chick at the time of drop in 20 mis upwards, The height through which it can rise, 20" _ 400 e 400. 96m Noo” Belo” BD ‘The greatest distance over which the chil can see the image of source is D'F = 44m 1 gg Also, ut+ bee 5 = 2or- see = 568 26. (b) Ax = path difference between two waves arriving at Xp ax = (n= De = phase difference between two waves at X, may 2, ax) = 28g ye Han) = Ein 1 = intensity at the central point 1 = dateos'(2) and 2h = 4a 2 1 cot? > pte (3) 5 1 =2fgcor{ Eon 4] Intensity at X, will be minimum if 7 21. (a) As the width of one ofthe slits is increased to 2y, the amplitude due to slit become 2a. T= (af +03 + 2a, 0089) wa! + (2a)? + (2a) (2a) e089 5a? + 4a® cos ley tou [281-4 geese HH osm : na kx = me Also, T=3mg Let the maximum downward displacement of mis, then Vpn? dist = mex, gith = meen = 2, = 2m me To lift the block (M), kx, = Mg mg = kx ime Te Me iS) TARGET JEE 2017 = Me z For to block of mags M, wo ean write “ ri Wy he N+ ke= Mg Me _ Me = NeMg ME. Me ry 2 Tension inthe string, T= hry = 2mg B.A42, B34, 03,011 i" a vesr-sx2 “ a @ © Velocity, 2= oA (D1 @= mea? meat ar = 2 1B) 3, 4, D1 The force required to topple the box about 0. Tir f + (02 20% 10= 40N Force between 0 40 will do neither sliding nor slippling. Foree between 40 ~ 220'N will eause slipping. Foree above 220 N will topple the box. PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 39&) EXPLICATION [ LARGE HADRON COLLIDER | ‘The Lange Hadron collider is @ very lange scientific instrument at European Orgnisation for Nuclear Research, It is installed in an underground tunnel that in the form of @ ring of about 8.5 km in diameter. Function of instrument is to collide highly energetic particles ta break them apart and obtain the high dense matter which can give information about basic forces of universe and fundamental particles. The Complex The LHC consists of tunnels of around 27 km ccumierence.Itisstuated near the border of France and Switzerland, Main tunnel and detectors are located nearly 100 m below ground for safely and stability Partle aoasbrater. Separates nucle “rom how some, ‘These a then rected toe | (Seerzouna come Computer deta bbeminar collects Sata rom fou Imajr experiments, Ccolisione 109m of partiles Soeur at ‘our crossing poms ead xgorimonts Gye Race, ATLAS ana vs Cree. Sveams of bllons of very energetic one ae reduced in LHC [unset Some ions moves slckwise ane others ani-clocevse vols. auc J Lx ern Supeeconducing magna ben ncrenses or energin bare ‘allsions a crossings. Parteos SE ee sere cena ries aus ecton rd bone saisyrae nat than Eh rae othe Ge mene millonths of s second ‘when some particles decay Tas ett ts enema QM] tress : aes. Pe oom % oe Fsanascneomgen _ |fattecorconae peemeecrccmme! og [immeeerccm ee Se owe sree ecterndaest Gp Atanas seemed. O yeree son top oie sti oun 1295 Seaver stil measuring bottom quar isan ‘roar test oF electomagretic theory Paerulimpules ai frado waves ase the energy of ans fo "0p aon ebcton LEPTONS ‘QUARKS Experiments The CMS (Compact Muon separation uses huge soled magne fo bene te pall pace rom collsone in PIC AUCE fh brge on caller xpormer) Steers quaragion Plasma a sale ot mater formed ost $e big bang, ATLAS (toroid ‘apparalus is prebrg THC Beauty) ‘elects mate and ‘ekindamental pales Forces LLC procoos a huge amount of daa of patel clisions hich helps us to explore fundamental ature o! oasis fees tat governs the univer, STRONG FORGE Ft by Guanes Camers Ghons ‘Tha stong force binds quarks {ogee t make protons ane outons (ena the partes), also Sines protons and routers «nul, ‘here overcomes Ins enormous ‘betel repulsion btwoen protons, [ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE Fot oy Quarks anc charged totons ‘Carers: Photons hols lactone to nucle in atoms, binds atoms nto malas ands responsi or the aroperios ot Soles, Iguds and gases ‘GRAVITATION Fettby:Alfpartels raving mass Caner: Graton ‘Gravy makos apes fat the ‘gourd, his an alracive ‘rc, Shan ssrosomea scale bad materin planets ano stars, ane Fol stars togetorin gales WEAK FORGE Fet ay Quarks anc topons (Cavers: Bosons, “ipa weal free undetos natural radactvly, or exam the ‘arth Bonga ow fot. is aso ‘eeznta or ne nuclear eacions rts cons of star ike ths sun, whore hycregon 's converted Irv natu 40> JANUARY 2017 » PHYS! ICS SPECTRUM,AMPLIFIER NUCLEUS Vv Innovative problems targetted to improve your conceptual learning 1. What is the ratio of radii of nuclei of % Aland 235Te? & Radius ofanucleusis proportional to cube root ofits mass number = R=RAM 2, How can you say that nuclear density is independent of size of a nucleus? © Nuclear density is given by mass A Prato volume oq Qh Nuclear density is around 2.23 x 10" kgm 3. Why there is a “mass defect”? © From Einsteins mass-energy equivalence, we can say that as mass of constituents of a nucleus (nucleons) is more. “Their mass energy is more. ‘When they forms a nucleus, their mass is lessor their mass energy isles. [As a less energy configuration is a more stable one, therefore rucleus is more stable than its constituents. So, iF certain number ‘of nucleons forms a stable nucleus, the mass-energy will be released in the process causing a mass defect. 4, Let m, = mass of a proton, m, = mass of a neutron 'M, =mass of *; Nenucleus and M, = mass of 3a nucleus. Then, show that M, < 2M,. © Due to mass defect, mass af a nucleus isles than mass of its cleus. So, mass of Ne nucleus M, <10(m, +m.) dnd heavier the nucleus, more isthe mass defect. So, 2040, + m,) —M, > 104m, +m) —M, 3 104m, +m) > MM, = M," which of these is most stable and which of these is least? State reason also. © Order of stability is, B>C>A PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 41© AMPLIFIER Light stable nuclei have same proton and neutron number, N= Z. Heavy stable nuclei tend to have more neutrons than protons; N>Z. If proton number is more than number of neutrons, then nucleus is least stable, 9. A nucleus with mass number 220 is initially at rest. It spontaneously emits an a-particle. If Qvalue of reaction is 5.5 MeV, then calculate the Rinetic energy of a-particle. © We have, following situation, =: value of reaction is 5.5 MeV. So, kinetic energies of products K, and K, are related to their Tinear momentum as, Rm, = p, and JTMK = py Now, by law of conservation of linear momentum, we have Pott = (Pr) = =p, + p> Iedl=lPal So, both fragments have equal magnitude of linear momentum, Hence, py = = fimk = fimk 2x21 x K, = 2x4 xK, kK, =54K, and given that, K, + K, =55 MeV = K, 454K, =55 = 55K, =55 9K, = 01 MeV Hence, remaining energy is with orparticle. So, orparticle is emitted with a KE of 5.4 MeV. 10. Consider following decay process; "Sau N 1,098 Mov pare Mey je omev Obtain the radiation frequencies of y-decays shown. 1 Fory, deca Energy of 7, 1088 ~ 0= 1088 MeV = 1088 x 10" eV Frequeney of emitted radiation E, _ hows 10° 146% 10°", f= Hae 10! x16 107") i 66x 10s = 2608 10" He 42» JANUARY 2016 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM. Similarly, Frequency for y, decay f, = 9:95x 10” Hz and frequency for Y, decay f, = 1638 10" He 11. What is energy equivalence of a mass of 1 atomic ‘mass unit? © Energy equivalence of 1 umassis given by E = me? ‘Which is around 931.5 MeV. 12. Nucleus %Ne decays to 2Na by “B-’-emission. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons. Given, Mass of 1 Ne-atom = 22994466 u Mass of 1 Na-atom = 22989770 u Mass of an electron = 0.000548 u © Decay reactionis BNe—> Nat &” + V+ Q QL, GNe) —my CNA) = mI] Xe [mass of neutrino can be neglected as itis very-vey less Q= [lo(Ne) + 10m} ~ fra) + 11m Je (mass of Ne atom) = (mass of Na atom] (22994466 ~ 22989770) x 9315 MeV 374 MeV 5, 13. In a fusion reaction, 7H+}H—> $He+n The repulsive potential energy between two nuclei is found around ~ 7.7 x10" J. What temperature is required to initiate the reaction? (take k, = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 107 JK) © Kinetic energy ofa gas molecule at temperature kelvin i So for the start of reaction, 2 hy T277 107 J Te TIRE? § paar x0'k x13 14. A radioactive substance has a half-life of about 1000 s. After how much time is its activity reduced to 6.25% of the original activity? © As activity ofa sample is proportional to the number aN Ee ate of decay of active nuclei nuclei present, R= N (R=astnty So, rate af reduction af activi Now, given radioactive stope decays o follows 10008, Ny 10008, Ny 10008, Ny 1008, ee ae Ss ctv pleco (200525 frig actty in 1000 x 4 = 4000, To be Continued at Page 47BRAIN TEASERS a p Rank Booster in JEE Main and Advanced 1. Two 3-kg masses have velocities v, = 2i + s}mis and v,=4i—6] mis. Find the velocity of the centre of mass, Ifa constant force F = 24iN is applied on the system for 5 s, the velocity in ms”! of the centre of mass after the action of force is (a) 231 5 (a) 23 2. A ball of mass M and radius R is placed inside a spherical shell of same mass M and the inner radius 2R, The combination is at rest on a table top is the position shown in figure. The ball is released, rolls back and fourth inside, and finally comes at rest at the bottom of the shell. Find the maximum displacement of the shell during the process, Lo~\ ( > ca \ of \ EY) (a) a \G) y/ S WAZ 3. When aproton has a velocity v = (24 + 3) x 10° mist experience a force F =(128 x 10") When its peseareer sn te enemen ite a wat (@2R OR (@15R 4. A micromoter is made using a bar having 20 threads per cm. On its circular scale it has 100 divisions. A student reads 6 divisions after 1 em mark on linear scale and 37 division of circular seale, coinciding with main scale for the diameter of a cylinder. Write the diameter. (a) 1.2587 em (6) (1.2587 + 0.0005) em ()1.2685 em (@)(1.2685 + 0.0006) em 5. A man stands 2m in front of a concave spherical mirror. He finds that his image is one and a half times greater than that in a flat mirror placed at the same distance from the face. The radius of the (@)2m Wm oom @em 6. The figure shows a ray incident at an angle i= the plot drawn shown the variation of | {i =, Which ofthe following is not possible? angle of refraction) 8 . oy The value oth, 2 a (@) The value of 8, (0) The vai of =) The ae of is 7. In Young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light, the fringe pattern shifts by @ certain distance on the sereen when a mica sheet of refractive index 1.6 and thickness 1,964 micron is introduced in the path of one of interfering waves The mica sheet is then removed and the distance PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 43© BRAIN TEASERS between the slits and the screen is doubled. It is found that the distance between successive maxima (or minima) now is the same as the observed fringe shift on the introduction of mica sheet. ‘The wavelength of the monochromatic light used in the experiment is (a) more than 6000 A (@) less than 5000 A () more than 5000 A but less than 6000 A (a) 4000 A 8. Two identical narrow slits S; and S, are illuminated by light of wavelength 2 from a point source P. If, as shown in the diagram the light is then allowed to fall on a screen, and ifn is a positive integer, the condition for destructive interference at Q is that (ath, -h)=(2n+ D O)dy- 1) =(2n+ (Oh +O) (y+ = mh HG, +) (y+) =n 4D) 9. Ablock of mass M=4kg is kept on asmooth horizontal plane. A bar of mass m =1kg is kept on it, They are connected to a spring as shown and the spring is compressed, ‘Then what is the maximum compression in the spring for which the bar will not slip on the block when released if coefficient of friction between them is 0.2 and spring constant & = 1000 N/m? @icm 1m (125m fd) 10em 10. A force-time graph for the motion of a body is drawn. ‘The change in linear momentum between time 0 s and 6 sis Tine in scons —> (ajzero, J+ RNs @)-~HNS —(d)34Ns TI. In a hydrogen atom, the binding energy of the electron in the nth state is E,, then the frequency of revolution of the electron in the nth orbits is (a 2B Ee Th (Eat Pak rg h 44 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM 12. A long straight wire carries a current i, A particle having a positive charge q and mass m, kept at a distance x; from the wire is projected towards it with fa speed vp. The minimum separation between the wire and the particle is (az € B)xq:€ PH (0) Pay e (aye oF 13. The magnetic field at P due to the arrangement shown is Qui Bua? otto Wad @ 14. A charged particle enters a say uniform magnetic field perpendicular to its initial direction travelling in air. The path of the particle is seen to follow the path in figure, Which of statements 1 ~ Sis/are correct? 1. The magnetic field strength may have been increased while the particle was travelling in ar. 2, The particle lost energy by ionising the air the partiele lost charge by ionising the air (a)1,2,Barecorrect (0) Both 1 and2 are correct (0) Both 2and 3 are correct) 1 only 15. A particle is moving in a circle of radius R in such a ‘way that at any instant the total acceleration makes an angle of 45° with radius. Initial speed of particle is uy The time taken to complete the first revolution is @2e* wRa-e% @% @k % ® % ® 16. Determine the ratio of heat produced in four arms of Wheatstone’s bridge? 2 8 JN 2 ey os pp tke o@ Y a, | os Xe Las (a) 6:1:4:1 ()G:1:2:1 ()6:9:4:1 @6:18:4:1 To be Continued at Page 75© RAINBOW Learn Through Problems KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Section targetted to provide stepwise learning & practice through selective problems '® Energy of molecules of a monoatomic gas having & volume V and pressure p is 3 pY. The total translational kinetic energy of all molecules of a diatomic gas as the same volume and pressure is @ ev we pv © Sev (@3pv Sar z ® (@) Concept Energy of 1 mole of a gas =E. where, = degree of freedom of gas ‘Step I Recall that degree of freedom of a gas is due to both translation and rotation. For monoatomie gas, there are 3-dogree of freedom of translation. For a diatomie gas there aro 3-degree of freedom of translation and 2-degree of freedom of rotation, So, both monoatomie and diatomic guses posseses equal degree of| {freedom for translational motion. ‘Step II As in given question, we have to find total translational KE of a diatomic gas. So, itis same as that ‘of a monoatomic gas. Hence, answer is (). Although total energy will be different for monoatomic 3 8 tis 2 pV and for diatomic it is 5 pv. a” 2? TRY THESE 1 Apt sing theo ny onrnpeny at wat St 2. Agas has volume V and pressure p. The total translational kinetic svefaltee mane ge ido ne erent ee oT z W, tbat gen > oriesaniasene : taba i 210.20 fe A box contains N molecules of an ideal gas at temperature 7; and pressure p, Number of molecules of box are doubled keeping. total kinetic energy of gas same as before. Now, the new pressure (p,) and new temperature (T,) must be @)p:=Prh=h Wem bak if 2 © () Concept kinetic energy ofNmelecules of an ideal gas at temperature Tis Ey =. 3Ner (© Pe= 2. (8) p.= 20, Step 1 Firstly we caleulate initial and final energies , =initial KE of gas molecules ‘And B, = final KE of gas molecules Step ILNow we apply condition given in question E, =E,andN, = 2; 3 = Syver -Seny ety m= 2 2 2 tno, 2 NAT = 8 NAT, NYT =N«T, Step TIT Now we use gas equation, from ideal gas equation; we have DV = NED pV, = NAT, =NAT, But V= same Hence, p, =a TRY THESE 1. KEof 1 qmole ofa gas at NTPs around (8 = 8314 mel"'K"") isin wae tA wien 2. gas mixture consists of melecules of gas 1, 2and 3 with molar masses m > m, > my If vdenotes rms speed and K denotes kinetic energy of 1 mole of gas, then which ofthese is correct? lalyev;andkyek ek, (A> H, 2% andk, Bt), 21a) PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 45© RAINBOW © A group of 25 particles have the following speeds ‘Number of Particles | Speed ims) 10 18 20 ‘Then, value of ratio—"—"#?_ is around (where, v=average speeds tj, = most probable speed vm = Foot mean square speed) 1 woe (05 (9125 ® (b) Concept yng = speed that occurs most frequently Pana [Em 1 W inthe group, = 2 3ny, and Vin \ ‘Step IWe find 0 by adding speods and then dividing by ‘number of particles 2 Spy bax ioe To t6= d50 9435 66x 904 1% 95 + 2x 40) ‘Step I We find rms speed by taking square root of the king qu T saat mal ene 3 ms mean of squared speeds Uy FL eaxttrrxiwtsaxaee | \2 [S298 + ox sot +1384 2408 14.56 me 25 ms" Step 1 We find moe probable speed by find frequent speed. From piven able tpg = 5m Step IV Wen find required aa most U=tgy _ 29-15 an tmp 2515 TRY THESE 1. Twelve molecules have the following speeds (ms™") 6,2,4,6,0,4,1.8,5,3,7 and8. ‘Thon the value Of¥qq, —¥ for given batch is aoe (lor ote a1.25 2. Agas consists of 15200 molecules which has the following speed distribution Number of Molecules | Speed ms 7300 220 ‘100 00 470 680 3100 380 “00 120 1300 1100 ims speed of given distributions (a) around 880 ms"! {e) arcund 660 ms" (c} round 710157" () reund 1000 ms Orb}, 2) '® Root mean square speed of nitrogen gas molecule at 0°C is around 460 ms" How many times it would more back and forth across a 5 m long room on an average? 18 rh OF OF 2 OF OF ® (6) Concept Time for one crossing of roomis given byt=-S,where vi«visvi=ving Also, yaya ‘Step I We find velocity component along the length of room axis) wsoe ded = ah =a al af ‘Step IL Now, wo caleulate time for a round trip which is, distance ~ speed, = Time for one round trip = 2 time for one crossing = 2x4. Nia ne 5x5 VE 450 46 Step III Now, we calculate the number of round trips per second, which is the reciprocal of time taken. So, f = frequency of round trips 1 Time interval TRY THESE 1. Armotal tray of mass Mis suspended agains gravity by throwing tenis balls of mass m against it vertically upwards. I each ballis thrown up witha velocity of 15s" (take Mf = Oka, m= 0.05 kg 9 = 10s"). Then the numberof tennis balls per second must. rebound ftom tay elastically is tise te)2e fase wna 2. Assume a sample of an ideal gas containing N molecules at temperature is kept in a cubical vessel of side at pressure p Frequency of coliion of gas molecules with container walls is (a oe many Tar iw it Nour ® 1.(4),2.0) . 46> JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM© An ideal gas at 27°C has a volume V and pressure p. ‘On heating its pressure is doubled and volume becomes three times. The resulting temperature of the gas will be (a) 180°C (b) 162°C (@ 182rc (600% ® (€) Concept For an ideal gas, pV =nAT ‘Step 1 We have two-different situations for same gas (oumber of moles remains same). So, p:Vy =nRT, and pV = nT ‘Step IL We now find ratio of T, and, Ty _ Ba iealta Toh lal Step 111 We now substitute values of gt result, Ty V2 Mg au Ph 3 T= 6x7; = 6x 300~ 1800K = 1927°C TRY THESE 1. Aballoan contains 500m? of helium at 27°C and 1 atmosphere pressure, The volume ofthe helium at ~3°C temperature and 045 atmosphere pressure will be (a}500m? —b}700m? 2. When volume of an ideal gas is increased two times and ‘temperature is decreased half of ts initial temperature, then pressure bocomes fe)g00m? fe) 10000" 1 A imo 7 inet Atos St 100.200) '@ the mean free path of atoms is to be doubled at constant temperature, then the pressure of gas will become a of 2 @ (a) i « fe) 3 jp > 1k © (6) Concept Mean fee pathis given by A= L. ot pathisivenby k= J A ay ek ? So, if mean free path is to be doubled, then pressure must be halved, TRY THESE 1. The mean toe path of gas molsuls doponds on = molecular diameter ‘ais wie a? aa 2, Mean fee path of the molecules ofa gas depends on absolute temperature as ir wir"! ar var" © 1.00.21) i) RAINBOW Continued from Page 42 15. What is the basic difference between energy spectrum of a-particles and f-particles? @ardecay occurs via process of barrier tunnelling and therefore they all are emitted with nearly same energies (4 t0.6 MeV). Brdecay occurs along with a much lighter particle nutrino which also carries the energy and hence, frparticles are emitted with different energies [From 00 Kya Kye = Q) 16. What isthe energy of a neutron emitted in fission of *5U in a neuclear reactor? How it is thermalized? Neutrons produced by fission ae fast neutrons with kinetic energies of about 2 MeV, They ae slowed down to thermal energies (about 0.04 eV) by collision with moderator molecules. 17. What are the main requirements of a good moderator? © A good moderator must exchange kinetic energy in collision with a fast neutron, So, for an effective energy exchange, tnass of a moderator molecule must be nearly equal to that of neutron, eg, protons Other requirement is high boiling point 18. What requirements (conditions) are essential for a thermonuclear fusion process? © There are three essential requirements (i) High particle density (i) A high plasma temperature (il) Long confinement time High particle density ensures high collision rate. High temperature is required, so that colliding particles have enough energy to over come coulomb barrier. High confinement time results in more collisions 19. How different elements are formed in nature? © Most ofthe lighter elements upto peak of binding energy curve are formed due to different fusion reactions like HH, He—C cycles. However, elements more massive than those near to peak of binding energy curve cannot be produced by further fusion process. Heavier elements are supposed to be formed by neutron capture during cataclysmic stellar explosions (in suipernovas) 20. How hot plasma is handled in a fusion reactor. © In fusion reactor (eg. tokamak reactor), a magnetic confinement, which keeps the plasma floating away from the walls of reactor is used, PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 47CONCEPT MAP ReVISION Tool SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION Any motion that repeats itself gua interval time is talled periodic motien. Jf ina periodic motion slaceent of partes expres in ters of ine ar cosine fanction or harmonic function) ten tical a “sinpe harmonic mation © EXPRESSION FOR SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION In simple harmonic motion (HM) restoring force on the parle i slwaysdtected towards meaa positon and is proportional to the displacement of the parle. (a) Force F =— kx, k=sprng constant or elastic constant. x= displacement fom mean poston (b) Acceleration. m= mass of partie (€) Equation of motion for SHM is | ~instantancous time, Equation of motion for SHM has two posible slutions () x=Acos(or) ‘hie holds when at (=0, x=A of motion is ving potential enesgy othe patil, paticleis atone of extreme positional =0, (i) x=4sinor This holds when at 1=0, x=0 or motion is started giving kinetic energyto the patil. parle sat mean position at = 0, + Sometimes equation for SHM is writen as x= Acos(at + Q)orx=Aain(at + 6) ete, @ initial phate or epoch ofthe parle This erm arises whenatt =0,x 4 Aorx ¢ ie particle is not at mean or extzeme positions at fo (c) Various terme of equation for SM. x=Acos(a +0) ‘x= displacement from mean positon, ‘A= amplitude or maximum displacement, ‘= angulaefeequency, ‘@ initial phase @ DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION, TIME PERIOD, FREQUENCY AND ENERGY OF A PARTICLE IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION Let us conser 2 particle in SHIM with i motion staring from mean positon These are the parameterslcharacterstie ofthe patie (a) Equation of particle, rk ew (©) Displacement of particle from mean position sedsinot, @=2nf = T co ~angular frequency, f ~linearfequency, T =time period of osilation, () Velocity of particle v= pescosas a + Velocity ie maximum st meen position stx=0 andi Yon + Velocity is minimum at exteme positions (2tx=A) ip =9 + Direction of velocity stwards or away fom mean position depending on the positon of patil («) Acceleration of particle =H aA erar=-0's «Acceleration is maximum at exteme positions Sou =A + Acclettion if minimum at_mean poston fa (e) Energy of particle & particle in SHIM posses both kinetic aswell a potential energy + Kinetic energy ofthe particle + Kinetic nergy mimi a mein positon Kg =tmo%a? + Kinetic nergy minimum a extreme postions Koa = + oles ene of the pat a SHM is de to lacy ofeptem andi gil t0 U2 Asin’ or z + Peni energy maximum at extreme postions ands minimum at mean position. + Tal mechanical energy ofthe patil in HM constant ands giveny BaU+K etna? as? or + maton 2 Fy (0 Time period & frequency + Timeperiodofosilationofpariceis? = 2, ‘SHM OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS Liquid in Utube Floating cylinder ae 7 t IN | |= natn of eyinr Ws) insde qu n| L=length of laud coburn Ballin neck of air chamber Mass suspended = = rae Tao AVE Va “It Latengih ot wee f= tea of cross-section of neck Y= Young's modus V=voline of arin chamber of we E =Bulkmodubs of ea of cross fection of wre tasty ofa + In general, fora parle in SHIM, ime period is "Basie facor © SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AS PROJECTION OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION ‘Wecan view SHMas projection of UCM. Projection can be take either on X-aie or oa Y-axis rotating with uniform angular speed shout origin in circle ofradie A, wehaveits projection catheron¥ or on Y-axis. + x=Acos0= Acoso + y= Asin = Asino (laty, projections esilates about X or Y-axis in SHM.Body in atunnel along any Cubical elastic block ‘chord of earth ‘m= masso block cooler of ail af bk “Tine period remains same ven hen emard sna a Samet. Conia! pendulum radius of ball 1348 of 0m © SIMPLE PENDULUM ‘Tine peviod of simple pendulum ie independent of sogulsr placement provided is small nd flows sind =0 118s large thensin 68 and motion of pendlum wll ‘be osclatry but aot imple armen Few of the important concepts regatding motion of simple pendulum areas flows ‘TIME PERIOD OF ALARGE PENDULUM (c) the length ofthe pendulum is comparable to theradius of earth hen Toon (i) Il >> Ro) Luk 2" ie and itis the mazimum time period which an Smin ‘sclating snp pedulum an ave (i) t1=R sot =2n/% sihour ag Asimplependulumis called a seconds pendulum if its time periods 2s, Kelengthis 99. em = 1m, (©) Time period of simple pendulum when it is dipped ina visions uid. ‘bobs simple pendulum of density is made to ciate in some Bid of density 0 (where Curves A, B and C corespond to light Reavy and overdamped systems, respectively.@ CLASS XII SYLLABUS Rapid CONCEPT REVISION (> CURRENT ELECTRICITY CURRENT FLOW THROUGH A CONDUCTOR 1. Resistance And Current + The time rate of low of charge through any cross-section is called current. So, if through a cross-section, AQ charge passes in time at, then i,,=“2 and 90 48 Current is a aooat dt a * sealar quantity. Its ST unit is ampere. + In case of flow of charge through a cross-section, current density is defined as a vector having magnitude equal to current perunitares. Current density at point Pi given byd-S a. yO GA instantaneous current i= + Ifthe cross-sectional area is not normal to the current, then the cross-sectional area normal to current will be dA cos0 and so in this situation: J-—“'_. ie TA cost di =JdA cos or di =J-dA i= | dA + Current density J is a vector quantity having SI unit A-m~ and dimension [L7 “Al. + Incase of uniform flow of charge through a cross-section normal to its i=nqvA, so 3 =a = (ng) change volume or J= nav =v) | withp = SPE ng | + Drift velocity is the average uniform velocity acquired by free electrons inside a metal by the application of an 50 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM, electric field which is responsible for current through it Drift velocity is very small it is of the order of 10° *ms™ as compared to thermal speed (= 10°ms™) of electrons at, room temperature. If suppose for a conductor, n= number of electron per unit volume of the conductor, A =area of cross-section, V =potential difference across the conductor, E =clectrie field inside the conductor, is current, J = current density, p = specific resistance, = conductivity (o =+), then current relates with drift > velocity as i= neAv, we can also write ss oe +. eA ne ne pne plne + The time interval between two successive collisions of clectrons with the positive ions in the metallic lattice is defined as relaxation time % _-__tean free path rms velocity of electrons with rise in temperature u,,, increases consequently ‘decreases. + Drift velocity per unit electric field is called mobility of electron, ie. y= 2. Its unit is 2. MOE Ves«tt the physical dreumstances ofthe conductor (length, temporatre, mecha strain, ee) romans constant then the current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional othe potential diference across ts fwoonda ete Vain or LR, whore R in a proportionality constant, known as electric resistance, This is Ohm's iow + Onn'stawis nota universal aw, the substance which obeys ‘| Ohm tara koown as e bance, for auch he substances raph etree Vand ioustright line a shown the figures ae erent temperatures ‘Vei cares ae ‘itteest 1 graph for ohmic resistor Slope of the line = tano = = 8 Hore, tan 0, > tand, 80, Ry > Ry, ie.T >Ty + The device or substances which does not obey Ohm's law, eg. gases, crystal rectifiers, thermoionic valve, transistors, ete, are known as graph ferent non-ohmie or non-linear conductors, temperatures For these V-i curve is not linear. In these situation the ratio between voltage and current at a particular voltage is known as static resistance, While the rate of change of voltage to change in current is known as dynamic resistance. — While Ray Aa OE + For a conductor, if = length of a conductor, A ~ area of cross-section of conductor, n = number of free electrons per unit volume in conductor, + = relaxation time, then A net A ‘where p = resistivity of the material of conductor. + SLunit is VA“! or Ohm (Q). Also, L ohm L volt _10* emu of potential “Tamp «Its dimension is [ML°T-®A~* resistance of conductor R =p— 10-7 emu of current 1 + Reciprocal of resistance is known as conductance.C = + Recipt ta ductance,C == + Its unit is 4 or Q” or Siemen. a Slope = tan@ = ©) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION + Resistance of a conductor depends on the following factors. () Length of the conductor Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length, ie. R = Leg. a conducting wire having resistance R is cut inn equal parts. So, resistance of each part will be *., Gi) Area of cross-section of the conductor Resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section, ie. R= 4. its i 3 ii) Material of the conductor Resistance of conductor also depends upon the nature of material, ic. Ren, for different conductors n is different, Hence, R is also different. mil ne as when a metallic conductor is heated, then the atom in the metal vibrate with greater amplitude and frequency about their mean positions. Consequently the number of collisions betwoen free electrons and atoms increases. This reduces the relaxation time tand increases the value of resistance R, ie. for a conductor, resistance = temperature af (iv) Temperature We know that, R= o ro ‘Variation of resistance with ‘temperature If Ry =resistance of conductor at 0°C, R, ~resistance of conductor at ¢°C anda, |} =temperature coefficient of resistance (unit > per"©) then, R= Ro +at + Be) for ¢> 800°C and R,=Rg(1 + of), for f < 300°C ora Re i xt 2. Resistivity L + From R=o+, if l= 1m, A= 1m oR , then R=p, ie. resistivity is numerically equal to the resistance of @ substance having unit area of cross-section and unit length + Its SI unit is ohmx m and dimension is (ML°T-*A-*} Pee + Resistivity isthe intrinsie proporty ofthe substance. Tt is independent of shape and size ofthe body ie, and A), It depends on the fellowings (@ Nature of the body For diferent substances their resistivity i also different, (i) Temperature Resistivity depends onthe temperature For metals py =po(l + a0, ie, resistivity Increases with temperature, PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 51© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION {Mes I}\semconcuctoe t] sussconaucte princesses wih poocrazoe ih —p decreases wih tomperatura irperaure "teres dnd becomes ro ata cera iow temperate (ii) Impurity and mechanical stress Resistivity increases with impurity and mechanical stress. Gv) Effect of magnetic field Magnetic field increases, the resistivity of all metals except iron, cobalt. and nickel. (W) Effect of light Resistivity of certain substances like selenium, cadmium, sulphides is inversely proportional to intensity of light falling upon them. + Reciprocal of resistivity is called conductivity (0), i. 6 = with unit mhom™ and dimensions[M7L*T°A?} P + Ifa conducting wire stretches, its length increases, area of cross-section decreases, so resistance increases but volume remains constant. ‘Suppose for a conducting wire before stretching its length, =|, area of cross-section ~ A,, radius ~ y, diameter ~ d,, and resistance R, =p. . et be J ° Bolo sraehng ———— nl ae tenn | votune remains eonstan, AA After stretching length =, area of cross-section = Ay, radius =, diameter =d, and resistance = R, =p Ay Ratio of resistances, Mt - 4 At )-8)-2-8) 1. Iflength is given, then R « [2 => % -(4) RE 2, I radius is given, then R « 4p (2) WOR Gy 3. Colour Code of Carbon Resistances ‘The resistance, having high values are used in different electrical and electronic circuits. They are generally made up of carbon. To know the value of resistance colour code is used. These code are printed in form of set of rings or strips. By reading the values of colour bands, we can estimate the value of resistance. 52 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM ‘The carbon resistance has normally four coloured rings or strips say A, B,C and D as shown in following figure. Colour band A and B Ag cD indicate the first two significant figures of resistance in ohm, while the C band gives the decimal multiplier, ie, the number of zeros that follows the two significant figures A and B. Last band (D band) indicates the tolerance in percent about the indicated value or in other word it represents the percentage accuracy of the indicated value. ‘The tolerance in the case of gold is + 5% and in silver is, © 10% Ifonly three bands are marked on carbon resistance, then it indicate a tolerance of 20%, The following table gives the colour code for carbon resistance Lettersasan |G, 7 | Multiplier Teagan, | Colour [Figure A, 5)| Mali B Black 0 10° B Brown 1 10 R Red 2 108 ° Orange 3 10" y Yellow 4 108 e Groen 5 10° B Blue 6 10° v Violet 7 10 G Groy 8 10° w White 9 10" + Tolerance values are Jour ‘Tolerance (D) Gold 10% Silver No colour 2086 4. Combination of Resistances rr it a I" ¥ ‘Same current flows ‘Same potential difference ‘through each resistance appeared across each resistance bbut potential difference but current distributes in the distributes in the ratio of reverse ratio of their resistance, resistance, iV «= R. Power consumed are in the ratio oftheir resistance, Power consumed are in the reverse ie P= RK ratio on resistance, ie. P «= +. zr ieied, R PoP: Py= Ry Res Ry ar Pek Ak RR, RsRy = Ri + Ry + Ry equivalent resistance is greater than the maximum value of resistance in the yaks RRy RR, + RR, ‘equivalent resistance is smaller than the minimum value of resistance in the combination, combination, For two resistance in parallel — Fifa _ product RR For two resistance in series By = Ry + Ry Potential difference across Current through any resistance any resistance resistance of | v (2) vy =| seb branc i ‘al anes eros which potential whore, = required eusent, difference isto be (branch current), calculated, Reg i equivalent resistance of aa ‘that line in which R'is connected, V = potential 1 difference across that line] na {in which R'is connected, be eg. a A =f Be ey] RR) and i= —% RR Ly ¥ and V, =(—*2_).y ROR) fm identical resistance are In identical resistance are connected in series connected in parallel Ry, = © and Ryq = nt and potential n difference across each _ current through each resistance resistance V’ = Y, 5. Cells ‘The energy given by the cell in the flow of unit charge in the whole circuit (including the cell) is called its electromotive force (emf), ie. emf of cell E = ©, tts unit is volt q ‘The potential difference across the terminals of a cell when no current is drawn from the eel is called its emf. ‘The energy given by the cell in the flow of unit charge in the external part of electrical circuit is called potential difference. Its unit is also vot. ©) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION ‘The voltage across the terminals of a cell when it is supplying current to external resistance is called potential difference or terminal voltage. Potential difference is equal to the product of current and resistance of that given part, ie. V =iR. In case of acell, the opposition of electrolyte to the flow of current through it is called internal resistance ofthe cell. ‘The internal resistance of a cell depends on the distance between electrodes (r « d), area of electrodes [r « (1/.A)] and nature, concentration (r® C) and temperature of electrolyte [r= (1/7. Internal resistance is different for different types of cells and even for a given type of cell it varies from to cell Closed Circuit (When the Cell is Discharging) é er i) Current given by the cell i= (i) Current given by t Ree (Gi) Potential difference across the resistance V = iR. ii) Potential drop inside the cell = ir (iv) Equation of cell E = V + ir (E > V), is Ban pevi-tr-¥-(_2_) x R \Rer em (¥) Internal resistance of the cell r 1 bow Variation of power output wit extornal sistance Power delivered will be maximum when R This statement in generalised from is called ‘maximum power transfer theorem. nidentical cells in series (a) Equivalent emf of the combination Ej, = nE. (b) Equivalent internal resistance r,, = nr. nE (c) Main current =Current from each cel Ren PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 53© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION ‘Two non-identical Cells are Connected in Parallel If cells are connected with right polarity as shown below, then (@) Equivalent emf Bint Be cor (@) Potential difference across external resistance V =iR. joe (©) Potential difference across each eell V" =. nb 1 Power dissipated in the cireuit P = hk ° * Rew, ‘ bE (@) Condition for maximum power R-=nr and ° P. (h) ‘This type of combination is used when nr <<, Two non-identical Cells are Connected in Se Cells are connected in Cells are wrongly Fight order connected Ex Gh | fun Eq _Im this combination, if colls are connected with reversed I I | { polarity as shown in figure, then 2 | equivalent emf 4 4 (E> Bp Ee Equivalent emf Eg = B, + By Equivalent mt B= By ~B, i Current i= —. Current i= i= Bs Bin Fn f Potentil difference across Tn the above circuit el 1 is : tee each ell j=, im and | discharging sits equation i Vee By-in EovVriye=Y Ein and cell 2 is charging, so its B suation B= Ve ~ ity 9 Va atin 6, Electrical Energy or Heat Produced nidentical Cells are Connected in Parallel When some potential diftrene V fs aplied acra « fa) Equivalent emt E,, resistance R, then the work done by the electric field on (2) Equivalent omt Baa = E charge qto flow through the circuit in time ¢ will be (b) Equivalent internal resistance Rg ~r/n. rea (©) Main current i= = E_ Wav -Vie~Rt~* joule ‘This work appears as thermal energy in the resistor. “Heat produced by the resistance R is : _W_Vit_@Re_ v% (©) Current from each ell? = +. Hoy 937 a2 aR | r. 7.Electric Power The rate at which electrical energy is dissipated into other (@) Condition for maximum power R=r/n and forms of energy is called electrical power, Et Ww 2p VW? ie P=Wevintr-Y 7th (a) Potential difference across external resistance = Potential difference across each cell = V =iR. E Rerin (© Power spate inthe cout P= Page = e (th) This type of combination is used when nr > > R. Its SI unit is joules or watt, 54 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUMPower Consumed ‘An electrical appliance (bulb, heater, ... , ete.) consume rated power (P,) only, if applied voltage (V.,) is equal to rated voltage (Vp), ie. if Vy =Vigy 80 Promned = Pee If Va< Ver % also we have R=VE, so R Pr “ enti (4) We know that resistance of filament of bulb is given by Vi L R=Mi, atso R=p+, hence we can say that Py’ Pe v 1 tin "Pe Fp ie: if rated power of @ bulb is more, tines oft mente ls mor and its eitanc wilt I api voltage is cna, thn Baan E (by #2, tenes citerent bubs let spline operated at then P. same voltage « Py « thickness « 2. R supply, 8. Combination of Bulbs or Heating Coils Bulbs (Heater ete) are in series ‘Bulbs (Heater ste.) are in parallel 1. Total power consumed QD Total power consumed @. @. supoly supoly riiya Pro Py Pa Pay Py + Ppt Pye Py 2. Ifnidentical bulbs are in | If identical bulbs are in series, Pot Parallel Piya = AP. 3. Panama (brightness) Pontos (brightness) ® Ss 2 Reason Total resistance becomes hal PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 55Practice ‘SHOTS, 1. Consider a thin square sheet of side L and thickness 1, made of a material of resistivity p. The resistance between two opposite faces shown by the shaded areas in figure is (a) directly proportional to L (6) directly proportional to ¢ (6) independent of L (4) independent of ¢ Consider copper wire of length L, cross-sectional area A. It has n number of free electrons per unit volume, Which of the following is the correct expression of drift velocity of the electrons when the wire carries a steady current I? 1 1 @t 2 mel Wek 1 i ot @ eA nea 3. Which ofthe following statement is correct? (a) Blectric field is zero om the surface of current-carrying (b) Bloctric fiold is non-zero on tho axis of hollow current-carrying wire (o) Sortace integral of magnetic field for any closed munface is equal toy, times of total algebraic sum of current which are erosaing through the lsed surface (2) None af the shove 4, ‘Two different conductors have some resistances at 0°C, It is found that the resistance of the first conductor at f;"C is equal to resistance of the second conductor at ,°C. The ratio of the temperature coefficients of resistance of the conductors, o/c is ae B=4 4 5 wee @2 a * LV characteristic of a copper wire of length L and area of cross-section A is shown in figure. The slope of the curve becomes , o v (a) more if the experiment is performed at temperature (©) more if a wire of steel of same dimension is used fe) more ifthe length of the wire is increased (d) less ifthe length of the wire is increased Iigher 56 > BANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM 6. Express which of the following set up can be used to verify Ohm’s law. ~y @ -y m= 2 @® | %@ ® fa vf @ 25 @ $ @ = © @ B 7. Al2cmwireisgivenashapeofa 4 right angled triangle ABC having sides 3 om, 4em and 5em as shown in’ the. figure. ‘The resistance between two ends (AB, BC, CA) of the respective sides. 8 —ae are measured one by one by a multimeter. The resistances will be in the ratio (@) 9:18:25, (21:32:35 (@)21:24: 25 @aras 8. Awirois bent in the form of circle of radius 2m. Resistance per unit, length of wire is 1/x © m7. Battery of 6 Vis connected between Aand B ZAOB=90°. Find the current through the battery. aa 4a 3A 9A 9. In the given circuit diagram, the current through the battery and the charge on the capacitor respectively, in steady sate are (@)1Aand aye ()17 Aand onc (6 Aando ye (@)11 Aand 3uC 10. In the circuit shown below, the resistances are given in ohm and the battery is assumed to be ideal withemf equal to 3V. The voltage, across the resistance R, is son. aah Asan Asa f@04V @)08V— @12V—@ 1B©) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 1. Kirchhoff’s Laws Kirchhoff's First Law This law is also known as junction rule or current law (KCL). According to it the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction is zero, ie. Bi = 0. Ina circuit, at any junetion the sum of the currents entering the junction must equal the sum of the currents leaving the junction i, + i, = i + i, (sve figure above). + Ifa current comes out to be negative, actual direction of current at the junction is opposite to that assumed, i+ i, + i =O can be satisfied only, if atleast one current is, negative, ie. leaving the junction + This law is simply a statement of conservation of charge as if current reaching a junction is not equal to the current, leaving the junction, charge will not be conserved. Kirchhoff’s second law This law is also known as loop rule or voltage law (KVL) and according to it the algebraic sum of the changes in potential in complete traversal of a mesh (closed loop) is zero, i.e. EV = 0. eg In the above closed loop of circuit, ~ aR, + bRy ~ Ey —igRy + Ey + Ey -iRy= 0 + This law represents conservation of energy as if the sum of potential changes around a closed loop is not zero, unlimited energy could be gained by repeatedly carrying a charge around a loop. + If there are n meshes in a circuit, then the number of independent equations in accordance with loop rule will be =D, n Convention for the Application of Kirchhoff's Law For the application of Kirchhoff's laws following sign convention are to be considered. (®) The change in potential in traversing a resistance in the direction of current is —iR while in the opposite direction + iR. AL 8 2 Agar 5 a oa ii) The change in potential in traversing an emf souree from negative to positive terminal is +E while in the opposite direction - irrespective of the direction of current in the circuit. Gil) The change in potential in traversing a capacitor from the negative terminal to the positive terminal 4 4 is +4 while in opposite direction - 2, c pp ce A S, g a on i 9 @. a oo Gx) Th changin wag nr nnn th etn oun t= hein pes ai direction itis +L." 2. Measuring Instruments Galvanometer Itis an instrument used to detect small current passing through it by showing deflection. Galvanometers are of difforent types, e.g. moving coil galvanometer, moving ‘magnet galvanometer, hot wire galvanometer. In DC. circuit moving coil galvanometer are used, Ammeter It is a device used to measure current and is always connected in series with the ‘element’ through which current is to be measured. (@ The reading of an ammeter is always lesser than actual current in the circuit Gi) Smaller the resistance of an ammeter more accurate will be its reading. An ammeter is said to be ideal, if its resistance ris zero. PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 57© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter A galvanometer may be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance (called shunt S) in parallel to the galvanometer G as shown in figure. : senator (a) Equivalent resistance of the combination GS “ars (b)G and S are parallel to each other, hence both will have equal potential difference, ic. 1,G = (i~i,)S which gives Required shunt, $ = — Tp (0o pass ath part of main current Ge. = through the galvanometer, required shunt. shove ® aq Voltmeter It is a device used to measure potential difference and is always put in parallel with the ‘circuit element’ across which potential difference is to be measured, Vottmet (i) The reading of a voltmeter is always lesser than true value, Gi) Greater the resistance of voltmeter, more accurate will be its reading. A voltmeter is said to be ideal, ifits resistance is infinite, ic. it draws no current from the circuit element for its operation, Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter A galvanometer may be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a large resistance R in series with the galvanometer as shown in the figure. 58 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM (a) Bquivalent resistance of the combination =@ + R. () According to Ohm’s law, V = g(G + R) which gives Required series resistance, R = -@ =|¥ -1]<. 4 Ve (©) If nth part of applied voltage appeared across galvanometer (ie. V,=~), then required series resistance R =(n =) G. Wheatstone Bridge Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of four resistance ‘which can be used to measure one of them in terms of rest. Hore, arms AB and BC are called ratio arm and arms AC and BD are called conjugate arms. Balanced Bridge The bridge is said to be balanced when deflection in galvanometer is zero, ie. no current. flows through the galvanometer or in other words Vp = Vp. In the balanced condition -%, on mutually changing the position of cell s and galvanometer this condition will not change. Unbalanced Bridge Ifthe bridge is not balanced current will low from D to B, if Vp > Vp iv. (Vy ~Vp) <(V4 ~ Vg) which gives PS > RQ. Meter Bridge In case of meter bridge, the resistance wire AC is 100 em ong. Varying the position of tapping point B, bridge is balanced. If in balanced position of bridge AB =, > @_ (100-9) = (200 ~ D, so that 2 = BC = (100 ~ 0 that 5 = Also, PLR as cao0 0) = st ad3. Potentiometer Potentiometer is a device mainly used to measure emf of a given cell and to compare emt’s of ces. It is also used to ‘measure internal resistance of a given cell Potentiometer consists of a long resistive wire AB of length L (about 6m to 10m long) made up of mangnine or constantan, A battery of known voltage ¢ and internal resistance r called supplier battery or driver cell. Connection of these two forms primary circuit, One terminal of another cell (whose emf E is to be measured) is connected at one end of the main circuit and the other terminal at any point on the resistive wire through a galvanometer G. This forms the secondary circuit. Other details are as follows Prmary | roa 4 Z cry a J =ockey K =key R =resistance of potentiometer wire, =speeific resistance of potentiometer wire, ariable resistance which controls the current through the wire AB. Potential Gradient (x) Potential difference (or fall in potential) per unit length of wire is called potential gradient, V walt) R, = _¢ __., ReR NL Sensitivity of Potentiometer A potentiometer is said tobe more sensitive, fit measures ‘small potential difference more accurately, i) The sensitivity of potentiometer is assessed by its potential gradient. ‘The sensitivity. is inversely proportional to the potential gradient. i) In order to increase tho sensitivity of potentiometer (a) The resistance in primary circuit will have to be docreased. (b) The length of potentiometer wire will have to be increased, so that the length may be measured ©) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Application of Potentiometer 1. To Determine the Internal Resistance of a Primary Cell (i) Initially in secondary circuit key K’ remains open and balancing length () is obtained, Since, cell Eis in open circuit, oits emf balances on length j, ie E-st, @ en kK P, (ii) Now, key Kis closed, 0 coll E comes in closed circuit The process is repeated again, and potential difference V balances on length l,i. V=sl, (Gi) By using formula internal resistance i) 2. Comparison of emf’s of Two Cell Let J, and J, be the balancing lengths with the cells Hand repute an ak and B= 4 B [% . @ XJ L ty 42 Let E, > E,, and both are connected in series. If balancing length is , when cell assist each other and itis J, when they ‘oppose each other as shown in the figure, then fe se +B) =i ,-By) = sh . Brey b or 4 PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 59© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Comparison of Resistances Let the balancing length for resistance R, (when XY is connected) is , and let balancing length for resistance R, + R, (whon YZ is connected) is fy , a 2 ‘ Then, iReah and Ry +) =a - en Ro To determine thermo-emf (® The value of thermo-emf in a thermocouple for ordinary temperature difference is very low. For this the potential gradient x must be also very low (20-*'to10-%m™). Hence, a high resistance (R) is connected in series with the potentiometer wire in order to reduce current. Cala i Hot sar Gi) The potential difference across R must be equal to the crn a standard ell ie in=By R iy The smal thermo-emt produced the thermocouple oo in 60) anip iB ait “TL where L = length of potentiometer wire, p = resistance per unit length, !~ balancing length for e. 60 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM Practice'SHOTS, 11. In the cireuit shown in figure, if the ammeter reads 2A. Then, I, and [, are wn] 7a Lv @—| mF (a), =18A,1,= 028 or, Oh wl, 12. For the given network, mark the correct statement. (a) 8 2 resistor is 846 mA (6) 10 resistor is 848 mA (€)1 0 resistor is 400 mA, (@)8.0 resistoris 2A 13. For the given circuit, potential difference between points ¢ and f is (av, - ¥, = 622 (OV, -V, =~ 692 (V,-V, = 483V @V, -V, =- 483 14.1n the cireuit shown the current through 2Q resistance is 5a 0 O28 was15. For the circuit shown in the figure, energy stored by the capacitor is (@) around 0.3 mJ (6) around 0.8 mJ @) around 0.5 mJ (@ around 0.1 mJ ©) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 18. potentiometer has a resistance wire of 4 m length and resistance 4 0, a cell of emf 12 V is connected across the wire. je. Ifcells having emfs E, = 2V and E, = 4V and internal resistance 4 =2 @ and r,=60 are connected as shown in the figure, then null deflection on length AN, is 16. For the given Wheatstone bridge, ‘The balance is obtained, if the following resistance is ‘connected in parallel with resistor S. uo ota (26.40 wista 17.4 meter bridge is set-up as shown in the figure, to determine an unknown resistance X using a standard 10 0 resistor. The galvanometer shows null point when tapping key is at 52 em mark. The end corrections are 1 em and 2 em respective for the ends ‘Aand B, Then, determine the value of X is 1 dm "s wom 3 oim 2 4 asm a 19. In the meter bridge, a network of 10 resistors each of resistance & is balanced against a length of 30 cm as shown in the figure. Then, the value of ris @102 200 waa 20. Let R,R, and R, are different values of a resistance Sl 3 300 as Me es nove 16. (c) 17. (0) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (d) AMAZING REALITIES Einstein was a great music lover too. In his own words, “If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. Ilive my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music... I do know that I get most joy in life out of my violin.” PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 61MASTER STROKES 21. The effective resistance between points P and @ of the slectrical circuit shown in the figure, is JEE20021 wo! SRR +7) e Rar (o)2r + AR @ ek 2 22. When SV potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, then the drift speed of electrons is 25x10" ms“. If the electron density in the wire is ‘8x 10m“, then the resistivity of the material is close to EE 2015 Main] (186x107 Om 18x10" am (o)1.8 x 10% Om (18% 10 Om 23.1n the circuit shown below, the current in the 1 0 resistor is EE 2015 Main} ena a Ly ot (1.8, from P to (0.19 A, from Q to P 0 (@0.13,, from P to 24. Find out the value of current through 20 resistance for the given circuit. EE 2005 L c ov" Zsa was 20v AV 5A 2a (Zero 4A 25.A galvanometer gives full scale deflection with 0.006.A current, ‘By connecting it to a 49900 resistance, it ean be converted into a voltmeter of range 0-30 V. If connected to a % @ resistance, it 2s becomes an ammeter of range 0-1.5A. The value of n is DEE 2014 Adv.) wa os we 26. In the given circuit, itis observed that the current / is independent of the value of the resistance R,. Then, the resistance values must satisfy EE 2001), @2 62» JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM (a) R Rak = RoR ted mist a ORR ie Re (RR, = RRy RR, = RR, 27.In the circuit shown in the figure, the current through son on (a) the 30 resistor is 0.50.8 (@) the 30 resistor is 0.25 A (@) tho 4.0 resistor is 0.50. A (@) the 40 resistor is 0.25 A 28. Abattery of internal resistance 4 @is connected to the network of resistances as shown in figure, In order that the maximum power can be delivered to the network, the value of R in @ should be Pr Te k Sn" Sn" Sn Ly ws w2 of ors 29. An electric bulb rated for 500W at 100V is used in a circuit having a 200V supply. The resistance R that must be put in series with the bulb, so that the bulb delivers 500 W is @302 6200 40a W350 30. The current iin the circuit (see figure) is ‘som win @wta ota wta ® i 6 531. Two bars of radius r and 2r are kept in contact as shown in the figure. An electric current 7 is passed through the bars. Which one of following is correct? UEE 2006), <> aR (a) Heat produced in bar BCis 4 times the heat produced in bar AB (0) Blectric field in both halves is equal {@) Current density across AB is double that of across BC (@) Potential difference across AB is 4 times that of across BC 32.'The three resistances of equal value are arranged in the different combinations shown below. Arrange them in increasing order of power dissipation JFF 2003), Paani 1 baw I mt wv - @M << 1 <1 ()l< Weill Wy = Wy (1), > W,> We OW, Ryg> Rey v v Answers i Be 2t(a) 22.10) 28,0) BC) 25. (0) 26.(c) 27.1) 28,10) 2) 90. (0) 311 Sf) 83,0) 8466) 98.) o wy @ we 36.0) 97.10) 38.44) 9) 4.) 41) a2) 48.) 48 GG). io 41.4 resistance of 2.0 is connected across one gap of a meter bridge (the length of the wire is 100 em) and an ‘unknown resistance, greater than 20, is connected across the other gap. When these resistances are interchanged, then the balance point shifts by 20 cm. Neglecting any corrections, the unknown resistance is EE 20071 (@)32 4a 52 @6aQ 42. Ina large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W and 1 heater of 1 kW. The voltage of the electric mains is 220 V. The minimum capacity of the main fuse of the building will be G)EE 2014 Main} wan @isa @wA BA 43. Por the circuit shown in the figure " 2un3%, av (@) The current I through the battery is 8.5 mA. (6) The potential difference across Ris 18 V. (6) Ratio of powers dissipated in Ry and Ry is 3 (@) IR, and R, are interchanged, then magnitude of the power dissipated in R,, will decrease by a factor of 9, 44, The supply voltage in a room is 120 V. The resistance of the lead wires is 6 2. A 60 W bulb is already switched on, What is the decrease of voltage across the bulb when a 240 W heater is switched on in parallel to the bulb? EE Main 2013) (a) Zero 29 @133V @wav (64 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM 10 MOCK TESTS & SOLVED PAPERS (2007-2016) VIT ENGINEERING PON acs Soins c084|%355By MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD Origin of magnetic field is due to some or other type of motion of a charge. In this chapter we learn about total magnetic field due to various current distributions, 1. Biot Savart’s Law + Biot savart law says that the magnetic field dB at a point P due to an element of length dl carrying current J as shown in figure is given by; . an be Tiley axe aa aA, 8 where, jg =permeability of free space = 4 x 10"? TmA“* # =a unit vector pointing from dl to P. + Magnitude of magnetic field at point P is; ap = Ho Lan pyahy Ps + Direction of magnetic field is determined by using “Right hand thumb rule” or “Right hand palm rule. (i) Right hand thumb rule; Ifa current carrying conductor is held in the right hand such that the thumb of the hand represents the direction of a current flow, then the direction of es folding fingers will represent the 8 direction of magnetic lines of force. (ii) Right hand palm rule; If we stretch our right hand such that fingers point towards the point at. which ‘magnetic field is required while thumb is in the direction of current then normal to.” the palm will show the direction of magnetic field 2. Applications of Biot-Savart’s Law Biot Savart's law gives magnitude of magnetic field due to following current distribution Magnetic field due to a circular current + Ifacoil of radius r, carrying current ithen magnetic field on it's axis at a distance x from its centre as shown in figure is given by Mo _ 2nNir* fo Tai where N= number of turns in an ary coll, = Brae = at. uM. + When current flows anti-elockise, on face of cl there is a North pole and iit is clockwise then it is a South pole. O © Magnetic field due to current carrying circular arc + Magnetic field due to a circular are at its contre C as shown is we) an (r where, @is in radians. Z Magnetic field due to a straight current carrying wire + Magnetic field due to a current carrying wire at a point P which lios at a perpendicular distance r from the wire as shown is given as Hod B- #2 Lisin gy +sino,) Fer7 itt + sin 2) From figure @=(90°- 6) and B=(90°-0,) Ho i Hence B= #2 + (cosa + cos| Ter lense + cos) Magnetic field due to linear conductor of finite length at a point on its perpendicular bisector + When point is on perpendicular bisector, 6, = 0, =9 as shown Hence, PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 65© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight | - Ata point outside the eylinder, r> R conductor Bel + For an infinitely long conductor, Boar ob Hence, B = He, 2 ar 3. Ampere's Circuital Law + Ampore's law says that the line integral of B.dl around any closed path is equals to Hol. Where, is the total steady current enclosed by the Joop (or closed path). PB = Wy Tonnt + FBAt =WgBi=wold + iy ~i) (ee Figure) Magnetic field due to a solenoid or a toroid (2) Toroid + For a toroid, magnetic field is pa toNt 77 rotor fg + Amperian loop is generally taken symmetrical to (refer figure) magnetic field such that, B]| dl. frroetan oon + Iori wound over acre then, B = Hate 4. Applications of Ampere's i, =relative permeability of core. Circuital Law . Magnetic field exists only in the volume enclosed by coils of toroid. Magnetic field due to a cylindrical conductor —_{b) Solenoid (a) Soli eplindrical conductor + A solenoid is a long wire wound in form of «helix, + For an air cored solenoid, magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of solenoid is, Bats Fongal Ho ir + Atapointinside the cylinder (r < R) as shown B = 5. N Ss + Irthere isa core of relative permeability 1, then, Bepgi,nl + Near end of solenoid, magnetic field is weak due to spreading of field lines and B — Habel + Ata point over the surface (r =) as shown patel nk ‘+ Magnetic field ofa solenoid resembels magnetic field of a bar magnet. 66 > JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUMPractice ‘SHOTS, . Aire is placed in a horizontal plane (plane of paper) along East-West direction carries a current of 2A from West to Kast. ‘Magnetic field due to 1 em piece of wire at a point 1m from the piece in the direction 30° North of Bast is (a) 10° 7 vertically upwards (6) 10° T vertically downwards, {)10* T in North-West direction. {d) 10" T in South-East direction, . Two long parallel wires carries 54 equal currents of 5A are kept parallel to each other at a separation of 2 cm. Magnetic field at point P (as shown in figure) is 5a. (2x 10" To o 2x104'Ts (e104 To (@) 083x104 T 2 A current of 1A exist in a square loop of side 1 m. Magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of square is fo 2x0" T 42 x 109'T fo) Bx 107 T @W2x 107 T |. A circular wire loop of length L and radius of curvature R carries a current of 1 A. Magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of are is fa tok oy Beh 2m ‘2aR? otk (ay bee 4nR 4nR? . In given arrangement magnitude of magnetic field at centre Cis @+d, wo be 4k? nk? hol (d) zero aR . Magnitude of magnetie field at the centre C due to given arrangement is (ajzero ane jt = a) gyi) tab Grab iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 7. Magnitude of magnetic field at point C due to i current in the wire is oad 2nk foltoiint + a cqndlees ® aR ARR 8. A wire is bend to form following shape. rab Conte of ele Square ot side y Ifa current icirculates in the closed loop formed then magnetic field intensity at O is Bat wer) cae ane 9. The number of turns per unit length of along solenoid in 10, Its average radius is 5 em and it caries a current of 10 A, Maximum value of magnetic field intensity produced by solenoid is (80g 20H, (010084, 4) 600s4 10. Ina toroid the number of turns per unit length is 1000 andcurrentinooidis "A Magnified produced by solenoid in tesla is @10" ww wt @iot AMAZING REALITIES Geothermal power is clean, reliable and cost effective butits availability is often limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Geothermal power plants in the Philippines and Iceland contribute around 30% of their electricity production. In the USA itis less than 1%. As of 2010, 24 countries around the world use geothermal power to generate electricity while around 70 use it for various forms of heating. PHYSICS SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 67iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN THE REGION OF A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD ‘A moving charged particle produces a magnetic field of it’s own. If a charged particle is moving in the region of a uniform magnetic field then both fields interacts and produces a force, 1. Force ona moving charged particle in an external magnetic field + The magnitude of the magnetie force Fy acting on the particle is proportional to (i) charge q and speed v ofthe particle. Gi) direction of velocity of charged particle. (Gi) magnitude and direction of the magnetic field B. + Force Fy on the charged particle is given by Fy ~ gv xB) or Fal = Bqvsin®, where 8 = angle between Band . + Force Fy is perpendicular to both vand B as shown * Direction of force on a moving charged particle can be found from “Right hand palm rule” as shown 2 fe Fingers In direction of B ‘Thumb In direction of v Palm In direction of force Fy 2. Motion of a charged particle in region of a field when velocity of charged particle is perpendicular to magnetic field + When vis at 90° with Bas shown ‘Then force on the charged particle is maximum and is, given by 68» JANUARY 2017 » PHYSICS SPECTRUM |F5|=Bav sind =1 + Work done by force is zero. F.y=power=0 Fly + Kinetic energy of charged particle remains constant throughout its motion. + Particle moves in a circle or the magnetic force Fy is perpendicular to the velocity v as shown + Magnetic force acts like a centripetal foree Fy =Bqu= + Radius of path r= By + Time period and frequency of rotation of particle does not depends on radius or velocity of the particle. nm By ls ‘This frequency is called natural frequency of rotation or “eyelotron frequency” 3. Motion of charged particle when direction of velocity is at some angle with the direction of magnetic field + Ifa charged particle moves in a magnetic field such that its velocity is at some angle with the magnetic field then path of particle is a “helix” article's velocity component are (as shown above) (i) parallel to field B = v cos ii) perpendicular to field B= vsin8.