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SRSB - BPG - Heating Manual Mar 2015
SRSB - BPG - Heating Manual Mar 2015
SRSB - BPG - Heating Manual Mar 2015
Contents
1 Introduction 4
2 The business benefits of steam system, hot water system and process heating system efficiency 5
4 Steam systems 7
4.1 Solution 1: Improve the efficiency of your existing system 7
4.2 Solution 2: Design a new system 15
Appendix D Glossary 40
Table of Contents 2
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table of Contents 3
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
1Introduction
This document is a step-by-step guide to improving By following this guide, you will be able to determine
energy efficiency in boilers, steam systems, hot water what changes can be made to improve the operation
systems and process heating and achieving best practice andperformance of equipment, reduce operating costs
that will lead to benefits for your business. There are and improve environmental outcomes. The guide has
several questions and issues covered by been developed to lead decision makers and service
this guide, including: providers through system changes; it is not intended
to be a thorough technical guide. References for more
What are the basis components of industrial steam, detailed technical information are provided.
hotwater and process heating systems?
How can I tell if the system is functioning efficiently?
What are the areas where systems can be improved
tooperate more efficiently?
What energy source should I use?
Introduction 4
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Maintenance
1%
Installation
cost 3%
Energy cost
96%
The business benefits of steam system, hot water system and process heating system efficiency 5
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Delivering the best outcomes for your business requires Solution 2: Design a new system
a whole systems approach to the design, installation, If you are planning a new steam, hot water or process
operation and maintenance of your steam, hot water heating system, this process outlines the steps required
orprocess heating system. to ensure you achieve excellent design and to help you
understand where to spend your valuable capital.
Defining the limitations of your current system is the key
to finding the best solution to achieving energy efficiency If your requirements have changed, for example,
for your business: iftherehave been significant upgrades to the process
How do I make my existing system more efficient? plant or equipment, you may need to install more
Do I need some new system components? efficient equipment or expand your current system.
How do I expand my existing system? Thiswill involve elements of both solutions. Firstly,
What do I need to know to install a new system? ensure your existing system is running efficiently
(Solution 1) and secondly, design the new components
This guide offers step-by-step solutions to help you ofthe expanded system (Solution 2). Following
identify the opportunities to implement best practice this process will ensure that you are not wasting
to achieve energy efficiency of your steam system, money purchasing more than you actually need.
hotwater system or process heating system. Additionally,information gained from reviewing
efficiency may guide the selection and design
Solution 1: Improve the efficiency of your ofthenewcomponents of thesystem.
existingsystem
Is your steam, hot water or process heating system
fulfilling needs but could run more efficiently?
Perhapsyour system is struggling to meet the
plant needs at particular times of the day or week?
Thisprocess may only involve a small investment,
butcan provide significant savings and costs.
4 Steam systems
Steam systems 7
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Steam systems 8
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Minimise by insulation
Radiation losses
Minimise by plant scheduling
Steam systems 9
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Opportunities for efficiency improvement are therefore Key steps to improving boiler efficiency5
related to reducing losses in these areas. Table 1
illustrates some boiler energy efficiency improvements 1. Improve operation and maintenance
and the expected energy saving potential.
The first step to running a more energy-efficient boiler
Table 1: Some quantified energy saving opportunities is to measure its current efficiency as a baseline and
for boilers.4 determine if its efficiency is within a good operating
range as compared to the boiler specifications.
Technique/ Energy Saving Withsome simple measurements of steam temperature
Method Potential and pressure, feedwater temperature and pressure,
Improved operation and Up to 5% steam flow rate and fuel consumption rate you can
maintenance of boilers accurately determine boiler efficiency.
Improved water treatment and Up to 2% Secondly, you could investigate the boiler shell for
boiler water conditioning hotspots. The presence of boiler hot spots can indicate
Total dissolved solids (TDS) control Up to 2% an unhealthy boiler. Hotspots can lead to accelerated
and boiler blowdown deterioration of boiler parts and a decrease in efficiency
and performance of the boiler. Techniques such as
Blowdown heat recovery Up to 3.75%
infrared imaging can be used to detect hot spots.
Boiler and burner management Up to 5%
systems, digital combustion 2. Investigate opportunities for feedwater
controls and oxygen trim qualityimprovement
Variable speed drives (VSDs)
for combustion air fans Improving the feedwater quality will lead to a decreased
blowdown rate and other benefits throughout the steam
Flue gas shut-off dampers Up to 1% distribution system. However, any opportunity that
Economisers Up to 5% will require higher energy or cost in treating the water
Combustion air pre-heating Up to 2% should be carefully evaluated against boiler blowdown
energy losses to ensure the lowest energy and lowest
cost solution is found.
Note: Individual energy savings measures are not usually
cumulative, and doing one will reduce the potential 3. Determine boiler blowdown rate
savings of another. (% of feedwater flow, kg/h)
Steam systems 10
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
4. Investigate blowdown heat recovery opportunities The concentration of combustible material in the flue
gasis not only an efficiency matter but also one of safety.
The blowdown water contains significant energy High concentrations are dangerous and may show that
thatcanbe recovered. Two main methods are used. there is insufficient combustion intake air. Combine this
Flash steam is created when blowdown occurs and if measurement with that of the oxygen concentration to
theblowdown stream is directed to a flash steam vessel, determine if the combustion intake airamount should be
the flash steam can be recovered for lowpressure changed. Problems may also bedue to insufficient time
steam applications or sent to the deaerator. for the reaction, temperature or insufficient mixing of
Blowdownwater from either the blowdownstream or oxygen and the fuel.
the liquid drain of the flash steamvessel could also be
used to pre-heat feedwater(or other water) using a heat Unburned carbon loss is generally a problem in
exchanger. Since the water has a high concentration of coalfired and other solid fuel boilers. By analysing
dissolved solids, the heat exchanger should be resistant thecarbon concentration of the ash it is possible to
to foulingand able to be easily cleaned. seeifyour unburnt carbon levels are within a normal
range. High levels are a sign of inefficient combustion,
5. Boiler combustion management which is increasing your fuel costs. Changes may
needtobe made to your stoker or grate arrangements.
Minimising excess air in combustion is one of the key
energy efficiency initiatives for boilers. The more hot 6. Economiser
oxygen and nitrogen that escapes from the flue, the more
energy you lose. By analysing the oxygen concentration Consider the application of an economiser.
of the flue gas (%), you can easily determine if too Thisequipment recovers heat from your exhaust for
much excess intake air is being used. This can then be preheating of boiler feedwater or other process water.
controlled through regular checking and adjustment,
orthrough an automatic oxygen trimcontrol.
Steam systems 11
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
distribution system losses Steam traps are devices that collect condensate in the
steam line. Once a sufficient amount of water has been
While the boiler itself is an important area for collected, the trap will drain to the condensate return
improvement, the rest of the steam system is just network. The act of draining the condensate unavoidably
as important for improving energy efficiency and means loss of steam from the system. Ifa trap is
performance. operating properly, this loss will be minimal. Normal
wear and tear, debris in the steam system, or improper
Key steps to reducing steam distribution system losses application of steam traps can lead to trap failure. If the
trap fails while open, steam will be vented continuously,
1. Find and repair steam leaks leading to a large energy loss from the system. If a trap
fails while closed, condensate can back up within the
Steam leaks are a big cause of energy loss from steam steam system, damaging equipment and reducing the
systems. Leaks generally occur in pipe sections or performance of your steam system.
connections and steam traps that drain condensate.
Table 2 shows the cost of steam leaks at various Faulty steam traps that are leaking badly
pressures and hole sizes. mustbe replaced to avoid large leaks. Typically, a
wellmaintained steam system will experience failure
Table 2: Steam leakage rates.5 in 10%of its traps within a one-year period5 To avoid
large energy losses, a steam trap management
Hole Leak Rate (kg/hour) at Steam programshould be put in place that:
Diameter Temperature 260 C Steam Pressure
(mm) (kPa above atmospheric) trains personnel
inspects every steam trap at least annually
345 689 1034 1379 1724 2068 2413 assesses its operating condition
3.2 12 21 30 39 48 60 67 maintains a database of all steam traps,
6.4 46 82 118 153 191 239 268 bothoperational and faulty
acts on the assessment findings.
9.5 103 183 265 347 430 538 604
12.7 183 326 470 616 764 956 1073 Green fact
19.1 411 733 1058 1387 1719 2151 2413 Even in a well-maintained steam system, 10%of steam
traps will fail every year
25.4 731 1303 1881 2465 3056 3824 4290
31.8 1143 2036 2938 3851 4776 5975 6703
38.1 1645 2931 4231 5546 6877 8604 9653
Steam systems 12
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Condensate is the condensed water that has dropped Maintaining your insulation in good condition is vital
out of the steam system as it loses energy through the to an energy efficient steam system. Without effective
distribution system. This water is then drained by steam insulation on all piping, vessels and other equipment,
traps. In the vast majority of cases, this condensate is youare constantly losing energy to the environment.
returned to a receiver, where the water is pumped to Table 3 below shows the cost of uninsulated piping.
theboiler feedwater system and recirculated through
thesteam system. The advantages of returning this Table 3: Heat loss from uninsulated piping.5
water are:
Nominal Heat Transfer from uninsulated pipe
Less energy is required to heat the feedwater as Pipe exposed to 0.4m/s wind and 21C ambient
thecondensate is still at a relatively high temperature. Diameter temperature (MJ/h/metre) Process Fluid
Less water is drawn from the main supply and so (mm) Temperature (C)
yousave water.
Effort, energy and money have already been invested 93 204 316 427 538 649
in treating the feedwater that is no longer lost. 12.7 1 3 4 7 10 14
25.4 1 3 6 9 14 20
Maximising the percentage of your condensate
returned to your boiler will raise your energy efficiency. 50.8 2 5 9 14 22 32
Unavoidable losses exist in certain steam applications, 76.2 2 6 12 19 30 44
such as sparging steam into a tank. Opportunities for
increasing your condensate return should be identified, 101.6 3 8 14 24 37 55
including: 127.0 3 10 18 28 44 66
152.4 4 11 20 34 51 76
running return lines to distant parts of the system
ensuring the size of condensate return piping 203.2 5 13 25 42 66 96
is sufficient for changing plant heat loads 254.0 5 16 30 50 79 119
identifying and fixing leaks in the condensate
304.8 6 18 34 58 92 139
return system.
406.4 7 21 42 71 113 172
508.0 9 26 50 86 139 211
609.6 10 30 59 101 164 250
Steam systems 13
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
5. Investigate opportunities to reintroduce flashsteam A flash steam recovery vessel allows the low-pressure
steam to be separated from the condensate and creates
When water at a saturated temperature and high a low-pressure steam supply line. The condensate
pressure is collected in a steam trap, a portion of it liquid is pumped to the boiler feedwater tank. This flash
will be converted to steam when it is released to lower steam supply can then be used in multiple ways. If the
pressures. This is called flash steam. In most condensate flash recovery vessel is located near the process, the
return systems, flash steam is transported to the flash steam could be used for additional heating of
feedwater system with the liquid condensate. Even the original process to which it lost its heat. The flash
though the flash steam is at a lower temperature and steam may then condense and be drained back to the
pressure than the main steam system, this flash steam common condensate return line. Alternatively, the flash
can still be useful in low-pressure applications. Aflash steam can be used in other processes for heating, or for
steam recovery system can be installed to makeuse of cooling if there is a hightemperature process that needs
this steam. cooling. Ifthe flash steam cannot be used for a process,
it can still becondensed and returned to the feedwater,
as significant energy has been invested in treating it.
However, condensing it may require large volumes of
water and a cost-benefit study should be conducted.
Steam systems 14
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
4.2.1 Step 1: Establish steam needs 4.2.2 Step 2: Design your piping,
When planning a new system or boiler, it is important
fittings and condensate recovery
totake stock of exactly what you use steam for and how
Once your steam needs have been identified,
it is used to help meet your business needs. Compile a
youcanbegin to layout your steam distribution
list of all end uses of steam, the temperature, pressure
andrecoverysystem. This will consist of piping,
and flow they require, their location and their options
fittings,valves, steam traps and possibly flash steam
for heat recovery. From this list, you can establish the
vessels and condensate receivers. The design of your
correct temperature and pressure and the average flow
heat recovery opportunities should also be considered
required by your system. It is important to ensure that
at this stage. Particular thought can be given to the
steam will not be used for unsafe or inappropriate uses
angling of your steam pipes to allow for more convenient
for which other technologies are better suited and more
condensate recovery through natural drainage, rather
efficient; after all, steam is a relatively expensive form
than requiring dedicated condensatepumps.
ofenergy.
Steam systems 15
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
There are two key types of boilers water tube boilers In most industrial and commercial plants, steam
and fire tube boilers. is only used for process and environmental heating.
It is important to optimise the efficiency of each part of
Water tube boilers such systems through proper selection, sizing, operation
Water tube boilers are usually used in large industrial and maintenance.
and power generation situations where extremely
high heat transfer rates are required to produce
largequantities of steam. The water is heated in
tubesand the fire (combustion process) is contained
inthespacearound the tubes. 6
Steam systems 16
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Monitoring systems
As part of the boiler monitoring system, important
variables that should be monitored include fuel supply,
steam flow and feedwater flow meters. This enables
a range of data to be analysed, boiler efficiency to be
assessed and trends in efficiency to be analysed.
Steam systems 17
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
5.1.6 Step 6: Conserve hot water Third/final rinse water: store in a tank to be
used as the second rinse of the next cycle
consumption Fresh water: use as the final rinse only
Steam Solar
If you have steam generation on-site, you can use this Solar hot water systems work by using the suns thermal
steam to produce hot water. Steam and cold water are energy to heat water. These systems commonly run
passed through a heat exchanger, with heat transferring water through a series of pipes that are exposed to the
to the water as the steam condenses. This can be sun, often on a roof. The water is then returned to a
an efficient method as you already have the steam storage tank. Solar energy can also be supplemented
generation system running and heat exchangers can by other fuels or heat sources in order to maintain a
bedesigned to operate quite efficiently. continuous flow of hot water during extended operation.
*It is difficult to represent overall system efficiency with a heat pump. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat
pump may be as high as 4, meaning up to 4 units of heat are provided for one unit of electricity.
furnace walls
heat transfer pipes
6.1.3 Step 3: Review heat transfer
intake air pipes if pre-heated
The transfer of heat from combustion to the product
heat recovery piping.
isanother area in which energy savings can be made.
Heat that is lost from the process is absorbed by
Cleaning
thesurrounding ambient atmosphere. If your process
Ensure that heat transfer surfaces are clean to allow
heating takes place within a building that is temperature
formaximum transfer. Removing soot, scale, carbon
controlled by a HVAC system, then poor or no insulation
andother deposits from furnaces, boilers, radiant
means that you are creating extra load for theHVAC
tubesand heat exchangers will improve efficiency.
system, and are losing money from two sources.
Ensuring that your insulation is adequate cansave
Burners
upto5% in energy costs.2
The correct and most efficient use of burners will
assistin process efficiency and product quality.
Ensurethat in each location within the burner that
the proper type of burner is being used, the layout
isoptimum for your process and that all burners
areinproper working condition.
Other questions:
What analysis services do they offer (for example,
boiler efficiency)?
What training does the providers staff have in
energy efficiency?
Are they qualified to work on all relevant equipment
and install metering?
Do they provide emergency service response?
Will they take care of parts shipping?
Will they contract out any of the work themselves?
Do they have the capability to remotely monitor
your system?
Can they provide emergency rental equipment
if required?
Appendix A
Steam system overview
Figure 4: Typical basic steam circuit.8 Fire tube boilers: There are many different types of
boilers and it is not possible to show them all here.
A brief description of each component follows. Figure 5 illustrates the typical flow path for the
combustion gases and the likely temperatures in a
Gas burner systems: In typical packaged boilers that run typical fire-tube boiler installation. In these boilers,
on gas, burners mix the air and fuel in an appropriate thecombustion gases from the burner flow through
ratio to support reliable and safe combustion. Too theinside of the tubes, with the water that will be
much fuel and there will be incompletecombustion and boiledto steam on the outside of the tubes.
increased harmful emissions. Too little fuel (or too much
air) and the air willcarry away a lot of useful heat out of
the flue. Burners come in different types including:
pressure jet burners
rotary cup burner
gas burners (low and high pressure)
dual fuel burners
recuperative and regenerative burners.
Steam at 150C
400C
2nd Pass tubes
Water tube boilers: Water tube boilers are often used Blowdown system: Over time, the water inside the boiler
in larger boiler applications such as power stations and will accumulate sludge and suspended solids formed
large industry. This is because the smaller diameter of from the chemicals used in dosing of the feedwater,
the water tubes allows higher steam pressures to be ordissolved solids naturally occurring
generated, such as those required for power generation in the feedwater itself. If not removed, these can
using steam turbines. accelerate corrosion and decrease the performance
of your boiler and steam system. A blowdown routine
should be implemented, which can be a manual or
automated system.
Boiler feed pump: To overcome the pressure in the Steam piping: International and national standards
boiler created by the heating process, boilers are fed by stipulate the material and wall thickness of steam piping.
boiler feed pumps. Sometimes they are driven by electric Generally, steam piping should be the minimum size
motors and sometimes by steam motors from the required for the duty. This not only minimises the cost
boiler itself. Flow from the boiler feed pump is usually ofthe pipes, but also reduces the cost of insulation,
controlled by a throttling valve that is connected to a fittings, flanges, supports and so on. Steampressure
water-level sensor in the boiler. As the water level drops isrelated to this, as generating steam
due to steam production, more water is supplied with at high pressures requires a lower pipe size to deliver
theboiler feed pump. the same amount of energy.
Economiser: Economisers have the potential to Insulation: To minimise heat loss from a steam system,
reduce your fuel consumption by around 46% it is common to insulate pipes, joints and fittings, but
throughcapturing the waste heat contained in the to leave safety valves uninsulated. Insulation comes
flue gas, and pre-heating the feedwater to your boiler. in various types, including aluminium clad fibreglass,
The main consideration (apart from cost) is theacidic aluminium-clad mineral wool and calcium silicate.
conditions that may result from condensation of
contaminants in your flue gas if you are using an Steam traps: The primary purpose of a steam trap
oilfiredboiler. Economisers can be factory-fitted isto discharge condensate, whilst not allowing
withanew installation, or retrofitted to some boilers. live steam to escape. Due to the wide variety of
applicationsunder which steam traps are required
tooperate, they come in many shapes and sizes
tosuitthose applications, including:
thermostatic (operated by changes
in fluid temperature)
thermodynamic (operated by changes
in fluid dynamics)
mechanical (operated by changes in fluid density).
Figure 10 illustrates a typical strainer, which acts like Condensate return system (return lines, return
asieve or filter. As such, it should be regularly cleaned tank): Inevitably, as steam passes through your steam
toavoid blockage in your system. distribution network, it condenses, and in so doing
gives up heat to pipes and steam equipment, your
process and ultimately the atmosphere through heat
losses. Bringing hot condensate back to your boiler
(rather thandischarging it to drain) will improve energy
efficiency of your steam system, and reduce water
make-up and water treatment costs (because the
condensate will, bydefinition, be high-quality water).
Several things could prevent condensate return,
Figure 10: Cut away section of a strainer.8 including contamination by the process or the cost
of piping a small amount of condensate from part
Separators: Separators are also part of the solution to of the plant that is far away from the boiler. These
maintaining high steam quality, which in turn minimises costs should be weighed up against the benefits
production downtime and reduces the degradation ofrecoveringtheheat.
of your equipment. In particular, separators assist
by removing steam that has condensed (condensate)
from your system, as well as air. Air, when dissolved
into condensate, is corrosive and an accumulation
ofcondensate reduces the heat transfer performance
ofyour steam system.
Appendix B
Hot water system overview
Appendix C
Process heating system overview
Heat recycling/recovery
Heat generation
Fuel
Combustion
Gas
Oil
Energy Coal
Source By-product fuel
Thermal Exhaust Emission
processing gases control
Electricity of
Thermal conversion
product
Induction
Arc material
Resistance
Material
Material
handling
Handling
losses
Heat losses
Crosscutting enabling technologies
(Applications for improving process heating efficiency)
Sensors/process controls Advanced materials Design tools/systems
Key components in a process heating system are: The heating method is usually one of the following:
fuel or electricity supply gas line, electricity D irect: heat from combustion is applied directly to
distribution board the material, therefore, the combustion gases are in
heat generation equipment boiler, furnace, contact with the material and open burners or heating
dryer,resistance elements are used.
heat transfer method convection, radiation, Indirect: the material is separated from combustion.
fluidheattransfer Heat is transferred using gases or liquids and heat
material handling system fluid, conveyor, roller, exchange takes place with the material. Indirect
rotary heater heating equipment includes radiant burner tubes
heat recovery system heat exchange between andcovered electrical heating elements.
exhaust gases and intake combustion air
exhaust emissions furnace flue. There are also a large range of energy sources
andmaterial handling systems used.
Process heating systems can be classified in a
number of ways, as shown in Table 5 below. Twosuch
classifications are the mode of operation and the heating
method. The mode of operation distinguishes how the
material is moved through the process:
Appendix D
Glossary
Term Meaning
absorption cooling A form of chilling to produce process cooling (cold air or chilled water) that uses
heat as the predominant input energy source, as opposed to an electric chiller
that uses electricity to drive a compressor
blowdown system System for removing sludge and suspended solids that build up internally in a
boiler system. Improves efficiency and increases life of boiler
boiler Device that produces steam for use in a process
boiler interlock Mechanism for preventing dry-cycling in a boiler
capacity utilisation A ratio of the average output/throughput of a boiler (or other piece of process
equipment) compared to the rated capacity/throughput
cascading A method of using waste heat from the first process to be used in a
subsequent process and so on
condensate In the context of an enclosed industrial steam system, it is steam which has
been converted from a vapour to a liquid, and in the process, has given up the
majority of its heat
condensate return System for recapturing condensate back to a boiler, and that allows the heat
within condensate to be reused
coefficient of performance (COP) A measure of the efficiency of a refrigeration system defined as cooling
duty (kW) / input power (kW)
de-aerator System for removing oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases that could
potentially increase corrosion in a boiler system
dry-cycling Unnecessary firing cycles in the boiler when heating is not required in the process
economiser System to capture waste heat from boiler exhaust to pre-heat feed water or
some other process
flash steam Saturated steam generated as a result of hot condensate going from a high
pressure to a low pressure
flue Exhaust for hot water boiler
heat pump In industrial applications, hot water can be generated by a heat pump that moves
heat from one process, or the atmosphere, to a hot water system
heat recovery The capture of waste heat to be used in another processes
(such as domestic hot water, preheating of boiler make-up water)
hot water pump Circulates hot water around the plant for use in processes
pre-heating The act of heating a product before the intake to the primary heating system
Appendix D Glossary 40
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Term Meaning
separator Separators are used to removed condensate as well as air from a boiler system
to help prevent corrosion
sequence control Ability to control multiple boilers such that only required number of boilers
are switched on
steam accumulator A method of storing steam for use in high demand periods, which can help
stabilise the boiler operation
steam piping Pipe meeting national and international standards of material and wall thickness
for carrying steam
steam trap System for preventing live steam from escaping the steam system, usually by
collecting condensate before ejecting as water
turndown ratio The ratio of the lowest heating capacity to the highest heating capacity in a boiler
Appendix D Glossary 41
BEST PRACTICE GUIDE Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Appendix E
Further Reading / References
Steam and High Temperature Hot Water Boilers Energy Process heating
Efficiency guide, Carbon Trust, UK, March 2012 Improving Steam System Performance: A Sourcebook
http://www.carbontrust.com/media/13332/ctv052_ for Industry, Second Edition 2012
steam_and_high_temperature_hot_water_boilers.pdf http://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/
improving-steam-system-performance-sourcebook-
Improving Steam System Performance: A Sourcebook industry-second-edition
for Industry, Second Edition 2012
http://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/ How to implement process thermal insulation (CTL038)
improving-steam-system-performance-sourcebook- http://www.carbontrust.com/media/147159/
industry-second-edition1 j8052_ctl145_how_to_implement_thermal_insulation_to_
hvac_services_aw.pdf
Improving Steam System Performance: A Sourcebook
for Industry, Second Edition 2012
http://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/
improving-steam-system-performance-sourcebook-
industry-second-edition
10 Office
of Environment and Heritage,
Dept. of Premier and Cabinet
Acknowledgments
Sustainability Victoria would like to acknowledge
Climate Managers for preparing this report and
Spirax Sarco Pty Ltd for their review of this guide.
Sustainability Victoria
Level 28, Urban Workshop,
50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne VIC 3000
Phone (03) 8626 8700
sustainability.vic.gov.au
Published by Sustainability Victoria.
Best Practice Guide, Energy Efficiency: Steam, Hot Water and Process Heating Systems
Sustainability Victoria, January 2015 RSE027