Scoring of Existing Process

In this process scoring, the three base processes of fermentation will be scored by
some parameters. Score of each concept is evaluated by multiply the score with score
percentage. Score percentage is obtained by considering most prioritized need of
consumer. Some criteria used in this concept scoring process are:
Operating Condition Suitability : The Temperature and Pressure for the
reactors that uses whether sensible or not.
Yield of Process : The amount of benzene production to fulfill the demand
Installed and Operations Cost : Installed and Operations Cost determine the
plants expenditure. This aspect is also the feasibility, the plant feasible to
build or not.
Field Experience : Field Experience represent that the technology is widely
used, developed, and safety.
Manufacturing : Long term and difficultness in manufacturing a technology
affects the plant benefit even cause the plant has a long payback period.
Waste Treatment : Waste can be directly discarded, recycled, or used again to
main process. Government gives boundary for every industrial to process their
waste based in Human Safety Environment.

Gasification
The gasification process comprises four stages:
Drying
Pyrolysis
Oxidation
Reduction
Biomass gasification is a process of converting solid biomass fuel into a
gaseous combustible gas (called producer gas) through a sequence of thermo-
chemical reactions. The gas is a low-heating value fuel, with a calorific value between
1000- 1200 kcal/Nm3 (kilo calorie per normal cubic meter). Almost 2.5-3.0 Nm3 of
gas can be obtained through gasification of about 1 kg of air-dried biomass. Since the
1980's the research in biomass gasification has significantly increased in developing
countries, as they aim to achieve energy security.
 The gasifier technology has been customized for a range of direct-heat
application and tested successfully in the field. Silk processing, large-cardamom
drying and gasifier-based crematoria are a few examples of the applications. This
technology is slowly replacing both traditional biomass use and gas-powered systems,
as it provides an excellent de-centralized source of energy at an affordable cost.
There are two main types of biomass gasifier :

http://www.teriin.org/technology/biomass-gasifier

Fast Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition occurring in the absence of oxygen. High
temperatures and longer residence times increase biomass conversion to gas, and
moderate temperatures and short vapour residence time are optimum for producing
liquids. Fast pyrolysis for liquids production is currently of particular interest as the
liquid can be stored and transported, and used for energy, chemicals or as an energy
carrier In fast pyrolysis, biomass decomposes very quickly to generate mostly vapours
and aerosols and some charcoal and gas.
A high yield of liquid is obtained with most biomass feeds low in ash. The essential
features of a fast pyrolysis process for producing liquids are:
 Very high heating rates and very high heat transfer rates at the biomass
particle reaction interface usually require a finely ground biomass feed of
typically less than 3 mm as biomass generally has a low thermal conductivity,
Carefully controlled pyrolysis reaction temperature of around 500 C to
maximize the liquid yield for most biomass,
Short hot vapor residence times of typically less than 2 s to minimize
secondary reactions,
Rapid removal of product char to minimize cracking of vapors,
Rapid cooling of the pyrolysis vapors to give the bio-oil product.
As fast pyrolysis for liquids occurs in a few seconds or less, heat and mass
transfer processes and phase transition phenomena, as well as chemical reaction
kinetics, play important roles.
Liquid yield depends on biomass type, temperature, hot vapor residence time, char
separation, and biomass ash content, the last two having a catalytic effect on vapor
cracking. A fast pyrolysis process includes drying the feed to typically less than 10%
water. Fast pyrolysis liquid has a higher heating value of about 17 MJ/kg as produced
with about 25 wt.% water that cannot readily be separated.
Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is a promising method for the direct conversion
of solid biomass into gasoline range aromatic products. CFP involves the pyrolysis of
biomass in the presence of zeolites. In the first step of this reaction, the solid biomass
is rapidly heated (>500 C ) to intermediate temperatures (400-600C). At these high
temperatures, the biomass readily decomposes into pyrolysis vapors. These pyrolysis
vapors then enter into the zeolite catalyst pores where they are converted into
aromatics, CO, CO2, and H2O. One advantage of CFP is that solid biomass is directly
converted into liquid aromatic fuel in a single reactor with short residence times
without the need for additional upgrading steps. Hence, conversion is rapid,
continuous and uncomplicated.

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of pine wood saw dust and furan (a model biomass
compound) with ZSM-5 based catalysts was studied with three different
reactors: a bench scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor, a fixed bed reactor and a
semi-batch pyroprobe reactor. The highest aromatic yield from sawdust of 14 %
carbon in the fluidized bed reactor was obtained at low biomass weight hourly
space velocities (less than 0.5 hr-1 hour ) and high temperature (600 oC). The
aromatic product consists mainly of benzene (24.8 % carbon), toluene (34.1%
carbon), xylene (15.4% carbon) and naphthalene (14.9 % carbon).

Gambar 1.1Technical Approach: CFP Process Design Options

https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/05/f34/thermochem_s
chaidle_%202.3.1.312-314-315.pdf

Comparison of Benzene Production Processes

 Catalytic Fast
No Criteria Gasification Fast Pyrolysis
Pyrolisis
0.32 kg/100 2.65 kg/100
0.77 kg/100 kg
1 Product Yield kg of dry kg of dry
of dry biomass
biomass biomass
Compositions of
2 5.50wt% 7.62wt% 14.8 wt %
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Operating Condition
3 750-900C 500C 500-600c
Sustainability
4 Time of Process 1 hour 2 hour 0,5 1 hour
Fluidized bed
Fluidized bed
(Bubbling, fluidized bed
6 Reactor (Bubbling,
circulating, reactor
Spouted)
dual)

From the comparison process in Table above, the best process in terms Product Yield,
Compositions of Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Operating Condition Sustainability, and
Time of Process in the process of production of benzene plant is the process of
Catalytic Fast Pyrolisis process. To make sure the selection in the process, we make
scoring table to compare between Gasification, fast pyrolysis, and Catalytic Fast
Pyrolisis process in terms of product conversion, catalyst, operating condition,
purification stage, and by-product.

Criteria
Fast Catalytic Fast
No. Parameter weight Gasification
Pyrolysis Pyrolisis
point
1. Product yield 4 1 4 1 4 4 16
Price,
avaibility, and
2. 5 3 15 4 20 5 25
effectivity of
catalyst
Compositions
3. of Aromatic 5 2 10 3 15 5 25
Hydrocarbon
Operating
4. Condition 4 1 4 5 20 4 16
Sustainability
 Time of
5. 4 3 12 2 8 4 16
Process
Final Score 45 63 98

The detail number of the criteria can be explained below.

1. Product yield
5 = Product yield > 3 gram
4 = Product yield > 2 gram
3 = Product yield > 1 gram
2 = Product yield is equal or less than 1 gram
1 = Product yield < 0,5 gram
2. Price, availibility, and effectivity of catalyst
5 = Catalyst is cheap, easy to find in domestic, and high efficiency
4 = Catalyst is cheap, import, and high efficiency
3 = Catalyst is cheap, import, and low efficiency
2 = Catalyst is expensive, import, and high efficiency
1 = Catalyst is expensive, import, and low efficiency
3. Compositions of Aromatic Hydrocarbon
5 = Compositions of Aromatic Hydrocarbon < 15 %
4 = Compositions of Aromatic Hydrocarbon < 10%
3 = Compositions of Aromatic Hydrocarbon > 7.5 %
2 = Compositions of Aromatic Hydrocarbon is equal or more than 5%
1 = Compositions of Aromatic Hydrocarbon < 5 %

4. Operating condition
5 = Temperature < 500C
4 = Temperature > 500C
3 = Temperature < 600 C
2 = Temperature >700 C
1 = Temperature < 900 C
5. Time of Process
5 = 0-30 minutes
4 = 30 60 minutes
3 = 60 90 minutes
2 = 90 120 minutes
1 = >120 minutes
Daftar Pustaka
http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1319&context=ope
n_access_dissertations