CRITICAL PATH

Space Transportation
Systems Division
FIRST
AMERICAN
SPACE SHUTTLE
PROGRAM
(NSTS)
INTEGRATED SPACE PLAN
(Preliminary)
INTERNATIONAL RMS
GENERATION EXPENDABLE LAUNCH
VEHICLE FLEET
(INTERNATIONAL)

OF IUS

VEHICLE
UNITED STATES LAUNCH VEHICLE CAPABILITES
# TO LEO # TO GEO GEO-CIRCULAR FIRST FLIGHT
REUSABLE SPACECRAFT PRIVATE LAUNCH VERSION 1.1 FEBRUARY, 1989
VEHICLES
ALS 200,000 1998 * THE AMERICAN SPACE SHUTTLE (ELVS) EMU
SHUTTLE C 150,000
SPACE 55,000
20,000 (CENTAUR)
5,500 (IUS)
1994
1981
1983 * CHALLENGER OV-099 1983 PRODUCED BY RONALD M. JONES D/385-210
SHUTTLE 6,500 (TOS) * COLUMBIA OV-102 ABOUT THIS DIAGRAM:
TITAN 4 40,000 12,500 10,000 (CENTAUR) 1989 * DISCOVERY OV-103 GOVERNMENT - The Rockwell Integrated Space Plan (ISP) is a very long range systematic perspective of Americas and the
MMU
TITAN 3 33,000 8,600 4,200 (IUS) 1965 * ATLANTIS OV-104 COMMERCIAL SATELLITE EARTH-TO-ORBIT Western Worlds space program. Its 100-plus-year vision was created from the integration of numerous NASA
ATLAS 2 14,400 5,200 2,500 1991 * TBD OV-105 long-range studies including the project Pathnder case studies, recommendations from the National
DEPLOYMENT
ATLAS 1 12,300 1959 AND IN-SPACE Commission on Spaces report to the President, the Ride report to the NASA Administrator, and the new
DELTA 2 11,100 3,190 1,350 (PAM-D) 1988 * THE SOVIET SPACE SHUTTLE SATELLITE RETRIEVAL
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS National Space Policy Directive. Special initiatives such as the four Pathnder scenarios or those described in
DELTA 7,800 1960 AND SERVICING
* BURAN the Ride Report (i.e., Mission To Planet Earth, Exploration of the Solar System, Outpost on the Moon, and
TITAN 2 5,500 1965 DEFENSE SATELLITES
SCOUT 475 1961 Humans to Mars) are integral parts of the ISP. These initiatives as well as the agenda described in the National
VOYAGER II SOLAR MAX / Commision on Space report, are shown by shading the appropriate boxes involved. These shaded versions are
ARIANE 3

MID-SIZE PAYLOADS
URANUS ENCOUNTER included separately as attachments to the ISP. The ISP is not meant to be a denitive plan for the development
LAUNCH VEHICLES OF EUROPE AND JAPAN
SPACE SHUTTLE ENHANCEMENTS, SPACE TELESCOPE
PLANETARY / SCIENTIFIC MISSION TYPES of space, but rather a compilation of evolutionary opportunities for our near-term and long-range space
VEHICLE # TO LEO # TO GEO COUNTRY FIRST FLIGHT
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION, MISSIONS activities.
PRECURSOR ARIANE 4
ARIANE 3 5,690 EUROPE 1984 AN INVIGORATED ELV FLEET The ISP can be read from top to bottom or left to right. From top to bottom, vertical column elements are
ARIANE 4 9,260 EUROPE 1988
ROBOTIC SPACELAB SATELLITE REFUELING TITAN 2 phased in chronologically to support centerline milestones. Reading across the columns from left to right will
ARIANE 5 46,000 14,960 EUROPE 1996 EXPLORATION AND U.S. NATIONAL POLICY (INTERNATIONAL) CAPABILITY yield the total scope of required activity within a given time period in support of the total integrated plan.
H-1 2,300 JAPAN 1986 SPUR SPACE RECOVERY NSTS The centerline of the ISP is the critical path dened by National Space Policy which closely resembles the
H-2 9,000 JAPAN 1992
1988 GPS
CONSTELLATION
1988
TDRS
CONSTELLATION
SUBORBITAL
RETURN-TO-FLIGHT NASA Ofce of Exploration case study 4 scenario Lunar Outpost To Early Mars Evolution. The Space
Shuttle and Space Station are essential initial elements; their value increases through the 1990s as
LOFT-1 / EPRIME infrastructure evolves. Arrowed lines between boxes depict evolutionary, supporting, or synergistic
ABUNDANT NEAR-EARTH EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES SOVIET PHOBOS PAYLOAD MARKET relationships. Double-arrowed lines between boxes are communication / data links. Bold lines are trunk lines
RESOURCE MOON
PHOBOS/
ASTEROIDS* COMETS
ELEMENT
ENCOUNTER EXTENDED OV-105
CONTRACT AWARD
DELTA 2 (MLV-1) with numerous (2 or more) branches stemming from along their length. Boxes with bold outlines are either
DEIMOS NAME long-range (centerline) objectives or key enabling programs important because their development affects the
Al X ALUMINUM MAGELLAN DURATION ORBITER HUBBLE TITAN 3 / 34D development of many other programs. Boxes with double lines are in-space transportation nodes. The ISP is
C X C X CARBON SPACE TELESCOPE
Ca X CALCIUM AND COMMERCIAL SPACE FACILITIES IN-SPACE TITAN 4
chronologically portrayed in ve year time intervals because this is a practical segment of time for planning
and implementation of program objectives. Obviously, the dates shown have an uncertainty which increases
VOYAGER II SPACEHAB
Fe X M IRON
H X C X HYDROGEN
NEPTUNE ARE WESTERN PRECURSORS RESEARCH & STARFIRE / SSI
with time, but the chronology is intended to be consistent. Finally, the large bubbles represent the synergistic
SUBORBITAL ET summation of the individual elements of that period. They are the highest level groups of goals: plateaus of
He3 X HELIUM 3
TO DEVELOPMENT

SMALL PAYLOADS
APPLICATIONS human achievement attainable through a comprehensive execution of the depicted ISP elements.
Mg X MAGNESIUM GALILEO ILV-1 / AMROC
GRO
N
Ni X
X C
M
X NITROGEN
NICKEL
ULYSSES
PERMANENT EDO PV-105
PEGASUS / OSC
DELIVERY
O
Si X
X C X OXYGEN
SILICON (INTERNATIONAL) HUMAN PRESENCE CDSF
MID-SIZE PAYLOAD
MARKET ATLAS 2 (MLV-2)
ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL
Space Transportation Systems Division
Ti
H2O ? X C X
TITANIUM
WATER MARS IN SPACE OV-106 TETHERED JAPANESE H-2 HLC
12214 Lakewood Blvd.
Downey, California 90241
* METALLIC=M OBSERVER EVOLVABLE OMV
1993 CARBONACEOUS=C * THE SOVIET SPACE STATION FREEDOM 1993
CONTRACT AWARD ? SYSTEMS / TSS
ADVANCED SECOND Attn: Ed Repic, Project Manager
Lunar and Planetary Systems
1993
SOURCE SRB / LRB
LEO ET RESOURCE BASE SOLAR SAIL ELV DEPLOYMENT Mail Code AD21 LEGEND
DEMONSTRATION POSSIBLITY * THE SOVIET SPACE STATION MIR ET / ACC MISSION TO PLANET LIGHTSAT CLASS
ELEMENT EARTH - ELEMENT PAYLOAD MARKET ISP Program Element
RESOURCE LBS/TANK & DATA INTEGRATION NASAS SHUTTLE C /
NAME EVOLVABLE OTV Key Enabling Program
CRAF HEO AND SHUTTLE DERIVED

SPACEHAB APPLICATIONS
Al 56,490 (not on the critical path)

ET / ACC APPLICATIONS

SPACE SHUTTLE EVOLUTIONS

HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITY POLAR ORBIT
C 2,760 CISLUNAR FTS
COORBITING LOW
TRANSPORTATION MATURING
Cr 188 CHROMIUM INCLINATION PLATFORMS In-space Transportation Node
STARPROBE ACTIITIES

HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITY

Cu 3,450 COPPER SOLAR ARRAYS AMERICAN NASP / X-30
Fe 415 CENTAUR / SDV AND SHUTTLE AND CREW RETURN VEHICLE US / STATION STRUCTURE (FIRST FLIGHT LATE 94) Plateaus or eras of human
DEEP SPACE CAPABILITY AXAF POLAR ORBITING MPE and technical achievement
H 466
LUNAR OBSERVER OPERATIONS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL
Mg 268 ELV FLEET WASTE DUMP SPACE STATION STATION MODULES SLC-6 VANDENBERG
Supporting, evolutionary or
N 246 2 STAGE LEO-GEO-LEO SIRTF UTILIZATION OBSERVATION
PROJECT PLATFORMS (4 synergistic interrelationship
Ni 200 PROPULSION SYSTEMS STV CAPABILITY SPUR FREE LOGISTICS ELEMENTS
O 1,725 MOMV EUROPEAN ARIANE 5 PLATFORMS DEPLOYED
Si 690
AND LUNAR LANDING
ENTERPRISE MISSION FOR CIT 1994 THRU 1997) Communication or data links
SITE RECON LAUNCH CAPABILITY
Ti 220 INTERPLANETARY MISSION ?
GEO MPE BIOSPHERE PLANET EARTH DOD SPACE STATION
PLANT AND ANIMAL Trunk line (two or more branches)
OBSERVATION ELEMENT / ACTIVITIES
Zn 173 ZINC EXPANSION SPACE HARBORING / VIVARIUM LAB DODS ALS- MANNED POLAR
PLATFORMS DEPLOYED-
1998 LUNAR ROVER /
SAMPLE RETURN
5 DEPLOYED 1996 - 2000 SPACE STATION SERVICING / TENDING &
LEO PROPELLANT DEPOT 1998 FREE FLYING RESEARCH/
MANUFACTURING LABS PARTIALLY CLOSED
NASA / DOD
HEAVY LIFT VEHICLE
ORBITING SPACE
SHUTTLE
Critical Path / Timeline
1998
SOVIET AND CHINESE
ENABLES COMPONENT CELSS
SPACEHAB

MISSIONS ? INDEPENDENT LEO REMOTE TENDED GEO

LAUNCH VEHICLES VARIABLE G THE EUROPEAN
TRANSPORTATION NODE
VEHICLE # TO LEO # TO GEO
CENTAUR HLV OR MLV
MARS
ROVER / SAMPLE
AND FUEL DEPOT ? IN-SPACE DEEP SPACE PLANETARY BIO-MEDICAL
RESEARCH FACILITY
SOLAR DYNAMICS HERMES
ORBITAL PLANE
WESTERN
MISSIONS DEPLOYMENT
ENERGIA 220,000 DEEP SPACE MISSIONS
RETURN MISSIONS COMMERCIAL PROLIFERATION OF MANNED
OTV

SHUTTLE 66,000 MMW FISSION SPACE SHUTTLE

LEO QUARANTINE POWER GENERATION
SL-13
SL-12
43,000
43,000
(PROTON)
(PROTON) SATURN-TITAN
CASSINI MISSION
MANNED SPACE
TRANSFER VEHICLE
ACTIVITY EXTERNAL TANK
DERIVED WORKSHOPS
PASSENGER MODULE ?
REUSABLE SPACECRAFT
SL-16 33,000 COMMERCIAL AND (WET / DRY)

EUROPEAN SPACE STATION

(INTERNATIONAL) DEFENSE SAT LAUNCHES SDI / DOD
SL-4 16,500
* BIOSPHERE RESEARCH ET DERIVED GAMMA POLAR ORBIT * THE NASA NASP
SL-3 13,900 EXTERNAL TANK RAY TELESCOPE LAUNCH PROGRAMS EXTERNAL TANK
SL-14 12,100 MAN TENDED DEPLOYMENT * THE ESA HERMES
SL-11 8,800
MERCURY GEO * IN-SPACE COMMERCE LEO EXTERNAL TANK DERIVED PLATFORMS
* THE NASDA HOPE
ORBITER RESOURCE BASE / AND FACILITIES GRAVITY GRADIENT
SL-6
SL-8
4,600
3,800
AEROBRAKE CAPABILITY
* SOLAR SYSTEM EXPANSION MOMENTUM RESERVOIR STABILIZATION
THE AMERICAN NDV
SSTO OPERATIONAL INCREASED *
*
THE GERMAN SANGER
THE BRITISH HOTOL
LONG MARCH 3
LONG MARCH 4
5,500
8,800
PHOBOS SAMPLE
RETURN MISSION
STRATEGIC
UNMANNED GEO
TETHERED SYSTEMS CAPABILITY
WESTERN
SOLAR POWERED
2003 ELECTRIC PROPULSION
MARS AERONOMY
MAN TENDED GEO
COMM PLATFORMS
RESOURCE BASE COMM AND ERT
PLATFORM TENDING
2003
ON-ORBIT
THE JAPANESE H-II
HOPE HEAVY AND 2003
ASTRONOMY LDF
IN LEO ORBITAL PLANE
MEDIUM LIFT ELV CAPABILITY
MODULE APPLICATIONS
ORBITER
LUNAR ELECTRIC PILOTED LUNAR TRANSFER LUNAR ORBIT
CAPABILITY-
CARGO VEHICLE
SUBSTANTIAL COMNET
RETURN-TO-MOON STAGING / FACILITY THE AMERICAN * MLV-1

TETHERED SATELLITE RESEARCH

INTERNATIONAL SPACEPORT
COMET SAMPLE LUNAR PILOTED VEHICLE (LOS/F) SHUTTLE II
DEPLOYMENT * TITAN 4
RETURN MISSION
PAYOFFS FROM

US MANNED POLAR FLIGHT

UTILIZATION OF EXISTING PRESSURE VESSEL CAPABILITY

DOD LOW INCLINATION CELSS
SPACE STATION THE GERMAN TSTO * MLV-2
NUCLEAR POWERED
ELECTRIC PROPULSION MAINBELT ASTEROID
LUNAR LANDING ELEMENTS-
SPACE INVESTMENT RETURN-TO-MOON SANGER
AEROSPACE PLANE
* H-2 (NASDA)
MULTI-ORBITER / CORE SAMPLE EUROPEAN AUTONOMOUS * SHUTTLE C / SDV
SURFACE EXPLORATION
FLYBY LUNAR PERSONNEL LANDER
AND LUNAR CARGO LANDER
BEGIN TO EMERGE OUTPOST ENABLING COLLECTION AND SPACE STATION OF ANOTHER * ARIANE 5 (ESA)
INDUSTRY / UNIVERSITY ANALYSIS PLANETARY BODY THE BRITISH SSTO
EQUIPMENT EVALUATION * ALS
ET APPLICATIONS
QUARANTINE

MARS NETWORK RESEARCH FACILITIES HOTOL

EARTH-MARS ECV
MISSION AEROSPACE PLANE
GEO CRYOGENIC AND HABITATION AND MOBILE CRANE
EARTH-MARS INJECTION
HYPERGOLIC LEO INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH MODULES LUNAR OUTPOST
VENUS SAMPLE PROPELLANT DEPOT SPACE UNIVERSITY ESTABLISHED UTILITY FLATBED EARTH-TO-ORBIT
CAPABILITY (CHEMICAL) AEROSPACE PLANE JAPANESE POLAR
RETURN MISSION IN-SITU LLOX PILOT
BIPLANETARY COMETARY / ASTEROIDAL PTV FLEET OPERATIONS

HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITY

PRODUCTION UNIT EARTH MOVER ORBITING PLATFORM
2008 CYCLER
LEO RECREATIONAL MATERIALS PROSPECTING
2008
MAN TENDED GEO

2008
EXCURSIONS ROVER ON LUNAR SURFACE
PROPULSION ELEMENT NEAR-EARTH (EARTH-MOON)
SOLAR SAIL
ASTRONOMICAL AND
LUNAR UNIQUE SCIENCE
THE JAPANESE
SSTO ROUTINE
MPV AND MLL
TRANSFER ELEMENTS
ASTEROID EXPLORER
CIVILIZATION VOLUME INTENSIVE
PRESSURIZED HANGER
MMW FISSION /
SOLAR POWER
SOLAR ENERGY FARM /
AUTOMATED COLLECTOR
AEROSPACE PLANE
ACCESS TO
ASSEMBLY CAPABILITY FRACTIONAL G BIO- INTERNATIONAL
MARS CREW SORTIE
OUTER PLANETS
FLYBY / PROBES
COMMERCIAL MANNED
GEO COMMUNICATIONS
ADVANCED LIFE
MEDICAL RESEARCH LAB LUNAR BASE
MANUFACTURING ?
IN-SPACE RESCUE SPACE
VEHICLE EXPANDED LUNAR
PLATFORMS
SUPPORT RESEARCH VIVARIUM OUTPOST INCREASED
SOLAR ELECTRIC
GRID CONSTRUCTION
CAPABILITY
ACHIEVED

IN-SPACE RESCUE
INTEGRATED MARS LUNAR SURFACE
TRANSFER VEHICLE INCREASED CAPACITY MOBILITY MASS-CATCHER
EARTH MOVING, MINING, POLAR ORBIT
POTV LLOX PRODUCTION & * MID-RANGE & LOW-THRUST TUG
AND TUNNELING SPACE STATION * IN-SPACE RESCUE
CRYO STORAGE FACILITY * LONG-RANGE
LEO ASSEMBLY
EVOLVES TO EXPLOIT ENCLOSED ECLS
ATVS / ROVERS
OPERATIONS ORBITAL, L2 OR HIGH LUNAR POLAR ORBIT ? STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY
CAPABILITY
MARTIAN CYCLING LLOX TO LLO LUNAR LEO LUNAR MASS-CATCHER
SPACESHIP PROPELLANT TANKER
ORE EXTRACTION AND INTERNATIONAL MASS-DRIVER - SDI / SPACE STATION
ELEMENT INTEGRATION REGOLITH PROCESSING SPACEPORT MAINTENANCE / ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SHIELDING
Al,Ca,Fe,Mg,Si,Ti,(He3,Ni) EXPANDED SPACE STATION SHOP FACILITY LAUNCHER
* GOVERNMENT
2013 TRANSFER TO L1 EXTRATERRESTRIAL 2013 THIN-FOIL SOLAR DOD EARTH- INDEMNIFICATION 2013
STV SUPPORT

LEO HYDROGEN TO INDIGENOUS RESOURCE

LOSF TRANSFER TO L1 ? LLO / HEO CAPABILITY HABITAT CONSTRUCTION LARGE SCALE CONCENTRATOR PILOT
PLANT (MELT AN ET)
POLAR ORBITING
MANNED FROM INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION
LOSF PROPELLANT LIABILITY CLAIMS
STORAGE DEPOT HEMISPHERICAL EARTH AGRA-COMPLEX INTERLIBRATIONAL
L1
EARTH-MOON RESOURCES FACING COMM COVERAGE MOONPORT
EXPANDED LOSF- LONG-RANGE
STV / UTILITY VEHICLE
CAPABILITY
SECOND
LIBRATION POINT LOCATION ? TRAVERSEABILITY SOLAR POWER
INTERPLANETARY
ARRIVAL-DEPARTURE
HEO MOONPORT / L1
PROPELLANT DEPOT
GREEN HOUSE / FOOD GEOPHYSICAL
STATION NETWORK
SATELLITE PILOT PLANT
2:1 ORBIT ? ECONOMIC AND GENERATION
CELSS

INDUSTRIAL / SSPS PRODUCTION

SPACEPORT
PRODUCTION FACILITIES- AND OUTPOSTS
INDUSTRIAL
2:1 RESONANT ORBIT ? AMORPHOUS CELL AND
SUPPORT STRUCTURE TETHERED SYSTEMS NEAR CLOSED ACTIVITY REUSABLE SPACECRAFT
MANUFACTURING ECLSS SPACE
HEO PROPELLANT DEPOT * NDV / SHUTTLE II
L1 ABSOLUTE
FIBER-OPTIC CABLE DUST BRAKING
COMMERCE IN SPACE * HOTOL DERIVED TRANSPORT
CONTAINMENT FACILITY
HUMAN ACTIVITIES

US MANNED POLAR FLIGHT

MANUFACTURING SELF-SUPPORTING EARTH-MOON CYCLING * JAPANESE SSTO DERIVATIVE
INTERPLANETARY SECURE FIBER-OPTIC
LUNAR BASE TRANSPORTATION
2018 MARTIAN CYCLING
SPACESHIP LAUNCH EXPANSION ACTIVITIES MULTIBASE
COMM NETWORK
FARSIDE
ASTRONOMICAL / 2018
LUNAR TOURISM 2018 SETI ARRAY
He3 EXPORT ? MARKET EMERGES SPACE FACTORIES GOODS AND SERVICES
INTO THE INNER
INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT DEPARTURE

MARS ROVER IN HEO

INITIATE EARTH-MARS MANNED
INTERPLANETARY
PHOBOS ETELOPERATION 2:1 & GEO ? FROM SPACE TO EARTH,
CYCLING SPACESHIP STATION CELSS OUTPOST
TRANSPORTATION SPACEFLIGHT MOON AND SPACE
SYSTEM SOLAR SYSTEM BEGINS DEPLOY COMM
NETWORK LEO HEALTH CARE
ESTABLISHED
SOLAR FURNACE
SOIL PROCESSING
POLAR ORBIT
MANNED SPACE STATION
FACILITIES SPACE COMMERCE SPACE DRIVES CONSTELLATION

BEGINS FUEL FACTORY

2nd EARTH-MARS
CYCLING SPACESHIP /
MARS LANDING GOAL
FIRST MANNED
MARS
LANDING EXPEDITION SURFACE
MARS LANDING-
HUMAN OUTPOST
ESTABLISHED
DEIMOS RECON
AND PROSPECTING
VARIABLE G ANIMAL
RESEARCH FACILITIES
GLOBAL ECONOMY HUMANITY
FIRST CYCLING SPACE-
TRIPLANETARY
(EARTH-MOON-MARS)
MARTIAN
EXPLORATION
REGOLITH
BAGGER
LIBRATION POINT
RESOURCE
INVESTIGATION (L4 & L5)
COMMANDS UNLIMITED
PHOBOS / DEIMOS
INFRASTRUCTURE
2023
SHIP RETURNS TO MARS-
INITIATE MARTIAN
RESOURCE
PROXIMITY
IDV
C,H,O,N
EXTRACTION &
STORAGE
MINING OPERATIONS
COMMENCE MATERIAL RESOURCES 2023
EXPLOITATION ENABLES MDRE CAPABILITY
PROPELLANT
DEPOT
2023
INITIAL
MMW POWER
GENERATOR FROM THE MOON AND
INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT ARRIVAL

ION-DRIVE INITIAL MARS BASE

ENGINE
TECHNOLOGY
INTERSTELLAR
EXPLORATION SATELLITE
TETHER XPORT
ESTABLISHED
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
LOX PRODUCTION
UNIT

HABITATION AND
NEAR-EARTH-ORBIT
ASTEROID / COMET
EXPLOITATION
ASTEROIDS-- DEFINITIONS,
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
LEO SPACE STATION
EMERGENCE OF POLAR REGION RESEARCH MODULES
IDV APPLICATIONS

EXPLORATION
Ad Astra To the Stars (Latin)
ALL TERRAIN MPR ALS Advanced Launch System
MARTIAN
SPACEFARING CIVILIZATION SPACEPORT
EXPANDED PHOBOS
FACILITY
TRANSPORTATION

GEOPHYSICAL /
ENHANCED SSPS-
UNLIMITED AMROC
ATV
AU
American Rocket Company
All Terrain Vehicle
Astronomical Unit- 1 AU = 93,000,000 miles
TAU METEOROLOGICAL
HEDM
CHEMICAL
PROPULSION
1000 A.U.
UNMANNED PROBE
MARS-MAINBELT
MOBILITY
VEHICLE
ADVANCED
LASER
COMM NETWORK MAINBELT ASTEROID
STATIONS

MAINTENANCE /
EARTH ENVIRONMENTAL
PATHFINDER SAFE AXAF
CDSF
CELSS
Cislunar
Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility
Commercially Developed Space Facility
Controlled Ecological Life Support System
The space between the Earth and Moon

2028
EARTH-MARS
EXPLORATION

ATTACH MDRE
2028
SHOP FACILITY
SOLAR CIT
COMM
COMSAT
Circumstellar Imaging Telescope
Communications
Communication Satellite
2028
SOLAR SAIL
ENERGY
CRAF Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby
XPORT SYSTEM OPERATIONAL DOD Department of Defense
MAINBELT MARS ECLSS Environmental Control and Life Support System
INITIATE EARTH-VENUS ASTEROID BASE MAINBELT ASTEROID
SOLAR ECO Ecological
ORBIT CHANGE /
CYCLING SPACESHIP
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
FIRST MANNED
VENUS
FLYBY
VENUS ORBITING
COMSATS
DEPLOYED
ORBIT CHANGE

LOX PRODUCTION
AND CRYO
CLOSED-LOOP
EXPLOITATION CONCENTRATOR
FACILITY FOR ECV
EDO
ELV
Electric Cargo Vehicle (OEXP)
Extended Duration Orbiter
Expendable Launch Vehicle
LIFE SUPPORT EMU Extravehicular Mobility Units
STORAGE FACILITY
LARGE PRESSURIZED
SPACE SETTLEMENT EARTH ? ERT Earth Resources Technology

ANTIMATTER-ENRICHED
PROPELLENT
HUMANITY VENUS
EXPLORATION,
ANALYSIS AND
CARBON
MONOXIDE FUEL
ASSEMBLY VOLUMES ESTABLISHMENT
ESA
ET
ET/ACC
ETO
European Space Agency
External Tank
External Tank / Aft Cargo Carrier
Earth-To-Orbit
PROPULSION GREEN HOUSE /
TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTION AND FOOD PRODUCTION FTS Flight Telerobotic Servicer
STORAGE L4 / L5 G Gravity
EARTH-VENUS ACTIVITIES Gaia Earths self-sustaining biosphere
MEDICAL INITIATE EARTH-MOON
SOLAR SAIL CARGO GEO Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit
2033 BEGINS XPORT SYSTEM
EXTENDED
EXPLORATION 2033
FACILITY

INDIGENOUS
LIBRATION POINT
HABITAT
CONSTRUCTION
GPS
GRO
HEDM
Global Positioning Satellite
Gamma Ray Observatory
High Energy-Density Matter
2033
ADVANCED RESOURCE
HEO High-Earth-Orbit
TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION
GLOBAL HLC Heavy Lift Capability
VENUS ORBITING HLV Heavy Lift Vehicle
TRANSPORTATION EXPANDING HEO
SPACE STATION HOTOL Horizontal Take-off and Landing
INDUSTRIAL
THE TRANSITION VENUS ORBITING
CAPABILITY
MULTIPLE
SCIENTIFIC
OUTPOSTS
CAPABILITY IDV
ILV
In-situ
Interlibrational Derived Vehicle
Industrial Launch Vehicle
In place (Latin)
VENUS PROXIMITY
SOLAR POWER IUS Inertial Upper Stage
IDV
STATION IUV Interlibrational Utility Vehicle

SELF-SUPPORTING GAIA L1
L2
Lagrange Point # 1 35,000 Miles Above Moon
Lagrange Point # 2 40,000 Miles Behind Moon

HUMAN OUTER
SOLAR SYSTEM
FROM A DIVERSION OF
ASTEROIDAL MATERIAL
MARS
BASE
DIVERSION OF
ASTEROIDAL MATERIAL
TO POLAR ORBIT
L4
L5
LBS
Lagrange Point # 4 240,000 Mile Earth Orbit
Lagrange Point # 5 240,000 Mile Earth Orbit
Pounds
EXPLORATION BEGINS- POLAR ORBITING LCL Lunar Cargo Lander (OEXP)
PROPELLANT TO VENUS RESOURCE
JUPITER AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL LDF Large Deployable Reector
DEPOT EXTRACTION OBSERVATION
2038
JOVIAN SATELLITES
2038
PLATFORMS
PROLIFERATES METALLIC ASTEROID
LEO
LLO
Low-Earth-Orbit
Low-Lunar-Orbit 2038
TERRESTRIAL BALLOONBORNE
RECONFIGURATION-
PLANETOID FORMING
LLOX
LOFT
Lunar Liquid Oxygen
Launch Operations Flight Test
INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT DEPARTURE

LOSF Lunar Orbit Staging Facility

ATMOSPHERIC
RESEARCH * EARTHS BIOSPHERE LOX Liquid Oxygen
LPL Lunar Personnel Lander (OEXP)
IS REPLICATED IN LPT Lunar Propellant Tanker (OEXP)
LPV Lunar Piloted Vehicle (OEXP)
LARGE SCALE
TO A SOLAR VENUS ORBITING
ADVANCED COMM
NETWORK
CREATE NEW
MOONS FOR MARS
IF REQUIRED
DARK SURFACE
SOIL OR GIANT
SOLAR REFLECTOR
HUMAN OCCUPATION
AND SETTLEMENT
VOLUMINOUS SPACE
SETTLEMENTS POLAR ORBITING
LRB
MCSV
MDRE
Liquid Rocket Booster
Mars Crew Sortie Vehicle (OEXP)
Mass Driver Reaction Engine
EMPLACEMENT SOLAR CONCENTRATOR Mir Peace (Russian)
OF SPACE
FUSION FACILITY MLL Mars Logistics Lander (OEXP)
PROPULSION BEGINS MLV Medium Lift Vehicle
RELOCATE DEIMOS INITIATE MARTIAN MMU Manned Maneuvering Unit
TO MARS TERRAFORMING
SPECIES ORBITING
ENVIRONMENTAL
OBSERVATION
SYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT
OPERATIONS
MMW
MOMV
MOTV
Multi-mega Watt
Manned Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle
Manned Orbital Transfer Vehicle
PLATFORMS MPE Mission To Planet Earth

2043 MARTIAN ORBITING

SKYHOOK
2043
L4 / L5
MPR
MPV
Mars Pressurized Rover
Mars Piloted Vehicle (OEXP) 2043
EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCE UTILIZATION

INITIATE NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

COMPLEX
INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT ARRIVAL

ISLAND ONE NASDA National Space Development Agency of Japan

LIBRATION POINT SSPS NASP National Aerospace Plane
HABITATION PLANT PRODUCTION NDV NASP Derived Vehicle
ANTIMATTER PROPULSION

NSTS National Space Transportation System

OEXP NASA Ofce of Exploration
OMV Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle
UNMANNED OSC Orbital Sciences Corporation
SCIENTIFIC OTV Orbital Transfer Vehicle
SURFACE STATIONS OV Orbiter Vehicle
POLAR ORBITING PAM Payload Assist Module
INTERSTELLAR
PRECURSORS RADIATION HARDENED POTV Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle
HABITATS PTV Passenger Transport Vehicle
GROWING L4 / L5 RECON Reconnaissance
INDUSTRIAL
HUMAN EXPLORATION
OF SATURNIAN
SATELLITES AND RING INITIAL ROTATING
SKYHOOK
CAPABILITY
HUMAN RMS
SAT
SDI
SDV
Remote Manipulator System
Satellite
Strategic Defense Initiative
Shuttle Derived Vehicle
SYSTEM UNMANNED
2050 SURFACE
ROVERS
EXPERIMENTATION 2050
L4 / L5
ISLAND TWO
SETI
SIRTF
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Space Infrared Telescope Facility
2050
Skyhook Surface to space elevator transportation system

EXPANSION
SMALL MARTIAN SL Space Launch
INITIATE SETTLEMENTS SLC Space Launch Complex
L4 / L5
ROTATION PROLIFERATE SPS Solar Power Satellite
MULTIPLE
PROGRAM GIANT PARASOL SRB Solid Rocket Booster
NUCLEAR-PULSED SETTLEMENT
EMPLACEMENT OR EXPANDING L4 / L5 SSI Space Services Incorporated
PROPULSION CONSTRUCTION
INITIATE ATMOSPHERIC INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY SSPS Satellite Solar Power Station
(ORION CONCEPT)
MICROBIOLOGICAL SSTO Single-Stage-To-Orbit
STV Space Transfer Vehicle

VENUS
ENGINEERING PROCESS

EMERGENCE OF HOMO SAPIENS

INTO THE TAU
TBD
TDRS
Thousand Astronomical Unit
To Be Determined
Tracking Data Relay Satellite
TERRAFORMING
OPERATIONS AS AN INTRAGALACTIC SPECIES TOS Transfer Orbit Stage
HUMAN OUTER PROPULSION TSS Tethered Satellite System
SOLAR SYSTEM GRAND SYSTEM INTEGRATION TSTO Two-Stage-To-Orbit
TOUR- URANUS / US United States

2100
NEPTUNE / PLUTO

2100
INDEPENDENT
SPACEFARING
COSMOS Vivarium
XFER
XPORT
Plant and animal research laboratory
Transfer
Transport 2100
HUMAN
COMMUNITIES TEN BEST CANDIDATE STARS
EARTH SKYHOOK FOR INTERSTELLAR EXPLORATION
PRECURSORS
BEGINS STAR DISTANCE VISUAL LUMINOSITY SPECTRAL
LIGHT-YEARS MAGNITUDE (SUN=1.0) TYPE
STATIONARY Tau Ceti 11.8 3.5 .4 G8
HUMAN Special Thanks to Paul Turner D/299-308 82 Eridani 20.3 4.3 .7 G5
MARTIAN INTERSTELLAR Jonathan V. Post D/282/200 and J. David Ray D/286-201
INTERSTELLAR SKYHOOK Zeta Tucanae 23.3 4.2 .9 G2
TRAVEL TRAVERSING Very Special Thanks to Robert A. Weaver D/286-001, 107 Piscium 24.3 5.2 .4 K1
LARGE SCALE WORLD SHIPS William S. Trueman D/286-204, Ernest L. Freddolino D/282-100, Alpha Mensae 28.3 5.1 .6 G5
HUMAN HABITATION Edward M. Repic D/385-400, Sherry D. Lowrey McDonnell Douglas, 54 Piscium 34.0 5.9 .4 K0
OF MARS Charles L. Stone D/282-200, Richard A. Robitaille D/286-500, Zeta 1 Reticuli 37.0 5.5 .7 G2
the entire 286-204 Data Engineering Team, Zeta 2 Reticuli 37.0 5.2 .9 G2
the entire Lunar and Planetary Missions Analysis Team and Gliese 86 37.0 6.1 .4 K0
R. Fred Pfost who said Do it. Gliese 67 38.0 5.0 1.2 G2
AD ASTRA AD ASTRA

REDRAWN BY NICOLAS LEE