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Generator Grid Connection Guide V2: An Introduction To Power Systems and The Connection Process
Generator Grid Connection Guide V2: An Introduction To Power Systems and The Connection Process
G E N E R ATO R G R I D C O N N E CT I O N G U I D E V 2
AN INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEMS
AND THE CONNECTION PROCESS
DISCLAIMER
Copyright Notice
4.4 Substations 17
4.4.1 What are substations for? 17
4.4.2 Substation equipment 17
4.4.2.1 Transformer 17
4.4.2.2 Circuit breaker 18
4.4.2.3 Bus 18
4.4.2.4 Disconnector 18
4.4.2.5 Earth switch 18
4.4.2.6 Instrument transformer 19
4.4.2.7 Surge arrestors 19
4.4.2.8 Reactive power support 19
4.4.2.9 Earthing 20
4.4.2.10 Relay room 20
4.4.3 Substation configurations 20
4.4.3.1 Single busbar (Single breaker per circuit) 21
4.4.3.2 Mesh 21
4.4.3.3 Double busbar 21
4.4.3.4 Breaker and a half (1.5 circuit breaker) 21
5 Faults 22
5.1.1 Types of faults 22
5.1.2 Stages of a fault 23
5.1.3 Factors influencing fault currents 23
5.1.4 Fault ratings 23
6 Earthing 24
6.1 Introduction 24
6.1.1 What is earthing? 24
6.1.2 Why is it required? 24
6.2 Earthing 24
6.2.1 Transformer and generator earthing 24
6.3 Lightning protection 26
6.4 Surge protection 26
7 Protection 27
7.1 What is protection? 27
7.2 Why is protection required? 27
7.2.1 System stability 27
7.2.2 Voltage stability 28
7.2.3 Security of supply 28
7.3 Generator protection principles 28
7.3.1 Overcurrent protection 28
7.3.2 Overvoltage protection 28
7.3.3 Low forward power/reverse power protection 28
7.3.4 Unbalanced loading 29
7.4 Protection equipment 29
7.4.1 Fuse 29
7.4.2 Circuit breaker 29
7.4.3 Relay 29
8 Operation 30
8.1 Synchronising equipment 30
8.2 Modes of generator operation 30
8.2.1 Frequency control 31
8.2.2 Voltage control 31
8.2.3 Power factor control 31
8.2.4 Islanded operation 31
9 Generation/load balance 32
9.1 Swinging generators 32
9.2 Dispatch of generators 32
9.3 Reserve generation 32
10 Governance of power systems 33
10.1 Explanation of relevant legislation and codes 33
10.2 Differences between Eastern and Western Australia 35
11 Grid connection process 36
11.1 Costs to connect 37
11.2 Self evaluations connection checklist 37
12 Planning studies 38
12.1 Required technical information 38
12.2 Importance of accurate data 38
12.3 Generator modelling requirements 38
12.3.1 Main Simulation Types 39
12.3.2 Additional simulation types 41
12.3.3 Application of studies with respect to the Technical Rules 41
13 List of Abbreviations 42
14 Glossary 43
Transmission Industrial/commercial
line customers
Power Step-up Transmission Domestic
station transformer line customers
&terminal
substation Terminal
substation Substation
Independent
power
producer
Lowvoltageundergroundcables Padmounted
6.6kV,11kV,22kV&33kV transformer
There are two main types of generator in common 2.2.2 INDUCTION MACHINES
use in power systems: synchronous generators
Induction machines are not speed-locked to the
and induction generators. Most generators
system frequency, although in normal operation
are synchronous generators. Electric motors
they operate within a small speed range. Their
are available in corresponding forms; however,
chief advantage is that they are mechanically
synchronous motors are rare and used only in
simpler, and cheaper to manufacture. However,
special applications.
they have adverse effects on power system
2.2.1 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES performance (compared with synchronous
machines or other types of load). Two common
A synchronous machine, as indicated by its name, induction machines are the squirrel cage and the
requires the rotor to spin at a fixed speed relative Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG).
to the frequency of the power system. The rotor
spinning frequency can be equal to that of the
An inverter is an electronic device that can be The quality of power available through a power
used to connect generators to the network. The system not only depends on having an adequate
inverter outputs an alternating current (AC), from amount of generation present, with a suitable
a direct current (DC) input or from an input that reserve margin, but also the type of energy source
is oscillating at a different frequency to the power used for the generation. It is important to model
system. This allows a source that produces DC the physical control of the energy source when
(such as a photovoltaic system) to be connected considering the effect the generator will have on
to the power system (which uses AC). system stability. In some cases the design of a
generating unit can be tailored to suit the stability
An inverter can also enable a synchronous characteristics required on the system.
machine to be operated at variable speed.
Compared with a DFIG, a mechanically simpler 2.3.1 THERMAL TURBINES
arrangement can be used (by avoiding the use of
high power slip-rings) so long as the inverter does The energy source for thermal generation can be
not have a smaller rating than the main fuels (such as coal, gas, biomass, or any material
machine output. that can be burnt to produce heat energy) or
other heat sources (such as nuclear, geothermal,
Inverters can provide excellent voltage control, or solar-thermal energy). The energy produced
even when the energy source is unavailable. is captured and converted by steam, gas or
combination turbines.
2.3.5 WATER
S generation converts potential energyI into
Hydro
I
electrical energy using a water turbine connected
by a shaft to the generating unit. The turbine can
be designed for generation with differing levels of
waterhead. The responsiveness of the generating
S
unit to change power output varies significantly
with the design of the turbine and penstock unit.
Compared with thermal generation, hydro
Trans Bus 2 POS 1 Sub Trans 1
generation is generally quicker to respond to small
load fluctuations and can come online
much faster.
Central 1
Metro 220 Metro 33
I
I
S
I
I
I
Harbour 1
Works 1
I I
Power Hs 1
Sy Sy
The power system needs to run in a stable state and be able to deliver power to
consumers at an acceptable quality. All connected equipment must operate in
the desired manner.
The correct operation of a network requires the Nominal voltage can also be referred to as 1 per
voltage to stay within an operational range, which unit (pu) or 100 per cent (of nominal voltage).
all electrical equipment is designed to handle. When a point at the grid is operating at 1.05
Broadly, the essential qualities are: pu or 105 per cent, this means that the voltage
measured at that point is 5 per cent higher than
sinusoidal waveform, with a low level of
the nominal voltage.
disturbances (from motor starting, harmonics etc.)
The voltage varies on a power system depending
a constant power system frequency of 50 Hz.
on the size and location of loading, and the route
At times of heavy loading on the power system, the power has to travel from generation to load.
the current flowing through any piece of
Normally, if the voltage at any point on a network
equipment should not be above its design rated
rises above 110 per cent or drops below 90
level. During a fault all equipment must be able to
per cent, the quality of power delivered is
handle the current.
unacceptable as it may cause damage to
The impedance of generators, transformers, and connected equipment.
transmission circuits should be low enough to
Closer to the power consumer, the range of
allow power to flow to where it is required without
acceptable voltage variation during normal
excessive voltage drop from generation to load.
operation decreases to plus or minus 6 per cent.
The impedance should be sufficient to ensure that
the fault current on any one piece of equipment Transformers play a vital role in voltage regulation
will not be excessive. by changing their voltage conversion ratio (called
tap changing) depending on loading conditions
A new generator has the responsibility to ensure
of the system to keep the system within voltage
that they can output power across their full
limits. However, transformers take time to change
output range, while meeting the power quality
taps, and are not able to smooth out surges and
requirements of the Technical Rules.
other short-term voltage variation.
3.1 VOLTAGE
The voltage at which the grid is designed to
operate is referred to as nominal voltage.
In road networks, a range of designs are used In the suburbs, lanes are even narrower and stop
depending on the circumstances. Freeways allow signs are common.
many cars to travel at once, with many lanes (so
Power systems have similar characteristics.
that travel is still possible even if a lane is closed
A useful distinction is between transmission and
due to an accident or maintenance), and with no
distribution subsystems. Typical characteristics
interruption from traffic controls. Smaller regional
are as follows:
roads that feed into and out of the freeways have
traffic lights and lower carrying capacities.
Voltage level Extremely high (66,000 Volts up to High (33,000 Volts) and low
330,000 Volts or more) (415 Volts and 240 Volts)
electrical form. S I
High voltage is used in distribution to allow bulk I
power to be distributed moderate distances with
relatively little voltage drop. Distribution voltages Plant Feeders
allow economic plant configurations to be Total Demand: xMW
S
deployed over a wide area where a large number
of equipment items need to be utilised.
A relatively higher level of losses is tolerated to
save on capital cost. Trans Bus 2 POS 1 Sub Trans 1
Bus 2
823 813
825 815
B BUS
BDP81 MRR81
824 814
4.3 LINES
4.3.2 CABLE
A cable surrounds each electrical conductor with
an insulating material and a grounded conductive
screen. This allows the cable to be installed in
buildings or directly in the ground without the
conductor short-circuiting.
better system stability, i.e. two networks that Transformers allow the voltage level of a network
are not synchronised or do not have the same to be increased to transfer large amounts of power
frequency can be connected. over long distances, and then bring the voltage
level back down to a level useable by consumers.
4.4 SUBSTATIONS
Transformers serve two purposes: they can
transfer power across two systems of different
4.4.1 WHAT ARE SUBSTATIONS FOR?
voltages; and/or they can provide electrical
A substation is a point on the power system that isolation between electrical systems.
connects multiple circuits and may also change
A two-winding transformer can connect a
the voltage to more useable levels. The common
network of one voltage level to the primary
uses for a substation are:
winding, and one network to the secondary
connection of a generator to a transmission winding. Transformers commonly contain all three
network by means of a step-up transformer; phases in the same enclosure, so there are three
connection of a customer network by means of primary windings (one for each phase), and three
a step-down transformer; secondary windings.
the ability to share power between multiple The ratio between the number of turns on the
electrical circuits; primary and secondary windings determines the
voltage conversion ratio.
SINGLE BUSBAR
Bus 2
Bus 1
822 812
4.4.3.4 BREAKER
T2 AND A T1
HALF Bus 2
(1.5 CIRCUIT BREAKER) A BUS
4.4.3.2 MESH A breaker and a half 821
configuration811uses three
A substation with a mesh configuration has the circuit breakers to connect two circuits (or 1.5
same number of circuit breakers as the number circuit breakers per circuit).
823 This arrangement
813
of circuits. The scheme offers better features offers the benefits of a double busbar
and facilities than the single busbar without a bus arrangement, as well 825 as offering an
815
increased level
section breaker. However, it cannot easily be of security. The breaker and a half arrangement
B BUS
has the ability822 Bus 1
812 to switch between
for each circuit
expanded in the event that additional circuits are T2
BDP81 T1
MRR81
required unless the initial design has been made busbars without 824an outage.814Supply is Bus
maintained
1
A BUS
suitable for future expansion. A mesh substation for a single busbar outage. Some level of supply
821
is usually limited to six circuits. is also maintained for the outage811of bothBus
busbars
2
depending upon the arrangement of the circuits.
Bus 2
FOUR SWITCH MESH CONFIGURATION 823 813
This configuration provides the same level of
reliability as the double busbar, double breaker
825 815
arrangement, with fewer circuit breakers.
B BUS
BREAKER ANDBDP81
A HALF MRR81
824 814
822 812
T2 T1
822 812
T2 T1 A BUS
821 811 A BUS
821 811
823 813
823 813
825 815
atmospheric conditions, such as lightning, wind etc. An unbalanced fault describes any fault that
causes fault current to flow unevenly in the
pollution forming a current leakage path across three phases of the faulted circuit. The most
exposed insulators common kind of unbalanced fault is a single-
vermin phase to ground fault. This is especially true on
transmission lines, where the likelihood of short-
equipment failure circuiting between two phases is low due to a
human error (incorrect switching) large separation between phases.
THE FOLLOWING TABLE SUMMARISES COMMON EARTHING SYSTEMS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES:
Solid Earthing Transmission High fault currents. Severe collapse Plenty of fault current for
(no specific systems Typically higher than of faulted phase discriminative relaying. Can
earthing Distribution phase fault currents. voltage. be too much causing relay
impedance systems Potential for much rating problems.
added) damage.
System High Transmission Kept small. (around Unfaulted phase Insufficient current may be
Impedance system. or even below load voltage goes available for discriminative
Earthing. current) to line to line earth fault protection.
Typically voltage above Some applications of
30-36 ohms earth potential. directional earth fault
used on WPC Voltage transients protection available.
metropolitan minimised.
transmission
systems
Generator High Generator earthing Kept small. Typically Unfaulted phase Insufficient current usually
Impedance where individual 5 to 15 Amps to limit voltage goes available for discriminative
Earthing generator damage. to line to line earth fault protection.
transformers are voltage above Some applications of
available. Also earth potential. directional earth fault
generation bus Voltage transients protection available.
earthing. minimised.
Ungrounded Very small and Current limited by Voltages Specialised protection and
Systems limited local system capacitance uncontrolled and current transformers are
systems. to less than five can reach high required.
amps. values in adverse
conditions.
THE FOLLOWING TABLE SUMMARISES THE PRIMARY EQUIPMENT USED TO ACHIEVE EACH TYPE OF
EARTHING ARRANGEMENT AS USED ON THE SWIS.
Substation Solid earthing Dy supply transformers with high voltage delta and low voltage
earthing star winding and low voltage neutral connected solidly to an earth
electrode. Three-phase transformers are used.
Substation High and low A Yd transformer is commonly used together with an low voltage
earthing impedance earthing earthing transformer. The high voltage neutral solidly connected to
earth to provide solid earthing for the transmission system. The low
voltage delta is taken to a zigzag earthing transformer of suitable
impedance with its neutral solidly grounded to provide the earth
reference.
Generator High impedance Commonly, generator or transformer neutrals are high resistance
earthing earthing earthed through a single-phase distribution transformer primary
winding which is rated to the system voltage. The secondary low
voltage winding has as resistor connected across its terminals and
this controls the current through the transformer, and hence the
primary neutral.
7.4.1 FUSE
A fuse offers a compact solution for the protection
of parts of a circuit; however, once a fuse is blown,
the circuit must be switched off to install a new
fuse. Fuses are of significant value when limiting
the scale of faults on distribution networks which
are spread over significant geographical area.
7.4.3 RELAY
Relays detect the presence of faults and initiate
circuit breaker operation.
The Office of Energy governs, and administers the legal framework for, the
operation of the power system in Western Australia, on behalf of the
State Government.
The Economic Regulation Authority (ERA) arrangements, including charges that apply to
administers the economic regulation of the power electricity generators and retailers accessing
system . The ERA is also responsible for Gas, Rail Western Powers electricity network within the
and Water networks. Economic regulation allows SWIS. Initially, only the SWIS is covered under
for the Independent Market Operator (IMO) to the Access Code, but there is potential for other
manage the wholesale energy market, according networks to be covered. Refer to:
to the Market Rules written and agreed to by
www.slp.wa.gov.au/gazette/gazette.nsf/gazlist/
the ERA.
2C360789573C223148256F5C0010ED84/$file/
Technical Rules have been written by Western gg205.pdf
Power to ensure the satisfactory operation of
Technical Rules (Western Power). The Technical
the power system and have been agreed to by
Rules promote the economically efficient, safe and
the ERA. These rules ensure the operation of
reliable production and supply of electricity and
the power system reflects the interests of all
electricity related services in the SWIS. These
stakeholders.
rules are written by Western Power and approved
by the ERA. Refer to:
10.1 EXPLANATION OF RELEVANT
LEGISLATION AND CODES www.westernpower.com.au/aboutus/
accessArrangement/Technical_Rules.html
Electricity Industry Act 2004 (Office of Energy).
This legislation gives responsibility for the Wholesale Electricity Market Design
economic administration of the power system to Summary (IMO). This document outlines the
the ERA. Provision is also made for the formation structure of the wholesale electricity market, and
of the Electricity Networks Access Code. Refer to: gives a general overview of the Market Rules.
Refer to:
www.ncc.gov.au/images/uploads/
CEElWAAp-003.pdf www.imowa.com.au/f214,89527/ShortBrochure.pdf
Electricity Networks Access Code 2004
(ERA). This code outlines commercial
The formal connection process involves The project may be at a preliminary stage of
participation in a queue of applications (to enable assessment and require only an indication of
first-come, first-served access to unused capacity feasibility, rather than reservation of a place in
in the network) and culminates in a legally binding the queue followed by a connection offer.
Connection Offer. Particularly for large generators
The project may be at a preliminary funding
(or generators that are large relative to the network
stage and not yet ready to commit the funds
strength at the proposed connection point) it
required for preparation of an access offer.
requires significant technical and economic
studies to be carried out, using information The engineering design of the project (including
specific to the design of the individual generator to selection of a particular manufacturer and model
be connected. of generator) may not yet be finalised and so
engineering data cannot yet be provided.
The formal application process to connect to the
Western Power network and its indicative timeline The Connection Application form is a spreadsheet
are available at: requiring general and technical data. The
Connection Application forms for transmission
www.westernpower.com.au/documents/
connections and distribution connections are
infoPacks/ConnectionGenerators.pdf
available at:
The informal preliminary study (that is, without
www.westernpower.com.au/mainContent/
queue reservation and processing of an access
connectionsUpgrades/newConnections/
offer) may be more appropriate when generator
Generators.html
proponents are unable or unwilling to commit to
the full connection process. For instance:
ERA license processing fee. This fee is 2. Deep network reinforcements The
payable to license the generation facility with addition of a new generator to the system may
the ERA. An ERA license is not required for also cause operational limits to be exceeded at
generators below 30 MW. distant points on the transmission network. In
this case the system will require deep network
IMO registration fees. One fee is payable reinforcements to ensure the network can
to register as a market generator with the IMO. transfer the generator power output to the
This fee covers the administration cost of the load. The deep reinforcements could be new
admission of the generation company to the transformers, static var compensators (SVCs),
Wholesale Electricity Market. An additional capacitor banks and lines that are remote from
fee is payable for each new generation facility the new generator.
registered with the IMO. Registration with IMO is
not required for generators under 10 MW. Western Power Connection Costs. These are
charges to use the system on an ongoing basis.
Western Power Lodgement fee. Refer to the
price list (as defined in the Electricity Network 11.2 SELF EVALUATIONS
Access Code 2004) in the access arrangement. CONNECTION CHECKLIST
Western Power Processing Costs. Western The following checklist should be completed
Power charges a cost for planning studies before approaching Western Power for access to
to ensure a new generation facility meets the the SWIS.
Technical Rules for connection to the SWIS.
1. The requirements for connection of generation
This involves modelling the network with the
outlined in sections 3.2 and 3.3 of the Technical
new generator connected to check system
Rules should be read, understood and
performance. Western Power will estimate
incorporated into the generation design.
a processing cost based on information
contained in the application for access before 2. The application to Western Power for
any modelling is carried out. Refer to the next connection should include the following
section for more information on planning studies. information:
Capital Contribution towards grid upgrades a) generator technical data and modelling
(if required). If the system performance limits information (most of this data is obtainable
are not met over the full range of generation, from the generator manufacturer);
Western Power will suggest a grid upgrade
b) provision of a single line diagram(s) showing
solution. The generator will be required to
generators, the generator switchboard,
contribute towards the cost of any required
loads powered by local supply, transformer
upgrades in accordance with the Capital
information etc;
Contributions Policy which is available at:
c) details of the protection design (type
www.westernpower.com.au/documents/ of protection used, as well as protection
aboutus/accessarrangement/preReform/AA_-_ configuration), outlining compliance with
Appendix_3_-_Capital_Contributions_Policy.pdf generators tolerance to acceptable variations
in power quality;
Western Power will then assure that the
d) the requested services start date and
generator will be able to produce power over
requested services end date, for works and
its entire range without any future capital
investment in the grid. e) the capacity requested for power transfer
into the grid.
Capital contribution costs can be broken up into The technical data must be completed in the
two categories: Connection Application form.
1. Shallow network reinforcements
Grid upgrades required at or near the point
12.1 REQUIRED TECHNICAL INFORMATION Each power quality issue identified in section 3 can
Western Power requires technical information pose a problem to the power system if inadequate
about the generating unit to be installed, or inaccurate data is provided for studies.
fuel source to be used, and various design The results of the generator modelling studies are
characteristics that determine the response of the used to fine-tune protection and control systems
generator to system changes. Western Power so that the system will perform correctly during
then runs system impact studies, which assess normal operating conditions, and will recover
the performance of the generator with respect quickly from faults.
to the operating ranges outlined in the Technical
Inaccurate generator data can lead to the control
Rules. More information on the studies performed
systems being inappropriately tuned. This can
by Western Power is given in section 12.3.1.
cause the system to oscillate under normal
12.2 IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE DATA operating conditions and the system can take
longer to recover after faults have occurred.
In order to obtain realistic results from simulation
studies, accurate data must be used. In general,
this will require the details of the proposed design
DATA WHICH HAVE A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE
to be finalised before studies can begin. The STABILITY OF THE GENERATOR ARE AS FOLLOWS:
generator type (manufacturer and model) and, in
> Inertia of the prime mover and generator;
many cases, details of particular control systems
(manufacturer and model for excitation and > Time constants of the fuel delivery system;
governor systems) are key inputs to the studies > Governor/exciter time constants; and
and accurate data is required.
> Overall response time of the generator to
Studies use data specific to the individual type changes on the power system.
of machine being proposed for installation. This
includes measured type test data, and physical
models based on the details of the particular
installation and its controls. This test data must
be based on or measured from the performance
of real machines so that a definitive answer can
be obtained from the studies. Study results can
differ significantly even for machines of the same
general type, as they depend on the details of the
individual equipment.
Load flow Load flow analysis checks Over/under voltages Single Line Diagram showing major
that a generator can produce transformers, bus names, voltage
Overloading
any level of power during any levels, lines/cables/other electrical
feasible loading condition Adequate active and equipment and point of connection
placed on the power system, reactive power reserves to transmission system, as well as
without being constrained local network.
Operational constraints/
by the operating limits of the
precautions required. Resistance and reactance data
power system.
for all major equipment in the
modelled network. This includes
Contingency events such as
line lengths.
the planned or unplanned
outage of major electrical Size of generator(s) and
equipment are studied operating limits.
comprehensively to check
Rated current, voltage range of
what generation operating
existing and proposed electrical
constraints will apply during
equipment.
the contingency.
Load size in active and reactive
power.
Short circuit Short-circuit analysis serves Fault rating of Complete set of load flow data
the following purposes: connected equipment
Zero sequence impedance for all
Allowing the current trigger exceeded.
equipment (necessary for earth
level of protection relays to be
faults)
accurately set.
Generation and load sub-
Ensuring electrical
transient reactance values.
equipment is adequately
rated to handle fault current. Earthing details for transformers,
generators and other
Providing information
miscellaneous electrical
required to design the
equipment.
earthing system.
Stability Stability studies look at how Insufficient time to clear Complete set of data including:
studies a power system operates a fault. Load Flow and Fault Level Data
during disturbances. A
Frequent interruptions to Generation and load sub-
common objective is to see
power transfer caused transient reactance values
how long a protection device
by unplanned generator/ and time constants and other
can take to clear a fault before
equipment outage. modelling parameters.
the generator (and possibly
the surrounding power Unwanted or poorly Mechanical constants and
system) becomes unstable. damped. Power physical properties for the
transfer fluctuations and generator and loads
Stability studies also aid in oscillations arising from
Block diagram outlining the logic
fine-tuning the generation control system conflicts.
used to control the generators
control systems that manage
Excessive frequency real and reactive power output
power transfer.
variations.
A model of the generator and
Insufficient voltage control scheme suitable for
recovery after transient operating on Western Powers
events. analysis program.
TABLE 2: RELEVANT SECTIONS OF THE TECHNICAL RULES FOR DIFFERENT STUDY TYPES.
AC Alternating current
DC Direct current
kW Real power
MW Megawatt electrical
PV Photovoltaic
Faults Breakdown of insulation causing current to flow between phases or from phases
to earth
Power quality Measure of the degree to which the shape of the voltage wave matches the
ideal.
Prime mover Driver for a generator such as a diesel engine, or a steam, wind, or water (hydro)
turbine.
Protection Devices used to detect network faults and initiate isolation of the faulted
equipment.
Reactive power The type of power that flows in capacitors and inductors and is used to control
voltage in the network.
Step-up/step- A transformer used to raise/lower voltage as measured from source to load side.
down transformer
Synchronising A relay that provides signals to a generator so that the generators speed, phase
relays angle and voltage match the network prior to closing the generator circuit
breaker.
Tap changers A device used to change the ratio of a transformer and hence assist with the
control of voltage.
Technical Rules Technical Rules written by Western Power and agreed to by the ERA to promote
the economically efficient, safe and reliable production and supply of electricity
and electricity related services in the SWIS.