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 TIPS TO BI O-BOTA NY TEA CHER S

If the students concentrate more on the units1 , 2 & 5 they can score
69 /75 marks.
As most of the 5 and 10 marks questions of the above 3 units are already
existed in practical syllabus.It is very easy to prepare the above 3 units for
theory exam to score maximum marks .
Remaining 6 marks out of 69/75 can be easily achieved by studying the
frequently asked one mark questions of the chapters 3,4 & 6 .
As8 to 13 marksweightage may be given to diagrammatic questions, it is
necessary to give importance to the frequently asked diagrammatic
questions.
If students completely go through this materials they can score maximum
marks.
For the3 marks questions like Define, What is, the students must quote
the examples, then only they can be awarded the full marks.
For5 and 10 marks questions students must draw the diagram and label the
parts where ever necessary, then only they can be awarded full marks.
For flowchart questions from plant physiology chapter, the students must
write the definitions along with flowchart to score full marks.
It is necessary to note that the compulsory 5 marks question mostly asked
from the 1st unit Taxonomy of Angiosperms.
To score high marks more importance should be given to the 3 and 5 marks
differentiate questions from the units 1,2,3 and 5.
As in Bio-Botany most of the questions were asked from the book back
questionnaire, it is necessary to concentrate more on this.
Experimental questions given in the 5th unit PLANT PHYSIOLOGY to be
read as it is in the practical book.
BIO BOTANY to be completed within 85 minutes. Last 5 minutes to be
utilized for checking all the answers.

1
 BLUE PRINT
BIO BOTANY
Marks
S. no Units Total
1 3 5 10 Marks

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS 3 6 5 10 24
1

2 PLANT ANATOMY 2 6 5 10 23

3 CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2 3 5 - 10

4 BIO-TECHNOLOGY 2 3 5 10 20

5 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 3 9 10 10 32

6 BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE 2 3 5 - 10

STAGE - 1 : To score the minimum marks 30 and above

Marks / Questions
Unit
Total
No. Units
1 3 5 10 Marks

1 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS 3(37) 2(20) 1(8) 1(5) 24

2 PLANT ANATOMY 2(30) 2(7) 1(3) 1(7) 23

3 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 3(38) 3(19) 2(8) 1(5) 32

2
 As most of the 5 and 10 marks questions of the above 3 units are already
existed in practical syllabus , it is very easy to prepare the above 3 units
for theory exam to score maximum marks .
If students concenrate completely on this study material they can easily
succeeded in the public exam.
STAGE - 2 : To score 70 marks and above

Marks
Unit
Units
No. 1 3 5 10 Total
Marks

TAXONOMY OF 6 5 10 24
3
1 ANGIOSPERMS

2 PLANT ANATOMY 2 6 5 10 23

5 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 3 9 10 10 32

If the students concentrate more on the units 1 ,2 & 5 they can score
69 /75 marks.
As most of the 5 and 10 marks questions of the above 3 units are already
existed in practical syllabus , it is very easy to prepare the above 3 units
for theory exam to score maximum marks .
Remaining 6 marks out of 69/75 can be easily achieved by studying the
frequently asked one mark questions of the chapters 3,4 & 6 .

3
 1.TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
3 MARKS
1. What is binomial nomenclature?
Every species is given a name of two words. Eg: Mangifera indica. Here the
first word Mangifera refers to the genus name and the second word indica to the
species name.

2. Write the objectives of classification of plants?

To arrange plants in an orderly sequence based upon their similarities.
To establish phylogenetic relationships among the different groups of plants.

3. What are the aims of biosystematics?

To delimit the naturally occurring biotic community of plants species.
To recognise the various groups as separate biosystematic categories such as
ecotypes, ecospecies, cenospecies and comparium.

4. Define biosystematics.
Biosystematics may be defined as taxonomy of living population. The
characteristics and differences from other disciplines of science such as
cytology, genetics, Bio chemistry, phytogeography, numerical taxonomy,
molecular biology are taken into consideration.
5. What are the three classes of phanerogams?
(1) Dicotyledonae (2) Gymnospermae (3) Monocotyledonae
6. Define Herbarium.
Herbarium is a collection of pressed, dried plant specimens mounted on
specified sheets, identified and arranged in the order of an approved and well
known system of classification. Ex: Herbarium of Botanical survey of India,
Coimbatore.

4
7. Write short notes on monochlamydeae?
Plants having incomplete flowers with single whorl of perianth. The sepals and
petals are not distinguished. Sometimes both the whorls are absent.
It includes 8 series and 36 families.

8. Name any three fiber plants of Malvaceae.

1. Gossypium barbadense (Egyptian cotton)
2. Gossypium hirsutum (American cotton)
3. Gossypium harbasium (Cotton)

9. Write the systematic position of Malvaceae

Class : Dicotyledonae
Sub-class : Polypetalae
Series : Thalamiflorae
Order : Malvales
Family : Malvaceae

10. What is Epicalyx? Is it present in Abutilon indicum?

Bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx is called epicalyx.Eg. Malva
sylvestris- 3 bracteoles . It is absent in Abutilon indicum.

11. Mention the binomial of any three medicinal plants of Malvaceae.

1. Abutilon indicum
2. Malva sylvestris
3. Althaea rosea

12. What is Atropine?

Roots of Atropa belladona yield powerful alkaloid atropine. It is used for
relieving muscular pain.

5
13. Write any three medicinal plants of Solanaceae.
1. Atropa belladonna Roots - relieving muscular pain
2. Solanum trilobatum Leaves, Flowers, Fruits- To cure cough
3. Withania somnifera Roots , Leaves Nervous disorder and diuretic.
4. Datura stramonium Leaves, Flowers To cure Asthma & Woophing cough.

14. Name the alkaloids found in tobacco.

(1) Nicotine 2) Nornicotine 3) Anabasine

15. Write the systematic position of Euphorbiaceae.

Class : Dicotyledonae
Sub class : Monochlamydeae
Series : Unisexuales
Family : Euphorbiaceae
16. What is Cladode? Give an example
The Stem is modified to perform photosysnthesis . This modified stem is
called Cladode. Eg. Euphorbia tirucalli/ E.antiquorum
17. Write the systematic position of Musaceae
Class : Monocotyledonae
Series : Epigynae
Family : Musaceae
18. What is polygamous ?
Staminate flowers , pistillate flowers and bisexual flowers are present in
the same plant. Eg. Musa
19. What is Monocarpic perennial ?
Musa is a monocarpic perennial , because it produces flowers and fruits
onceduring its life time .

6
20. What is pseudostem ?How it is formed in Musa ?
In Musa the apparent ,unbranched, erect aereal stem is the pseudostem . It
isformed by the long, stiff and sheathy leaf bases which are rolled around
one another .
5 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Bring out the significance of Herbarium
Herbarium is a source of knowledge about the flora of a region or a
locality or a country.
It is a data store in which the information on plants are available.
The type specimens help in the correct identification of plants.
It provides materials for taxonomic and anatomical Research studies.
Typical pollen characters have been well emphasized in taxonomy.
It is very much useful in the study of cytology , structure of DNA ,
numerical taxonomy , chemotaxonomy etc . It acts as a reservoir of gene
pool studies.
2.Write the salient features of ICBN
1. The generic name is a singular noun. The first letter of generic
name is always written in capital. The specific epithet is an adjective and
is always written with small letters
2. The name should be short, precise and easy to pronounce.
3. The binomials are printed in italics or underlined. The generic
and specific epithets are underlined separately. eg. Abutilon neilgherrense
4. When new names are given to any plant, then the herbariumpreparation
of the same specimen with its original description is preservedin any
recognized herbarium. This specimen is denoted as type specimen.
5. The person who publishes the description of any plant for the first
time or giving a new name to a plant is considered as author. The name
of plant should bear the authors abbreviated name at the end of specific
epithet. This is called author citation. eg. Malva sylvestris Linn.

7
 6. The original description of the plant should accompany the latin
translation.
7. If naming the plant is from a source of error, it is regarded as
ambiguous name. It is also called nomen ambiguum and is completely
ignored from use.
8. If the generic and specific epithets are the same, it is called
tautonym. eg. Sassafras sassafras. Such names are not accepted in the
system of nomenclature.
3.Bringout the merits of Bentham and Hookers classification of plants.
1. Bentham and Hookers classification is the most natural system,
based on actual examination of specimens.
2. The description of plants is quite accurate and reliable.
3. As it is easy to follow, it is used as a key for the identification of
plants in Kew herbarium and several other herbaria of the world.
4. Although this system is natural, most of the aspects of this system show
affinity to modern concepts of evolution. For example, Ranales which is
the first order in the arrangement of plants, has been given a primitive
position in this system.
5. The placement of monocotyledonafter the dicotyledonae also appears to
be in accordance with the evolutionary trends.
4. Write different types of inflorescence seen in Euphorbiaceae. Give examples
for each.
S.No Inflorescence Examples

1 Panicle Ricinus communis

2 Simple Raceme Croton sparsiflorus

3 Catkin Acalypha indica

4 Solitary axillary cyme Phyllanthus amarus

5 Cyathium Euphorbia

8
5. Given an account of the economic importance of the family Malvaceae.
Economically
S.No Binomial Name Uses
useful part

Fibres obtained
Fibre plants
1 from surface of Used in textile industry
Gossypium barbadense
seeds
Food plants
2 Abelmoschus Fruits Edible
esculentus

To make Boat ,furniture

Timber plants
3 Timber ,and agriculture
Thespesia populnea
implements

Medicinal plants
Roots To cure fever and
4 Abutilon indicum and
Leaf Whooping Cough
Malva sylvestris
Ornamental Plants
5 Entire Plant Ornamental plant
Althaea rosea

6. Given an account of the economic importance of the family Euphorbiaceae

Economically
S.No Binomial Name Uses
useful part

Food plants
1 Fruits Vitamin C rich food
Phyllanthus embilica
Lubricant ,
Oil plants
2 Seeds purgative vegetable
Ricinus communis
oil
Medicinal plants Entire shoot
3
Phyllanthus amarus system To treat jaundice
Rubber plants
4
Hevea brasiliensis Latex Para rubber
Ornamental Plants
5 Entire Plant Ornamental plant
Euphorbia pulcherrima

9
7. Write the differences between Musa and Ravenala.

S.No Musa Ravenala

1 Monocorpic perennial herb Tree
The real stem is underground The real stem is aerial and
2
rhizome woody
3 Spiral phyllotaxy Distichous phyllotaxy
Branchedspadix Compound cyme
4
inflorescence inflorescence
Among 6stamens Only 5 are
5 All the 6stamens are fertile
fertile
6 Berry fruit Capsulefruit

8. Write the economic importance of Musaceae.

Economically
S.No Binomial Name Uses
useful part
Tender green Vegetables
Food plants
1 Musa paradisiaca fruit, Pseudo
(Banana) stem, flowers
Sheathy leaf To make abaca
2 Fiber plants bases cloth
Musa textilis(Manila hemp)

Oranamental plants Entire plant Ornamental

Strelitzia reginae(The bird
3 plants
of paradise flower)
Ravenala madagascariensis
(Travellers palm)

10
 10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the outline of Bentham and Hookers classification of plants?

Sub Class 1
Polypetalae

2. Describe Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in botanical terms.

Habit : Perennial shrub.
Root : Tap root system.
Stem : Aerial, erect, cylindrical, woody and branched.
Leaf : Simple, Alternate, petiolate,
with multicostate reticulate venation.
Inflorescence : Solitaryaxillary cyme.
Flower : Bracteate, bracteolate,
bisexual,actinomorphic,dichlamydeous,pentamerous,
complete and hypogynous .
Epicalyx : 5 to 8 bracteoles outer to the calyxform epicalyx.
Calyx : Sepals 5, green, gamosepalous showing valvate aestivation
and oddsepal is posterior in position.
Corolla : Petals 5, polypetalous, twisted aestivation.
Androecium: Numerous stamens, monadelphous, filaments arefused to
form a staminal tube, anthers are monothecous, reniform.

Gynoecium : Ovary superior, pentacarpellary and syncarpous.

11
 Pentalocularwith axile placentation.

Floral Diagram
3. Explain Datura metel in botanical terms.
Habit : Large, erect and stout herb.
Root : Branched tap root system.
Stem : The stem is hollow, green and herbaceous with strong odour.
Leaf : Simple, alternate, petiolate, entire or deeply lobed,
unicostate reticulate venation and exstipulate.
Inflorescence: Solitary axillary cyme.
Flowe r : Bracteate, ebracteolate,
pedicellate,complete, dichlamydeous, pentamerous, regular,
actinomorphic, bisexualand hypogynous.
Calyx : Sepals 5, green, gamosepalous valvate aestivation.
Calyx ismostly persistent and odd sepal is posterior in
position.
Corolla : Petals 5, gamopetalous, plicate (folded like a
fan) twisted aestivation, funnel shaped with wide mouth and
10 lobed.
Androecium : Stamens 5, free from one another epipetalous,
Anthers are basifixed,dithecous, introrse and longitudinally
dehiscent.

12
 Gynoecium: Ovary superior, bicarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary
basically bilocularbut tetralocular due to the formation of
false septa. Carpels are obliquelyplaced and ovules on
swollen axile placentation.
Fruit : Spinescent capsule with persistent calyx.
Seed : Endospermous.

Floral Formula

Floral Digram of Datura metal

4. Describe Ricinus communis in botanical terms.

Habit : Perennial shrub.

Root : Branched tap root system.
Stem : Aerial, erect, herbaceaous but woody below, branched and
hollow. Latex is present.
Leaf : Petiolate, alternate. Venation is palmately
reticulate divergent.
Inflorescence: Compound raceme or panicle.

13
Male Flower:
Bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinomorphic and Incomplete.
Perianth : Tepals 5, arranged in single whorl, gamophyllous, valvate
aestivation and odd tepal is posterior in position.
Androecium : Stamens many, polyadelphous, filaments branched and
united to form five branches. Anthers are dithecous.
Gynoecium : Absent or pistillode is present.

Floral Formula

Female Flower
Flower : Bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinomorphic,
incomplete andhypogynous.
Perianth : Tepals 3, gamophyllous,valvate aestivation.
Androecium : Absent or staminode is present.
Gynoecium : Ovary superior, tricarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary
trilocular withaxile placentation.
Fruit : Regma.
Seed : Endospermous.
Floral Formula :

Male Flower Female Flower

14
5. Describe Musa paradisiaca in technical terms

Habit : Gigantic monocorpic perennial herb.

Root : Fibrous adventitious root system
Stem : The real stem is underground called rhizome. The apparent,
unbranched, erect and areal pseudostem is formed by the
long, stiffand sheathy leaf bases which are rolled around
one another to form an aerial pseudostem.
Leaf : Simple with a long and strong petiole, pinnately parallel
venation , phyllotaxy is spiral.
Inflorescence: It is branced spadix.
Flowers : Brateate, ebractiolate, sessile, trimerous, unisexual or
bisexual,zygomorphic and epigynous.
Perianth : Tepals 6, arranged in two whorls of 3 each. The three tepals
ofthe outer whorl and the two lateral tepals of the inner
whorl are fusedby valvate aestivation to form 5 toothed
tube like structure. The innerposterior tepal is alone free. It
is distinctly broad and membranous.
Androecium: Stamens 6, in two whorls of 3 each, Only 5 stamens are
fertile Anthers are dithecous
Gynoecium : Ovary inferior, tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular,
numerousovules on axile placentation.
Fruit : An elongated fleshy berry

Br, Ebrl, %, P(3+2)+1, A3+3, G(3)

15
 2. PLANT ANATOMY
3MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What are called passage cells?
In roots the endodermal cells which are located opposite to the protoxylem are
thin walled without casparian strips are called passage cells. They conduct water
and mineral salts from cortex to the xylem elements.

2. What is a protoxylem lacuna?

In monocot stem the lowest protoxylem of mature vascular bundle
disintegrates and forms a cavity. This cavity is known as protoxylem lacuna.

3. What is an eustele?
In dicot stem vascular bundles are arranged in the form of ring around the pith.
This stele is known as eustele.

4. Differentiate palisade parenchyma from spongy parenchyma.

S.No Palisade parenchyma Spongy parenchyma
They are very loosely
They are compactly arranged
1 arranged wih numerous
without intercellular spaces .
airspaces.
They contain more Less number of chloroplast
2
chloroplast. is seen.
Ithelps in the exchange of
3 It involved in photosynthesis.
gases.

5. What is a bundle sheath or border parenchyma in a leaf?

In leaf vascular bundles are surrounded by a compact layer of parenchymatous
cells. This is known as bundle sheath.

16
 6. Differentiate sclereids from fibres.
S.No Sclereids Fibres
1 They are shorter They are longer
2 Theypossess numerous pits. They have less number of
pits.
3 It is responsible for hardness of They are supporting tissues.
the seed coat.
7. Differentiate bundle sheath from bundle cap.
S.No Bundle sheath Bundle cap
1 A compact layer of A patch of sclerenchyma
sclerenchyma cells surrounds present above the phloem is
the vascular bundle . bundle cap.

2 Eg. Monocot stem Eg. Dicot stem .

5MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain different types of meristems based on their positions.
Based on its position, the meristem is divided into three
types apical meristem, intercalary meristem and lateral meristem.
Apical meristem:
1. Apical meristem is found at the tips of roots,
stem and branches.
2. It is responsible for increase in length of plant.
3. It is divided into three zones protoderm, procambium and
ground meristem. Protoderm gives riseto epidermal tissue;
procambium gives rise to primary vascular tissuesand ground
meristem gives rise to cortex and pith.

L.S of shoot- Showing the positions of meristems

17
Intercalary meristem:
1. It is present in the nodal region and is prominently found in
Monocotyledons, eg. grasses.
2. It is present in between the permanent tissues.
3. Itis responsible for the elongation of internodes.
Lateral meristem:
1.The meristem that is present along the longitudinal axis of stem and
root .
2.Eg. Vascular cambium and cork cambium (phellogen).
3. It produces secondary permanent tissues, which result in the thickening of
stem and root.
2. Functions of epidermal tissue system.
1. In the shoot checks excessive loss of water due
to the presence of cuticle.
2. It protects the underlying tissues.
3. Stomata involve in transpiration and gaseous exchange.
4. Trichomes are also helpful in the dispersal of seeds and fruits.
5. Root hairs absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.
3. Distinguish the anatomy of dicot roots from monocot roots.

S.No Monocot roots Dicot roots

1 Xylem is polyarch. Xylem is tetrarch.
2 Pith is large at the centre Pith is absent.
Metaxylem vessels are Metaxylem vessels are
3
circular in cross section. polygonal in cross section.
Conjunctive tissue is Conjunctive tissue is
4
sclerenchymatous. parenchymatous.
5 There is no secondary growth. Secondary growth is present.

18
 10 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Describe the vascular tissue system.

The elements of xylem and phloem are always organized in groups. They are
called vascular bundles.
OPEN VASCULAR BUNDLE- If cambial tissue is present between xylem and
phloem is known as open vascular bundle. Eg.Dicot stem.
CLOSED VASCULAR BUNDLE- If cambial tissue is absent between xylem and

phloem is known as closed vascular bundle. Eg. Monocot stem.

RADIAL ARRANGEMENT- xylem and phloem are arranged in an alternate

manner on different radii.Eg. roots

CONJOINT VASCULAR BUNDLE- xylem and phloem are arranged at the same

radius and form a vascular bundle together.

They are divided into three types.

1.COLLATERAL VASCULAR BUNDLE- If xylem and phloem in a vascular

bundle are arranged along the same radius with phloem towards the outside.Eg.stem

and leaf.

19
 2.BICOLLATERAL VASCULAR BUNDLE- If phloem occurs on both the

outer andinner sides of xylem, the bundle is called bicollateral.Eg. Cucurbitaceae.

3.CONCENTRIC VASCULAR BUNDLE- The bundle in which either

phloem surrounds the xylem or xylem surrounds the phloem completely.

a)Amphicribral- the phloem completely surrounds the xylem. eg. Polypodium.

b)Amphivasal- the xylem completely surrounds the phloem. eg. Acorus

EXARCH XYLEM- protoxylem vesselpoints towards the periphery and the

metaxylem vessels towards the centre.Ex: roots

ENDARCH XYLEM- protoxylem vessels point towards the centre, while

metaxylem towards the periphery.Ex:stem.

2.Describe the primary structure of a Monocot root.

Rhizodermis or epiblema
1. It is the outermost layer. It consists of a single

layer ofthin-walled parenchymatous cells.

2.Stomata and cuticle are absent.
3. Root hairs are unicellular. They absorb water andmineral salts from the soil.
4.It protects the inner tissues.

20
 Cortex:
1. Many layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells.
2. Generally oval or rounded in shape.Chloroplasts are absent in the cortical
cells.Leucoplasts store starch grains.
3.The inner most layer of the cortex is endodermis. It is composed of single layer of
barrel shaped parenchymatous cells.
4.There is a band like structure made of suberin present in the radial and transverse
walls of the endodermal cells.
They are called Casparian strips.It prevent the re-entry of water into the cortex.
5.The endodermal cells, opposite to the protoxylem are thin-walled without casparian
strips called passage cells.It transport water and salts from the cortex to the xylem.
Stele: All the tissues inside the endodermis comprise the stele. This includes
pericycle, vascular system and pith.
Pericycle:outermost layer of the stele. It consists of a single layer of parenchymatous
cells.
Vascular System:radial arrangement, polyarch, exarch, conjunctive tissue is
sclerenchymatous.
Pith:parenchymatous , store starch grains.

3.Describe the primary structure of a Dicot root.

Rhizodermis or epiblema

1.It is the outermost layer. It consists of a

single row ofthin-walled parenchymatous
cells.
2.Stomata and cuticle are absent.
3. Root hairs are unicellular. They absorb
water and mineral salts from the soil.
4.It protects the inner tissues.

21
Cortex:
1.Many layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells.
2.Generally oval or rounded in shape.
Chloroplasts are absent in the cortical cells.Leucoplasts store starch grains.
3.The inner most layer of the cortex is endodermis.
It is composed of single layer of barrel shaped parenchymatous cells.
4.The radial and transverse wall of the endodermal cells have suberin called
Casparian strips.It prevents the re-entry of water into the cortex.
5.The endodermal cells, opposite to the protoxylem are thin-walled without casparian
strips called passage cells.It transports water and salts from the cortex to the
xylem.
Stele: All the tissues inside the endodermis comprise the stele. This includespericycle,
vascular system and pith.
Pericycle:outermost layer of the stele. It consists of a single layer of parenchymatous
cells.
Vascular System:Radial arrangement, tetrarch, exarch, conjunctive tissue is
parenchymatous.
Pith:pith is absent.
4.Describe the primary structure of a monocot stem.

22
Epidermis:
1.It is the outermost layer. It is made up of single layer oftightly packed
parenchymatous cells.
2.Cuticle and stomata are present.
3. It protects inner most tissues.
Ground tissue:
1.There is no distinction into cortex, endodermis, pericycle and pith.
2. It is made of many layered parenchymatous cells.
3. Vascular bundles are scattered in the parenchymatous ground tissue.The ground
tissue stores food and performsgaseous exchange.
Vascular bundles:
1.skull shaped, conjoint, collateral,endarch and closed.
2. vascular bundle is surrounded by a sheath of sclerenchymatous fibres
Phloem:1.It consists of sieve tubes and companion cells.
Xylem:Y shaped, in mature vascular bundle, the lowest protoxylem disintegrates and
forms a cavity known as protoxylem lacuna.
5.Describe the primary structure of a Dicot stem.
Epidermis:
1.It is the outermost layer. It is made up of single layer oftightly packed
parenchymatous cells.
2. Epidermal hair,Cuticle and stomata are present.
3. It protects inner most tissues.

23
Cortex:
cortex is differentiated into three zones.
1. hypodermis is collenchymatous gives mechanical
strength tothe stem.
2.chlorenchyma cells performs photosynthesis.
3.Parenchyma cells store food materials.
starch sheath:The innermost layer of the cortex, barrel shaped Parenchymatous layer.
Starch grains are abundant, hence morphologically homologous to the endodermis
found in the root.
Stele:The central part of the stem inner to the endodermis is known as stele. vascular
bundles are arranged in a ring around the pith.So it is called eustele.
Pericycle:Made ofParenchyma and sclerenchyma.A patch of sclerenchyma cells on
top of the phloem is called as bundle cap or hardbast.
Vascular bundles: wedge shaped conjoint, collateral, open and endarch.
Phloem: It consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma.
Cambium: It is made of two or three layered brick shaped cells.
Xylem:It consists of xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma, vessels and tracheids.
Pith: It is composed of parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces. Function of the
pith is storage of food.Primary pith rays present.
6. Write anatomical differences between dicot stem and monocot stem.

24
7.Describe the internal structure of a dicot leaf.
Epidermis:1.It has upper and lower epidermis.It is made up of a single layer of cells
that are closely packed.
2.Stomata are more in number on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis.
3. The cuticle on the upper epidermis is thicker than that of lower epidermis.
4.It gives protection to the inner tissues called mesophyll.

Mesophyll: The entire tissue between the upper and lower epidermis is called the
Mesophyll. There are two regions in the mesophyll.
1. Palisade parenchyma: 1.Cells seen beneath the upper epidermis. vertically
elongated cylindrical cells in one or more layers.It contain more chloroplasts. Function
is photosynthesis.
2. Spongy parenchyma:Lies below the palisade parenchyma, irregularly shaped,very
loosely arranged with numerous airspaces.It contains lesser number of chloroplasts.
It helps in the exchange of gases.
Respiratory cavity: The air space that is found next to the stoma is called respiratory
cavity or sub-stomatal cavity.
Bundle sheath or border parenchyma: Vascular bundles are surrounded by a
compact layer of parenchymatous cells called bundle sheath or border parenchyma.
Vascular bundle: conjoint, collateral and closed . Protoxylem vessels are present
towards the upper epidermis. Metaxylem vessels are present towards the lower
epidermis.

25
 5 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is photolysis of water ?
When the PS II is in oxidised state, it creates a potential to splitwater molecules
to protons, electrons and oxygen. This light dependentsplitting of water molecules is
called photolysis of water.(Manganese, Calcium, Chloride)
2. Define photophosphorylation .
The process of ATP formation from ADP in the presence of light in chloroplast
is calledphotophosphorylation.
3. State the conditions underwhich cyclic photophosphorylation occurs .
(i) PS I only remains active (ii) photolysis of water does not take place (iii)
requirement of ATP is more and (iv)nonavailability of NADP+
4. Why are chloroplasts in C4 plants called dimorphic chloroplasts?
The C4 plants contain dimorphic chloroplasts i.e. chloroplasts in mesophyll
cells are granal (with grana) whereas in bundle sheath chloroplasts are agranal
(without grana).
5. Write the differences between photo respiration and dark respiration.
Sno Photo respiration Dark respiration.
It takes place only in photo synthetic It takes place in all living cells
1
cells in the presence of light. in the mitochondria.
It takes place in the presence
2 It is light dependent
and in the absence of light.
It is the function of chloroplast, It is the function of
3.
peroxisomes and mitochondria. mitochondria alone.
6. Define chemosynthesis.
Chemosynthesis is a process by which certain organisms synthesize
carbohydrates by using energy obtained by the oxidation of inorganic
substances. Eg. Beggiatoa , Nitrosomonas.

26
7. Define respiratory quotient.
Respiratory quotient may be defined as the ratio between the volume
of carbondioxide given out and oxygen consumed during respiration
8. Draw the structure of ATP ?

9. What is compensation point ?

The concentration of CO2 at which photosynthesis just compensates the
respiration is referredto as carbondioxide compensation point.
10. What is fermentation?
Fermentation literally means a chemical change accompanied by effervescence.
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to carbondioxide and ethanol is a form of
respiration referred to fermentation.
11. What is apical dominance?
Suppression of growth in lateral bud by apical bud due to auxinproduced by
apical bud is termed as apical dominance.
12. Define Bolting.
Rosette plants exhibit excessive internodal growth when they are treated
withgibberellin. This sudden elongation of stem followed by flowering is called
bolting.
13. What is Richmond Lang effect ?
Application of cytokinin delays the process of ageing in plants. This
is known as Richmond Lang effect.
14. What is Sigmoid Curve ?
The growth in size or increase in number of cells if plotted against time the
graph shows Sshaped curve known as sigmoid growth curve.

27
15. Define photoperiodism.
The response of a plant to the relative lengths of light and dark periods
is known as photoperiodism. Eg: Tobacco.3
16. Define vernalization.
Many species, especially biennials and perennials are induced to flower at
o o
low temperature range of 1 C to 10 C. This is known as vernalization.
17. Write the advantages of vernalization ?
(1) Crops can be produced earlier by vernalization.
(2) They can be cultivatedin places where they naturally do not grow.
(3) Vernalization helps to accelerate the plant breeding.
18. Write the different phases of growth with sigmoid curve.
(1) Lag phase (2) Log phase (3) Steady state phase
19. Write the over all equations of respiration and glycolysis.
Respiration

Glycolysis

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write the difference between cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.

28
 2. What are the differences between C3 and C4 path way ?

3. Write the Significance of pentose phosphate pathway

3. Bring out the physiological effects of auxin.

Auxins are well known to promote elongation of stem and coleoptile.

It promotes the growth by cell enlargement in stems.

Suppression of growth in lateral bud by apical bud due to auxin

produced by apical bud is termed as apical dominance.

It is responsible for initiation and promotion of cell division in

cambium, which is responsible for the secondary growth and for the formation

of callus.

It promotes growth of root only at extremely low concentrations.

29
 At higher concentrations, it always inhibits growth of root.

It prevents abscission.

Seedless fruits are produced in tomato and apple, by externalapplication of

auxin on flowers.

2,4 Dichlorophenoxy aceticacid, a synthetic auxin is used to eradicate

weeds in the field.

4.Write the physiological effects of Gibberellin.

Gibberellins produce extraordinary elongation of stem.
Rossette plantsexhibit excessive internodal growth when they are treated
withgibberellin. This sudden elongation of stem followed by flowering
iscalledbolting.
Biennial plants could be made to flower without exposure tocold season in the
first year itself, when they are treated withgibberellins.
Formation of seedless fruits without fertilization can also be induced
by gibberellin treatment in many plants. eg. Tomatoes, apples,cucumbers, etc.,
Some of the light sensitive seeds can germinate by the treatment ofgibberellic
acid even in complete darkness. eg. barley,
Gibberellin breaks dormancy in potato tubers.

5.Write the physiological effects of Cytokinin.

It promotes the celldivision.
In association with IAA, cytokinin initiates bud and root formation incallus
tissue.
External application of cytokinin promotes the growth of lateral budseven if
the apical bud is intact.
It breaks the dormancy of many seeds and also promotesgermination.

30
 Application of cytokinin delays the process of ageing in plants. Thisis
Richmond Lang effect.
6.Write the physiological effects of Ethylene.
It prevents elongation of stem and root in longitudinal direction.
It promotes positive geotropic growth of roots.
It inhibits the growth of lateral buds in pea seedlings.
It is involved in the ripening of fruits.
It stimulates the formation of abscission zone in leaves, flowersand fruits. This
causes leaves, flowers and fruits to shed prematurely.
Flowering can be induced by application of ethylene in plants likepineapple
and mango.
It stimulates rooting of cuttings, initiation of lateral roots andgrowth of root
hair.
It is responsible for breaking the dormancy of buds and seeds.
7.Write short notes on vernalization .
The term vernalization was first introduced by a Russian scientistT.D. Lysenko in
1920. Many species, especially biennials and perennialsare induced to flower at
o o
low temperature range of 1 C to 10 C. This isknown as vernalization.
Techniques of vernalization
Seeds are allowed to germinate and subjected to cold treatment for varying
periodof time depending on the species. Germinated seeds after this treatment are
allowed to dry for sometime and then sown.
Devernalization
Reversal of the effect of vernalization is called Devernalization.Subjecting the
plants to higher temperature after a cold treatment bringsabout devernalization.
Advantages
(1) Crops can be produced earlier by vernalization.
(2) They can be cultivatedin places where they naturally do not grow.
(3) Vernalization helps to accelerate the plant breeding.

31
 10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain Darkreaction or Calvin Cycle or C3 Cycle .
The reactions that catalyze the reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates with the help of
the ATP and NADPH2 generated by the light reactions are called the dark
reactions.

32
2. Explain C4 pat
ath way or Hatch and Slack path way.
In C4 Plants likee sugarcane the first formed stable product
ct is a 4 carbon
compou
ound namely OAA. So it is called as C4 Cy
Cycle.

3. Explain Photor
torespiration or C2 cycle ?
Respiration that
hat occurs in photosynthetic tissues in the
he presence of light
and results in increased
sed rate of carbondioxide evolution is called
led photorespiration
or light respiration. Photorespiration
P involves three organelle
lles chloroplasts,
peroxisomes and mitoc
tochondria.

33
 4. What is Glycolysis ? Explain the steps involved in Glycolysis (Draw
flowchart Only)
The process by which the glucose (6C compound) is split into twomolecules of
pyruvic acid (3C compound) is called glycolysis.

34
5. Describe the sequences of reactions of Krebs Cycle or TCA Cycle or Citric acid
Cycle ?

The series of cyclic reactions involved in converting pyruvic acid to

carbondioxide and water in mitochondria is called Krebs cycle.

35
TAXONOM Y OF A NGI OSPERM S
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1.Artificial system of classification of plants was proposed by a Swedish
botanist.
2. Which of the following classification is a sexual system of classification
Artificialsystem.
3. The botanist who introduced binomial system is Gaspard Bauhin.
4. The botanist who first followed binomial system is Carolus Linnaeus.
5. The standard size of herbarium sheets is 41 cm X 29 cm.
6. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature was adapted from 1978.
7.Genera plantarum of Bentham and Hooker was published in three volumes.
8. In Bentham and Hooker classification of plants, the present day orders were
referred to by them as cohorts.
9.How many families were described by Bentham and Hooker in their
classification? 202.
10.Plants having flowers with free petals come under polypetalae.
11. Inferae includes _____ orders and _____ families. 3 and 9
12. Thalamiflorae includes 6 orders and 34 families.
13. Which one of the following series includes the epigynous flowers? Inferae.
14. Thespesia populnea belongs to Malvaceae.
15. The family included under the series Unisexuales is Euphorbiaceae.
16. Anthers are monothecous in Malvaceae.
17. Binomial of ladys finger is Abelmoschus esculentus.
18. Malvaceae is placed in the series Thalamiflorae.
19. In Abelmoschus esculentus, the fruit is loculicidal capsule.
20. Solanaceae is placed under Polemoniales.
21. In which of the following plants the midrib and veins are found with
yellowish spinesSolanum xanthocarpum.
22. The carpels are obliquely placed in the members of Solanaceae.
23. Ricinus communis is a shrub.

36
 24. Euphorbiaceae includes about 300 genera.
25. An example of cladode is Euphorbia tirucalli and E.antiquoram.
26. In Hevea brasiliensis, the leaves are trifoliately compound.
27. The leaves and roots of __________are used in the treatment of leprosy
Jatropha gossypifolia.
28. The binomial name of Eli amanakku is Croton sparsiflorus.
29. The characteristic inflorescence of Euphorbiaceae is cyathium.
30. The bird of paradise flower refers to Strelitzia reginae.
31. The binomial name of Travellers palm is Ravenala madagascariensis.
32. The phyllotaxy in Musa is spiral.
33. In inflorescence in Ravenala madagascariensis is compound cyme.
34. The number of fertile stamens in Ravenala madagascariensis is six.
35. Musaceae is placed in the series Epigynae.
36. According to phylogenetic system, members of Orchidaceaeof
monocotyledons were highly advanced .
37. In Musa the fruit is Berry.

PLANT ANATOMY

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1.The change from meristematic tissue to permanent tissue is called differentiation.
2. The type of tissue presents in the petioles of banana and Cana, is stellate
parenchyma.
3. The tissue generally present in all organs of plant is parenchyma.
4. The lamellar collenchyma is seen in the hypodermis of Helianthus.
5. The root hairs are produced from trichoblasts or short cells.
6. The osteosclereids are seen in seed coat of Pisum.
7. Bicollateral vascular bundles are seen in the members of Cucurbitaceae.
8. In xylem vessels, simple perforation plate is seen in the plant ______ Mangifera
9. The polyarch condition is found in monocot root.

37
 10. The inner most layer of the cortex is endodermis.
11. When the xylem and the phloem lie in the same radius, the vascular bundle is
called Conjoint
12. The vascular bundles are skull shaped in monocot stem.
13. The protoxylem lacuna is present in the vascular bundles of monocot stem.
14. The tetrarch condition is found in Dicot root.
15. Isobilateral leaf is present in grass or monocot leaf.
16. The vascular bundle in the leaf is collateral and closed.
17. It is a group of identical cells that are in a continuous state of division
Meristematic tissue.
18. Which collenchyma is seen in the hypodermis of Helianthus.lamellar
19. Angular collenchyma is seen in the hypodermis of Datura and Nicotiana
20. Lacunate collenchyma is seen in the hypodermisIpomoea.
21. The xylem fibres are also called libriform fibres.
22. The phloem fibres are also called Bast fibres.
23. Usually phloem parenchyma is absent in Monocots.
24. Rhizodermis or epiblemais the outer most layer of root.
25. The Casparian strips are found in the endodermis of dicot root and monocot
root.
26. The passage cells are found in endodermis of dicot root and monocot root.
27. In stem, protoxylem vessels are towards the center. This condition is known as
endarch.
5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1.Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts
2. During cyclic electron transport, which one of the following is produced ATP only
3. Which one of the following is a five carbon compound? Ribose, RUBP, Xylulose.
4. Which one of the following is a C4 plant? Sugarcane,Maize,Tribulus, Amaranthus.
5. The essential component for the formation of chlorophyll isMagnesium (Mg).
6. The pigment which is highly efficient in absorbing solar energy is chlorophyll.

38
 7. Which of the following bacterium oxidizes ammonia to nitrate Nitrosomonas.
8. Which of the following is a total Root parasite Cuscuta.
9. Which of the following wavelengths of light is most effective for Photosynthesis
400 nm to 700 nm.
10. Dark respiration is the function of mitochondria.
11. The gas evolved during photosynthesis is Oxygen (O2).
12. Dark reaction is also known as Calvin cycle.
13. C4 pathway is otherwise known as Hatch-Slack pathway.
14. Photorespiration is otherwise called as. C2 cycle or Photosynthetic Carbon
Oxidation Cycle.
15. An example for insectivorous plant is Drosera.
16. Which of the following is regarded as primary pigment? Chlorophyll a.
17. The dark reactions of photosynthesis were discovered by Melvin Calvin.
18. In C3 plants light reactions and dark reactions occur in mesophyll cells.
19. In C3 pathway acceptor molecule of CO2 is RuBP.
20. Vanda plant is anepiphyte.
21. The photosynthetic pigments are located in Thylakkoid.
22. Which of the following is the common respiratory substrate? Carbohydrates.
23. Complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP.
24. Respiratory quotient of glucose is One.
25. Formation of ATP during electron transport chain is known as oxidative
Phosphorylation.
26. The total amount of energy released from one molecule of glucose on oxidation is
about 2900 kJ.
27. Which one of the following plant hormones was first discovered? Auxin.
28. An example for synthetic auxin is NAA, 2,4-D.
29. Apical dominance is due to auxin.
30. In sigmoid curve the rapid growth phase is designated as log phase.
31. Abscission is prevented by Auxin.
32. Bakanae disease in paddy is caused by gibberellic acid.

39
 33. Closure of stomata is caused by abscisic acid (ABA).
34. Which is a gaseous hormone Ethylene.
35. The chemical used in the field to eradicate weeds is 2, 4 D.
36. Which is the natural auxin found in higher plants? IAA, PAA.
37. The response of a plant to the relative lengths of light and dark periods is known as
Photoperiodism.
38. Which of the following is a long day plant? Wheat and Oats.
39. Which of the following is a short day plant? Tobacco and Chrysanthamum.
40.The term vernalization was first introduced by T.D. Lysenko

UNIT 3 CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

1. RNA is universally present in all organisms except in DNA viruses

2. m-RNA is about 3 - 5% of the RNA content of the cell

3. In bacterial cell, there are more than 70 tRNAs

4. Double helix DNA model was proposed by Watson and Crick

5. The width of DNA molecule is 20

6. The gametes of Drosophila melanogaster carry four chromosomes

7. Nullisomy is represented by 2n 2.

8. Hugo de Vries first used the term mutation based on his

observation on Oenothera lamarckiana

9. Biochemical mutants of Neurospora failed to synthesize certain aminoAcids .
10. Recombination of chromosome takes place in pachytene stage of

prophase I of meiosis.
11. The coupling test cross ratio is 7:1:1:7
12. The term chromosome was introduced by Waldeyer

13. Who had first proved that the genes are carried by the

Chromosome? Bridges

40
 3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Define Genome.
Genome may be defined as the totality of the DNA sequences of an
organism including DNAs present in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
2. What is crossing over.
The process which produces recombination of genes by interchanging the
corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes is called crossing over. It occurs in pachytene stage of meiosis I.
3. What is a genetic map?
The diagrammatic representation of location and arrangement of genes and
relative distance between linked genes of a chromosome is called genetic map.
The unit of genetic map is Morgan or Centimorgan.
4. What are the uses of gene mapping?
(i) To determine the location, arrangement and linkage of genes in a
chromosome.
(ii) To predict the results of dihybrid and trihybrid crosses .
5. Define mutation.
Sudden change in the genetical set up of an organism is defined as mutation.
6. Define point (or) gene mutation.
A sudden change in small segment of DNA either a single nucleotide (or) a
nucleotide pair.
7. State the functions of DNA .
(i) It controls all the biochemical activities of the cell.
(ii) It carries genetic information from one generation to other .
(iii) It controls protein synthesis and synthesize RNAs.

8.Write the significance of crossing over :

(i) Crossing over leads to the production of new combination of genes
and provides basis for obtaining new varieties of plants.
(ii) It plays an important role in the process of evolution.

41
 (iii) The crossing over frequency helps in the construction of genetic maps
of the chromosomes.
(iv) It gives us the evidence for linear arrangement of linked genes in a
chromosome.
9. Draw the types of chromosomes.

Four Morphogenic types of chromosomes

10. Draw the structure of chromosome

11.Structure of polytene, lamp brush chromosomes

42
 5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What are the significance of mutation?
1. Mutations play an important role in the origin of new species and
serves as a tool for evolution.
2. Induced mutations are useful in agriculture, animal husbandry and
biotechnology to produce new strains. For example, mutant strains
of Penicillium produces more penicillin.
3. It is one of the best approaches for improvement of crops.
4. Induced mutants are reported in paddy, wheat, soyabeans, tomatoes,
oats, and barley. Mutant varieties of wheat are early maturing, disease
resistance and they are enriched with protein. Mutant varieties of
paddy produce many tillers with long grains.
5. The study of mutant strains of viruses helps us to know the fine
structure of gene. The genes are made up of small functional units
such as cistron, recon and muton. Cistron is an unit of function,
recon is the unit of recombination and muton is the unit of mutation.
6. Many types of mutations cause heritable diseases and cancer in human
beings.
2. Write the significance of ploidy.
(i) Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding and horticulture.
(ii) Polyploidy has more vigorous effect than the diploids and results in
the production of large sized flowers and fruits. Hence, it has
economical significance.
(iii) It plays significant role in the evolution of new species.
(iv) Polyploidy results in the changes in the season of flowering and
fruiting.
(v) Polyploids are vigorous invaders of new habitats.
(vi) It leads to the formation of new varieties which show high resistance
to disease and increase in yield.

43
 (vii) Tetraploid cabbages and tomatoes contain more ascorbic acid whereas
tetraploid corn contains more vitamin A.
(viii) Both euploidy and aneuploidy in man cause congenital diseases.
(ix) Polyploidy varieties like apple, pear, grape and watermelons are
cultivated because of their large size.
3. Explain the structure of t-RNA

1. The tRNA has a cloverleaf like structure.

2. In 1965, R.W. Holley suggested the cloverleaf model of tRNA.
3. It has four arms namely anticodon arm, D arm, arm and aminoacid acceptor arm.
4. The tRNA molecules are made up of 73 to 93 ribonucleotides.
5. In certain tRNAs in addition to these four arms an extra arm called variable arm.
5.Write the differences between DNA and RNA.

44
 6. Write an essay on SCP (Single Cell Protein)
1. The dried cells of microorganisms used as food or feed for animals and they are
collectively known as Microbial proteins or Single Cell Protein.
2. Organisms used for SCP production
Algae Chlorella, Spirulina and Chlamydomonas.
Fungi Saccharomyces cereviseae, Volvoriella andAgaricus campestris
Bacteria Pseudomonas and Alkaligenes
3. Uses of SCP
1. It is a rich source of protein (60 to 72 per cent), vitamins, amino acids, minerals and
crude fibres.
2. It is a popular health food. Nowadays, Spirulina tablets are prescribed
as enriched vitamin for most people.
3. It provides valuable protein-rich supplement in human diet.
4. It lowers blood sugar level of diabetics due to the presence of gammalinolenicacid
and prevents the accumulation of cholesterol in human body.

UNIT 4 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Choose and write the correct options.
1. The inherent potential of any living plant cell to develop into
entire organism is called totipotency.
2. The function of cytokinin is to increase cell division.
3. By the application of tissue culture, one important product formed is artificial
synthetic seeds.
4. The two protoplasts are fused with a fusogen called polyethylene glycol (PEG)
5. Somatic hybrids are produced through Protoplasmic fusion
6. Enriched vitamin tablets are produced from Spirulina
7. One of the following process is employed to introduce a foreign
gene into a cell electroporation
8. The number of transgenic plants available today are approximately fifty
9. A toxic protein called delta endotoxin is insecticidal and it is
produced by Bacillus thuringiensis

45
 10.Pseudomonas putida is a engineered bacterium that can digest crude oil slick
11. Restriction enzymes are synthesized by bacteria only
12. Each restriction enzyme cleaves a molecule only at nucleotide sequence

10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1.Write an essay on DNA recombinant technology.
Definition:
Altering the genome of an organism by introducing genes of interest is known as gene
manipulation or DNA recombinant technology.
Basic Tools :
Restriction endonuclease and the DNA ligase.
The events of recombinant DNA technology are as follows:
1. The DNA of donor organism or gene of interest is isolated and cut into
fragments using restriction endonucleases.
2. They are attached to a suitable replicon. Such replicon is known as vector or
cloning vehicle, which is nothing but the extra chromosomal circular DNA found in
the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli is called plasmid. The plasmids are the most suitable
vectors.
3. The DNA of the vector is cut into fragments using the same restriction
endonucleases. Using the enzyme DNA ligase, the DNA fragments of donor and vector
are joined together. This process is called splicing. As a result of splicing hybrid DNA
or recombinant DNA (rDNA) is obtained.
4. The rDNA is introduced into the host cells such as E.coli,
Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces sp. etc.,
5. For this the host cells are treated with the enzyme cellulase. So
that the cell wall of host becomes permeable to the entry of rDNA.
The host organism follows the instructions of foreign rDNA.It continues to
multiply with the foreign DNA or gene of interest.Each colony is grown separately to
obtain multiplication of rDNA fragments. At the end we get a number of colonies
havingidentical copies of rDNA fragments. This is called molecular coloning
or gene coloning.

46
2. Write an essay on plant tissue culture.

Basic techniques of plant tissue culture

1. Culture vessels : Erylenmayer flask (conical flask),petri plates and culture tubes

(25 x150mm).

2. Culture medium

Murashige and Skoog medium(MS medium), Gamborg medium(B5 medium), White

medium(W medium) and Nitsch medium. The pH of the medium isadjusted to 5.8

(acidic range).

3. SterilizationSterilization is the techniqueemployed to get rid of the microbessuch

as bacteria and fungi in theculture medium and plant tissues.

47
The culture medium can be sterilised by keeping it in an autoclave andmaintaining

the temperature of 121C for 15 minutes.

Chemical sterilization

By treating the inoculum in any one of the chemical sterilizant such

as Sodium hypochlorite, Calcium hypochlorite, Mercury chloride for 15 to

20 minutes.

4. Inoculation

Transfer of explant (root, stem, leaf, etc.) on to a culture medium is

called inoculation by flamed and cooled forceps . The inoculation is carried out under

aseptic conditionfor which an apparatus called laminar air flow chamber is used.

5. Incubation

The culture medium with the inoculum is incubated at 26 2oC with

the light intensity at 2000 to 4000 lux andallowing photoperiod of 16 hour of light

and 8 hours of darkness.

6. Induction of callus

Due to activity of auxins and cytokinins, the explant is induced to

form callus. The callus is an unorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue.

The mechanism of callus formation is that auxin induce cell elongation

and cytokinin induces cell division .

7. Morphogenesis

Formation of new organs from the callus under the influence of auxin

and cytokinin is called morphogenesis. There are two types of morphogenesis

48
a. Organogenesis

Formation of new organs such as shoot and root is known as

organogenesis. The development of shoot from the callus is called

caulogenesis and formation of root is called rhizogenesis respectively.

b. Embryogenesis

Formation of embryos from the callus is called embryogenesis. These embryos arise

from somaticcallus tissue and are called somatic embryos or embryoids or

somaclonalembryos.

8. Hardening

Exposing the plantlets to the natural environment in a stepwise manner

is known as hardening.

49
 6 . BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE
1. Which pathogen causes the blast disease of rice Pyricularia oryzae
2. What is the collateral host plant of Pyricularia oryzae? Digitaria marginata
3. Which pathogen causes Tikka disease of groundnut? Cercospora personata
4..Acalyphine is extracted from Acalypha indica
5. Binomial of vilvum is Aegle marmelos
6. Polyploidy can be induced by the chemicalColchicine.
7. Atomita 2 rice which has saline tolerance and pest resistance.
8.Pseudomonas striata used as seed inoculants as bio fertilizer coats for cereals.
9. Azolla pinnata is widely employed as a successful bio fertilizer in Indian rice
fields.
10. Bordeaux mixture is used to control Blast disease of rice.
11. Xanthomonas citri is a Bacteriumwhich causes Citrus canker.
12. Pyrethrum extracted from the inflorescence of chrysanthemum.
13.Catharanthus roseus(Vinca) which has anticancerous properties.
14. Brazzein is a protein which is several hundred times as sweet as sugar.
15. Leaves of Ilex paraguriensis which can be a substitute for tea .
16. Powdered seeds of Cola nitidawhich can be a substitute for coffee.
17. Morphine is the strongest pain killer which obtained from Opium poppy .
18. Quinine, antimalarian drug which derived from Cinchona officinalis.
19. Digoxin used to treat heart diseases.
20. Panax ginseng relaxing mental and physical stress .

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Define Heterosis
The superiority of the F1 hybrid in performance over its parents is called
heterosis or hybrid vigour. Vigour refers to increase in growth, yield,
resistance to diseases, pests and drought.

50
2. What are biofertilizers?
The term biofertilizer denotes all the nutrient inputs of
biological origin for plant growth. Eg. Azetobacter, Bacillus and Rhizobium

3. What are Biopesticides?

Biological agents that are used for control of insects, weeds and
pathogens produced from living organisms are called biopesticides. Eg.viruses,
bacteria, fungi, protozoa and mites.

4. Define Bio-war.
Microbes are misused as biological weapons called bio-war.Eg: Smallpox,
Anthrax.
5. What is Bio piracy ?
The clandestine exploitation and utilization of bio resources from a country by
several organizations and multinational companies without proper authorization is
known as bio piracy.
6. What are bio- medicines?
Medicinally valuable compound obtained from the medicinal plants are called
bio- medicines.
7. What is humulin?
Through genetic manipulation, and introduction of human gene for insulin
production, the Bacterium E. coli is articulated to produce human insulin called
humulin.
5 MarkQuestions
1. Write the aims of plant breeding?
Bringing wild food crops to cultivation.
Obtaining genes from desirable plants or related species.
Introduction of plants from nearby regions or even from other
countries for improvement of the crop. (eg. cauliflower, tomato).
By employing certain plant breeding techniques, new varieties are

51
 developed. eg. Maize.
Auto and Allopolyploid breeding.
By inducing mutations using physical and chemical mutagens.
Production of haploids by the application of plant tissue culture of
anther and ovary.
Improvement of nutritional quality by genetic engineering (eg.
Fortified rice - iron rich rice and carotene rich rice).
Development of disease, drought and environmental stress resistant
varieties.

2. Bring out the Economic importance of Cotton .

It is a cash crop.
It gives three important products: fibre, food and cattle feed.
Lint fibre is for clothing which is very much useful in the textile
industries.
Seed is used for extracting oil. This is also used as vanaspathi.
Cotton flour prepared from the seed is used for bread and biscuit
making.
Cotton seed cake is used as a good organic manure.
Fatty acids obtained from oil is used in the preparation of insecticides,
fungicidies and plastics, etc.

3. Bring out the Economic importance of Groundnut

Groundnut oil is one of the important edible oils. It is extensively used in
cookery as a salad oil. It is used for the manufacture of vanaspathi.
Groundnut kernel is rich and cheap source of vegetable protein.
Kernels are eaten, fried and salted and added to a number of dishes.
Peanut butter is prepared by grinding roasted and blanched kernels.
It is nutritious.

52
 Groundnut oil is used to a limited extent in soap making.
Oil is used as illuminant, lubricant.
Oil cake is used as animal feed and organic manure.
Groundnut shell is used in the manufacture of activated carbon.
The groundnut cake is a good cattle feed. The plant after removing
the pod, both dried and fresh is a good cattle feed.

4. Bring out the Economic importance of Rice .

Parched rice (pori) is crisp to eat. It is sold either salted or unsalted.
The flattened parboiled rice is known as flaked rice. Like corn flakes,
it is a very good break fast food. Flaked rice is also used for preparing
different kinds of food items.
Sake is an important alcoholic beverage in Japan. Sake is prepared
by the fermentation of rice.
Bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is used as
a cattle feed.
Bran oil is extracted either by expression in a hydraulic press or
extra-ction with solvents. Bran oil is used as edible oil and for
preparation of vanaspathi, making soaps. It is also used in the textile
industry, leather industry.
Bran wax is a by-product in bran-oil extraction. It is used in chocolate
industry and in the manufacture of lip-sticks.
Paddy husk is used as fuel, in brick kilns. It is also used in brick
making.
Straw is used as cattle feed, in the manufacture of straw-boards and
for making hats, ropes, mats, etc.

53
 5. Bring out the Economic importance of Teak .
Teak wood is durable and it is an important timber in the tropics. As
the seasoned teak, timber does not shrink, crack or alter its shape. It
is extensively used in making household furnitures.
It is also used in ship building, boats, etc.
It is used for interior decoration.
It is used for the manufacture of boards.

6. Explain the benefits of Biofertilizers?

Biofertilizers are easy to produce in abundance and are available
at low cost to the marginal farmers.
It increases soil fertility without causing any damage to the soil.
Application of biofertilizers increases yield upto 45 per cent and
the left over biofertilizers in the soil increases yield as long as the
biofertilizer remains in the soil up to 3 to 4 years.
Azolla, which is a biofertilizer amends the soil with organic matter.
Cyanobacteria grow well both in acidic as well as in alkaline soils.The process
of converting untenable, fallow land to cultivable soil is termed as
soilreclamation. Blue green algae play a vital role in this conversion.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium is a biofertilizer. It adds 50 to 150 Kg of
nitrogen to soil per hectare. Azatobacter andAzospirillum secrete antibiotics
which act as biopesticides.
Ectotrophic mycorrhiza, which acts as a biofertilizer, increases
the surface area of the roots of host plants, so that more absorption
of nutrients by the roots is made possible.

54
 7. Write short notes on microbes in medicine
Microbes Antibiotics extracted Uses

It is effective against gram

Penicillium notatum Penicillin positive bacteria like
pneumonia .

It cures urinary infections,

Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin tuberculosis , meningitis
and pneumonia.

It cures osteomyelitis ,
Streptomyces aureofaciens Aureomycin whooping cough and eye
infections.

It kills bacillus bacteria and

Streptomyces venezuelae Chloromycetin
cures typhoid fever.
It cures Typhoid and
Aspergillus fumigatus Antibiotic
Dysentery
60 different antibiotic
Bacillus subtilis -
Bacitracin
Bacillus licheniformis To treat syphilis

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

55
 B I O ZO O L O G Y
(BLUE PRINT)
MARKS
UNIT SUBJECT TOTAL
1 3 5 10
1 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 4 6 5 20 35
2 MICROBIOLOGY 3 3 5 - 11
3 IMMUNOLOGY 1 6 5 - 12
4 MODERN GENETICS 2 9 5 - 16
ENVIRONMENTAL 2 3 - 10 15
5
SCIENCE
6 APPLIED BIOLOGY 3 6 - 10 19
THEORIES OF 1 3 5 - 9
7
EVOLUTION
TOTAL 16 36 25 40 117

56
 STAGE - I

BIOZOOLOGY

To Score 20 Marks
10- TOTAL
UNIT SUBJECT 1- MARK 3- MARK 5- MARK
MARK MARKS
2 MICROBIOLOGY 3 1 1 - 11

3 IMMUNOLOGY 1 2 1 - 12

4 MODERN GENETICS 3 1 - 16
2

TOTAL 6 39

1. A study of modern Genetics with its 29 Three marks questions would

fetch 9 marks.
2. By learning 28 question in Immunology 2 Three marks questions could
be answered.
3. A study of Microbiology fetch 15- five marks on the whole (1*3=3,
3*1=3,5*1=5) and 41 three mark
questions .
Five marks questions also figure or find place in 3 mark questions in which
case one could score three marks by writing any valid three points.

57
 STAGE - II

BIOZOOLOGY

To score 40 marks

UNIT SUBJECT 1 MARK 3 MARK 5 MARK 10 MARK TOTAL

5 ENVIRONMENTAL 2 1 - 1 15
SCIENCE
6 APPLIED 3 2 - 1 19
BIOLOGY
TOTAL 34
39+34 73

1. The lesson on Environment with 31 pages carries 10 mark(1), three marks

(1), and one mark (2). This being a topic of human interest students could
easily score marks by their own study.
2. Applied Biology carries two 3 mark questions. The lesson Applied biology
carries one 10 mark, two 3 marks and three 1 marks. Student have to learn
thoroughly and Concentrate on milk production, lactation periods, and names
of cattles , poultary breeds , fishes.

58
 STAGE III

BIOZOOLOGY

To score 75 marks
UNIT SUBJECT 1 MARK 3 MARK 5 MARK 10 MARK TOTAL

HUMAN 4 2 1 2 35
1
PHYSIOLOGY
THEORIES OF 1 1 1 - 9
7
EVOLUTION

TOTAL 44

1. Those willing to study Evolution instead of MicroBiology could do so.

Those who aim to sure centum (75/75) should concentrate on Lessons
from 2 to 6. However 1 mark questions in Lessons 1 and 2 do count.
2. As per the blue print, from the first unit human physiology questions
are take for 35 marks. So the students should concentrate more in this
part. To learn human physiology in an easy way with cohesion and
coherence knowledge of human anatomy is must. So recall the human
anatomy studied in eleventh standard and then start to read human
physiology in twelfth standard. This unit is biggest one with 92 pages.
It is suggested to divide this into sub units 1. Nutrition and Digestion 2.
Bones and Joints 3. Muscles 4.Respiration 5. Circulation 6. Nervous
co-ordination 7. Chemical Co-ordination 8. Receptor organs 9.
Excretion 10. Reproduction. In this module questions are given to
practice. It will be very convenient to concentrate, recall and to
reproduce.

3. Students have to learn deeply similar questions with different answers. For
eg. Diabetes mellitus occur in Endocrine system and in Excretion.
Oestrogen, Progestrone and Testosterone in Endocrine gland and in
reproductive system.

59
 STAGE I

3 - Marks Questions and Answers

2. MICROBIOLOGY
1. Define Micro Biology.
It is science that deals with the structure, shape, reproductive methods, culture
technics of micro organisms and bacteria and virus.
2. What is the use of pure culture?
1.To separate out single cells of a strain of bacteria.
2.Used in fermentation of alcohol and fixation of N2 in soil by
bacteria.
3.It is bases of modern micro biology.
3. What is diploid cell culture?
Diploid cells are derived from lungs, kidney of embryonic cells. Used in the
manufacture of vaccine as host cells.
4. What is Amoebiosis ?
(i) An internal protozovan parasite of the class sarcodina
(ii) It is caused by Endomoeba histolitica
(iii) It causes Amoebic dysentry.
(iv) Prophoside is the infective stage.
5. What is zoo- Anthroponoses?
(i) Infection from Animals to Human.
(ii) Man is an important link in the life style.
(iii) e.g. Taenia soliam
6. Mention important Anti Biotics.
(i) Amphicilin (i) Erithromicin (iii) Detrocyclin (iv) Streptomycin

7. Dignostic test of Aids?

(i) ELISA test and WESTERN BLOT test.
(ii) Wester blot test confirms AIDS
8. What is zoonoses?
(i) Parasetic infection from animals to human.
(ii) E.g. Rabies
9. What is pure culture?
By serial dialution method a single cell separated out from a colony and cultured and
isolated.
10. What is Lytic, Lysogenic cycle?
(i) In Lytic cycle the bacterial cell walls is desolved
(ii) In Lysogenic cycle viaral jeeno integrates with bacterial genome

60
11.Mention the inventions of Louie Pasteur?
1. Germ Theory of Disease
2. Vaccination for rabies, chicken pox cholera, Anthrax in Sheep
3. Pasteurization of milk
4. Attenuation of infective agents
12. Mention the contribution of Koch
1 Solidified media
2 Discovered the pathogens of Tuberculosis ,Diphtheria and Tetanus.
3 His finding also lead to immunization theraphy.
13.What is CHICKEN EMBRYO TECHNIQUE?
1. Fertilized eggs of 5-12 days are choosen
2 .Virus is inoculated in to the egg under aseptic conditions and incubated
o
at a temperature of 36 Celsius
3. The whole is sealed by paraffin
14.Why virus is called an obligate parasite ?
1. virus could not be cultured in artificial media
2. It could be cultured only in live plant or animal cells and hence are called obligate
parasites
15.What is an Oncogenic virus?
Virus that causes cancer is called Oncogenic virus. E.g. Adeno virus, poliyoma
virus, Epstein barr virus. RNA virus roves sarcoma .
16. How Rabbis spreads ?
Rabbis infected animals like dogs, bats when they bite normal healthy domestic and
wild animals it spreads .
17. What are the symptoms of Rabbis?
(i) High fever and headache.
(i) Hydrophobia
(iii) Nervoursness
(iv)Confused state of
mind
(v)Trembling of throat and chest muscels
18.Write short notes on Variola virus
(i) It is a smallpox virus .
(i) Its spread through dropleds .
(iii) Vaccination by Vaccinia virus.
19.What are the Various shapes of Bacteria?
(i) Coccus Round shaped and its kinds.
(ii) Baccillas Rod shaped and its kinds.
(iii) Comma Comma shape
(iv)Vibrio - Spiral shaped

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 20.What is a synthetic media?
(i) Synthetic media is a chemical media made of carbohydrates, protein , vitamins,
nucleic acid etc.
(ii) Its supports the nutria requirements of micro organisms.
21.What is bacterial tranformation?
o Bacterial transformation is a process in which ceil free or naked DNA containing
the genetic information is transferred from one bacterial cell to another.
o It was discovered by an English health officer, Griffith in 1928.
22. What is Transduction?
In Transduction , a bacteriophages act as a vector transfer a portion of DNA from one
bacterium(donor) to another(recipient).
23. What is generalized Transduction and specialized Transduction?
o If all fragments of bacterial DNA have a chance to enter a transducing
phage, the process is called Generalized transduction.
o On the contrary if a few restricted genes of the bacterial chromosomes are
transduced by bacteriophage, it is called specialized transduction.
24. What are the symptoms of cholera?
Symptoms of cholera are vomiting, profuse diarrhoeal stool (rice water stool).
Which results in severe dehydration, loss of minerals, increased blood acidity and
haemoconcentration.
25. What are the two types of plague?
o Plague is caused by the bacterial species Yersinia pestis, a non motile
gram negative bacilli.
o There are two types of plagues. They are bubonic plague and pneumonic
plague.
o Bubonic plague is characterized by enlarged and inflamed lymph glands
(Bubos). The symptoms are shivering, fever, nausea, vomiting and general
weakness. In untreated cases the bubonic plague can cause 58% mortality.
o Pneumonic plague is a pneumonia characterized by a thin watery sputum
with bright red streaks of blood. The mortality is 100% in untreated cases.
26. Write short notes on Syphilis?
o The disease syphilis is a well known and dreadful sexually transmitted
disease (STD). It is caused by Treponema pallidium.
o Syphilis occurs only in humans and is transmitted by direct sexual contact
(Venereal syphilis) or through placenta from an infected mother to the
foetus (Congenital syphilis). Venereal syphilis progresses in three stages
viz., primary, secondary and tertiary stage.
o The symptoms are very prominent in the tertiary stage. It will lead to
blindness, loss of hearing, brain damage, insomnia, headache and
delusions and spinal cord damage.

62
27. Write short notes on Gonorrhoea?
Gonorrhoea is another sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria
gonorrhoea.
In the males the primary site of infection is the urethra.
In the female it is the cervix. It causes pain during urination and a
yellowish discharge from the urethra of males.
In females also it causes painful urination and vaginal discharge.
Other symptoms are fever, abdominal pain, arthritis, meningitis etc.

28. Give particulars about other

protozoan desease? Other pathogenic
protozoans
1. Trypanosoma gambiens - causes African sleeping sickness
2. Leishmania donovani - causes kala azar
3. Leishmania tropica - skin leishmaniasis
29. Mention the types of Malaria .
(ii) vivax malaria by plasmodium vivax
(iii) Quardan malaria by plasmodium malaria
(iv) Ovale malaria by plasmodium ovale
(v) Malignant malaria by plasmodium falciparum

30. What is Chemotheraphy?

The control and treatment of infectious diseases with a chemical compound or drug is
called chemotherapy.
31. Draw HIV and Label the parts.

32. What is Anti Biotic?

The word antibiotic refers to a metabolic product of one microorganism that in very small
amounts is detrimental or inhibitory to other microorganisms.
33. What are the two types of Anti Biotics?
Bacteriostatic It controls bacteria. .
Bacteriocidal It kills bacteria.

63
34. Write short notes on Pox virus?
o Pox viruses are the largest of all viruses and are brick shaped.
o They contain double stranded DNA, protein and lipid.
o They have a dum bell shaped nucleoid surrounded by two membrane
layers.
35. What is primary culture?
Primary cell culture are derived from normal tissue of an animal such as
mouse, hamster, chicken and monkey or a human being.
When cells from these tissues are processed and cultured the first
monolayer is referred to as the primary culture.
A monolayer is a confluent layer of cells covering the surface of a culture
vessel.
36. Mention the types of Genetic recombination in bacteria?
Bacterial conjugation, transformation and transduction.
37 .Define Medical MicroBiology?
The Medical microbiology deals with aspects of infection,causative agents of infection and
the diseases due to infection.
38. What is black water fever?
The plasmodium falciparum infection is black water fever.It is characterized
by the whole some destruction of patients erychrocytes and the excretion of liberated
haemoglobin in the urine.
39. Write short note on Anthroponoses?
Infections with parasites species that are maintained in man alone. Eg ., Malaria and
Filaria.
40. Uses of medical Microbiology ?
Innumerable infections diseases that haunt the human population where discovered. Drugs
and Vaccines have been found.

3. I M M U N O L O G Y
1.What are interferon?
Certain cells, like WBC, when infected with a virus, respond by releasing anti viral
proteins, called interferons.
2. What is Phagocytosis?
o Phagocytosis is an important mechanism of innate immunity. It is performed by
leucocytes.
o In response to pathogenic infections, the total count of leucocytes will increase
sharply. Humans contain wandering phagocytes that circulate throughout the
body.
o The most important phagocytes are the macrophages and the neutrophils.
Macrophages are large irregular-shaped cells that engulf microbes, viruses and
cellular debris.

64
 o In response to an infection, monocytes are liberated at the site of infection.
3. What are the functions of free antibodies?
The free antibodies have three main functions viz.,
1. Agglutination of particulate matter, including bacteria and viruses,
2. Opsonisation or coating over bacteria to facilitate recognition and phagocytosis by
the phagocytes and
3. Neutralization of toxins released by bacteria.

4. What are the functions of spleen?

1. The spleen serves as the graveyard for effete(aged) red blood cells,
2. 2. It acts as a reserve tank and setting bed for blood and
3. 3. It acts as a systemic filter for trapping circulating blood borne foreign particles.
(The immunological function of the spleen is primarily directed against blood borne antigens).

5. What are the functions of Thymus?

(i) Produces T cells.
(ii) Cell mediated immunity.

6. What is antigen?
A molecule that provokes an immune response(immunogenicity) and hence is
called an immunogen.
The other describes a molecule which reacts with the antibody produced, or with
the activated cellular constituents of cell mediated immunity(antigenicity), and is
referred to as an antigen.

7. What are Haptens?

o Haptens are small well defined chemical groups such as dinitrophenol (DNP).
o which are not immunogenic on their own but will react with preformed
antibodies.
o To make a hapten immunogenic, it must be linked to a carrier molecule which is
itself immunogenic.

8. What are the various types of antibodies?

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD.

9. Mention the names of immunosuppressive drugs?

Cyclosporine and steroids.

10. What are primary lymphoidal organs?

o Thymus and bone marrow.
o Thymus produces T cells.
o Bone marrow produces B cells.
o Bursa of fabricius in Birds.

65
11. What are secondary lymphoidal organs?
Spleen, lymph nodes and MALT.

12. Expand MALT, GALT, BALT.

o Mucuous Associated Lymphoid Tissue -
MALT
o Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue. -
GALT
o Bronchial Associated Lymphoid
Tissue - BALT
13. What is Allergy?
Allergies result from an inappropriate and excessive immune response to common
antigens. Eg., dust, moulds, pollen.,

14. What is anaphylaxis?

Sometimes an allergen may cause a sudden, violent and fatal reaction in a
sensitivity individual ; this is called anaphylaxis.

15. What are Autoimmune diseases?

o Autoimmune diseases result when the immune system attacks and destroys
self cells and molecules.
o This condition can cause chronic and serious diseases.
o Examples of autoimmune diseases are insulin-dependent diabetes, multiple
sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
o Multiple sclerosis is caused by antibodies that attack the myelin sheath of nerve
cells.

16. What are the special features of acquired imunity?

(i) Specificity : It is the ability to distinguish differences among
various foreign molecules.
(ii) Diversity : It can recognize a vast variety of foreign molecules.
(iii) Discrimination between Self and Non-self : It is able to recognize and
respond to molecules that are foreign (non-self) to the body. At the same time, it can
avoid response to those molecules that are present within the body (self antigens) of the
given animal.

17. Differenciate between CMI and Humoral Imunity?

CMI Humoral Imunity
By T cells By B Cells
Infected cells are killed Infected cells are impaired by antibodies

66
18. Difference between active and passive immunity
Active Immunity Passive Immunity
Obtained by infections and vaccination Transfer of antibodies from healthy
individual to the infected.

19. Differentiate between paratope and epitopes

The part of the antibody molecule which makes contact with the antigen is
termed the paratope. Consequently, the part of the antigen molecule that makes
contact with the paratope is called the epitope.

20. Draw Immunoglobulin and label the parts

21. What is immunology ?

The system of animal body, which protects it fromvarious infectious agents and
cancer, is called Immune system. A study of the immune system is known as
Immunology.

22.what are the four types of agents?

(i)Bacteria (ii)Viruses (iii)fungi (iv)parasits

23.Define : Immunity?
o Innate immunity comprises all those natural defensc mechanisms with
which an organism is protected from infection.
As a strategy innate immunity consists of various types of barriers.

24.What are the infaction agents?

(i)Bacteria(ii)viruses(iii)fungi(iv)parasites.

25.Define:Innate Immunity
o Innate immunity comprises all those natural defense mechanisms with which an
organism is protected from infection.
o As a strategy, innate immunity consists of various types of barriers that
o prevent entry of foreign agents into the body.

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26.What is Acquried immunity?(Specific Immunity)
Specific defence mechanisms require several days to be activated, following the
failure of non-specific defence mechanisms.
27.Define: Immunoglobulins
(i)Immunoglobulins (Igs) are glycoproteins.
(ii)Each molecule of Ig consists of two pairs of polypeptide chains of different sizes.
(iii) The smaller chains are called light (L) chains and the larger ones are called heavy
(H) chains.
28.Differance between the Autograft and Allograft(Homograft)?
Autograft Allograft(Homograft)
The tissue of the original donor Graft between allogenic
is grafted back into the same individuals (ie.,
donor. members of the same species but
example, skin graft from thigh of different genetic constitution.
to face in severely deformed case example, kidney transplanted
of burnt individuals (plastic from one human to another.
surgery).

29.Difference between Isograft and Xenograft (Heterograft)?

Isograft Xenograft (Heterograft)

Graft between syngeneic Graft between Xenogenic
individuals individuals
Ex: clones or identical twins. Ex: organ transplanted from pig
to human, baboon to human
30. Define the Inflammatory Barriers
Tissue injury results in redness and swelling, along with pain and production of heat that may
result
in fever. This response occurs due to release of chemical alarm signals, notably histamine,
serotonin and prostaglandins, by the damaged mast cells.

31. Define Immunogen?

The term Immunogen is introduced to denote antigenic substances which elicit both
humoraland cell mediated immune response or either humoral or cell mediated response.

4. MODERN GENETICS
1. What is Karyogram ?
Karyotyping is a technique through which the complete set of
chromosomes are separated from a cell and the chromosomes are lined
up in a karyogram.

68
2. What are the uses of Karyotyping
1. Karyotyping helps to identify the sex of individuals through amniocentesis.
2. Genetic diseases in human beings can be detected by this
technique. If a disease is detected, the medical councelling for
termination of pregnancy and abortion of such foetus can be done.
3. By characterizing the normal karyotype, the chromosomal
abnormalities such as deletion, duplication, translocation, non-
disjunctions and the consequent aneuploids could be detected.
3. What is Recombinet DNA
The foreign DNA fragment isolated is made to recombine with the plasmid DNA
which is cleaved by the same restriction endonuclease.
The recombination of the two DNAs is effected by the DNA ligase enzyme.
The product formed is called recombinant plasmid or recombinant DNA. product
formed is called recombinant plasmid or recombinant DNA.

4. Name the bacteria associated with genetic engineering ?

E. coli , Bacillus subtilis, Strptomyces sp., Saccharomyces cerevisieae

5. What is superbugs ?
o Genetically engineered bacteria are called superbugs.
o Superbugs can degrade several aromatic hydrocarbons, at the same time.
o They are employed in clearing oil spills in the ocean. Thus these are used in
pollution abatement.
o The super bug was produced first by an Indian researcher Anand Chakravarthy in
USA.
o He developed a strain of Pseudomonas bacterium to clear up oil spills.
o The above superbug can destroy octanes, xylenes camphors and toluenes.
6. What are cloning Vectors?
Vectors or vehicle DNA are those DNA that can carry a foreign DNA fragment when
inserted in to it.
7. What are Albinism?
Disorder of melanin metabolism characterized by the absence of melanin in the skin hairs
and eyes.
8. Symptoms of Huntingtons chorea?
(i)Deterioration of intellectual facility
(ii)Depression.
(iii)occasional hallucination and delusions
(iv)psychological problems

69
 9.what are cDNA library (complementary DNA)?
o In cDNA copies of messenger RNA are made by using reverse transcriptase
encymes.
o The cDNA libraries are smaller than genomic libraries and contain only DNA
molecules for genes.
10.What are Humangene bank (or) genome database?
(i)collection of sequenced genes
(ii)cataloging of them for future use
(ii)They represent the fundamental data.
11.what is modern genetics/Human genetics?
(i)Identification of human chromosoms
(ii)Genetic engineering prospects genetic diseases and gene therapy, cloning devices,
transgenic (or) modified organisms etc.
(iii)Human genome project, Bio-informatics/biological data base and proteomics.
12.what are called Bubble Boy syndrome and symptoms? (SCID)
SCID disease (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
(i) Inherited disase are affecting children.
(ii) the gene for the dise are called ADA Adenosine Deaminase) is located on
chromosome 20.
(iii) Infection due to rapid death of all white blood cells.
13.What is transgenic organisms?
In genetic engineering the methods of gene transfer lead to the production of transgenic
animals and plants.
14.what is mean by Glowing Coal?
(i)One of the computer graphic models of protein.
(ii)properties of amino acids in a protein but also help to under stand the protein function.
(iii)Computer modeling of protein began as early as in 1970.
15.What is palindrome sequences?
Palindrome refers to a base sequences that reads the same on the two strands but in
opposite directions.
Eg:The base sequence on one stand in GAATTC read in 5-3direction , the sequence on
the opposite strand is CTTAAG read in 3-5 direction.

16.What is pedigree analysis ?

o Unlike animals, controlled crosses cannot be made in human beings.

o Hence human geneticists, resort to a scrutiny of established mating.
o The scrutiny of established matings to obtain information about the
genetic characters / traits is called pedigree analysis

70
17.Name some herititary diseases?
1.Sickle cell anaemia
2. Thalassemia
3. Agammaglobulinemia
4. Albinism
5. Huntingtons chorea
6. Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID)

18.What is meant by Proteomics?

o Human genome analysis involves the analysis of proteins.
o Analysing different proteins and locating them in cells and identifying their
respective genes, which encode them in the cells, represent the science of
Proteomics.
For identifying the proteins, the cells, mRNAs are probed.
Researchers have identified about 60000 (Sixty thousand) different m-
RNAs in human beings.
o From the mRNAs the respective genes/DNA are traced.
o The above said DNA is known as cDNA (Complementary DNA).
19.What is cloning?
Cloning is an experimental technique wherein, a group of
genetically identical organisms is produced.
Cloning of various animals was has become possible due to
knowledge gained in the field of developmental biology and
developmental genetics.
20.What is transfer of genes?
The transfection of fertilized egg involves either the transfer of whole
nuclei or whole chromosomes; or their fragments or the DNA segments.
21. Define Gene therapy?
The fact that genes can be cloned to several thousand copies through
genetic engineering has given rise to an entirely novel model of
therapeutic device viz., Gene therapy.
Gene therapy involves the replacement of corrective genes in place of
defective genes in human.
There are two types of gene therapy.
1). Somatic cell gene therapy and
2). Germ line cell gene therapy.

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22.What is Bio-informatics?
Bioinformatics deals with the creation and maintenance of databases of
biological information such as the nucleic acid, gene sequences and
protein sequences.
It has its own applications in gene therapy, diagnostics, drug designing,
crop improvement, biochemical processes etc.
It involves the data analysis or creation of electronic databases on
genomes and protein molecules.
23.What is the defintion of database?
Creating database means a coherent collection of data with inherent
meaning, used for future application.
Database is a general repository of voluminous information or records to
be processed by a programme.
24.What are the uses of Bio informatic?
1. It helps to understand gene structure and protein synthesis.
2. It helps to know more about the diseases.
3. It helps to understand more about the fundamental biology and the
thread of life, - the DNA.
4.. It paves the way for the medical and bio engineering applications.
5. It helps to apply the biophysical and biotechnologicl principles to
biological studies. In turn, it will help to design new drugs and new chemical
compounds to be used in health and environmental management respectively.
25.Give the languages of Bio informatics?
The languages, which help in bioinformatics, are
C, C++, JAVA, FORTRAN, LINUX, UNIX etc.
26. What is DNA library?
A DNA library is a collection of DNA fragments, which contains all the sequences of
a single organism.
27. What is DNA fragmentation?
o DNA segmenting in genetic engineering refers to fragmenting of DNA by
Restriction Endonuclease and sequencing or mapping the DNA in terms of its
nucleotide sequences.
o Chemical and enzymatic methods are available for the above. As a result the
genic and non-compartments of DNA can be identified.

28. What are the clinical manifestations of thalassemia?

The clinical manifestations of thalassemia include
I) decrease in the bone marrow activity,
II) peripheral haemolysis,

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 III) splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) and hepatomegaly, (enlarged liver) etc.
IV) The thalassemic children die at the age of seventeen.
29. Define protein Data bank?
The information regarding three-dimensional structure of protein is stored in
another computerized database called Protein Data Bank.
30. What is Differentiation?
In the development of multi cellular animals the zygote represent the
progenitor cell the future embryo.
Multitudes of cells arise from mitotic divisions of the fertilized egg
cells.
These cells later become distinct cell types differing in form and
function.

5 MARKS QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS

2 MICROBIOLOGY

1. Brifely describe the structure of virus ?

Structure of Viruses:
o Animal and plant viruses are composed of a central core of nucleic acids
surrounded by a protein covering called capsid.
The capsid is made up of units called capsomeres.
Viruses exhibit a characteristic symmetry, 1. Spherical viruses are isohedral, 2. Rod
shaped viruses are helical in symmetry.
Certain group of viruses are complex in symmetry.
o Some animal viruses, in addition to the nucleocapsid structure contain an outer
membrane like structure called the envelope. The envelope is made up of
lipoproteins. The envelope conceals the symmetry of viruses.
o Virions with envelopes are sensitive to lipid solvents such as ether and
chloroform. On the other hand, the naked virions are not affected by the
lipid solvents.
o Isohedral viruses such as adeno viruses, SV15, polio viruses and blue tongued
viruses are spherical in shape and their surface is a lattice with identical triangular
units.
o Helical surface symmetry and structure are characteristic of tobacco mosaic
virus(TMV) and animal viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps,
influenza and rabies.
o In these, the nucleo capsid is a flexible structure packed within a fringed
lipoprotein envelope. The fringes are made of glycoproteins.
o In TMV the nucleic acid core is covered by a capsid consisting of closely packed
capsomeres arranged in a helix. Complex or uncertain symmetry is seen in Pox
viruses, T-bacteriophages, These have different proteins and lipoproteins.

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2. Write short notes on Virus diseases in man?

A. Cancer and Viruses:

o Viruses have been identified as one of the causative agents for cancer or tumour.
Such tumour inducing viruses are called oncogenic viruses.
o Adenoviruses, polioma virus, simian virus 40 (SV 40), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (
a herpes virus) are oncogenic DNA viruses.
o The RNA sarcoma viruses are oncogenic RNA viruses (eg., Rous sarcoma).

B. Rabies Virus and Rabies disease:

o Rabies virus belongs to the rhabdovirus family. It is a parasite of domestic and
wild mammals.
o The transmission to humans occurs through the bite of an infected animal. Dogs,
cats, bats, are the mammalian animal sources for the rabies virus.
o In humans, the symptoms of rabies are severe headache, high fever, alternating
excitement and depression, muscular spasms in throat and chest, hydrophobia etc.
o The incubation time in humans is usually about 3 to 8 weeks but it may also vary.
If untreated the mortality rate from rabies is 100 percent.
o The new rabies vaccine was discovered in 1980.
o It is an inactivated vaccine prepared from the virus propagated in cultures of
diploid human cells. This vaccine is both safe and highly immunogenic.
C. Pox virus:
o Pox viruses are the largest of all viruses and are brick shaped. They contain
double stranded DNA, protein and lipid.
o They have a dum bell shaped nucleoid surrounded by two membrane layers.
o Variola virus is called the small pox virus. It is transmitted by droplet infection
either directly from the infected person or by handling articles infected by the
patient.
o Small pox is completely eradicated. The small pox vaccine consists of vaccinia,
closely related to variola.
o It gives protection both by humoral and cell mediated immunity. Other pox
viruses are chicken pox and measles viruses.
D. Hepatitis-B:
o Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped virus with a double stranded DNA. This
causes jaundice and hepatic carcinoma.
o This disease is deadly and more infective than AIDS.
o HBV vaccine consists of purified HBV Ag (Australian antigen) obtained from the
blood serum of apparently healthy carriers.

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3.Enumerate the adaptation of pathogenic microbes?

1.Pathogens are able to selectively attach to the external surfaces such as the skin
and conjunctiva or the internal surfaces such as the mucus membranes of
the respiratory,
gastrointestinal or urinogenital tracts.
2. They also penetrate the above body surfaces and gain access to the internal tissues.
3. In some infections, the pathogen may remain localized, growing near its
point of entry into the body.
4. Some pathogens become widely distributed in different tissues or organs. This is called
generalized infections.
5. Some other pathogens can grow within the cells of host, causing severe disturbances to
normal physiological processes.
6. Yet another group, may grow extracellularly and bring damage to the body tissues by
elaborating substances called toxins.
4. Write the symtoms of AIDS defined by WHO?
1. Weight loss at least 10% body weight
2. Chronic diarrhoea for more than a month
3. Prolonged fever for more than one month
4. Night sweats and persistent coughs
5. Opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, oropharyngeal candidiasis
(fungal infection in mouth and throat)
6. recurrent herpes zoster (viral) infection
7. Meningitis and nerve damage
8. Loss of memory and intelligence
9. An unusual cancer, kaposis sarcoma which produces
scattered purplish lesions over the chest and abdomen.
5. write short note on control of Aids?
1. Screening of blood and blood products.
2. Education to people about dos and donts in AIDS contraction and
bringing more awareness among the public.
3. Education about protected sexual behaviour and practices
4. Participation of voluntary agencies, teachers, NGOs, paramedical
workers, several other voluntary health organizations, in AIDS
awareness programmes
5. Making the antiretroviral drugs such as AZTs
(Azidothymidine/Zidovudin) and saquinovir etc., available to
patients.
The management of HIV infection involves the above general
measures, treatment of opportunistic infections and cancer,

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 antiretroviral drugs, immunomodulators and supportive
treatment and counselling.
6. Write a notes on the contribution of Lousi pastrur?
a. The contribution of Louis pasteur (1822 - 1895) in France in the field of
microbiology lead to a greater understanding of human ailments and animal
diseases.
b. Much of Pasteurs work involved the growth of bacteria and yeasts in liquid
cultures.
c. He developed methods of sterilization and of pasteurization.
d. Pasteur (1857) observed different kind of microbes associated with different kinds
of fermentation. e.g. Spheres of variable size (yeast cells) within alcohol
fermentation and smaller rods (Lactobacilli) with lactic fermentation.
e. This finding led Pasteur to state that specific microbe may cause specific isease in
man.
f. He developed vaccines, for the control of cholera anthrax and rabies in
man.

7. Describe the structure of HIV and how it was

discovered? Structure of HIV:

o HIV is spherical in shape. Its size is about 100-140 nm.

o Like any other virus, it is made up of a central icosahedral capsid core
containing the genetic material surrounded by a protein envelope.
o The protein envelope is attached several spicules of glycoprotein, Like
other retroviruses the glycoprotein sticks out on both sides (inside and
outside) of its protein coat.

o The outer position of glycoprotein called gp120 is attached to the gp 41

situated on the inner side of the viral coat. gp 41 is an unusually long
protein with over 100 amino acids. gp 120 appears like a knob.
o Electron microscopic studies have revealed that the distribution of proteins
of the viral surface is very much like a soccer ball made of 12 pentagons
and 20 hexagons, stitched together to make a sphere.
o The envelope of HIV also contains other proteins including some HLA
antigens (Human Leucocyte Antigen).

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 o The genome of HIV contains two helix of RNA molecules in folded form.
The enzyme reverse transcriptase is attached to RNA.
o The disease Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was
identified in the year 1981 (December).
o Early epidemiological studies have established that it is a communicable
disease transmitted through sexual contact or through blood and blood
products.
o In 1983 Luc Montagnier at Pasteur Institute, Paris and Gallo at National
Institute of Health (NIH) USA isolated the virus that caused AIDS. In
1986, the committee on taxonomy of virus coined the term HIV or Human
Immunodeficiency Virus to avoid confusion due to different names being
given by different reasearchers.
o HIV is new member of the Lentivirinae subfamily of human retroviruses.
o Retroviruses are RNA viruses, which have the capacity to convert their
RNA into DNA with the help of an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.

8. What are the characteristics of a good Chemotherapy?

A good chemotherapeutic agent posses the following characteristics:
1. It destroys or prevents the activity of a disease causing pathogen,
without injuring the host tissues
2. It is able to penetrate the cells and tissues of the host and can encounter
the pathogens in effective but safe concentrations or dosage.
3. It leaves the hosts natural defense or immune mechanisms such as
phagocytosis or antibody production, unaffected.
4. It exhibits selective toxicity, that is it kills or inhibits the pathogenic
microbes without having harmful effect or having least harm to the host.

9. Describe the cultural techniques of virus.

o Viruses can grow only in living cells.
o However the culture of viruses is possible nowadays.
o The most economical and convenient method of cultivating a wide variety of
animal viruses is the chicken embryo technique.
o In this technique, fertile chicken eggs incubated for 5 to 12 days are inoculated
with the virus particles through the shell, aseptically.
o The opening may be sealed with paraffin wax. The eggs incubated at 36 C are
ideal sources for the growth of viruses.
o Chick embryos contain several different types of cells in which various viruses
will undergo replication. The yolk sac is a general ideal medium for the growth of
viruses.
o Viral cultures are of three types viz., Primary cell cultures, diploid cell strains and
continuous cell lines.

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 1. Primary culture:
Primary cell culture are derived from normal tissue of an animal such as mouse,
hamster, chicken and monkey or a human being. When cells from these tissues are
processed and cultured the first monolayer is referred to as the primary culture. A
monolayer is a confluent layer of cells covering the surface of a culture vessel.
2. Diploid cell strain:
Diploid cell strains are derived by primary cell cultures from a specific tissues
like lung or kidney which is of embryonic origin. These diploid cells are the most
employed host of choice for the production of human vaccine virus.
3. Continuous cell lines:
Continuous cell lines are capable of an infinite number of doublings. Such
cell lines may arise with the mutation of a cell strain or more commonly from the
established cell cultures from malignant tissue. Many viruses, which are difficult
or impossible to grow have been cultured in continuous cell lines.

10. State the stages of for the preparation of bacterial cultural media.
The preparation of bacteriological media involves the following steps.
1. Each ingredient or the complete dehydrated medium is dissolved in the
appropriate volume of distilled water.
2. The pH of medium is determined.
3. Agar is added and the medium (solid medium) is boiled to dissolve agar.
4. The medium is dispersed in flasks or tubes.
5. The medium is sterilized by autoclaving.

11. Write notes on bacterial diseases. (Any five diseases)

A. Salmonella and Human Diseases:
o Salmonella are pathogenic bacilli which cause three kinds of infection to
humans viz., enteric fever (Typhoid or Paratyphoid), Gastroenteritis and
Septicemia.
o Typhoid fever is caused by S.typhi. It is transmitted via Pathogen
contained food and water.
o The disease is characterized by a continued fever, inflammation of the
intestine, formation of intestinal ulcers and enlargement of the spleen.
o Gastroenteritis is caused by Salmonella, but most commonly by
S.choleraesuis.
o The bacteria reach the blood stream from the intestinal tract, where it
multiplies.
o It causes recurring high fever, chills, loss of appetite and weight loss.
When the bacteria infect the organs from blood they can cause meningitis,
pneumonia, abscesses, nephritis, osteomyelitis, or endocarditis, etc.

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 B. Cholera :
o Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholere. It is a disease of antiquity and has been the
cause of untold sufferings and death.
o Cholera is transmitted in water and food contaminated with this bacteria.
o In the small intestine, the bacteria adhere to epithelium, multiply and produce the
enterotoxin.
o The symptoms of cholera are vomiting, profuse diarrhoeal stool (rice water stool)
Which results in severe dehydration, loss of minerals, increased blood acidity and
haemoconcentration.
C. Plague :
o Plague is caused by the bacterial species Yersinia pestis, a non motile gram
negative bacilli.
o There are two types of plagues. They are bubonic plague and pneumonic
plague.
o Bubonic plague is characterized by enlarged and inflamed lymph glands (Bubos).
The symptoms are shivering, fever, nausea, vomiting and general weakness. In
untreated cases the bubonic plague can cause 58% mortality.
o Pneumonic plague is a pneumonia characterized by a thin watery sputum with
bright red streaks of blood. The mortality is 100% in untreated cases.
D. Syphilis :
o The disease syphilis is a well known and dreadful sexually transmitted disease
(STD). It is caused by Treponema pallidium.
o Syphilis occurs only in humans and is transmitted by direct sexual contact
(Venereal syphilis) or through placenta from an infected mother to the foetus
(Congenital syphilis).
o Venereal syphilis progresses in three stages viz., primary, secondary and tertiary
stage.
o The symptoms are very prominent in the tertiary stage. It will lead to blindness,
loss of hearing, brain damage, insomnia, headache and delusions and spinal cord
damage.
E. Gonorrhoea :
o Gonorrhoea is another sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria
gonorrhoea.
o In the males the primary site of infection is the urethra.
o In the female it is the cervix. It causes pain during urination and a yellowish
discharge from the urethra of males. In females also it causes painful urination
and vaginal discharge. Other symptoms are fever, abdominal pain, arthritis,
meningitis etc.
12. Write short notes on Viral genetics.
13. Write short notes on acterial genetics.
14. Write short notes on Protozoan diseases

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 3. I M M U N O L O G Y
1.Explain physical and physialogial barrirs associated with innate immunity.

Innate Immunity (Non-specific)

a. Innate immunity comprises all those natural defense mechanisms with which an
organism is protected from infection.
b. As a strategy, innate immunity consists of various types of barriers that prevent
entry of foreign agents into the body.
c. The pathogens that enter into the body, are quickly killed by some components of
the immune system.
d. This is the first line of defence in most animals. Innate immunity consists of the
following four types of barriers.
1. Anatomical Barriers
o These barriers block the entry of organisms into the body. The skin and the
mucous membrane lining the respiratory and intestinal as well as the
reproductive passages constitute the barriers.
o Mucous material entraps foreign microorganisms. The ciliary movements
produced by the epithelial lining cells expel out micro-organisms from the body.
2. Inflammatory Barriers
Usually an infection or tissue injury results in redness and swelling, along
with pain and production of heat that may result in fever. The above
phenomenon is known as inflammatory response.
This response occurs due to release of chemical alarm signals, notably
histamine, serotonin and prostaglandin s, by the damaged mast cells.
At the site of inflammation there may be leakage of vascular fluid, which
contains serum proteins with antibacterial activity.
Further, there is an influx of phagocytic cells into the affected area.
These responses inhibit and destroy the invading microorganisms.
Besides the phagocytes, natural killer cells (NK cells) (T Lymphocytes)
kill virus-infected cells and some tumour cells of the body by creating
perforin-lined pores in the plasma membrane of the target cells.
These pores allow entry of water into the target cell, which then swells and
bursts.

2.Describe the special features of accured imunity.

(i) Specificity : It is the ability to distinguish differences among various foreign

molecules.
(ii) Diversity : It can recognize a vast variety of foreign molecules.

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 (iii) Discrimination between Self and Non-self : It is able to recognize and respond to
molecules that are foreign (non-self) to the body. At the same time, it can avoid response
to those molecules that are present within the body (self antigens) of the given animal.
(iv) Memory : When the immune system encounters a specific foreign agent, e.g.,
microbe, for the first time, it generates an immune response and eliminates the invader.
The immune system retains the memory of this encounter for a prolonged interval. As a
result, a second encounter with the same microbe evokes a heightened immune response.
3.Describe the sturcture of Immunoglobulins. ( Antibodies)

o Immunoglobulins (Igs) are glycoproteins. Each molecule of Ig consists of two

pairs of polypeptide chains of different sizes.
o The smaller chains are called light (L) chains and the larger ones are called
heavy (H) chains.
o The L chain has a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 and the H chains is
of 50,000.
o The L chain is attached to the H chain by a disulphide bond. The two H chains
are also joined together by S-S bonds, depending on the class of
immunoglobulins.
o The H chains are structurally and antigenically distinct for each class and are
designated by the Greek letter corresponding to the immunoglobulin class, as
follows :

IgG (Gamma) IgA (alpha ) IgM(mu) Igd (delta) and IgE (epsilon).
The L chains are similar in all classes of immunoglobulins. They occur in two
varieties, kappa (k) and lambda ().
A molecule of immunoglobulin may have either kappa or lambda chains, but
never both.
Region of polypeptide chains
Each heavy and light chains consists of two regions viz.,
1.The variable (V) region or Fab region:
o The V region shows a wide variation in amino acid sequences in the amino or N-
terminal portion of the molecule. These areas of high variability in the variable
region of H and L chains are called hotspots or hypervariable regions. These
hotspots are most intimately involved in the information of the antigen-binding
site.

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 o In both VH and VL regions of the chain atleast three hypervariable regions/
hotspots are present. The infinite range of the antibody specificity of
immunoglobins depends on the variability of the amino acid sequences at the
variable regions of the H and L chains, which form the antigen combining sites
(Paratope).
2. Constant (c) region (or) Fc region (Fc = fragment of constant region) :
The C region denotes constant region with unvarying amino acid
sequence in the C or COOH terminal portion of the molecule.
(Fab Fragment of
antigen binding site
Fc Fragment of
constant region)

4. Writ short notes on antibody mediated immune response or humoral immune response.
I. Antibody mediated or humoural immunity involves the synthesis of specific
antibody molecules called immunoglobulins by the B-lymphtocytes.
II. Each antigen has many different antigenic determinants, each of which matches
a specific antibody and binds to it.
III. The B cells, direct the antibodymediated immunity.
IV. The antibody molecules (Igs) may be bound to a cell membrane in the form of
receptors or they may remain free.
V. The free antibodies have three main functions viz.,
1. Agglutination of particulate matter, including bacteria and viruses,
2. Opsonisation or coating over bacteria to facilitate recognition and phagocytosis by the
phagocytes and
3. Neutralization of toxins released by bacteria

5. How adoptive immunity is activated?

Every antigen is processed by antigen presenting cells(APC), like macrophages,
B lymphocytes and dentric cells.
The processed antigen is presented on the surface of these cells.
A subgroup of T cells called T helper cells, specifically interacts with the
presented antigen and becomes activated.
The activated T helper cells then activate B cells, and a subgroup of T cells called
cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), in a specific manner.
The activated B and cytotoxic lymphocytes proliferate to produce clones.
All the cells of a clone can recognize the same antigen and eliminate it.

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6. Describe the structure of a Lymph node.
A. Lymph nodes :

The lymph nodes are small, round or ovoid bodies placed along the course of
lymphatic vessels.
They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule from which trabeculae penetrate into the
nodes. The node can be differentiated into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
In the cortex are accumulations of lymphocytes (primary follicles) within which
germinal centers (secondary follicles) develop during antigenic stimulation. The
follicles contain, besides proliferating lymphocytes, dendritic macrophages which
capture and process the antigen.
In the medulla, the lymphocytes are arranged as elongated branching bands
(medullary cords).
The cortical follicles and medullary cords contain B lymphocytes and constitute
the bursa or bone marrow dependent areas.
Between the cortical follicles and medullary cords, there is a broad, intermediate
zone called paracortical area which contains T lymphocytes and constitutes the
thymus dependent area.
Lymph nodes act as a filter for the lymph. Each group of nodes drain a specific
part of the body.
They phagocytose foreign materials including microorganisms.
They help the proliferation and circulation of T and B cells.
They enlarge following local antigenic stimulation.
In the human body, totally about 600 lymph nodes are distributed.

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7. What is the genetic basis for organ transplantation?
o Success of organ transplants (ie., Cornea, Kidney, Heart, Liver, Bone marrow)
and skin grafts depends on a proper matching of histocompatibility antigens that
occur in all cells of the body.
o Chromosome 6 of mouse contains a cluster of genes known as the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC).
o Which in humans is called human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex.
The alleles of HLA genes determine the histocompatibility ie., the compatability between
donor and recipient tissues in transplants.

8. What is transplantation? Describe the various types of transplantation.

The replacement of a diseased organ by a transplant (healthy tissue or organ) is called
transplantation.
1. Autograft : The tissue of the original donor is grafted back into the same donor. For
example, skin graft from thigh to face in severely deformed case of burnt individuals (plastic
surgery).
2. Isograft : Graft between syngeneic individuals (ie., identical genetic constitutuion).
For example, clones or identical twins.
3. Allograft : (Homograft). Graft between allogenic individuals (ie., members of the
same species but of different genetic constitution. For example, kidney transplanted from one
human to another.
4. Xenograft : (Heterograft). Graft between xenogenic individuals (ie., different genetic
lineage). For example organ transplanted from pig to human, baboon to human.

9. What are the symptoms of graft rejection?

1.Skin rashes, 2. Fluid accumulation in spleen and enlargement (Splenomegaly), 3.
Emaciation (becoming thin), 4. Diarrhoea, 5. hepatomegaly, 6. Anaemia and general immune
suppression, 7. Damage in bile ducts, 8. Increased bilirubin synthesis etc.

10. What are the measures taken to prevent graft rejection?

In clinical fields, graft rejection is prevented by :
1.Blood groups estimation (ABO and Rh) in the host,
2. Testing the presence of cytotoxic antibodies in the host serum,
3. Cross matching of tissues (Host Vs graft) prior to transplantation,
4. Giving immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine and steroids etc to the host,
5. Total lymphoid tissue irradiation etc.
11. Write notes on immuno deficiency disorders.
o Immunodeficiency Diseases result from a defect in one or more components of
the innate or adaptive immunity.
o Affected individuals are susceptible to diseases that normally would not bother
most people

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 o Immunodeficiency may result from gene mutations, infections, malnutrition or
accidents.
a. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
SCID results from one of many genetic defects; one such genetic defect
leads to adenosine deaminase deficiency.
SCID is characterized by a very low number of circulating thymocytes.
Affected individuals usually die at an early age.
b. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
AIDS is another example for immunodeficiency disease.
It is caused by a retrovirus, known as human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).
Retroviruses have RNA genomes that are replicated via DNA copies.
HIV, selectively infects and kills T-helper cells. The depletion of T-helper
cells weakens the acquired immune response and may even abolish it
completely.
The viral RNA genome is converted into DNA copy by the viral enzyme
reverse transcriptase.
The DNA copy of HIV becomes inserted into the human chromosome and
replicates with the cell DNA.
It may be transcribed to produce RNA copies of the viral genome.
The RNA copies are packaged and liberated as virus particles.
The infected cell is lysed in this process, and the released virus particles
infect new T helper cells.
12. Explain the process of graft rejection.
o Both cell mediated and humoral immune responses follow in rejection.
o Sensitized T cells (lymphocytes), macrophages, plasma cells are all involved in
the primary or first set rejection.
o In the secondary or second set reaction, B cells (B lymphocytes) and their
antibodies are involved.
o In the cell mediated reaction substances such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin
2 (IL-2) etc take part.
o The final lysis of the graft is achieved by lymphotoxins or TNF (Tumour necrosis
factors) or proteolytic enzymes.

4. MODERN GENETICS

1. What are the uses of Bio-informatics?

(i) To know the genes structure and protein synthesis.
(ii) Useful in genetic engineering.
(iii) Useful in the study of DNA and genetic disorders.

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2. Mention the uses of genetic engineering.
(i) Life saving drugs like insulin are produced in large scale.
(ii) To produce disease resistant crop varieties.
(iii) In the production of GMOs (genetically modified organisms )
(iv) Helps in bio remediation e.g. pseudomonas putida in the degradation of petro
products.
3. Write notes on genetic diseases.
1. Sickle cell anaemia :
o Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic syndrome caused by an autosomal mutant allele
Hbs.
o In homozygous condition (Hbs Hbs), it causes the production of an abnormal
haemoglobin called haemoglobin s.
o The normal haemolobin is designated as HbA (HbAHbA).
o Sickle cell persons with the genotype HbsHbs suffer from a fatal haemolytic
anaemia.
o The patient dies due to damaged heart, kidney, spleen and brain as a result of
clogged blood vessels or vascular obstruction. Persons with heterozygous
genotype HbA Hbs are said to be carriers and they survive.
2. Thalassemia :
Thalassemia is an erythroblastic anaemia due to homozygous recessive gene
expression in children.
Two types of this disease viz., thalassemia major and thalassemia minor exist.
The former is the severe form while the latter is its milder form.
The homozygotes suffer from severe thalassemia while all heterozygotes suffer
from milder thalassemia.
The clinical manifestations of thalassemia include I) decrease in the bone marrow
activity, ii) peripheral haemolysis, iii) splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) and
hepatomegaly, (enlarged liver) etc. The thalassemic children die at the age of
seventeen.
3.Agammaglobulinemi
4.Albinism
5.Huntingtons chorea
6.Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

4. Explain Karyotyping techniques.

5. Describe seven groups of Human chromosomes.
6. Describe application and uses of Recombinant DNA technology. (rDNA technology.
7. Write note on significance and benefits of Human Genome Project. (HGP).
8. Explain the mechanism of Cloning of Sheep.
9. Describe the Ethical issues , Merits and Demerits of Cloning.
10. Explain the transfer of genes to fertilized egg or embryos.
11. Describe the application of Transgenic animals.
12. Explain the techniques Germ line cell therapy.

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 13. Describe the scope of Bioinformatics.
14. Define Database and Explain its types.
15. What is Protein model? Explain its uses.
16. Describe Protein structure.
17. Explain detail account on Totipotent and Pleuripotent.
18. What is gene theraphy? Explain its types.
STAGE-II

10 MARKS

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. State reasons for population explosion and it consequences?
o The rapid and dramatic rise in world population has occurred over the last few
hundred years.
o The worlds population increased from 1.65 billion in 1900 to 3.02 billion in 1960
and reached 6.1 billion in 2000.
o Thus the size of the population nearly quadrupled in the span of 100 years, a
historically unprecedented rate of increase.
o This sudden increase in population is called as Population Explosion or
Population Bomb or Population Trap
Reasons for the Explosion
o The main reason for slow and fluctuating population growth prior to early 1800s
was the prevalence of diseases such as small pox, diphtheria, measles and scarlet
fever.
o In addition, epidemics of diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera and plague
eliminated large number of adults.
o Famines also were not unusual. Biologically speaking, prior to 1800s the
population was essentially in a dynamic balance with natural enemies and other
aspects of environmental resistance.
o High reproductive rates were largely balanced by high mortality.
o Since the 19th century discovery of vaccination provides protections to many of
the infectious agents.
o Discovery of antibiotics is a major breakthrough in the medical history,
Improvement in agricultural techniques,
o Improvement in the nutrition and Better sanitation and personal hygiene brought
about spectacular reductions in mortality, especially among infants and children.
o The birth rate has remained high. So the human population entered into
exponential growth, as they were freed from natural enemies and other
environmental restraints.
Growing Population and Environmental impacts
Increasing numbers of people put increasing demands on the environment, both
through demands for resources and through production of wastes.

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 Most of the human population survived through subsistence agriculture to meet
their needs.
After the modern medicines and industrial revolution, the death rate plummeted
and population growth increased.
What are the impacts of rapid growth on a population that is largely engaged in
subsistence agriculture?
Five basic alternatives are being played out to various degrees,
people can subdivide farms among the children or intensify cultivation of existing land
to increase production per unit area.
open up new land to farm.
move to cities and seek employment.
engage in illicit activities for income.
emigrate to other countries legally.

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The rapid population growth especially affects women and children. Increasing the average
wealth of a population affects the environment both positively and negatively..

19. Write an essay on green house effect , what are green house
gases?
Green house gases and Green house effect :

o The trapping of energy from the sun by certain gases in the atmosphere leading to
the rise in earths temperature is known as Green house effect. Hence these gases
are known as green house gases.
o Some gases such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane act
as the trap.
o These gases absorb and reflect infra-red waves radiated by earth. By doing so,
these gases conserve heat as the glass in a green house does.
o Normally all life on earth depends on this green house effect. If it does not exist,
earth would be cooled, and ice would cover earth from pole to pole. But if the

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 greenhouse effect becomes strong it could make the earth warmer than usual.
Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants and animals.

Types of Greenhouse Gases :-

Carbon dioxide
In the environment, greenhouse gases occur (i) naturally or (ii) from human
activities.
The most abundant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide.
It reaches the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions, respiration of animals,
burning and decay of organic matter such as plants.
Normally carbon-dioxide is removed by the plants by photosynthesis.
Carbon-dioxide is also absorbed into ocean water. But humans by their
activities increase the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere .
Such activities include burning of fossil fuels, solid wastes, wood and wood
products to drive vehicles, generate electricity etc.
At the same time due to deforestation, the number of trees available to absorb
carbon-dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly reduced.
Human activities have caused carbon-dioxide to be released to the atmosphere
at rates much faster than that at which earths natural processes can recycle
this gas.
There were about 281 molecules of carbon-dioxide per million molecules of
air (i.e., parts per million or ppm) in 1750.
Today atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations are 368 ppm, a 31%
increase.
Methane
Methane traps 20 times more heat than carbon-dioxide.
It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. It
is also emitted from rotting organic waste in sand fills, by the cows as a by
product of digestion.
Since 1750, the amount of methane in the atmosphere has more than doubled.
Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous Oxide traps 300 times more heat than carbon-dioxide. burning fossil fuels
and ploughing farm soils releases nitrous oxide.
Since 1750 its level increased by 17%. Hydrocarbons formed from the manufacture
of foams, coolants such as chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigerators are the other gases
responsible for global warming.

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3. What are the effects of global warming? and efforts to control global warming?
1. Due to the warming of oceans, sea level will rise. Glacier ice will also melt,
causing further rise in sea level. As a result in the 21st century sea level will rise from 9
to 88 cm. Such a rise will submerge many parts of countries.
2. Seasons will be longer in some areas.
3. The warmed world will be generally more humid and greater humidity will increases
the rainfall.
4. Storms are expected to be more frequent and intense.
5. Some regions of the world would become dry.
6. Wind blows will be harder and in different patterns. Hurricane would be
more severer.
7. Weather patterns would be less prediclable and more extreme.
8.Crops and forests may be affected by more insects and plant
diseases.
9. Animals and plants will find it difficult to adjust to the changed
environment. Animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and toward
higher elevations. Some types of forests may disappear.
10. More people will get sick or die from heat stress.
11. Tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and encephalitis will
spread to other parts of the world.

Efforts to control Global warming:-

Two major ways are there to control global warming:
1). to keep the carbon-dioxide out of the atmosphere by storing the gas or its carbon
component somewhere else, a strategy called carbon sequestration.
2). to reduce the production of green house gases.

Carbon sequestration :-
The simple technique is to preserve trees and plants more. Trees, take up carbon-
dioxide, break it down in photosynthesis, and store carbon in new wood. It need massive
reforestation. Carbon-dioxide can also be sequestrated directly into deep ocean water or
into oil wells or some aquifer form which it cannot escape.
Usage of alternate fuels such as nuclear energy, solar power, wind
power and hydrogen fuel cells which emit no greenhouse gases are being
considered.
Ozone layer depletion
Ozone is a form of oxygen (O3). In the stratosphere (ozonosphere), ozone blocks
out the suns ultraviolet rays and is a lifesaver.

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4. Describe Ozone as a natural sun block?
The electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sun includes ultraviolet
radiation, which is potentially harmful to most living things since it can
damage DNA.
The ozone layer screens out the suns harmful
ultraviolet radiation.
Even 1% reduction in the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere
causes a measurable increase in the ultraviolet radiation that reaches
the earth surface. If there was no ozone at all, the amount of ultraviolet
radiation reaching us would be catastrophically high.
All living things would suffer radiation burns, unless they were
underground,
or in the sea.
In the stratosphere, small amount of ozone are constantly being made by
the action of sunlight on oxygen.
At the sametime, ozone is being broken down by natural processes.
The total amount of ozone usually stays constant because its formation and
destruction occur at about the same rate.
But unfortunately human activity has recently changed that natural
balance. Some manufactured substances such as chloroflurocarbons and
Hydro chlorofluro carbons can destroy stratosphere ozone much faster
than it is formed.

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Ozone hole:
Ozone loss was first detected in the stratosphere over the Antarctic. The part of
the atmosphere where ozone is most depleted is referred as Ozone hole but it is not a real
hole just a vast region of the upper atmosphere where there is less ozone than elsewhere.
Ozone-poor air can spread out from the Polar regions and move above other areas. In
addition, direct ozone depleted are is also slowly increasing.
Reasons for the Antarctic Ozone hole:
Scientific observations prove that the ozone hole formed over Antarctic is
due to compounds of chlorine and bromine formed in the atmosphere.
Nearly all of the chlorine and half of the bromine in the stratosphere
comes from human activities, the chlorofluocarbons released due to
human activities transported up into the upper stratosphere. The most
common Ozone depleting substances (ODS) are chloroflurocarbons (CFC)
or freon gases, bromine compounds on halons, nitrogen oxides and methyl
bromide. These compounds are liberally released from air-conditioners,
freezers, foam insulations, aerosol products, industrial solevents, fire
extinguishers and pesticides.
Effect of Ozone depletions:
If the ozone is depleted more ultraviolet radiations (especially ultraviolet B
(UVB) will reach the earths surface.
Effect on plants:- will affect crop yield and forest productivity.
Effect on animals:- will cause damage to fish larvae and other small animals
Effect on human health:- Results in non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma, acute
erythem a (sun burn), ocular abnormalities, cataract, affect immune responses.
The general effect of ozone depletion is summed up in the following chart

5. Describe the types of wastage, explain waste water management?

o Human activities related to livelihood and welfare generate waste.
All wastes are pollutants and they create pollution in one way or other.
Fundamentally air, land and water pollution results mostly due to
improper disposal of wastes.
Classification of wastes
1. Bio degradable waste
These are wastes capable of being removed or degraded by biological or
microbial action. Waste from agricultural products, animal wastes and waste from
food processing, leather, fibre, paper and wood etc. come under this group.
2. Non bio-degradable waste
The substances which are normally not acted upon and decomposed by
microbes are non-bio degradable wastes. It includes mineral waste, mining waste
and industrial waste and non-degradable metallic and plastics substance.

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 3. Mixture of biodegradable and non-biodegraded wastes
It includes municipal waste and industrial waste. Municipal waste contains
ousehold garbage, piles of food scrapes, old newspaper, discarded and throw away
materials, glass, cans, old appliances, broken materials, leather shoes, fibres, plastics
and others. Construction waste materials, packaging materials, sewage, hospital
waste, junk and vehicles are varied types of urban wastes. All these wastes are found
in the form of semisolid, solid, semiliquid, sludge and in fly ash form.
Waste water treatment and management
o For the treatment of sewage, primary treatment consists of mechanical
filtration, screening, and settling, followed by chlorination.
o It removes 50 to 65% of the suspended solids.
o In secondary treatment the organic wastes are transformed by bacteria in the
treatment plant, where oxygen is provided by aeration, instead of depleting
dissolved oxygen in the receiving waters. The sludge from this process,
consisting largely of bacterial masses, is concentrated and processed further in
an anaerobic digester.

6. How will you manage hazardous waste?

Management of hazardous wastes
Hazardous wastes may remain dangerous for thousands of years.
The hazardous aste include radioactive refuse, metallic compounds,
organic solvents, acid asbestos, organic cyanides, pathological hospital
wastes, disposable medical equipments and tools.

The following methods are adopted for the disposal of hazardous wastes.
1. Land fills : There are permanent storage facilities for military related liquid and
radioactive waste materials in secured lands. High level radio active wastes are stored in deep
underground storage. Wastes are carefully contained to prevent cross mixing of reactive
substances. The land fill is capped with impervious clay to prevent infiltration and
percolation of water through the fill. Fill bottom is lined and provided with drainage system
to contain and remove any leakage that occurs. Monitoring the wells provides a final check.
2. Deep well injection : It involves drilling a well into dry, porous material below
groundwater. Hazardous waste liquids are pumped into the well. They are soaked into the
porous material and made to remain isolated indefinitely. However fractures in the
impermeable layer may permit the injected wastes to escape and contaminate ground water.
3. Surface impoundments : This method is used to dispose large amounts of water
carrying relatively small amounts of chemical wastes. Surface impoundments are simple
excavated depressions (ponds) into which liquid wastes are drained. Solid wastes

settle and accumulate while water evaporates. If the pond bottom is well sealed and if
evaporation equals input, wastes may be stored in the impoundment indefinitely.
4. Incineration : The hazardous biomedical wastes are usually disposed off by

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 means of incineration. Human anatomical wastes, discarded medicines, toxic drugs,
blood, pus, animal wastes, microbiological and biotechnological wastes etc are called
Bio-medical wastes.
5. Bioremediation : This is another rapidly developing clean up technology.
Cleaning the environment with biological options such as microbes and plants is called
bioremediation. Some naturally occurring bacteria and other microorganisms have the
capability to degrade or absorb or detoxify the wastes such as heavy metals. Many plant
materials are successfully used as adsorbents for xenobiotics (phytoremediation).
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMS) are currently produced in large scale to
remove the hazardous radionuclides and heavy metals such as mercury, chromium,
cadmium etc. Certain plants such as Gibberella fusarium were able to breakdown cyanide
and reduce it to a non-toxic form. The bacteria Pseudomonas, nicknamed as super bug
are capable of degrading variety of toxic compounds and also degrade oil.

7. How will you manage non Hazardous waste?

Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management
1.Sanitary land fills : The refuse is spread in a hollow land or in a trench and
compacted with a layer of clear sand fill. The sanitary land fills are far more desirable
than open dumps but the ground water contamination is always a potential problem. Once
a land fill operation has been completed the site must be inspected periodically. This land
fill is suitable for recreational activities such as parks and play ground.
2.Incineration : Municipal incinerators burn combustible solid waste and melt
certain non-combustible materials. Since the high temperature destroys pathogens and
their vectors, it is a good method of disposal from health point of view. The incineration
can reduce the volume of solid waste by 80 to 90 percent.
3.Reuse and recycling techniques :
o Resource recovery is a broad term that is used for the retrieval of valuable
materials or energy from a waste.
o The separating out of materials such as rubber, glass, paper and scrap metal
from refuse and reprocessing them for reuse is named as reclamation of waste
or recycling.
o Paper (54% recovery) can be repulped and reprocessed into recycled paper,
cardboard, and other paper products; finally ground and sold as cellulose
insulators or shredded and composted.
o Glass (20% recovery) can be crushed, remelted and made into new containers
or crushes used as a substitute for gravel or sand in construction materials
such as concrete and asphalt.
o Some forms of plastics (2.2 % recovery) can be remelted and fabricated into
carpet fibre, fill for insulated apparel, irrigation drainage, tiles and sheet
plastics.
o Metals can be melted and refabricated (39% recovery).

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Food wastes and yard wastes (leaves, grass etc.) can be composted to produce humus soil
conditioner.
Textiles can be shredded and used to strengthen recycled paper
products.
Old tyres can be remelted or shredded and incorporated into highway
asphalt.

Waste water treatment and management

o The main steps in typical water treatment plants are coagulation, settling and
filtration to remove suspended particles, aeration to remove the volatile
substances most responsible for taste and odour, and chlorination to kill
pathogenic organisms.
o For the treatment of sewage, primary treatment consists of mechanical
filtration, screening, and settling, followed by chlorination.
o It removes 50 to 65% of the suspended solids.
o In secondary treatment the organic wastes are transformed by bacteria in the
treatment plant, where oxygen is provided by aeration, instead of depleting
dissolved oxygen in the receiving waters.
o The sludge from this process, consisting largely of bacterial masses, is
concentrated and processed further in an anaerobic digester.

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8. Mention a few hot spot in india, and what are the organization to preserve and
safe guard biodiversity in india?
Bioreserves in India
Tamilnadu has the distinction of having a marine biosphere reserve viz., the Gulf of
Mannar Biosphere Reserve and also a hill Biosphere Reserve, the Nilgiri biosphere

Reserve. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:

o The total area is 5,520 sq. km. It is rich in plant diversity.
o It was established to conserve in situ genetic diversity of species and
restore degraded ecosystem to its natural conditions.
The Gulf of Mannar Bioshere Reserve:
o This reserve was one of six areas chosen on the basis of its threatened
status and richness of biological wealth for inclusion into an action
programme to save Indias protected areas for future generations.
o It encompasses 21 small islands along the coast.
o It is considered as a biologists aradise with 3600 species of plants and
animals.
Organizations functioning to preserve and safeguard biodiversity in India :
1. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources in New Delhi.
2. National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources at Kamal.
3. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources in Allahabad.
4. The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests.
5. The Foundation for the Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT)
in Bangalore.

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9. What is energy crisis and how it could be remedied?
Energy crisis
Energy crisis is due to the increase in population accompanied by rapid
urbanization and industrialization.
Steps to be taken to resolve energy
crisis
1.Reduce the consumption of fuels
The consumption of fuel in these areas can be reduced by (a) proper insulation of
existing buildings and design changes in new constructions (eg. using less plate glass), (it
saves about 33% of energy) (b)improving the fuel economy of automobiles, (c) using
more efficient means of transportation.
2. Develop new sources of energy: The energy crisis has prompted the development of
alternate energy sources (alternatives to fossil fuels) other than the heat available from

the combustion of fossil fuels.

(a)Wind Energy
In India, the wind power is of great significance as there are large coastal, hill and
desert areas where wind energy can be usefully exploited for generation of electricity and
water pumping.
(b) Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is fast emerging as a significant source of electricity in several
island nations, mainly in the Indian oceans and the Pacific regions. Geothermal plants
make use of naturally heated steam drawn to the surface through a series of boreholes.
Hot Rocks for energy generation
The Hot Dry Rock (HDR) technology is especially suitable for countries like
India, where the geological pattern favours easy exploitation of this source. Tapping of
energy involves drilling of holes several km deep into the earth where the temperature of
rocks ranges form 200 250oC. Water is pumped into these bore holes and allowed to
circulate through the source rocks fracture net work, which may have fissures barely a
few millimeter wide. This water is then ejected under pressure from a second hole in the
form of steam. The steam is used to power turbines for electricity generation, after which
it is condensed back to water that can be used again.
(c) Mini hydel generation
Energy generation from small water source is probably the most cheapest and
reliable of all renewable energy sources. It can be harnessed conveniently from nearby
canal or stream in a most environmentally benign manner. Nature has been very generous
and bounteous in providing a vast hydro electric potential to the Indian subcontinent.
(d) Ocean energy
The various methods of extracting energy from oceans are as follows.
1.Ocean winds, 2.Ocean waves, 3.Ocean tides, 4.Ocean currents, 5.Ocean
geothermal, 6.Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), 7.Salinity gradient and

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 8.Bioconversion of sea weeds. Indias first power plant generating electricity from ocean
energy is commissioned at Vizhinjam fishing harbour in Kerala to provide energy of 150
MW in a year.
(e) Solar energy:
Solar energy is another energy source. Each year the earth receives from the sun
an enormous total of 5 1020 k.cals of energy. Solar energy, which is the primary source
of all energy forms on the earth, is the renewable form of energy.
Advantages of solar energy:
(a) Solar energy is a kind of universal, decentralized and non-polluting energy (b)
it helps considerably in maintaining the ecological balance through the process of
photosynthesis and green house effect. (c) it has none of the disadvantages found in the
combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil or gas.
(f) Nuclear energy :
Nuclear energy is the only energy source, known to be economically feasible in
the present and for the near future. It can replace fossil fuels. In nuclear fission, a heavy
atom splits under neutron bombardment into smaller fragments, with the evolution of
huge amount of energy. In spite of this advantage the problem of disposal of nuclear
wastes remains. Nuclear fusion is expected to be an ideal energy source for the future. In
nuclear fusion, light nuclei such as deuterium (21H) and tritium (31H) combine to form
heavier stable nuclei.
(g) Bio gas or Gobar gas:
Gobar gas plants are based on anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes in the
absence of air. Through gaseous stage the heating efficiency of the cattle dung increased
production by about 20%. There is a production of an organic manure which is about
43% better than dry cattle dung itself. This manure can also reduce pressure on naptha-
based fertilizers. It has been estimated that 10m3 of biogas has energy equivalent of 6.0
m3 of natural gas, 3.6 litres of butane, 7.0 litres of gasoline or 6.1 litres of diesel fuel.
(h) Hydrogen Source of power for future
The hydrogen has been found to be a good choice among all the alternative fuel options.

10. Write notes on fresh water management?

Freshwater Management
On a human time scale, the amount of water on the earth is fixed. There is little
we can do to make more water. However, there are several ways to increase local
supplies.
a) Seeding clouds
Seeding clouds with dry ice or potassium iodide particles sometimes can initiate
rain if water laden clouds and conditions that favour precipitation are present.

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b) Desalination
Desalination of ocean water is a technology that have great potential for
increasing fresh water. The common methods of desalination are distillation (evaporation
and recondensation) or reverse osmosis (forcing water under pressure through a
semipremeable membrane whose tiny pores allow water to pass but exclude most salts
and minerals).
c) Dams, Reservoirs, Canals and Aqueducts
It is common to trap run off with dams and storage reservoirs and transfer water
from areas of excess to areas of deficit using canals, tunnels and underground pipes.

d) Watershed management
A series of small dams or tributary streams can hold back water before it becomes
a great flood.
e) Rain water harvesting
The activity of collecting rainwater directly or recharging it into ground to
improve ground water storage in the aquifer is called rain water harvesting.

f) Better agricultural practices

Sound farming and foresting practices can reduce runoff. Retaining crop residues
on fields reduces flooding. Minimizing ploughing and forest cutting on steep slopes
rotects watersheds.
g) Domestic conservation
We could save as much as half of the water we now use for domestic purposes
without great sacrifice or serious changes in our lifestyles. The use of washing machines,
dish washers and low volume shower heads can reduce water loss.
h) Industrial conservation
Nearly half of all industrial water use is for cooling of electric power plants and
other industrial facilities. By installing dry cooling systems, this could be avoided.
i) Saving water -an individuals role
As an individual you can conserve water by the following methods.

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 Take shorter showers.
Dont wash car and two wheelers often
Dont allow tap run while washing hands, dishes, food or brushing your
teeth unnecessarily.
In your lawn consider planting native plants, a rock garden or some xerophytic
landscaping.
Use water conserving appliances : low flow showers and low flush toilets.
Use recycled water for lawns, house plants and car washing
Check taps for leaks
11. Describe poverty.
Poverty and environment
o Poverty is a condition of having insufficient resources or income. the effects of
poverty may include poor nutrition, mental illness, drug dependence and crime.
o Extreme poverty, hich threatens peoples health or lives, is known as destitution
or absolute poverty.
o A condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society
or country when compared to worldwide averages is known as the relative
poverty.
Poverty and Environmental issues
The increase in population and poverty has made an impact on natural resources and the
environment in many regions.
In many parts of the world, environmental degradation the eterioration of the natural
environment, including the atmosphere, bodies of water, soil and forests is an important
cause of poverty.
Environmental problems have led to shortages of food, clean water, materials for shelter,
and other essential resources. global environmental degradation may result from a variety
of factors, including over population and the resulting over use of land and other
resources. Drastic environmental degradations may result in poverty.
Various measures to eradicate poverty in human society include the following:
a) Achieving self sufficiency by intensifying agriculture, augmenting green revolution,
increasing crop productivity through modern genetic and bio technological
approaches.
b) Increasing land and water resources. Expanding the area of able cultivable lands,
transforming dry lands into productive lands through irrigation water sheds
development.
c) Prevention of land and water pollution by minimizing the usage of chemical
pesticides and adopting biological control strategies for pest eradication.
d) Establishment of industries and technologies and creating more avenues for employment
and man power utilization.
e) Anti- poverty programmes and social security scheme by the Governments.
f.Establishing more primary health centres, hospitals and orphanages for destitutes and diseased.

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 7.APPLIED BIOLOGY

1. How to find out healthy livestock?

(i) They are active with a lustrous skin .
(ii) Have good appetite and sound sleep.
2. What are the symptoms of cow pox?
Cow pox is a contagious viral disease attacking cows and buffaloes.
Symptoms : Retarded rumination, swelling of udder and teats, rise in temperature,
eruptions on skin and udder and teats developing into vesicles, pustules and scabs by stages
ultimately leading to mastitis and loss of milk.
3. State the preventive measures of cow pox.
Segregation of affected animal, giving sloppy food for swallowing and digestion,
fomenting udder with warm disinfectant solution, giving saline laxative and diuretics, treating
lesions with mild antiseptic ointment. Cow shed should be kept clean.
4. Name viral diseases afflicting livestock.
The viral diseases are cow pox, foot and mouth disease and rinderpest.
5. Name bacterial diseases afflicting livestock.
The bacterial diseases are anthrax, haemorrhagic septicemia, mastitis and
tuberculosis.
6. What is out breeding ?
Out breeding is mating of less closely related or unrelated animals.The individuals
involved do not have a common ancestor in the preceeding 4-6 generations.
7. What is cross breeding ?
Cross breeding is mating of animals of different breeds. It is valuable as a means of
introducing desirable characters into new breed in which they have not existed formerly. The
cross breeds exhibit increased growth and vigour by the blend of desirable dominant genes from
two breeds in the first generation.
8. What are the benefits of artificial insemination ?
It helps to eliminate the need for maintenance of herd sire, permits long distance transport
of semen by air, avoids spreading of genital diseases, and increase the rate of conception. Further
this method helps better recording, permits use of semen from injured and old bulls and provides
a chance of detecting any genital abnormalities or pathological infection and inflammation in
cows.
9. Why Leg horn hens are economically more important?
They attain maturity at five or six months and start laying eggs.
10. State the characteristic features of American type of hens with examples?
These breeds are characterized by yellow feathers, red ear lobes and many of them lay
brown-shelled eggs. Rhode island reds, Plymouth rock, New hampshire and Wyandotte are
some of the important breeds of American class.

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11. How exotic breeds of fowls are classified on the basis of their origin?
They are American breeds, Asiatic breeds, English breeds and Mediterranean breeds. In
addition to the above many of the indigenous breeds are also reared.
12. What are the factors to be observed in the choice of eggs for incubation?
The egg should be fertile (2) Over-sized and small sized eggs should not be selected
instead medium sized should be preferred (3) Dark-brown shelled eggs hatch earlier than light-
brown shelled eggs (4) Freshly laid eggs are preferred for rearing.
13. What are the two types of incubation?
o The incubation is of two types namely natural incubation and artificial
incubation.
o In the natural incubation method, the eggs are subjected to the care of mother.
Only a limited number of eggs can be incubated by a mother hen.
o In artificial incubation the eggs are maintained in a chamber(incubator) which
stimulates the optimum environmental condition. In artificial incubation more
number of eggs can be incubated than natural incubation.
14. What is brooding and its kinds?
Brooding is the care and management of young chickens for four to six weeks
immediately after hatching. Like incubation, brooding also has the natural and artificial methods.
In the former, day-old chickens are left to the care of mother and in the latter temperature
controlled artificial brooder is used.
15. What are the uses of Stethoscope?
1. Stethoscope helps to find normal (lub-dub) versus abnormal heart sounds (heart
murmurs) and also to diagnose valve functions.
2. Stethoscopes can indicate fluid in lungs in case of pneumonia and pulmonary edema. It
can diagnose airway diseases like bronchitis and pleuritis.
3. Stethoscopes are also used to compare the movements in the normal versus overactive
or underactive intestinal tract.
16. What are the uses of Sphygmomanometer?
1. Sphygmomanometer helps to estimate the state of blood circulation and the working of
heart.
2. Sphygmomanometer helps to diagnose pathological conditions such as hypertension
(increased BP) and hypotension (reduction in BP).
17. What are the uses of CT scan? (any three)
1. CT is an invaluable tool in the cancer diagnosis process and is often the preferred
method for diagnosing lung, liver and pancreas cancer.
2. CT imaging and CT angiography are finding a greater role in the detection, diagnosis
and treatment of heart disease, acute stroke and vascular diseases, which can lead to
stroke, gangrene or kidney failure.
3. CT can be used to measure bone mineral density for the detection of osteoporosis.

4. CT has excellent application in trauma cases and other internal bleeding in patients.

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 5.CT is used extensively for diagnosing problems of the inner ears and sinuses. The
anatomy of the inner ear and sinuses is made up of delicate soft tissue structures and
very fine bones. CT is excellent for imaging tumors or polyps in the sinuses and
disease that cause degeneration of the small bones in the inner ear.
6. CT has been the basis for interventional work like CT guided biopsy and minimally
invasive therapy. CT images are also used as basis for planning radiotherapy cancer
treatment. CT is also often used to follow the course of cancer treatment to determine
how the tumor is responding to treatment.
18. What is CT scan?
Computed Tomography (CT) or CAT scanning combines the use of a digital computer
together with a rotating X-ray device to create detailed cross sectional images or slices
of the different organs.
19. What are the uses of Haemocytometer?
1. Decrease in the number of circulating erythrocytes indicates anaemia.
2. An increased number of erythrocytes indicates the possibility of polycythemia.
3. An increase in WBC count for a transient period indicates bacterial infection.
4. Progressive increase in abnormal WBC count indicates the possibility of leukemia.
20. What is Endoscopy?
Endoscopy is a method of examining the interior of a body cavity or hollow organ (e.g.,
oesophagus, stomach) using an endoscope, a narrow, flexible fiber optic instrument that
conducts light.
21. What are the uses of Haemo cytometer?
1. Decrease in the number of circulating erythrocytes indicates anaemia.
2. An increased number of erythrocytes indicates the possibility of polycythemia.
3. An increase in WBC count for a transient period indicates bacterial infection.
4. Progressive increase in abnormal WBC count indicates the possibility of leukemia.
22. What is Endoscopy?
Endoscopy is a method of examining the interior of a body cavity or hollow organ (e.g.,
oesophagus, stomach) using an endoscope, a narrow, flexible fiber optic instrument that
conducts light.
23. What are the advantages of auto
autoanalyser? Advantages of an
autoanalyser :
1. Accuracy is more when compared with manual method.
2. Large number of samples may be processed in minimal time.
3. Two or more assays may be performed simultaneously.
4. Calculations are not required.

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24. What are disadvantages of
autoanalyser? Disadvantages of an
autoanalyser :
1. It is impractical for small number of specimens.
2. Instruments may fail occasionally.
3. Additional training of the staff about the working, maintenance and potential
problems of the machine is needed.
4. They are expensive.

10 Mark Questions

6.APPLIED BIOLOGY

1. Explain the origin distribution characters and milk production of mulching cows.
2. Describe the diseases of livestock.
3. Explain modern technology adopted in livestock breeding.
4. Describe important cattle breeds and their characteristics.
5. What are the important stages of poultry farming and explain the stages?
6. Classify exotic breeds of fowls .
7. Explain poultry farming.
8. Describe the indigenous (Desi variety) breeds of fowls.
9. What are the factors required for brooding .
10. Describe the types of fish ponds.
11. What is pisciculture? and Mention the characters of cultivable fish.
12. Describe pisciculture management and edible fishes of Tamilnadu.
13. Explain pisciculture as a profession.
14. What is ECG?. Explain P, Q, R, S, T waves.
15. What is CT scan?. What are its uses.
16. Explain Stethoscope and Sphygmomanometer?
17. Explain Endoscopy and Artificial pace maker.
18. Describe an account on Haemocytometer.
19. Explain the process of Urine Sugar analysis.

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 STAGE III
ONE MARKS

1.HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
NUTRITION and DIGESTION
1. The ratio of CHO in carbohydrates_________(1:2:1)
2. Most important monosaccharide in RNA and DNA is______(Pentose)
3. The calorie obtained from 1g of carbohydrate is _______(4.1 C)
4. Polysaccharide present in the liver and muscle of animal ______(glycogen) Lactose is
composed of _____ (glucose and glactose)
5. The shape of starch in food particle _________(pectin)
6. Name the protein functioning as enzymes _______(functional proteins)
7. The name of essential amino acid among the 20 amino acid ______(10)
8. Lipid is stored in animas _________(adipose tissue)
9. Oil recommended hypertension patients ________(PUFA)
10. 1gram of lipid as energy value _________(9.3 calories)
11.Vitamin that__________(D)is calledofsunlight
helps in the maturation RBC isvitamin 12. vitamin B12)
________(
12. Vitamin D deficiency causes ________(Osteomalacia) in the aged
13.Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin ______________(Niacin)
14. Isometric exercises enhance storage of ___________(glycogen)
15. The important function of Vitamin ______(A) is concerned with _______(eye sight)
16. __________(multiple sclerosis ) is an autoimmune disorder
17. Percentage of water in the body of man ________ (71 to 78 %)
18.Vitamin E is an______(Antioxidant)
19.Tissues are rejuvenated by Vitamin _______(E)

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. The Fasting sugar range from __________ (70-110 mg/DL)
1. First step in digestion ____________ (tasting)
2. Saliva secreted per day _________ (1500 ml)
3. Secretion of saliva is an example for __________ (reflex action)
4. Chief cells secrete _________ (enzymes Pepsin and Renin)
5. __________ (mucous) prevent crop from Hcl
6. Hcl is secreted by _________ (Oxyntic cells)
7. The Bile stones are made of _________ (cholesterol)
8. PH value of pancreatic juice is ________ (7 8)
9. BMI of adult is ________ (19-25)
10. Absorbed food is directed to liver by ______________ (hepotoportal vein)
11. The first sign of Dental caries is __________ (tooth pain)
12. Bacteria that causes duodenal ulcer is _______ (helicobacter pylori)

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13. Hernia develops in babies is ________ (umbilical hernia)
14. Appendicitis causes __________ (severe pain and swelling)
15. The severe damage cause to liver is _________ (cirrhosis)
16. Magnesium ion is responsible for _____________ formation(Bones and teeth)
17. During fasting blood glucose level________(70-110mg/DL)
18. First phase of digestion________(swolloving)
19. Saliva secrete during daily _________(1000-1500ml)
20. Swallowing and salaiva secretion_______(Involantory action)
21. Chief cells secreted _____________(Enzymes)
22. Hcl Acit action inhibited by _________(mucous)
23. Hcl secrete _________(Oxyntic cells)
24. Bile salts coverts the lipid molecules in to ___________(lipid droplets)
25. Bile stone formed by____________(cholesterol)
26. PH of Pancreatic juice________( ph 7-8)
27. Ecto peptidase is ____________(carboxy peptidase)
28. Body mass index at adult_____________(19-25)
29. Digestive food materials send through liver by__________(Hepatic portal vein)
30. Tooth decay first symptom______________(tooth ache)
31. Ulcer causative agent_________(Healicobacterpylori)
32. Herinia cause to childs______________( umbilical hernia)
33. Sualling happen in intestinal value is___________(Appentidics)
BONES AND JOITNS
34. The total number of bones in adult __________ (206)
35. The total number of muscle fibre _______ (700)
th
36. _________ (Hippocrates) explained bone fractures and treatment in the 14 century
37. __________(Callus) tissue integrates the broken bone tissue.
38. Pathological fracture is caused by _________ (hyperparathyroidism)
39. The fine filament of muscle fiber are called _______ (myofibrils)
40. Sliding filament hypothesis was explained by ______ (Hansan) and Huxley.
MUSCLES

1.Muscle contraction is activated by the chemical ____ (acetyl coline)

2.Taratalogic disorder is _______ (congenital)
3.Heart muscles are benefited by ________ (isometric exercises)
4.Blood purification in the patient of Myasthinia gravis is called _______
(plasmapheresis)
5.Positive waves of ECG are PRT and ve waves ECG are ____ (QS)
6.The five types of waves of ECG are ________(PQRST)
7.Duration of p wave _______(1sec)
8.Gout is caused by ___________(metabolic disorder)
9.Auto immune disorder aginst an unknown antigen________(Rheumatic diseases)

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 10.Human adult have________ no of bonse & muscle fibres________(206, 700)
11.In BC 14 years who first Explian the bone fracture______(Hippocrates)
12.Young and tenter tissues of bones is_______ (callus tissues)
13.Phathalogical bone fracture happen by_______(Hyper thyrodism)

RESPIRTORY SYSTEM
51. Flooring elevation for ________(Brooding is 5-7.5)
52. ________(Chitakong) is found in west Bengal.
53. The fusion of Diploid gamete with haploid gamete results in ________(polyploidy)
54. The advocates of new Darwinism is ________ (TH. Huxely)
55. TB easily catches _______ (HIV) patients.
56. ___________(inspiration) is an active process.
57. Respiration is controlled by _____________ (medulla oblongata) of Brain.
58. Pneumonia is caused __________ (Pnemoccal pneumonia )
59. Inflammation of the plural membranes called __________ (pleurase)
60. Calcium lions required for ___________ (Muscle contraction)
61. TB is caused by _____________ (Microbactrium tuberculosis)

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

62. Mitral valve is called ________ (Bicuspid valve)

63. SA node produces ____________ (electrical impulses)
64. Heartbeats ___________ (72 to 80 times per minitue)
65. Lub sounds are caused by the closure of __________ (aterio ventricular value)
66. Tub sounds are caused by the closed of ___________ (semi lunar value).
67. Myocardial infarction is called ____________ (caronary artery)
68. The unbearable in chests is called _________ (Angina)
69. The internal structure of heart is revealed by _________ (Echocardiograph )
70. Shrinkage of valves is called ________ (stenosis)
71. Normal BP of man _______ (120/80 mmHg.)
72. The __________is capable of generating action potential(SA node)
73. The rate of heart beat is _______per minute(72-80)
74. The first louder sound of heart is due to _________( closure of the atrioventricular valves)
75. The second sound is of shorter duration was due to_______( closure of semilunar valve)
76. ___________is due to sudden death of heart muscels.( Myocardial infarction)
77. Due to________the pain ranges from a high ache to intense crushing agony(Angina
pectoris)
78. __________is a technique that uses ultra sound waves to image the interior of heart(Echo
cardiography)
79. Narrowing of heart valves is called________ (stenosis)
80. ________ may cause server unremitting chest pain(myocardial infarction)
81. Men are affected earlier than women because women are protected by
__________hormone(oestrogen)

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82. Osteoscelerosis is less common in women due to __________ (Oestrogen)
83. Heart transplantation was performed first time by __________ (Christian Bernard)
84. The blood volume of man and women __________(5-6, 4-5 litter)
85. The life span of RBC of male and female ________ (120 110 days)
86. RBCs have their origin in _________ (Bone marrow)
87. Thrombosis in coronary artery is called __________ (coronary thrombosis)
88. ____________ (Embolus) is part of the thrombosis)
89. The first human heart transplant was performed by _______(prof christian Bernard-
south Africa)
90. The total blood volume in human female is litters_______(4-5lts)and__males(5-6)
91. Erythrocytes stay in circulation for about _____(120 days) in males and ______(110)
days in females.
92.The number of erythrocytes in male and female________per cubice mm(4.2-5.8, 3.6-5.2)
93.RBC are manufactured in the_________(bone marrow of bones such as ribs and
vertebrae)
94.Which WBC contain heparin which inhibits blood clotting(Basophils)
95.A thrombus formed in the artery suppling heart muscle is known as________(coronary
thrombosis)
96. When a portion of a thrombus clot becomes fragmented and enters the circulating blood, it
is called _________(embolus)
97. fibrinogen______ fibrin(thrombin)
80. The ability of the body is maintained and internal mileu irrespective of external
environment called__________________ (homeostasis)
81. While matter of CNS is called _______ (axons)
82. The cortex region of cerebrum has _______ (ten) number of nerves junction.
83. The larger part diencephalons is _________ (thalamus)
84. Sleep, wake cycle is controlled by _________ (hypothalamus)
85. The mass of cerebrum in male and female ________ (1400gm, 1200gm)
86. The four nuclei of midbrain are called ___________ (corporaquadrigemina)
87. Information from cerebrum to cerebellum is via _________ (pons)
88. The vital organs like heart, lungs are controlled by ________ (medulla oblongata)
89. Loss of memory is called ________ (amnesia)
90. Non REM sleep is good for __________ (health)
91. Conditional reflex was experimentally proved by __________ (Pavlov)
92. REM sleep lost for __________ (5 30) minutes.
93. The volume of cerebro spinal fluid is _______ (150 ml)
94. The gall stones are formed of________(cholesterol)
95. During the contraction of muscle the ATP molecules bind with the active site of
Of__________(actin filaments)
96. . Excessive exposure to U V-rays can cause____________(skin cancer)
EXCRETION
97. Urea biosynthesis takes place in____________(liver)
98. Area responsible for reabsorption of water, glucose, sodium phosphate and

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 bicarbonates is___________(proximal convoluted tubules)
99. Number of ATP molecules spent to convert ammonia to urea is________ (three)
100. Which of the following is called artificial kidney_________(dialyzer)
101. Intermediate between bacterium and virus is called_________(Mycoplasma)
CIRCULATION
102. The largest leucocytes __________(Monocytes)
103. The smallest leucocytes _________(Lymphocytes)
104. ______________ influence mood and general body movements due to strong emotions
such as fear or anger.(Thalamus)
105. The major mineralocorticoid hormone is _________(Aldosterone)
106. The sperms are stored in _______(Epididymis)
107. Myasthenia Gravis important symptom is__________(Drooping eyelids)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1.Within brain the collections of grey matter form centers called ________(Nuclei)
2.The ______mak up the white matter of the CNS(axons)
3.The number of synapses in the cerebral cortex alone is_______(102783000)
4.major part of diencephalon is _________(thalamus)
5.__________co-ordinates responses to the sleep-wake cycle(Hypothalamus)
6.The weight of male and female brain is ______(1400gms,1200gms)
7.The four mounds in the mid brain____________(Corpor quadrigemina)
8.____means memory loes(Amnesia)
9.The___ relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum(Pons)
10.The ________function as centers of several reflexes involued in the resulation of heart rate
breathing(pons)
11._____________is the state of inability to recall memories(Amnesia)
12.During this __________sleep the dreams in memory does not occur(Slow wave sleep)
13.REM sleep losting________minutes(5-30 mts)
14.The physiologist who first demonstrated the conditioned reflex was________(Ivan
Pavlov)
15.In Human the volume of CSF is ________ml(150)
16.______________ are involved in visual reflexes (Superior colliculi)
17.The rate of secretion of CSF in a day is _______(550ml)
18.______________acts as a mechanical buffer fon CNS(Cerebrospinal fluid)
19.The phenomenon of maintaining a constant inner state irrespective of changes happening
in the environment(Homeostasis)

CHEMICAL CO-ORDINATION
1.The pituitary is controlled by________(Hypothalamus)
2. pituitary weighs about_______(500 mg)
3.________is originated from the floor of diencephlon as a downward
growth(Neurohypophysis)
4. Deficiency of growth hormone or hyposecretion in children results in_____(Dwarfism)
5. Excessive secretion of GH results in over growth and reach a height of 7 to 9 feet
is_________(Gigantism)
6. The excessive GH in adults also results_________(Acromegaly)
7. TSH is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of ___________(28,000 daltons)

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8.The ________ stimulats the adrenal cortex(ACTH-Adreno cortico trophic hormone)
9.TSH,FSH and LH are ________(glycoprotein)
10. The term oxytocin refers to ________(Quick birth)
11.The_____stimulates the smooth muscles of uterus and causes the contraction, and helps in
the delivery of foetus(Oxytocin)
12. The most important function of the adrenal cortex is its role in_________(stress
tolerance)
13. _________deficiency leads to Diabetes insipitus(ADH OR Vassopressin)
14. Amino acid residue in thyroxine is_________(Tyrosine)
15.The amount of Iodine in thyroxine is_______(65%)
16. Which Hormone is very essential for the development of nervous system particularly at
the time of birth and during the first year(Thyroxine)
17.________ is caused due to lack of Iodine in the soils(Endemic goiter)
18. __________is found in children who are deficient of thyroxine hormone from the time of
birth (Cretinism)
19.Thyroxine deficiency in adults leads to________(Myxoedema)
20. The hyper function of thyroid gland results in_______( Graves disease)
21. Graves disease is called_________( thyrotoxicosis or exophthalmic goiter)
22. The half-life of the parathormone is______(20-30 minutes)
23._______ is a calcium-lowering hormone(Calcitonin)
24.The alpha cells secrtes_______(glucagon)__________and the beta cells secrtes(Insulin)
25.Synthesis of glucose from a non carbohydrates is _________ (Gluconeogenesis)
26._____________is the hyper glycemic hormone(Glucagon)
27.All the chemical hormones are____________ (Steriods)
28.__________ increases the rate, amplitude and frequency of the heart beat(Adrenalin or
epinephrine)
29. _________also acts as an anti-inflammatory agent(Cortisone)
30.________ is one of the androgenic hormone(Testostenone)
31. The corpus luteum of the pregnant woman secretes another hormone________(Relaxin)

RECEPTOR ORGANS
1.Refraction occurs through which surfaces of eye before it reaches
retina________(carnea,front surface of lens,rear surface of lens)
2.The vitreous humour is made of ________(gelatinus mucoprotein)
3.___________is a purple red photosensitive pigment present in the outer segment of the
rods(Rhodopsin or visual purple)
4._________cells of eyes perceive colors(cone)
5.The ideal refractive state is called _______(Emmetropia)
6.__________is short sightedness(Myopia)
7.___________ is long sightedness(Hyper metrobia)
8.________results if the lens curvature is too great or the entire eye ball becomes
elongated.(Myopia )
9.when the curvature of lens is not great enough if result in_________(Hypermetropia or
long sightedness)
10.If the light is focused in front of the retina is corrected using_________(concave lens)
11.__________ occurs if either the cornea or lens is distorted(Astigmatism)
12._________ the result of a reduction in the amplitude of accommodation

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with age due to hardening and loss of plasticity of the lens(Presbiopia)
13.________is the opacity in the lens of the eye(Cataract)
14.Vitamin_______and________are necessary for the retinal functions(A,B)
15. In_______conjuctiva causes redness, discomfort and a discharge from the affected
eye(Conjunctivitis)
16.The Industrial noise survey of India recognized noise levels from___as permissiable
levels(81db- 120db)
17.loud noises is _______(above 130 db)
18.The skin of the body forms ______ of the total mass(8%)
19.The suface area of skin_______(1.1-2.2m2)
20.________secretes an oily substance(Sebaceous glands)
21.__________glands are found through the body opening on the surface and secreting a clear
watery fluid(merocrine)
21.melanin is stored in___________(melanopore)
22.The synthesis of melanin is from the amino acid called_________(tyrosine)
23.Hyper pigmentation of skin face nipples ans genitalia during pregnancy under the influence
of __________(oestrogen)
24.Intermediate wave length ultraviolet light UVB lies in between _________ (UVA,UVC)
25.The taste buds _________ are near the tip(Sensitive to sweet)
26.The taste bud in the palate respond to________(Sour and bitter)
27.Excessive exposure to UV rays can cause_______(various forms as skin cencer)

EXCRETION
1.Ultra filtration of blood takes place in the malpighian body which acts as a
___________(Biological filter)
2.A________comprises Bowmanns capsule and glomeruli(Malpighian body)
3.The kidneys normally receive an about _________% of the cardiac output(20-25%)
4.In 24hrs the total volume of glomerular filtrate is ________(170-180lts)
5.In man_________ ml of glomerular filtrate is produced.(125ml)
6.In collecting tubule the osmatic reabsorption of water under the influence of (Vaso pressin)
7.In collecting tubule reabsorption of water takes place under the influence of
__________(ADH/vasopressin)
8.Amount of urea filtered in 24hrs through glomeular filtrate is _______(53g)
9.People with GOUT have stones formed _________(Uric acid)
10.Urea was formed in the________(liver)
11.Stones in the bladder and lower ureter can be crushed and removed by_______(cystoscopy
or ureterorenoscopy)
12.The first line of treatment in treating kidney stones is_____(Lithotripsy)
13.______is called Artificial kidney (Dializer)
14._______is excretion of increased quantity of urine (Polyurea)
15.________is excessive appetite leads to increased in take of food(polyphagia)

REPRODUCTION

1. _______hormone secreted by leydig cells(Testosterone)

2. Optimal temperature for sperm production is _____(320c)

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3. Sperm production for day is _______(125 billion)
4. _________is the age of puberty for women (12-15)
5. A ejaculation having _____ number of sperms (15 billions)
6. Semen means ______ (Dense Sperm with fluid)
7. ______ inhibits testosterone production (Inhibitin)
8. _____ hormone produced by corpus lustrum (progesterone)
9. _____ restrict the reflex action of uterus during pregnancy (progesterone)
10. ____ type of egg produced in human (Alecithal)
11. ____ measurement of Ovum (100 micron)
12. ____ layer beyond the zona pellucida (corona radiate)
13. Ovum is otherwise called as _______ (Graafian follicle)
14. Unfertilized ovum is dead within ____ period. (12-24 hrs)
15. Follicular phase between _____ days ( 5 14 days)
16. 15 28 days _____ phase in menstrual cycle (luteal phase)
17. Corpus luteum changed into ___ tissue (Corpus albicans)
18. _____ % for test tube achieved (20)
19. ____ produce follicular cells (corpus luteum)
20. First test tube baby formed by ______ (Steptoe and Edwards)
21. At present India population _______ (100 cores)
22. Copper Tremains for a period ______ ( 3 years)
23. Permanent family planning method in male is ______ (Vasectomy)
24. Permanent family planning method in female is _____ (Tubectomy)
25. Fertilization take place in female ______ (Fallopian tube)
26. In vitro fertilization take place in ____ stage ( 8 cell stage)

Three Mark Questions Nutrition

5. Define carbohydrates and mention their compositions.

6. Classify monosaccharides?
7. What is meant by Trioses?
8. What is Pentoses?
9. What is meant by Disaccharides? Give eg.
10. What is structural proteins?
11. What is Kwashiorkar? Write its symptoms.
12. Function of lipids?
13. What is Obesity?
14. Write the symptoms of scurvy.

Digestion
1. Name the types of Salivary glands.
2. Name the types of protease?
3. Give an account of Peptic ulcer.
4. Given an account of root-canal therapy.
5. Which chemical material involved in Bile stone.
6. What are the symptom of appendicitis?
7. What is Hepatitis?

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 8. Define Hernia and write its types.
9. Define : Rigor Mortis.
10. What are chilomicrons?

Bones and Joints

2. What is physiotherapy?
3. Brief account of Bone treatment.
4. What is Gout?
5. What are the symptoms of Rickets?
6. What are the symptoms of Osteomalacia?
7. What are the types of fracture?
8. Write short notes on Rheumatic arthiritis.
Muscles
1. What are the neuro muscular function.
2. Name the four major proteins in machinery of muscle fibre.
3. What are the types of muscle contractions?

Respiration

1. Name the muscles involved in respiration.

2. Define Herring Breuer reflex.

Excretion

1. How can kidney stone formed?

2. What is lithotripsy treatment?
3. What are the reasons for Kidney failure?
4. Draw : Ornithine Cycle
5. Define : Polyurea.

Reproduction

1. What is meant by Menstrual cycle?

2. What is Corpus albicans?
3. What is meant by in vitro fertilization?
4. What is Vasectomy?
5. What is Tubectomy?
6. Define : Corpus luteum.

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10 Mark Questions
1. Explain about vitamin deficiency?
2. Give an account about minerals.
3. Explain - Digestion take place in mouth & stomach
4. Describe the digestion take place in small intestine.
5. Describe the mechanism of fracture and healing.
6. Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction.
7. Explain the Pulmonary respiration.
8. Describe the mechanism of respiration in human.
9. Give an account 1. myocardial infarction. 2. Angina pectoris
10. Explain the blood composition.
11. Explain the structure and function of Human brain.
12. Explain the concept of left and right brain concept.
13. Describe Pituitary gland.
14. Explain the function of thyroxine.
15. Explain the function of epinephrine.
16. Describe the Gonad glands.
17. Explain the defects of human eye.
18. Explain the function of human eye.
19. Write an essay on hearing loss and the correcting measures adopted.
20. Describe the mechanism of urine formation in human
21. Give an account about Diabetes mellitus.
22. Describe the mechanism of menstrual cycle.
23. Comment on various schemes suggested by the National Family Welfare programmes
and their importances.(birth control)
24. Explain the structure of skeletal muscles.
25. Write note on Carbohydrates and Proteins.
26. Give an account on Peptic ulcer and Hernia.
27. What is Arthritis? Explain the types of arthritis.
28. Define memory? Explain the types of Memory and physiology of memory.
29. Define Sleep? Explain its types and Physiological effects of sleep.

7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
1. Zoological philosophique was authored by __________ (Lamarck)
2. Lamarckian theory was based on ___________ (inheritance of acquired characters)
3. Germ plasm was proposed by ____________ (August weise man)
4. Lamarkian first law was evidenced by ________ (evolution of horses)
5. The third law of Lamark is concerned with Law of ______(uses and disuse.)
6. The contemporary of Darwin who endorsed with his theory is ______(Alfred
Wallace)
7. _______(Sewal Wright) proposed genetic drift theory.
8. _______(G.L.Stebbins) proposed process of organic evolution.
9. __________(Dobzhansky) proposed synthetic theory of evolution.
10. ___________ (Mc Dougall ) proved learned and behavior could be inherited.

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 11. ____________(Darwinism ) is considered equivalent to Newtons law of gravitation.
12. __________(Darwin) wrote the book origin of species.
13. Darwin travelled by the ship by name ______(H.M.Beagle)
14. ____________ (Natural selection) is the key element of Darwinism.
15. _____________ (Pangenesis) is doctrine Darwin had his faith.
16. Bottle neck effect is otherwise called ___________ (sewal wright effect)
17. _________ (Hardy weighnberg law) explained the frequency of allele in the absence
of mutation.
18. A population comprising of sexually interbreeding organisms is termed as the
______ (Genetic population or Mendelian population)
19. __________ (Allopatric speciation) is an example for frogs of Gulf of Mannar.
20. __________ (Sickle cell anemia) is an example for polymorphism.
21. ________ (Sickle cell anemia) is prevalent among negroes.
22. __________ (Mutation) is the basis for evolution.
23. Modified form of Darwinism is _________ (Neo Darwinism)
24. Temperature related changes in the body of mice was noted by ______(F.B. Sumner)
25. Lamarck is popularly known for __________ (theory of inheritance) of acquired
characters.

7. THERIES OF EVOLUTION
5 MARKS
1. Describe the lamark law with suitable exambles.
2. Describe about NeoLamarckism experiments
3. Describe about theory of natural selection.
4. What are the objections to Darwininsm.
5. Describe detail account on Neo-Darwinism.
6. Describe detail account Gene mutation.
7. Describe detail account Chromosomal aberrations.
8. Describe detail account Recombination.
9. Describe detail account Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (population genetics).
10. Write note on Genetic drift or sewel wright effect.
11. Describe detail account Natural selection.
12. Write note on Polymorphism.
13. Describe detail account Isolating mechanism.
14. Write note on Speciation.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

1. Sperm cells are stored in __________(Epididymis)

2. Smallest cell of WBC __________(Lymphocytes).
3. __________ (Aldosterone) is an important Mineralo corticoid.
4. Important glucocorticoid _______ (cartizone)

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5. Immunity is boosted by _________ (Vitamin C)
6. Partial pressure of O2 in lungs is____________ (100mmHg)
7. Cerebral cortex is associated with __________ (Alzemier)
8. Insulin has ____ (51) amino acids.
9. _______(Vitamin A) deficiency causes white spots in the iris of eyes.
10. Open type of fracture causes_______( Infection.)
12. Protein in muscles are destroyed by__________( Enzymes and Lysosomes.)
13. Rheumatic heart disease is caused by _________(strepto coccus)
14. Haematoma is caused by________ (bone fracture)
15. _________ (Leprosy) is an example for acquired deficiency of pigments.
16. Sexual cycle of plasmodium takes place in ________ (female Anopheles mosquitoes)
17. Leishmania Donovani causes ________(Kala-azar of Leishmaniaris.)
18. __________ (Viprio cholere ) produces entero toxin.
19. The shape of HIV is ___________ (spherical)
20. An example for Primary Lymphoid organ is ___________ (Bone marrow).
21. Decrease in Ademosine Aminase causes ________(SCID)
22. Immuno globulin is a __________(Glycoprotein)
23. The series of amino acid is read by _____ (sequanator)
24. Thalasmia is otherwise called ________(Erythroblastic anemia)
th th
25. 19 , 20 chromosome are found in _____ (F) group.
26. DNA is a _________ (Negative molecule)
27. Geothermal energy is obtained by ___________ (Evaporation of water)
28. ________ (Thilapia) reproduces 8 times a year.
29. Abnormal increase in WBC causes ________ (Leukemia)
30. Intake of less amount of protein leads to the deficiency disease
called______(Kwashiorkar , Marasmus)
31. Each gram of lipid is capable of yielding__________(9.3 calories)
32. Deficiency of vitamin D causes__________(Rickets, Osteo malacia)
33. During root canal treatment, the cavity of the tooth is filled with a sealing paste
made of__________( gutta-percha resin)
34. The gall stones are formed of________(cholesterol)
35. During the contraction of muscle the ATP molecules bind with the active site
Of__________(actin filaments)
36. Excessive exposure to U V-rays can cause____________(skin cancer)
37. Urea biosynthesis takes place in____________(liver)
38. Area responsible for reabsorption of water, glucose, sodium phosphate and
bicarbonates is___________(proximal convoluted tubules)
39. Number of ATP molecules spent to convert ammonia to urea is________ (three)
40. Which of the following is called artificial kidney_________(dialyzer)

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 Points to Remember

1. Compulsory question figure from the chapter Immunology

which has hardly 17 pages, Students have to learn 16 five mark
questions in this lesson.

2. Regarding five mark questions in Immunology consider the

following questions can be asked like
i. Central (Primary) lymphoid organs thymus.
ii. Peripheral (Secondary) lymphoid organs Lymph nodes,
Spleen.
iii. MALT (Mucosa Associated lymphoid Tissues).

3. Students clearly learn about learn about similar questions but

different area or lesson.
Interferon Microbiology and Immunology
SCID Immunology and Modern genetics
cDNA Modern genetics Human genome Project and Bioinformatics.

4. In Microbiology Bacterial diseases in five mark questions can be asked

like
1. Common bacterial diseases .
2. Sexually transmitted diseases Bacteria Syphilis and Gonorrhoea.

* In Microbiology five mark questions , Cultivation of animal virus or

Chicken embryo techniques. Students must answer with out missing
any points.
5. Similar answer but different way of questions. Eg., Birth control or
Family planning or Contraception devices.
4. Different answer but similar types of questions
a) Gonads Endocrine function confused with Functioning of male
and Female reproductive system.
b) Several processes in Respiration (Pulmonary respiration) confused
with Mechanism of Breathing or Respiration.
c) Energy crisis differ with Environmental impacts in Energy
production Lesson Environmental Biology.
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