23 -

3.
3.1

, ,
.

= =

= =

= =

= =

, ,
x (x,y) ,

x y
(
), : y
y
=
x O
x
=

y
= ( x0)
x
x
= ( y0) = x2 + y2
y

,
.

.
( ).
 24 -

644474448
2 1
0 1 1

-1 0 0 1 0
1442443 2
0












-1

3

2

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
 25 -

()
(rad).
1
(1) . 1 rad
90
(1 rad)
, .

rad, :

=
180
3,14 (
3,14, )
.

rad :
0 90 180 270 360 30 45 60
3
rad 0 2
2 2 6 4 3
: x, x,
x rad (
).
x.

3.2

2 2
x+ x=1 xR (1)
x
x= (2) ( x0)
x
x
x= (3) ( x0)
x
1
x= (4) x0 x0) x=1
x
, x, :
 26 -

2
2 1 2 x
x= 2
(5) x= 2
(6)
1+ x 1+ x

, :
x: xR , -1 x 1 (7) | x|1 (7) | x||x| (8)
x: xR , -1 x 1 (9) | x|1 (9)

x: xR\ + , Z, x R
2
x: xR\ { }, Z, x R

3.3
1
2

rad
0 0 0 1 0

90 1 0 0
2
180 0 -1 0
3
270 -1 0 0
2
360 2 0 1 0
1 3 1 3
3 3
30 2
6 2 3 3 3

2 1 2 1
45 1 1
4 2 2
2 2

3 1 3 3 1
60 3
3 2 3
2 3 3

( )
0 90 :
 27 -

(-x) = - x - x= (-x) x= 2 x


(-x) = x - x= ( -x) x= 2 x

(10) (11) (12)

(-x) = - x - x= (-x) x= x
2

(-x) = - x - x= (-x) x= x
2

2 = x

( )= x
2 = x
( )= x
(14)
(13)
( )= x
x
2 =
( )= x


2 = x

+
x x ,
2
x 0<x< (
2
, x
, ).
3 3
. + x =- x ( - +x 4
2 2
- ).

2
1. : x=( x)2 x 2.
2.
(13), , =2 , (
2 ).
x x
( 2 ). :
( + )= (360 + )= x

( + )= ( 360 + )= x
(13)
,
( + )= (360 + )= x
( + )=
(360 + )= x
 28 -

3. , , ,
2 3 4 6
( ) ,
, .

,
(2, 3, 4 6).
5 6 3
. = 6 6= 6= = ,
6 6 3

17 18 3
= = 6 =- =-
3 3 3 3 3 2

1. x,
x(
).
x
x
.
,
:

2 2 2 2 2
x+ x=1 x=1- x x= 1 x = ...
x
x + (1)
x
x x= = ...
x
...<x<... (1)
1
x x= = ...
x
2 2 2 2 2
x+ x=1 x=1- x x= 1 x = ...
x
x + (1)
x
x x= = ...
x
...<x<... (1)
1
x x= = ...
x
 29 -

1
x x= = ...
x
(5) :
x 1 1
2
= x = = ...
x 2
x +1 2
x +1
...<x<... (1)
+ (1)
x
x x= x= x x=...
x
1
x x= = ...
x
(5) :
x 1 1
2
= 2
x = 2
= ...
x x +1 x +1
...<x<... (1)
+ (1)
x
x x= x= x x=
x
,
, .
1, 2
2. 1
(10), (13), (13) (14)
.
:
)

, ( 180 90 )
2
,
.
3, 4
) ,
, ( 2
), , (10), (13), (13)
(14) ( 3 ).
5
 30 -

3.
.
(1) (9) .
,

( ( . x= x 0=0 x 1
2
x-0,5) 0 .).
6, 7

2 3
1. = (1) < <2 , :
2 2
2

=
+
( :
.)
2 2 2 2 2 2
=1 =1- = 1 =+
3
< <2 . :
2
2
2 2 1 1 1 2
= 1 = 1 = 1 = = = (2).
2 4 2 2 2 2

2

2 = 1 (3) 1 1
= = = = = 1 (4)
2 1
2
(1), (2), (3) (4) :

( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 1
2 + +1
= 2 2 = 4 4 = 2
3
= .
1 + (1) 2 2 4
1 3
2. x= <x<
2 2
x rad.
 31 -

1 1
x= = =2 .
x 1
2
(5) :
3
<x <
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
= 2
= 2
x= 2
= 2 = = =
x +1 x +1 x +1 2 +1 5 5

1 5 5
= = .
( 5) 2
5

x 5 2 5
x= x= x x=2 = .
x 5 5


2 + (2 + )
3. =
3
+ 2 +

(13) (14) :
+ 2
+ = (2 + = = 2
2

3
= + = = 3
2
2
( )= +
= = 1 .

4. 1 2 3 87 88 89=1
1 2 3 87 88 89=
1 2 3 44 45 46 87 88 89

89 45
1, 44 ( )
x (90-x), x 90-x .
x (90-x)= x x=1 :
1 2 3 44 45 46 87 88 89=
=( 1 89) 2 88) 3 87) 44 46) 45=
= 1 1 1 1 1 =1.
2011 2012
5.
6 6
 32 -

2011:6 2011=6335+1, 2012=6335+2.

:
(6 335 + 1) (6 335 + 2) 6 335 + 6 335 + 2
= = =
6 6 6 6
6 335 6 335 2
= + + = 335 + 6 335 + 3 .
6 6 6 6 3
(13)
1 1
335 + = = 335 + = = .
6 6 2 3 3 2
1 1 1
= ( ) = .
2 2 4
6. :
2
1 x x 2
) = ( x0) ) 2
=1 2 x ( x0)
x 1+ x + x
4 4 2 6 6 2 2
) =1-2 ) =1-3
1 x 2 2 2 2 2
) = (1 x)(1+ x)= x 1 x= x x+ x=1
x 1+ x
2
x 2 2
2
x
1 1
1 2
x x 2 2 ( 2
2
x) 2
x
) 2
= 2
= 2
= 2
x
2
= =
+ x x ( 2
+ 2
x) 2
x
1+ 1+
x
2 2
x
2 2 2 2
x 2 2
x =1 x
2 2 2
= = x = 1 x =1 2 x.
1
2 2
=
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) =( )( )= ( )1= =
2 2 2
=1- =1-2 .
) ( )3 3
+3 2
+3 2 3

)3 3 3
+3 ) 3 3
=( )3-3 ).
2 2
, :
6 6 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
=( ) +( ) =( ) -3 )=
3 2 2 2 2
=1 -3 1=1-3 .
+
7. ) : = .
2 2
) = 90 2 2
=1.
180 ( $ + $ $+$ $ + $)
) = 180 ( $ + $ ) = = 90 = .
22 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ +
= = .
2 2 2 2
 33 -

) $ = 180 ( + $ ) = 180 $ = 180 90 $ = 90 $ = $ .

2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )+ =1.
2

3.4

: f (xA)
, xA
:
i) x + T A x - T A
ii) f ( x + T) = f ( x - T ) =f ( x )
f.

f ,
.

f(x)= x, g(x)= x,
(x)= x h(x)= x. (
h(x)= x).
! : x rad. !

f(x)= x
xR x
.
:R xR
: [-1, 1] -1 x 1
: 2 , (x+2 )= (x-2 )= x
2 ,
2
[0, 2 ].
: x
x
:
f [0, ], [ , ],
2 2
3 3
[ , ] [ , 2 ].
2 2
 34 -

: f :
x= =1
2 2
3 3
x= =-1
2 2

x 3
0 2
2 2
x

0 1 0 -1 0

: xR xR f(x)= (x)= x=f(x), f

.
(0,0).
( . ):

0 3 2
1 2 2

f(x)= x
xR x
.
:R xR
: [-1, 1] -1 x 1
: 2 , (x+2 )= (x-2 )=
x
2 ,
2
[0, 2 ].
: x
x
:
 35 -

f [0, ], [ , ],
2 2
3 3
[ , ] [ , 2 ].
2 2
: f :
x=0 x=2 0= 2 =1
x= =-1

x 3
0 2
2 2
x

1 0 -1 0 1

: xR xR f(x)= (x)= x=f(x), f

.
yy.
.
1

0 3 2
1 2 2

3
0, , , , 2 x,
2 2
y= x y= x
2
1 2
2 ( = ).
4 4 2

f(x)= x
: R\{xR/ x=0} xR\{ + }
2
:R xR
: , (x+ )= (x- )= x
,

( , ) ( , x - ).
2 2 2 2
 36 -

: x
x
f ( , ).
2 2
: f .
: x R\{ + }, x R\{ + }
2 2
f(x)= (x)= x=f(x), f .
(0,0).
:
,
( , ) x=
2 2 2
x= ( ).
2
,
, .
.

0
2 2
 37 -

(f(x)= x) ,

: f1(x)= x+3 f2(x)= (x- ) f3(x)= 2 x

3
f4(x)= 3x f5(x)= 2 x.
.

.
. f(x)= x.
f1, f2, f3 f4 ,
:
f1 f y (
x x+3 x-3
).
f2 f x (

x x- ).
3
f3 f y (
x 2 x).
f4 f x (
x 3x).
. f(x)= x:
( yy) y
x
, , ,
.
( xx) x
x
( ), , ,
.
.
f(x)= x:
yy ( ) y( ).
xx ( ) x( ).
f(x)= x), 0, | |
2
| .
 38 -

f1, f2, f3 f4 Y, X
y :
f1(x)= x+3: y= +3
Y= X =x ( x=X)

f2(x)= (x- ): y=
3

Y= X X= x- ( x=X+ )
3 3
f3(x)= 2 x: y=2
Y= X =x ( x=X)
f4(x)= 3x: y=
X
Y= X X= 3x ( x= )
3
X Y
,
x y X Y
x X y Y. :
f1(x)= x+3 .
f(x)= x 3 ( yy).
(x=X y=Y+3):
3
X 0
2 2
3
x=X 0 2
2 2
Y 0 1 0 -1 0
y=Y+3 3 4 3 2 3

x 3
0 2
2 2
f1(x)

3 4 3 2 3

4 y=3+ x
3

1 y= x
0
3 2
2 2
 39 -

f2(x)= (x- ) .
3
f(x)= x ( xx).
3
(X=x- y=Y):
3
3
X 0 2
2 2
5 4 11 7
x=X+
3 3 6 3 6 3
Y 0 1 0 -1 0
y=Y 0 1 0 -1 0

x 5 4 11 7
3 6 3 6 3
f2(x)

0 1 0 -1 0

y= x

3 y= (x- )
3

4 7
0
3 3 3

f3(x)=2 x f(x)= x ( )
2 2 ( 1 1) x
f(x)= x.
(x=X y=2Y):
3
X 0 2
2 2
3
x=X 0 2
2 2
Y 0 1 0 -1 0
y=2Y 0 2 0 -2 0
 40 -

x 3
0 2
2 2
f3(x)

0 2 0 -2 0

0 3 2
2 2

f4(x)= 3x
f(x)= x) ( 0, 1)
,
( ).
, f(x)= x), ( 0),
2 2
. f4(x)= 3x ,
3
f(x)= x, .
(X=3x y=Y):
3
X 0 2
2 2
X 2
x= 0
3 6 3 2 3
Y 0 1 0 -1 0
y=Y 0 1 0 -1 0

x 2
0
6 3 2 3
f4(x)

0 1 0 -1 0
 41 -

1
y= 3x
2
0 2 2
y= x 1 6 3 3

f5 ;
f5(x)= 2 x f5 f3 .
, xx. f5
f3 , 2 f3
-2 f3 .
f3 :
x 3
0 2
2 2
f3(x)

0 2 0 -2 0

f5 ( f3):
x 3
0 2
2 2
f5(x)

0 2 0 2 0

0
3 2
2 2

2
 42 -

3.5
x x= x=
. x(
) . .
:

(x, rad)

= x=2 + x=2 +

= x=2 + x=2
(15)
= = +
= = +

, :

x=0 x= , x=0 x= + (16)

2

:
( .
).

1. :
3
) x= , ) x = 2x ,
2 6

) - )=1 R (- , )
14
2
) (2 +60)=- ) x+2 x=1
 43 -

3 (10)
(15)

) x= x= = x=2 +
2 3 3 3

x=2 + x = 2 x=2 + + x =2
3 3 3 3
4
x=2 + .
3
)(
.

(12)). : x = 2x = 2x x = 2 + 2x
6 6 2 6 2

x =2 2x x = 2 + 2x x =2 + 2x
6 2 6 2 6 2
4
x + 2x = 2 + = x 2x = 2 + 3x = 2 +
2 6 2 6 6
2 2 2
x = 2 3x = 2 + x = 2 x= + x = 2 + , .
6 3 3 3 9 3
)

R: : - )0 (1)
14

)
- ) 14 ,
14
)
14
.
.
:

- )=1 = =
14 14 4 14 4
5
= + ( ) = = + = , (2).
14 4 14 4 4 14 28

- ) (1). :
14
5 7
- )= - )= = =
14 28 14 28 4 4

. ,
4 4
. .
 44 -

:
,

, - )
14
( -1, ).

(2x- )= x.
3
(- , ):
( R),
,

.
. ( ),
(
) (
) .
(- , ) .
5 5 5 23 33
<x< < < + < < + < <
28 28 28 28 28
23 33 23 33
< < < < (3).
8 28 8 28

(3) 0 1. =0 =1.
5 5 23
=0 (2) x= =1 (2) x= = .
28 28 28
(2) (- , ).
,
R).
(12)
) (2 +60)= (2 +60)= (90 ) (2 +60)= (90 )
(2 +60)= 90) 2 +60=360 -90 2 +60=360 +180 -90)

2 (rad) 360
. . . =360 -150 =120 +70, .

2 2 2
)6 x+2 x=6 6 x+2(1- x)=6 6 x+2-2 x-6=0
2 2 2
x+6 x-4=0 2 x-3 x+2)=0 x-3 x+2=0
 45 -

x = y (1)

1 y 1 (2)
y 2 3y + 2 = 0 (3)

. x y,
.
(2),
y y
.
(3) ( , .) y=1 y=2.
(2). y=1 (1)
x=1 x= 0 x=2 +0 x=2 0 x=2 , .

3.6

)= (17)

)= (18)

)= (19)

)= (20)

+
)= (21) 0, 0 )0
1

)= (22) 0, 0 )0
1+
1
)= (23) 0, 0 )0
+
+1
)= (24) 0, 0 )0

30
45,
75 (=30+45), 15 (=45-30).
 46 -

3.7
2
2

=2 (25)
2
= - 2 =
2
=2 -1 =
2
=1-2 (26) ( )

2
= 2
(27)
1

(2 ), ( ) ,
, (
,
).

2 ,

. 4

2 20x 10x .
2
. : =2 .

: , .
(
).

2 (
)

2 1
= (28)
2
2 1+ 2
= (29)
2
2 1
= (30)
1+
 47 -

2 ), ( ) ,
, .

2 ,

2 4 10x
2
20x .
2 1
. : = .
2
(28) (29) (26)
2 2
.
 48 -

3.6 3.7

. ( )
2 2
1. ) )=
) )=( ) )=

=( )2-( )2 2
2 2
2 2
(1- 2
)-(1- 2
) 2
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
- + .

1.
( )
:
i) ;
:
,
.
ii)
;
:
,
,
.
iii) ;
:
, .
2.
. )+ )), (17)
(20), .
2. )=0 (1) +2 )=
(1) :
(1) =0 (2)
:
(1)
+2 )= [( )+ ]= ) + )= ) 0=
 49 -

(2)
2
) =( ) = + =
2 2 2 2 2
)= 1= .
3. x+y=45 (1) (1+ x)(1+ y)=2
(1+ x)(1+ y)=1+ x+ y+ x y.
x+ y+ x y=1 (
(1+ x)(1+ y)=1+1=2).
+ y
(1) (x+y)= 45 (x+y)=1 =1 x+ y=
y
=1- x y x+ y+ x y=1
.

, , , =2
, , ( = ) .
(1) .
.
= ,
(1). (1)
2 ,2 2 ,
2. ,
.
2 +2 =2 -2 (2)
(2 +2 )= (2 -2 ) (3).
.

1. (2) (3)
.
2.
.
,
(3)
,
.
 50 -

4. = , =1
2

= = ( ) )= ( )
2 2 2
+ + 1
= = ( ) =1(1- )
1 =

2

=1- =1.

. (17)-(30)

, x,
x= , x= ,
x= x= .
(
x
, x)
2
( ).

x
5. :2 + x=1 (1)
2

,
x x
( x ). x
2 2
( ) (
). (26) :
x 2 x x 2 x x x
(1) +1 =1 2 =02 (1 )=0
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x x
2 =0 (1 )=0 =0 = =0 =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x x
= (*) = + = + = = + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x x
= = + x=2 x=4 + , .
2 2 2
 51 -

x
(*) =0
2
x
= 0 ... , (16) ( x=0x= )
2
.
2 x
6. :2 + x=1 (1)
2
,
( x
x x
). x :
2 2
(

x
).
2
. (29) :
x
+ 2
2
(1) 2 + x =1 1 + + x=1 x =0 x=0
2

x= + , ( x=0
2
(16)).