HEAT

EXCHANGE
INSTITUTE, INC.
STANDARDS for
STEAM SURFACE
CONDENSERS

ELEVENTH EDITION

Copyright October 2012 by
Heat Exchange Institute
1300 Sumner Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115-2851

Reproduction of any portion of this standard without written permission of the

Heat Exchange Institute is strictly forbidden.

i
 CONTENTS
Page
1.0 NOMENCLATURE 1
2.0 DEFINITIONS 3
2.1 Absolute Pressure 3
2.2 Circulating Water Velocity 3
2.3 Cleanliness Factor 3
2.4 Condensate Temperature Depression (Subcooling) 3
2.5 Condenser Duty 3
2.6 Condenser Heat Transfer Coefficient 3
2.7 Condenser Pressure 3
2.8 Condensing Steam Temperature 3
2.9 Effective Surface 3
2.10 Effective Tube Length 3
2.11 Hotwell Capacity 3
2.12 Initial Temperature Difference 3
2.13 Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference 3
2.14 Static Pressure 3
2.15 Temperature Rise 3
2.16 Terminal Temperature Difference 3
3.0 SYMBOLS AND UNITS 4-5

4.0 CONDENSER PERFORMANCE 6

4.1 General Considerations 6
4.2 Heat Transfer Rates 6
4.3 Oxygen Content of Condensate 13
4.4 Performance Curves 15
4.5 Hydraulic Loss-Circulating Water Pressure Loss 15
4.6 Condensate Temperature Depression 18
4.7 Geothermal Applications 25
5.0 SERVICE CONNECTIONS 26
5.1 General Considerations 26
5.2 Flow Data 26
5.3 Connection Locations 26
5.4 Connection Design Guidelines 27
5.5 Turbine Bypass Guidelines 28

6.0 VENTING EQUIPMENT CAPACITIES 29

6.1 Venting Requirements 29
6.2 Design Suction Pressure 29
6.3 Design Suction Temperature 29
6.4 Calculation of Water Vapor Load Component 29
6.5 Minimum Recommended Capacities 29
6.6 Rapid Evacuation Equipment 30
7.0 ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DEVICES 35
7.1 General 35
7.2 Atmospheric Relief Valves 35
7.3 Rupture Devices 35
8.0 CONSTRUCTION 36
8.1 General 36
8.1.1 Design Philosophy 36
8.1.2 Materials of Construction 36
8.1.3 Design Pressures 36
8.1.4 Hydrostatic Testing 36
8.1.5 Corrosion Allowances 37
8.2 Design And Construction Methods 38
8.2.1 Design Factors of Safety 38
8.2.2 Design By More Exact Analyses and By Empirical Formula and Testing 38
8.2.3 Shell Design 38
8.2.4 Support Plate Design Guidelines 40
8.2.5 Water Box Thickness Design Guidelines 44

iii
 CONTENTS (continued)

8.2.6 Design Procedures For Flanges and Bolting 46

8.2.7 Tubesheet Design Guidelines 46
8.2.8 Condenser Tube Ends 50
8.2.9 Tubesheet and Support Plate Hole Criteria 50
8.3 Welding 52
8.4 Lagging for Extraction Lines and Feedwater Heaters 52
8.5 Fabrication for Geothermal Service 54
8.6 Condenser Support Systems 55
9.0 INSPECTION, QUALITY, TRANSPORTATION, AND FIELD INSTALLATION 56
9.1 Inspection and Quality of Welding Standards 56
9.2 Surface Preparation Requirements 56
9.3 Painting, Coating, Linings, and Corrosion Protection 60
9.4 Quality Assurance 60
9.5 Dimensional Tolerances 61
9.6 Shipping and Site Storage 61
9.7 Field Installation 61
9.8 Erection Superintendent Duties 62
9.9 Post Erection Walk Down 62
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Typical Specification for Steam Surface Condensers 66
APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Factors 71
APPENDIX C Areas of Circular Segments 75
APPENDIX D Procedure for Calculating Allowable Nozzle External Forces and
Moments in Cylindrical Vessels 76
APPENDIX E Air and Water Vapor Mixture Data (Daltons Law) 81
APPENDIX F Mechanical Characteristics of Tubing 83
APPENDIX G Troubleshooting Guide 87
APPENDIX H HEI Surface Condenser Data Sheet 91
APPENDIX I Condenser Tubes Stress Values 92
APPENDIX J Condenser Material Stress Values 93
APPENDIX K Tubes Material Properties 94
APPENDIX L Condenser Performance 95

TABLES
TABLE1 Uncorrected Heat Transfer Coefficients U1 7
TABLE2 Inlet Water Temperature Correction Factor F W 9
TABLE3 Tube Material and Gauge Correction Factors F M 11
TABLE 4 Venting Capacity and Oxygen Content 13
TABLE5 Gauge Correction Factor for Friction Loss R 2 18
TABLE6 Rapid Evacuation Equipment Dry Air Capacities 31
TABLE6A Venting Equipment Capacities: One Condenser Shell 32
TABLE6B Venting Equipment Capacities: Two Condenser Shells 33
TABLE6C Venting Equipment Capacities: Three Condenser Shells 34
TABLE7 Atmospheric Relief Valve Sizes 35
TABLE8 Typical Materials of Construction 37
TABLE9 Correction Factor K 1 45
TABLE10 Correction Factor K 2 45
TABLE11 Correction Factor K 3 45
TABLE 12 Support Plate Hole Size Limits 50
TABLE13 Tubesheet Hole Size Limits 50
TABLE14 Weld Acceptance Criteria 58
TABLE15 Condenser Surface Preparation Requirements 63
FIGURES
FIGURE1 Uncorrected Heat Transfer Cofficeints U 1 8
FIGURE 2 Inlet Water Temperature Correction Factor F W 10
FIGURE 3 Absolute Pressure Limit Curves for Oxygen Content 14
FIGURE4 Sample Performance Curve 15
FIGURE5 Absolute Pressure Limit Curves 16
FIGURE6 Friction Loss for Water Flowing in 18 BWGTubes R T 19
FIGURE7 Temperature Correction for Friction Loss in Tubes R 1 20
FIGURE 8 Water Box and Tube End Losses Single Pass Condensers R E 21

iv
 CONTENTS (continued)

FIGURE9 Water Box and Tube End Losses Two Pass Condensers R E 22
FIGURE10 Water Box and Tube End Losses Three Pass Condensers R E 23
FIGURE11 Water Box and Tube End Losses Four Pass Condensers R E 24
FIGURE12-13 Point Support Pipe 38
FIGURE14 Point Support Double Clips 39
FIGURE15 Point Support Single Clips 39
FIGURE16 Ribs 39
FIGURE17 Design Nozzle Loading on Flat Plate 39
FIGURE18 Spacing of Longitudinal Stiffeners 40
FIGURE19 Cylindrical Condenser Shell Thickness 41
FIGURE20 Stiffening Rings Required Moment of Inertia 42
FIGURE21 Determination of L U 43
FIGURE22 Rib Supported Panels 44
FIGURE23-24 Bolting of Flat Faced Flanges 46
FIGURE 25 Gasket Seating Pressure 46
FIGURE26-28 Required Flange Thickness 46
FIGURE29 Idealized Representation of Tubesheet Loading 50
FIGURE30 Tubesheet Showing Beam-Strip Locations 51
FIGURE31 Beam-Strip for a Tube Pattern of Triangular Pitch 51
FIGURE 32 Beam-Strip for a Laned Tube Pattern of Triangular Pitch 51
FIGURE33 Section AAthrough Beam-Strip of Figure 32 51
FIGURE34 Structural Model for Beam-Strip of Figure 33 51
FIGURE 35 Moment and Deflection Curves for Beam-Strip of Figure 32 51
FIGURE36-42 Typical Condenser Welds 52
FIGURE43 Weld Geometries 53
FIGURE 44 Welding Nomenclature 57
FIGURE 45 Standard Tolerances for Interfaces and Supports English Units 64
FIGURE 45M Standard Tolerances for Interfaces and Supports Metric Units 65

v
HEAT
EXCHANGE
INSTITUTE, INC.
Addendum 1

STANDARDS for
STEAM SURFACE
CONDENSERS

Copyright August 2014 by
Heat Exchange Institute
1300 Sumner Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115-2851

Reproduction of any portion of this addendum without written permission of

the Heat Exchange Institute is strictly forbidden.