Apostilas PDF

3
LESSON ONE
PRONOUNS
I eu MY - meu, minha
YOU voc YOUR seu , sua (voc)
OBJECTS
BEER BROTHER
WATER SISTER
MILK FATHER
JUICE MOTHER
COFFEE FAMILY
WINE ENGLISH - ingls
FISH PORTUGUESE - portugus
MEAT BRAZILIAN - brasileiro

4
VERBS
to EAT / ATE
I eat fish . I eat meat. You eat my fish.
to DRINK / DRANK
I drink beer. You drink juice.
to SPEAK / SPOKE
I speak English . You speak Portuguese.
to NEED / NEEDED precisar

I need milk. I need water. I need my family.
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QUALIFIERS
WITH com I speak WITH my mother.
I speak WITH you.
I speak WITH my family.
AND e I eat fish AND meat.

I drink wine AND beer.
I need water AND milk.
Qualificadores de When
NOW agora I need my wine NOW.
I need to eat NOW.
NOW I need my mother.
TODAY - hoje I need to speak English TODAY.
I need to eat fish TODAY.
EXPRESSIONS
THANK YOU obrigado
PLEASE - por favor
WHAT`S YOUR NAME? Qual seu nome?
GOOD MORNING bom dia
GOOD AFTERNOON boa tarde
GOOD EVENING boa noite
GOOD NIGHT boa noite
GRAMMAR
I need preciso I need to speak preciso falar
I speak falo I need to eat preciso comer
I eat - como I need to drink preciso beber
NO INGLS SEMPRE USAMOS A PARTCULA TO
USAR DO ATOR ENTRE DOIS VERBOS
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FRAMES
O aluno no precisa aprender listas completas das formas do idioma mas

sim a estrutura dentro do qual estas formas encaixam. A habilidade de fazer
substituies corretas muito importante. Estas estruturas so chamadas de
FRAMES ou quadros. Para adquirir facilidade automtica numa lngua preciso
exercitar utilizando estes FRAMES.
1. I DRINK beer. 2. I SPEAK English and Portuguese.

I________ water. I _______Portuguese with Joo.
I________milk. I_______English with you.
I________juice. I_______with my mother and father.
3. I drink beer WITH you. 4. You NEED to speak English.

I drink water_______you. You_______to eat meat
I drink milk _________my sister. You_______to drink milk and juice.
I drink juice_________my family. You_______to speak with your sister.
5. I need juice AND water. 6. I EAT fish with Jane.

I need fish______meat. I_______meat with my family.
I need coffee_______milk. I_______fish and meat.
I need you______your sister. I_______meat today.
7. I need to speak English TODAY. 8. I need my wine NOW.

I need to eat fish_______. I need my meat____.
I need my mother_______. I need you_____.
I need meat and beer______. I need to speak____.
9. I eat meat with my family.

I drink wine and juice with my father.
I need to speak English with you.
I need to drink beer with my brother.
L E S S O N T W O
OBJECTS
CUP GIRL
GLASS BOY
TEA SON
HAM presunto DAUGHTER
CHEESE CHILDREN
BREAD GERMAN
VERBS
*TO WANT / WANTED - querer
I want ham. I want coffee. I want to eat.
TO PLAY / PLAYED - brincar I want to play. I play with Bill.
tocar - I play piano. I play saxophone.
jogar - I play tennis. I play basketball.
TO WORK / WORKED - trabalhar
I work today. I work with you. I need to work.
TO SEE / SAW - ver
I see your son. You see my brother.
QUALIFIERS
TOMORROW amanh
A um, uma, (a boy, a family, a cup)
BUT - mas
EXPRESSIONS HELLO - ol IN THE MORNING de manh

HI oi IN THE AFTERNOON tarde
GOOD BYE - tchau IN THE EVENING noite
NICE TO MEET YOU muito prazer em conhec-lo
EXCUSE ME - com licena
GRAMMAR Para formar o negativo no ingls, temos que usar o verbo
auxiliar DO e junt-lo com a palavra negativa NOTe ento DO +
NOT = DONT.
I dont want - no quero
I dont work - no trabalho
I dont see - no vejo
NO ESCREVER.
REPETIR CADA FRAMEPELO MENOS 2 VEZES
E SEMPRE REVISAR FRAMESDE CADA LIO
-FRAMES
1. I SEE a cup. 2. I see a CUP OF COFFEE.

I_______a glass. I want a___________.
I_______a boy. I need a___________.
I________my sister. I drink a___________.
3. I WANT to eat. 4. I WANT to EAT bread.

I________to speak. I______to______cheese.
I________to drink. I______to______ham.
I________to work. I______to______fish.
5. You NEED to eat fish. 6. I WORK with you.

You_____to drink milk. I_______tomorrow.
You_____to speak English. I_______in the morning.
You_____to work tomorrow. I_______and play.
7. I DONT WANT to work now. 8. I work WITH my brother.

I_____ _____to drink beer. I play_______my daughter.
I_____ _____to see your sister. I speak______my children.
I_____ _____to eat bread. I drink_______my brother.
9. I see a boy AND a girl. 10. You eat with YOUR father.
I see a mother____a father You drink with_____mother.
I see cheese_____ham with bread. You speak with_____children.
I see wine______beer. You work with______brother.
11. I need to play with MY daughter. 12. I eat IN THE MORNING.
I need to work with____daughter. I dont play_____ ___ _______.
I need to speak with____daughter. I want to work_____ ___ _______.
I need to see______daughter. I speak German_____ ___ _______.
13. You want to work IN THE AFTERNOON.

You want to play____ ______ _________.
You want to drink beer____ ______ _________.
You want to speak_____ _______ _________.
14. I eat and drink IN THE EVENING.

I work and play____ _____ ________.
I see my family____ _____ ________.
I need milk____ _____ _________.
15. I need to work today.

I want to play tomorrow.
I want to eat now.
I want to work in the morning.
LESSON THREE
PRONOUNS
HE - ele HIS dele
SHE - ela HER - d ela
IT - neutro ITS dele, dela [coisas neut]
He wants to work. She needs to see. It needs to eat.
OBJECTS
FRIEND SCHOOL
MANAGER MOVIES
TEACHER CHURCH
BUG STORE
VERBS
TO SLEEP / SLEPT -
I sleep in the evening. I sleep with my son.
*TO LIKE / LIKED - gostar de

You dont like to work. I like to eat cheese.
TO GO / WENT - ir
I go with you. I go tomorrow. She goes now.
TO STUDY / STUDIED
I study English. I study German with you.
QUALIFIERS
OR ou NOR nem
ONLY s, somente THE o,a,os,as [art. Def.]
TO - para [destino] FOR - para
AT - em
TO THE , ao [para+a, para+o]
AT THE - no, na [em+a, em+o]
Qualificadores de Where so verdes

EXPRESSIONS
WITH ME comigo BY MYSELF sozinho [eu]
SORRY desculpe BY YOURSELF sozinho[voc]
MORE OR LESS mais ou menos
MY NAME IS_____________. Meu nome ___________.
GRAMMAR Para formar o interrogativo, mais uma vez usamos o verbo auxiliar
DO e posicionamos ele na frente do pronome.
Do you want?
Do you study?
Do I like fish?
Does he work?
* Does she need my car?
* A forma do verbo na 3 pessoa do

singular no tem a ver com o plural *
Para formar o plural, acrescentamos o som de s ou z no final do objeto.

The boy - o menino My friend meu amigo
The boys - os meninos My friends meus amigos
-FRAMES
1. I LIKE my teacher. 2. I SLEEP in the evening.

I_______my friend. I________by myself.
I_______my family. I need to_________.
I_______my manager. I want to___________now.
3. Do you study?
Do you__________English?
Do you__________Portuguese?
Do you like to__________?
Pergunta Resposta
4. Do you study OR work? 5. I dont study NOR work

Do you want_______need? I dont want________need.
Do you eat________drink? I dont eat________drink.
Do you play_______study? I dont play________study.
6. I like HER family. 7. I want to see HIS sister.

I like_________store. I want to work at_________store.
I like_________manager. I want to speak with_________son.
I like_________coffee. I want to drink with_________glass.
8. I study AT THE school. 9. Do you want to go TO THE church?
I work__________store. Do you need to go______store?
I drink__________bar. Do you like to go______movies?
I eat__________restaurant. Do you need to go______school?
10. I want to go TO THE movies. 11. DO you want the juice?

I want to go________school. ______you want the cup?
I like to go________church. ______you want the bread?
I need to go________store. ______you want the cheese?
12. DO YOU LIKE to work? 13. I ONLY work in the morning.

___________to sleep? I_______study with my sister.
___________to play? I_______like to eat.
___________to study? I_______work today.
14. He NEEDS a manager. 15. She WANTS a son and a daughter.

He_______a friend. She________a glass and a cup.
He_______a teacher. She________fish and meat.
He_______a father. She________only tea.
16. It LIKES to eat.

It_______to sleep.
It_______to play.
It_______to go with me.
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. I like to drink wine with my friends. Do you like to drink wine?
2. Sorry, but I like to drink beer. Only my father wants wine.
3. I need to work tomorrow, and I want to sleep now. Good night!
4. Do you want to go to the store in the evening? I work at the store!
5. I need to speak with my father today. Do you want to go with me?
6. I dont want to go to the store by myself. I want to go with you.
7. Do you want to go to the church with my children tomorrow?
8. I dont need to speak German. I only speak English.
9. I like to eat bread and cheese. Do you like to drink tea?
10. I want to drink a glass of water. Thanks, I need to go.
11. I want to speak only English with my teacher and my family.

LESSON FOUR
Pessoas que imitam facilmente tem uma grande vantagem em aprender uma
lngua estrangeira. Mesmo assim algumas pessoas boas em imitar, ficam intimidados
quando tentam reproduzir sons estrangeiros, e suas habilidades naturais so inteis.
Aprender uma lngua necessita imitao cosciente. Isto quer dizer anotar com
cuidado coisas como: as posies dos lbios; a qualidade dos sons; a velocidade da
fala; a entonao da voz; o rtimo das senteas, e at gestos caractersticos. Imitar tais
aspectos pode parecer bobagem no inicio, mas muito mais bobagem no fazer isto,
mesmo fazendo vrios erros. Em geral ns temos que massacrar a lngua antes de
domin-la, e este processo tem que iniciar imediatamente.
Imitao tem trs aspectos: 1) observao constante e intensa
2) se jogardentro da imitao
3) treinamento contnuo
Se jogar dentro do modo da lngua muito importante. No incio, adotar
conscientemente, hbitos completamente diferentes de falar pode parecer
terrivelmente embaraoso, ou at doloroso. No uma coisa normal, e sentimos que
estamos ofendendo as pessoas pela maneira consciente que imitamos cada palavra e
gesto seu. Mas o que esquisito para ns, no para eles.
Treinamento contnuo outra parte importante no processo de imitao. Aps
pouco tempo esta imitao no parecer mais estranho a ns. Na realidade ele se
sentir muito natural, e inconscientemente adotamos novas maneiras de falar o
idioma estrangeiro.
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SOUND STUDY
Um dos erros mais comuns em aprender uma lngua falhar em treinar ouvindo.
S depois que aprendemos a sentar e escutar que podemos ficar de p e falar.
Nossa inabilidade de captar com os ouvidos a frase ou sentena complementar,
nos desanima. Ela vem com muita velocidade (numa mdia de trs a cinco slabas por
segundo). A nica maneira de nos familiarizar com a forma acstica do idioma de
escutar seletivamente um aspecto e depois um outro aspecto.
( 1 ) O TOM DA VOZ - Se o tom da voz levanta ou abaixa, ou fica nivelado

uma das primeiras coisas que uma criana percebe sobre uma lngua,mas
geralmente a ltima coisa que um adulto percebe. Uma criana quase inevitavelmente
usa a intonao correta mesmo quando est tagarelando. No adulto esta falta de
intono que o trai como estrangeiro quando ele fala o idioma no prprio. Sendo
isto como for OUVIR SELETIVAMENTE para a intonao exatamente onde todos
devem comear a escutar uma lngua estrangeira.
( 2 ) SONS ESTRANHOS Quando estamos ouvindo seletivamente para as

variaes dos tons, certos sons estranhos, vogais ou consoantes, vo nos atrair. Ento
a prxima coisa que devemos fazer escutar seletivamente estes sons estranhos. Se
um som freqente, devemos concentrar nele; apagando qualquer outra coisa da
mente e concentrando nas ocorrncias dele. Quando algum escuta com cuidado aos
sons estranhos, ele vai ver que est movendo sua lngua, seu lbios e queixo, imitando
este som estranho. A nossa mente automaticamente faz com que os rgos de falar se
movam na direo e tempo certo para reproduzir o som. Estas ligaes entre ouvir e
falar so uma das razes pela importncia de escutar.
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Os sons de uma lngua so a base de tudo nela, e os sons de cada lngua so
distintos. Para nossa convenincia podemos dividir os sons em duas classes
tradicionais: 1) consoantes e 2) vogais.
As consoantes , na maior parte; interrompem o ar saindo dos pulmes com
vrios pontos de articulao. Estes pontos so efeituados com movimentao de
rgos do aparelho fonador:
pn passagem nasal
L lbios
d dentes
a regio alveolar
O primeiro passo rp regio palatal
Obter um quadro dos rv regio velar
Sons de cada sistema pl ponto da lngua
Para uma anlise contrastiva l lngua
Cv cordas vocais
INGLS
Bilabial labiodental dental alveolar palatal velar
Surda P t k
Oclusiva
sonora b d g
f
Surda 0 s
fricativa v h
sonora o z
Surda c
africada
sonora j
Surda s
Sibilante
sonora z
lateral Sonora l
nasal sonora m n n
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16
PORTUGUS
bilabial labiodental Alvolo palatal velar

dental
Oclusiva Surda p t k
sonora b d g
Fricativa Surda f s h
Sonora v z
sibilante Surda s
Sonora z
Lateral Sonora l ^
Nasal Sonora m n ~
n
vibrante sonora I n
O confronto dos quadros fonmicos das duas lnguas mostra que elas so diferentes
quanto ao seguinte:
(1 ) Um certo nmero de fonemas do mesmo tipo tem pontos de articulao

diferentes nas duas lnguas; o caso de [t, d, s, z, l, n] alveolares em ingls, e [t, d,s, z,
l, n, r] lveo-dentais em portugus.
( 2 ) O ingls tem consoantes que no ocorrem em portugus: th, h, ch, i, ng.
Lembramos que em produzir as vogais a corrente de ar egressa dos pulmes sem

encontrar nenhum obstculo, ento no h pontos de articulo, e sim regies de
articulao. Os diferentes efeitos acsticos so obtidos pelo arredondamento ou
distenso dos lbios, associados a maior ou menor abertura da boca.
(as in me) (as in ball)
(as in day) (as in coat)
(as in bat) (as in two)
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Estes diferentes efeitos acsticos tambm so obtidos com os movimentos efetuados
pela lngua. O espao aproximado onde esses movimentos se efetuam, ou seja onde a
lngua adquire uma posio, que classifica as vogais em anteriores, centrais e
posteriores e ainda em: baixas, mdias e altas.
INGLS PORTUGUS
O confronto dos quadros fonmicos das duas lnguas par vogais mostra que
elas so diferentes quanto ao seguinte:
( 1 ) As vogais do ingls so estranhas ao nosso sistema fonolgico
( 2 ) As semivogais do ingls no correm em portugus Y, w, r
As vogais mais comuns: beat, bit, bet, bat, father, bought, boat, put, boot, but.
A E I O U
Comprido - Ei ii i ou you
Curto - ah e uh
u
A menor unidade marcadora de significado do sistema sonoro o que chamamos de

FONEMA. O simples conhecimento dos fonemas de uma lngua estrangeira nos
possibilita a comunicao com falantes nativos, isto se dominamos a estrutura
fontica.
Quando ouvimos uma lngua estrangeira, tendemos a pensar que os sons dessa
lngua so os mesmos que os americanos pronunciam o a de maneira diferente, que
o m em alguns casos e igual, e etc. Trata-se na verdade, de dois sistemas sonoros
diferentes, que podem ter alguns sons muito parecidos.
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
O a em ingls, pode ter vrias pronncias. Eis as trs mais comuns:
a = ei a = ! a = ah
plane mad what
name bad war
fame band tall
game land talk
page rat fall
lady sad raw
baby that ball
ai = ei
sailor - pain - rain

tailor - nail - rainbow
tail - grain - paint
mail - railroad - paid
train - bait - brain -
pail - daily - main
REVIEW
1) Idiomas so sistemas de sinalizao complexos que separamos em

partes para melhor entender.
PRONOME
OBJETOS GRAMTICA
VERBOS
QUALIFICADORES
2) Pronomes at agora:
I MY FAMILY
YOU YOUR sister father
HE HIS brother daughter
SHE HER mother son
IT ITS
3) Formas negativas usam DONT:

I dont need. You dont like.
I dont want tea. You dont need to work today.
* He doesnt work. * It doesnt like you.
4) Formas interrogativas usam DO antes do pronome:
Do you work? Do I need to go?
Do you like fish? Do you go to school?
* Does he drink beer? * Does she study
5) A o artigo indefinido - um, uma.

a boy a school
a girl a church
6) THE o artigo definido - o, a, os, as

the boy the boys
the church the churches
o meu carro my car (o ingls no usa do artigo

o meu filho my son ** definido tanto como no
o filho dele his son portugus)
a irm dela her sister
A preposio TO para alguma direo.
I go to Rio.
I go to church.
You need to go to my store.
A preposio FOR no para nenhum lugar.
I want to work for you.

I like to work for you.
I want a book for my son.
A preposio AT significa em.
I study at my school.
I work at his store.
Juntamos as preposies com o artigo definido THE.
I want to go to the school.

I need to speak to the boy.
Do you need to go to the store?
I work at the store.

I study at the school.
Do you drink at the bar?
LESSON FIVE
PRONOUNS
WE - ns OUR nosso
YOU ALL vocs (todos) YOUR de vocs
THEY eles, elas THEIR deles, delas
We need to sleep. You all need to see. They like to study.

We dont want ham. You all work in the evening. They need to work.
OBJECTS
TIME SOCCER (football)
WEEK BREAKFAST
BOOK LUNCH
CAR DINNER(denr)
TREE DOWNTOWN
WEEKEND SPANISH
WIFE HOUSE(haus)
HUSBAND HOME (houm)
MONEY AT HOME
VERBS
TO BUY/ BOUGHT(bi)(bat) comprar
I buy fish and meat. Do you buy ham at the store?
TO SELL/ SOLD vender
I sell books. Do you sell cars?
TO UNDERSTAND/ UNDERSTOOD entender
I understand Spanish. I dont understand you.
(has) TO HAVE/ HAD = got, got to gotta ter, ter que
I have a brother. I have to work.
QUALIFIERS
Adjectivos so rosas
NEW novo WHAT o qu, qu
OLD velho WHERE onde
BIG grande WHEN quando
SMALL pequeno THIS this car, this book, this boy
SOME algum, alguns THAT that house, that store, that family
Qualificadores de Quantia so amarelos

EXPRESSIONS
HOW MUCH quanto
HOW MANY quantos
EVERYDAY todos os dias
EVERY WEEK toda semana
ON THE WEEKEND no fim de semana
BUCK(bc) pau (dinheiro)
to HAVE BREAKFAST tomar caf da manh
to HAVE LUNCH almoar
to HAVE DINNER jantar
YOURE WELCOME- de nada

SEE YOU LATER (si ya leirar) at mais tarde
WHERE ARE YOU FROM? de onde voc ?
GRAMMAR - MY meu, minha (s) ITS dele, dela (coisas, animais)

YOUR - seu, sua (s) OUR (r) nosso, nossa (s)
HIS- seu, sua (s) / dele YOUR vosso, vossa (s) de vocs
HER seu, sua (s) / dela THEIR deles, delas
Qualidades em geral e o adjetivo,no ingls,sempre vem antes do substantivo.
BIG CAR carro grande

OLD HOUSE casa velha
SMALL GIRL menina pequena
GOOD BOY - menino bom
REPETIR CADA FRAME PELO MENOS DUAS VEZES.
REVISAR SEMPRE
-FRAMES
1. WE need to work. 2. YOU ALL see the store.

_____want to sleep. _______ work today.
_____have a car. _______ have a friend.
_____sell fish. _______ speak English.
3. THEY want some ham. 4. We want OUR lunch.

_______want some bread. We like_____teacher.
_______need some fish. We see_____mother.
_______speak some German. We want_____money.
5. You all need YOUR books. 6. They like THEIR house.

You all need______cups. They like_______mother.
You all need______friends. They like_______sister.
You all need______home. They like_______church.
7. I BUY fish. 8. We want to SELL our house.

I_____my books. We need to______our car.
I_____lunch. We don t______animals.
I_____cars. We like to______to you.
9. Do you UNDERSTAND English. 10. I HAVE a sister. (got)

I only_______________Spanish. I_______a car. (got)
Does he_______________you. I_______a wife. (got)
We don t_______________. I_______a new son. (got)
11. I HAVE to work. (got) 12. I have a NEW home.
I_________a car. (got) I have a_______car.
I_________to go. (got) I have a_______friend.
I_________to sleep. (got) I have a_______wife.
13. He likes OLD cars. 14. Do you like BIG stores?

He likes______friends. Do you like_______cups?
He likes______books. Do you like_______houses?
He likes______homes. Do you like_______girls?
15. I want a SMALL tree. 16. I want SOME small trees.
I want a ________wife. I want______small glasses.
I want a_________house. I want _____big cars.
I want a_________glass. I want______big books.
17. WHAT do you buy? 18. WHERE do they work?
_______do you want? _______do they sleep?
_______do you need? _______do they play?
_______do you see? _______do they study?
19. WHEN do you have to work? 20. When do you have to sell THIS car?
_______does she have to study? When do you have to sell_____house?
_______do they have to sleep? When do you have to sell_____bread?
_______do I have to go? When do you have to sell_____cheese?
21. I want to buy THAT book. 22. When do we HAVE LUNCH?

I want to buy______glass. When do we__________with Bob?
I want to buy_______house. When do you want to_________?
I want to buy________car. Do you______ _______by yourself ?
23. Where do you want to HAVE DINNER? 24. I like to HAVE BREAKFAST.
Where does he want to______ ______? I need to _______________.
Where do they want to______ ______? I want to_______________.
Where do we want to______ _______? I only________ _________.
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. I want to speak with the manager. He doesnt work today.
2. Where do you want to go tomorrow ? I need to go to the school.
3. I need to speak with your husband today. He needs to go to Rio.
4. What do you want to eat now? I dont want to have lunch now.
5. Do you want to sell your car? I need to buy a new car.
6. When do you like to sleep? I dont like to sleep in the afternoon.
7. I need to buy some fish. I like to eat fish and drink wine.
8. Where do you need to go this weekend? I want to go to the beach.
9. Do you have time to go with me to the store to buy some ham?
10. Do you need to drink water? I want a cup of tea, please.
11. I study French in the afternoon, and English in the evening.
12. I like to play with my children at the beach. We go on the weekend.
13. I want to work at the store with my brother. Do you want to work?
14. Do you go to the school by yourself, or with your sister?
15. Do you like to eat meat in the morning? I only eat bread cheese.
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LESSON SIX
Crianas no se preocupam com declinaes, conjugaes, e subjetivos. Elas

apenas escutam, repetem, e juntam palavras que tenham ouvidos [muitas vezes com
erros, mas estes so corrigidos com mais tempo ouvindo]. Escutar a base deste
processo de aprendizagem e juntar as palavras em diferentes combinaes o
resultado natural da pessoa comunicar seus objetivos e observaes. O passo inicial
neste processo o que chamamos de OUVIR PASSIVAMENTE.
Sendo que, mesmo sem um esforo consciente as nossas mentes podem nos
ajudar bastante na aprendizagem de um idioma, devemos dar todas as oportunidades
para nossas mentes trabalhar em com eficincia mxima. Fazemos isto da seguinte
maneira:
1) Dar mente bastante material para escutar como gravaes de palestras, o

rdio, fitas e televiso.
2) Relaxar. Ansiedades at sobre aprender a lngua do um curto circuito na

mente.
3) Dar bastante tempo mente. Muitas pessoas acham que devem estar
falando algo na lngua estrangeira depois da primeira semana. claro que podero
usar algumas expresses mas para ter o beneficio total de ouvir passivamente, a
pessoa tem que deixar a mente fazer seu trabalho por alguns meses.
4) Deixa a mente trabalhar enquanto voc faz outras coisas. uma boa tcnica
escutar uma gravao enquanto voc faz a barba, come, l o jornal, ou brinca com
seus filhos. No preciso sempre prestar ateno. Pode parecer ridculo, mas
considera que desta maneira que as pessoas decoram at as mais complicadas
musicas sem prestar ateno. Lembra daquela msica que tocou tantas vezes no rdio
que os vez enjoar?
Dominando sons estrangeiros
Precisamos entender que todo som em toda lngua estrangeira um som

estrangeiro e diferente do portugus. Por isso precisamos ter certeza de que
estamos reproduzindo estes sons adequadamente. Uma das melhores maneiras
observar a produo dos sons uma investigao cuidadosa da maneira que ns
tentamos reproduzir um som.
31
SOUND STUDY
Grupos Consonantais de SONS ESTRANHOS
Vamos ver o problema das combinaes fonotticas, ou seja, as seqncias e

grupos de fonemas do ingls que so estranhos ao portugus. Em posio inicial, o
portugus no tem os seguintes grupos consonantais do ingls:
strike through thwart

twine shrew feud
swine stay cute
splash spy mute
squat smile beauty
slim sky pure
spray snail view
quick scream dwell
32
***************************************************************************************************
Outro aspecto dos sons, que se resume em quatro pontos to importantes que somam
50% de aprender um idioma:
1) CONTEXTO quando estamos numa conversao temos que saber o

assunto sobre o qual conversaremos ou estaremos
por fora.
2) RTMO temos que estar usando o ritmo correto do idioma

para poder captar e tambm transmitir as
palavras chaves.
3) PALAVRAS CHAVES numa frase ouvimos apenas as palavras chaves que nos
permiti entender a frase sem ouvir cada palavrinha. Estas
palavras chaves ocorrem onde temos a batida do ritmo. O
tom da voz tambm acompanha estas palavras chaves e
afeta a interpretao.
4) PENSAR EM INGLS com o contexto, ritmo, e palavras chaves todos
acontecendo em harmonia, podemos entender a
conversao e pensar em ingls.
Uma pessoa pode treinar o pensar na lngua estrangeira fazendo

conversaes imaginarias, compondo palestras, ou recordar o que tem ouvido ou lido
no idioma. Mesmo tendo um vocabulrio restrito, muito importante experimentar
formular o pensamento usando as palavras e expresses da lngua proposta.
Inicialmente pode parecer desesperanoso, mas, cada vez que uma palavra ou frase
de portugus entrar na mente, deve ser jogado fora, e o pensamento deve prosseguir
somente com as palavras e frases do ingls. Quando escutamos uma pessoa falando
ingls, devemos nos esforar em acompanhar pensando em ingls, sem tentar traduzir
as palavras para o portugus. Isto difcil de no fazer, portanto preciso muita
concentrao para evitar. A fala tem que fluir naturalmente e com facilidade, sem
contores mentais.
33
REVISAR A CHAVE
PARA APRENDER
SONS SEMELHANTES
Depois de ouvir seletivamente sons estranhos, devemos dirigir a nossa ateno
aos semelhantes . Isto no se refere a semelhanas com sons no portugus, mas as
semelhanas de sons da lngua estrangeira. Estas semelhanas so as como do Pe
o B. Logo veremos que estas semelhanas so agrupadas como: um som entre o
P e o B provavelmente ter um som correspondente entre o Te o D, e outro entre
os sons Ke G. As semelhanas e diferenas nas lnguas so sistemticas. Idiomas
so nada mais do que sistemas de sinalizao muitos complexos, e tem que ser
sistemas ou no ser possvel lembr-los.
Uma criana escuta somente os sons sem prestar ateno nas palavras ou seus
sentidos. Mas ns no queremos esperar e no preciso. Podemos j notar
semelhanas em palavras.
SOUND EXERCISES
/s/ /th/
sin thin
sigh thigh
sink think
seam theme
sick thick
song thong
sum thumb
face faith
pass path
1) To SIN is bad. [pecar] 2) You dont want to SINK. [afundar]

Too THIN is bad. [magro, fino] You dont want to THINK. [pensar]
3) We want a SONG. [cano] 4) What SUM do you have? [soma]

We want a THONG. [correia] What THUMB do you have? [polegar]
5) Do you see the PASS?[passe]
Do you see the PATH? [caminho, trilho]
34
ch sh o, ou = a
chair she mother
church shell brother
chase sheet some
cheese shine come
chicken sheep company
children shirt something
check shoe money
beach shampoo young
REVIEW
1) A menor unidade marcadora de significado do sistema sonoro o que chamamos

de FONEMA.
2) Para dominar o sistema sonoro escutamos seletivamente os seguintes:
O TOM DA VOZ
SONS ESTRANHOS consoantes e vogais
SONS SEMELHANTES sin / thin
3) Aprender uma lngua necessita de IMITAO consciente.
4) Pronomes novos: WE OUR

YOU YOUR
THEY THEIR
Pronomes completos: I MY
YOU YOUR
HE HIS
SHE HER
IT ITS
WE OUR
YOU YOUR
THEY THEIR
35
5) A preposio TO = para algum ou algum lugar tendo sentido de com destino:
I want to go to the store.

I have to speak to the manager.
6) A preposio AT em algum lugar:

I study at the school.
I work at the big store.
I sleep at my house.
7) Sabendo qual o tema ou CONTEXTO; e acompanhando com o RITMO certo;

vamos poder captar as PALAVRAS CHAVES; e ento poder entender e PENSAR em
ingls.
8) WHAT do you buy?

WHAT do you need?
WHAT does he want?
WHERE do you work?

WHERE are you from?
WHERE do you go on the weekend?
WHEN do you have lunch?

WHEN do they sleep?
WHEN do you got to go?
9) I want THIS book.

He likes THIS car.
Do you need THIS money?
I have THAT bike.

He needs THAT ham.
They go to THAT church.
36
L E S S O N S E V E N
OBJECTS
PARENTS ANIMAL
BOSS HORSE
WAITER CHICKEN
WAITRESS DOG
MAGAZINE CAT
NEWSPAPER BIRD
37
LETTER MONTH
NUMBER BICYCLE/ BIKE
PRONOUNS
Pronomes Objetos
SEE ME - me US (s) nos

GIVE YOU o , a [voc] YOU ALLos, as[vocs]
HELP HIM o [ele] THEM-os,as[eles, elas]
UNDERSTAND HER - a [ela]
IT o, a [neutro]
You dont want me. [me quer]

O PRONOME OBJETO I dont see you. [o vejo]
SEGUE O VERBO I dont want him. [o quero]
I dont need her. [a preciso]
VERBS
TO WRITE / WROTE
I write books. She writes for a newspaper.
TO READ / READ (rid) (rd)

You need to read this. He doesnt like to read.
38
TO HELP / HELPED
Do you want to help me? Please, we need to help her!
TO KNOW / KNEW - (no)saber, conhecer

I dont know you. Do you know Spanish?
TO GIVE / GAVE (guv) (geiv)

I want to give this to you. He wants to give money.
QUALIFIERS
THESE (these books, these cars) 1 one 1 first
THOSE (those things, those hams) 2 two 2 second
come HERE aqui 3 three 3 third
go THERE l , ali 4 four 4 fourth
FROM - de (procedncia) 5 five 5 fifth
ON em (cima de) 6 six 6 sixth
OVER sobre (por cima) 7 seven 7 seventh
8 eight 8 eighth
A CAR 9 nine 9 ninth
AN ANIMAL (annmal) 10 ten 10 tenth
AN INDIAN
ABOUT sobre, a respeito de , a cerca de, aproximadamente

WHY? por qu?
BECAUSE (bikz) - porque
39
EXPRESSIONS
THIS MORNING - nesta manh (in the morning)
THIS AFTERNOON nesta tarde (in the afternoon)
THIS EVENING / TONIGHT- nesta noite (in the evening)
WHAT DO YOU THINK? (about) - O que voc acha?

IM TRYING TO LEARN.- (trim t lern) Estou tentando aprender.
GRAMMAR
O verbo dar to give, funciona apenas para o ato de entregar algo,

ou ceder, no de tantas formas como no portugus: dar de frente com...;deu nas
notcias...; deu nos bzios...; dar para agentar...
O VERBO HAVEFUNCIONA COMO

POSSE E NECESSIDADE
[posse] I HAVE A CAR. - Tenho um carro.

[necessidade] I HAVE TO GO. - Tenho [que] ir.
I HAVE TO WORK. Tenho [que] trabalhar.
QUANDO USAMOS O VERBO KNOW COM UM

OUTRO VERBO TEMOS QUE ACRESENTAR HOW
I KNOW YOUR FATHER - Conheo seu pai.

I KNOW HOW TO SPEAK ENGLISH Sei [como] falar ingls.
40
LER CADA FRAMEPELO MENOS 2 VEZES DESDE A LIO 01!

COMEA LER COM MAIS VELOCIDADE.
1. You like ME. 2. We need YOU.

He likes_______. Your father needs________.
She likes______. She needs_______.
They like______. It needs ______.
3. I understand HIM. 4. I work with HER.

They understand_______. He works with_______.
We understand_______. We work with________.
She understands_______. You work with_______.
5. I like IT. 6. They see US play.

He likes______. He sees _____play.
She likes_____. You see_____play.
They like_____. She sees_____play.
7. I speak with THEM. 8. They WRITE letters to me.

We speak with_______. You______numbers for us.
She speaks with______. He______for a newspaper.
They speak with______. We dont______to him.
9. I READ the newspaper. 10. We need to HELP the boy.

You______the book. You have to______us today.
We want to________. I want to_______at home.
He______magazines. Do you_______your mother?
11. I dont KNOW your name. 12. I want to GIVE you bread.
Do you_______her husband? I want to_______them water.
The waitress doesnt______English. He wants to______me a car.
The boss_______my brother. I want to_______ you a book.
13. I want to sell THESE books. 14. Do you see THOSE birds?
I want to sell_______cars. Do you see______dogs?
I want to sell_______cups. Do you see______bikes?
I want to sell_______houses. Do you see______cars?
41
15. I buy meat HERE. 16. My sister works THERE.

I sell books________. My wife studies_________.
I play soccer_______. My son helps__________.
I read books_______. My parents eat_________.
17. I have a letter FROM you. 18. I see AN animal.

I have a letter______my friend. I see____indian.
I have a letter______your sister. I see____apple.
I have a letter______the boss. I see____ace.
(pergunta) (resposta)
19. WHY do you work? 20. BECAUSE I need to.

______do you study? _______I have to.
______do you read? _______I like to.
______do you help? _______I want to.
21. They work at the THIRD house. 22. I want the SECOND book.
They play at the_______house. I want the_________cat.
They study at the______house. I want the_________waitress.
23. We want to work THIS MORNING. 24. You have to go THIS AFTERNOON.
We want to play______ _________. You have to help____ _________.
We want to study_____ _________. You have to write_____ ________.
We want to read______ _________. You have to sell______ ________.
25. He works TONIGHT. 26. Do you KNOW HOW to read?

He studies__________. Do you_____ _____to write?
He speaks__________. Do you_____ _____to work?
He has dinner___________. Do you_____ _____to buy?
27. I like to speak ABOUT my family. 28. I have ABOUT three birds.
I like to speak_______the children. I know_______seven numbers.
I like to speak_______my work. I read________two books.
I like to speak_______money. I write________five letters.
29. WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT the boss?

_____ ___ ____ ______ ______this?
_____ ___ ____ ______ ______your work?
_____ ___ ____ ______ ______him?
42
Leia cada frase concentrando no

rtimo, palavras chaves e pensando em ingls
SEM TRADUZIR.
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. I want to understand my friend, but I only speak English.
2. I have money today, but I dont want to go. See you later.
3. Why do you read in the morning? I dont have time in the evening.
4. When do you eat? I have lunch in the afternoon.
5. I like to speak English with my family. We dont speak Portuguese.
6. How many books do you have about animals? I have four books.
7. I dont eat at my home. I like to have dinner at the restaurant.
8. Where do you like to study? I only study at the school.
9. You dont like to work at this store. Why do you work here?
10. We dont have time to go to the store with you today.
11. Do you want to buy a newspaper with this money? I dont read.
12. They want to write a letter this afternoon. Do you want to help?
13. I buy two books every week. Do you sell books or magazines?
14. Do your friends go to the school with you? I go by myself.
15. Why do your children go to the movies only on the weekend?
VOLTE PARA NO 01 E TREINA COM O MXIMO
DE VELOCIDADE.
43
L E S S O N E I G H T
H mais um aspecto na aprendizagem de um idioma em que ouvir importante,

sendo ouvir a ns mesmos. Inconscientemente todos ns escutamos nossa maneira
de falar. Assim podemos falar igual aos outros. A pessoa que fica surda perde este
poder de controle e em breve sua maneira de falar fica distorcida.
Primeiro controlamos os movimentos musculares que nos do controle
constante. E segundo, controlamos os sons que saem da boca e nos do controle
demorado. Este controle de ns mesmos necessita um esforo consciente. Sempre
devemos comparar nossa fala com o que ouvimos dos outros. Com esta comparao
cuidadosa com a maneira correta de falar, podemos ter bons resultados em pouco
tempo.
Aprender a falar uma lngua relativo a aprender a ouvi-la.
SOUND STUDY
Vamos ver o problema dos grupos de fonemas do ingls que so estranhos ao

portugus em posio final de palavra. Em posio final os grupos consonantais de
palavras simples so:
mend trench burp
ant soft purse
mist grasp heart (hrt)
fence film serve
bold bulge fears [rz] (firz)
ox [ks] bulb marsh (mrch)
shelf welch [Ish] birth
sink fields [Idz] corpse
act kiln first
change verb shirts (shrts)
solve third prompt
belt surf bumps (bmps)
desk iceberg belch
kelp large triumph[mf]
false church stops
milk park script
health pearl lens [nz]
shrimp storm next [kst]
44
Intonao
Nenhuma lngua falada em montono. Isto quer dizer que sempre h alguma
modulao da voz, e todas estas modificaes ao padronizadas e adquirem certos
significados.
Dominar a intonao necessita muita pacincia e determinao de imitar
constantemente. At conseguirmos falar uma frase com sua intonao correta, no
ser dita corretamente.
SOUND EXERCISES
SONS SEMELHANTES
/ t/ /th/
1) I see your TIES. [ gravatas ] tin thin
I your THIGHS. [ coxas ] ties thighs
tanks thanks
2) He is a TINKER. [ funileiro ] tinker thinker
He is a THINKER. [ pensador ] tick thick
ticket thicket
3) I have a FATE. [ destino ] tree three
I have a FAITH. [ crena, religio ] true through
fate faith
4) Go to the FORT wall. [ forte ] fort fourth
Go to the FOURTH wall. [ quarta ]
/f/ /th/
1) Its a beautiful REEF. [ recife ] first thirst
It s a beautiful WREATH.[guirlanda] fought (fat) thought
free three
2) I have FREE tickets. [ de graa ] fret threat
I have THREE tickets. [ trs ] frill (freil) thrill
deaf (df) death
3) Come WITH me. [ com ] whiff (uf) with
Come WHIFF me. [ sentir cheiro ] fin (fn) thin
reef (rif) wreath
4) Are you DEAF? [ surdo ] LER E REPETIR AS COLUNAS,
Are you DEATH? [ a morte ] DEPOIS COMPARE AS DUAS
45
A memria auditiva pode ser aprimorada tanto quanto

qualquer outra, e algum aprendendo um idioma faz
bem em concentrar melhor neste fator.
th - (som sonoro) h (espirado)

this how
that here
the husband
then head (hd)
there heart (hart)
mother hand
father happy
ea = i ea =
eat (it) bread (brd)
meat (mt) breakfast
beat (bit) - bater dead morto
clean (clin) deaf surdo
cream(crim) feather (fder) pena (ave)
easy (isi) measure (mjar) medida
neat weather (wder) tempo, clima
46
REVIEW
1) pronome objetono ingls vem depois do verbo:

Do you know ME? Please, speak for US.
I dont see YOU. I speak to YOU ALL today.
She helps HIM. I have to go with THEM.
He needs HER.
I like IT.
2) GIVE muito usado no imperativo e com o pronome objeto:

Give me the book! You dont want to give your time.
I want to give you this. Give me that!
3) Nossos qualifiers THIS e THAT agora tem THESE e THOSE:

I like this book. --- I like these books.
Do you see this bird? --- Do you see these birds?
I want this magazine. --- I want these magazines.
Give me that letter. --- Give me those letters.
I like that cat. --- I like those cats.
4) O verbo to know tem que ter how adicionado quando estamos falando em
saber como fazer algo.
I KNOW HOW to read.
Do you KNOW HOW to speak English?
We want to KNOW HOW to go there.
5) I have to work IN THE MORNING . I have to work THIS MORNING.

Do you study IN THE AFTERNOON? Do you study THIS AFTERNOON?
I go there IN THE EVENING. (TONIGHT) I go there TONIGHT. (THIS EVENING)
6) Lugares ambguos no recebem preposies.

I go downtown everyday. I want to go home now.
I work downtown. I need to go north.
47
L E S S O N N I N E
OBJECTS
OFFICE BEANS (bnz)
APARTMENT RICE
WINDOW SALAD
DOOR APPLE
CITY PEAR
48
COUNTRY BANANA
TICKET passagem, conta, FRUIT
ingresso, multa EGG
TEST - prova NEIGHBOR (neibr) vizinho(a)
VERBS
TO PREFER / PREFERRD ( prefr) preferir
I prefer beans and rice. I prefer your office.
TO LIVE / LIVD (lv) morar
I live with them. I like to live here.
TO OPEN / OPEND - abrir (open the)
I need to open the door. Please open the book.
TO CLOSE / CLOSD fechar (close the)
I dont want to close the window.
TO TAKE / TOOK (tik) - pegar, tomar, levar. (to, from)
They want to take the boy to the school. Take it!
49
QUALIFIERS
11 eleven 30 - thiry
12 twelve 40 - forty
13 thirteen 50 - fifty
14 fourteen 60 - sixty
15 fifteen 70 - seventy
16 sixteen 80 - eighty
17 seventeen 90 - ninety
18 eighteen 100 - one hundred (hndrd)
19 nineteen 200 - two hundred
20 - twenty (twentii) 1000 - one thousand
ALREADY (alrdi) j
USUALLY (iujoli) geralmente
When UNTIL (ntl) at (I work until two oclock.)
BY at (You need to come home by nine oclock.)
THEN depois, da, ento Palavras de COLA and,but,then,because..
VERBOS CAN poder (....)

AUXILIARES
1) I can read books in English.
2) He can go with us.
3) We cant open the store tonight.
4) I cant sleep!
5) Can I go with you?
50
**IMPORTANTE DOMINAR USO DE QUANTIDADES***
NO - nenhum, nenhuma, nada - negativa

SOME algum, alguma, [alguns, algumas ] afirmativo
How much ANY algum, alguma (s) interrogativo
How many nenhum, nenhumas - negativo
SEVERAL vrias
MORE mais
LESS menos
MUCH muito (adj.) quantidades

MANY muitos, vrios (adj.) numero plural
A LOT muito, um monte

A LOT OF (a Lara) muito (de) ... quantidades, e numeros
FEW poucos numeros

A LITTLE um pouco (de) quantidade
ANY MORE? A LOT MORE A LITTLE LESS

SOME MORE A LITTLE MORE A FEW LESS
MUCH MORE FEW MORE A LOT LESS
MANY MORE NO MORE MUCH LESS
NO LESS MANY LESS
VERY muito super adj. obj. usar apenas com adjetivos.
VERY OLD VERY MANY Palavras TURBO

VERY BIG VERY FEW very, so, pretty, too
VERY SMALL VERY GOOD
VERY MUCH
51
EXPRESSIONS
NOON meio dia AT NOON ao meio dia
NIGHT noite AT NIGHT noite
to GET UP levantar-se
WHAT TIME IS IT? Que horas so?

LETS GO! - vamos (Lets work, study, eat)
I DONT KNOW! Sei l!
TAKE YOUR TIME. Toma o tempo que precisar.

TAKE OUT Para levar
BY TOMORROW at amanh
BY 10:00 at s 10:00
BY THE TIME I GO. at a hora que eu for
AT HOME em casa AT SCHOOL na escola

AT CHURCH na igreja AT PEACE em paz
AT WORK no trabalho AT WAR em guerra
1:00 ITS ONE OCLOCK
2:00 ITS TWO OCLOCK
3:00 ITS THREE OCLOCK
4:15 ITS FOUR FIFTEEN
5:30 ITS FIVE THIRTY
6:50 ITS TEN TO SEVEN/ ITS SIX FIFTY
A.M. 0:00 ... 12:00
P.M 12:00 ... 24:00
GRAMMAR
At what time? que hora?
I work at 8:00. trabalho s 8:00
I sleep at 12:00. durmo s 12:00
52
FRAMES
1. I PREFER salad. 2. Do you LIVE here?

I ________beans. Do you ________downtown?
I ________the country. Do you ________ with Jim?
I ________fruit. Do you ________by yourself?
3. They want to OPEN the door. 4. I CLOSE the office at 6:00.

They want to _______the window. I ________the store at 6:00.
They want to _______the store. I ________the book at 6:00.
They want to _______the book. I ________the door at 6:00.
5. Do you want to TAKE the tickets? 6. I want to TAKE the test.

Do you want to _______ the boys? You got to ______medicine.
Do you want to _______the apple? They want to _______a taxi.
Do you want to _______the car? We want to ________a bath.
7. I have ELEVEN books. 8. I see FORTY FIVE bananas.

I have _______children. I see _________apples.
I have _______pears. I see _________dogs.
I have _______eggs. I see _________cats.
9. She needs TWO HUNDRED FIFTEEN tickets. 10. I ALREADY speak English.
She needs ________numbers. I _______ know your name.
She needs ________dollars. I ________know how to write.
She needs ________verbs. Its ________ten oclock.
53
11. I USUALLY work until 8:00. 12. I work UNTIL 3:00.

I ________sleep until 8:00. I sleep ______3:00.
I ________ play until 8:00. I play ______3:00.
I ________study until 8:00. I study _____3:00.
13. We need the book BY noon. 14. He studies, THEN he works.

We need the book _______this afternoon. He studies, ______ he plays.
We need the book _______the time I go. He studies, ______he sleeps.
We need the book _______tomorrow. He studies, ______he reads.
15. She CAN work with us. 16. You CANT study here.
She _______study with us. You ______ work here.
She _______play with us. You ______ live here.
She _______live with us. You ______sleep here.
17. I want SOME windows. 18. Do you want ANY letters?

I need _______new windows. Do you need ______apples?
I like ______ city windows. Do you have ______ time?
I have ______small windows. Do you see _______girls?
19. I dont want ANY letters. 20. I have NO friends.

I dont need _______apples. They eat ______apples.
I dont have _______ time. You can see _____ birds.
21. I have LESS children. 22. I need MORE time.

He reads _____books. He sells _______books.
We need ______money. She studies_____in the morning.
54
(quantidades) (numeros)
23. He drinks MUCH coffee. 24. I have MANY friends.
He eats _____rice. They eat ______apples.
She sells _____ meat. You can see _____ birds.
They take ______time. We know _______neighbors.
25. He drinks A LOT OF coffee. 26. I read FEW books.

He eats _____apples. He writes ______letters.
She sells _____ meat. We have______chickens.
They see _____ birds. It needs ______ windows.
27. He drinks A LITTLE beer. 28. I sleep until NOON.

We want _______juice. He works until _____.
I need ______ time. We get up at ______.
They have ______rice. They have lunch at _____.
29. I work AT NIGHT. 30. I need to GET UP.

He studies ________. They cant ____ _____.
They play ______. I sleep, then I _____ ______.
I cant see ______. Its time to ___ ____!
31. ITS 7:15 here.

______ at that country.
______ in the morning.
______ now.
55
LEIA TREINANDO PRONNCIA RPIDA SEM TRADUZIR
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. Do you want to work with me today? Sorry, I dont have time.

2. I like to speak English with my friends. We study on the weekend.
3. Do you want to buy my car? No thanks, I already have a car.
4. I dont know where you work. I want to go there tomorrow.
5. I need to study for my test tomorrow. What time is it?
6. Do you want to go to the church with me tomorrow? I dont know.
7. I need to speak with the manager of the bank about the money.
8. What do you know about this city? I dont know a lot.
9. Where do you want to live? I prefer to live here.
10. I already read magazines in english, but I need to study more.
11. Do you want to buy my house? I already have a house.
12. What time do you like to have breakfast? Usually at 7:00.
13. I dont know how to close the window. Can you help me?
14. I have some books to read tonight. She needs to write many letters.
15. How many books do you want to read this week? Only, about three.
56
L E S S O N T E N
As pessoas que no usam o que sabem no aprendem a falar. Mesmo os

alunos com dificuldades que usam o que sabem, e continuam tentando, quase sempre
aprendem a falar o idioma.
SOUND STUDY
Os sufixos derivacionais, acrescidos a palavras j existentes, criam outros

grupos consonantais:
health sixth
width thousandth
tenth twelfth
fifth length
eighth (tth) warmth (rmpth)
fourth
O idioma tem que ser automtico ou intil. Uma pessoa que sempre tem que
tatear pelas palavras, no aprendeu o idioma. Expresses tem que estar na ponta da
lngua.
57
SOUND EXERCISES
/z/ /th/
Zen then
lies (laiz) lithe
tease (tiiz) teethe
close (cluz) clothe
boys bathe
breeze breathe
seize seethe
rise (raiz) writhe
size (saiz) scythe
1) Do you want to study ZEN? [Zen] 3) Do you want to CLOSE it? [fechar]
Do you want to study, THEN? [ento] Do you want to CLOTHE it? [ vestir]
2) That is my SIZE. [ tamanho] 4) Can you see it RISE? [ levantar]

That is my SCYTHE. [ foice] Can you see it WRITHE?[contorser]
/d/ /th/
dough (dou) though
den then
doze (douz) those
dare (dr) there
broader brother
breed breathe
read (rid) wreathe
seed (sid) seethe
fodder father
1) You need to READ it. [ler]
You need to WREATHE it. [ entrelaar em guirlanda]
2) The animals BREED here. [ reproduzir-se]

The animals BREATHE here. [ respira]
3) My FODDER is old. [rao para animais]

My FATHER is old. [ pai]
58
ow = au ou = au ow = ou
clown (clun) palhao our nosso snow neve
down para baixo ouch! ai!, ui! low baixo
town (tun) vila out fora row remar
tower torre house casa show mostrar
power poder mouse camundongo window janela
cow (cu) vaca found achado
now (nu) agora round redondo
brown (brun) marrom pound libra
how como couch (cut) sof
wow (uu) oba! shout (shut) gritar
o = ou oa = ou
rope corda boat (bout) barco road (roud) estrada
note nota coat (cout) casaco float (flt) boiar
hope esperana goat (gout) cabra oath juramento
joke (dhik) piada soap (soup) sabo roast assar
lone - solitrio boast ostentar load carga
phone fone
pope papa
59
REVIEW
1) O verbo to KNOW tem que ter HOW adicionado quando estamos falando
em saber [ como] fazer algo:
I KNOW HOW to read.
They KNOW HOW to speak English.
I dont KNOW HOW to write.
2) Temos o verbo TAKE:

I want to TAKE the train.
She prefers to TAKE the bus.
I want to TAKE you there.
They need to TAKE a bath.
3) A palavra THEN, muito til e fcil de esquecer:

Palavras de COLA (but, and, because, then, so..)
We study our homework, THEN we have dinner.
He works until 6:00, THEN he goes home.
4) O verbo auxiliar CAN:
afirmativo I know it CAN live here.
He CAN study with you.
negativo She CANT speak English.
They CANT go with us.
interrogativo CAN I play with John?

CAN you take the bus downtown?
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5) NO - nenhum, nenhuma
SOME algum, alguma [alguns, algumas] afirmativo
ANY algum, alguma [ alguns, algumas] interrogativo
nenhum, nenhuma negativo
MORE mais
LESS menos
MUCH muito (adj.) quantidades

MANY muitos, vrios (adj.) numeros
A LOT muito
A LOT OF muito (de) quantidades ou numeros
FEW poucos numeros

A LITTLE um pouco [de] quantidades
6) Quando se trata de horas ou tempo, usamos a preposio AT como , s:

I go work AT 7:30 A.M.
He usually sleeps AT 10:00.
AT what time do you want to study?
AT what time can you study with me?
61
L E S S O N E L E V E N
SUNDAY domingo ON no, na SATURDAY sbado

MONDAY segunda-feira FRIDAY sexta-feira
TUESDAY tera-feira THURSDAY quinta-feira
WEDNESDAY quarta-feira
OBJECTS
VACATION MEETING
SWIMMING POOL CLASS
BEACH RELATIVES parentes (KIN)
SAND THING coisa
SEA [affirm.] SOMETHING alguma coisa

[int?] ANYTHING alguma coisa?
[neg.] ANYTHING coisa alguma [nada]
NOTHING - nada
62
VERBS
TO START / STARTED comear
When can you start? Lets start the meeting.
TO COME / CAME - vir
Please, come here. What time do they come?
TO SAY / SAID dizer
I need to say something. Do you want to say anything?
TO STAY / STAYD ficar
Please, can you stay here with me ? It doesnt want to stay.
QUALIFIERS
PRETTY linda, bonito
BEAUTIFUL linda, bonito
HANDSOME bonito, charmoso [s para homens]
GOOD bom
BAD mau
OLD velho
NEW novo, nova
qualidade YOUNG novo, jovem (idade)
SMALL pequeno
BIG grande
HAPPY feliz
SAD triste
LONG comprido
SHORT curto
HOW como IN - em [dentro especificamente]

STILL - ainda [inico ou meio de frase] IN THE no, na [dentro do, dentro da]
YET ainda [final de frase] NEXT prximo (em ordem)
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EXPRESSIONS
BY BUS - de nibus
BY CAR de carro
BY PLANE de avio
BY TRAIN - de trem
ON FOOT a p
MAYBE talvez
T. G. I. F. (Thank God Its Friday)
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THAT? Qual o nome daquilo?
ANYTHING ELSE? Alguma coisa mais?

ANYTHING NEW? - Alguma novidade?
ANYWAY... Seja o que for...

ANYHOW De qualquer modo., Como quer que seja.
ANYWHERE Qualquer lugar.
GRAMMAR
AFFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO INTERROGATIVO?
I WANT. I DONT WANT DO I WANT?
YOU WANT. YOU DONT WANT DO YOU WANT?
HE WANTS. HE DOESNT WANT DOES HE WANT?
SHE NEEDS. SHE DOESNT NEED. DOES SHE NEED?
IT HAS. IT DOESNT HAVE. DOES IT HAVE?
WE WANT. WE DONT WANT. DO WE WANT?
YOU ALL WANT. YOU ALL DONT WANT. DO YOU ALL WANT?
THEY WANT. THEY DONT WANT. DO THEY WANT?
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FRAMES
1. I go to church on SUNDAY. 2. I go work on MONDAY.

I see my family on _______. I work from ______to Friday.
I dont work on _______. The children go to school on _______.
3. I sell a lot on TUESDAY. 4. I go the movies on FRIDAY.

They dont have lunch on _______. He studies Spanish on _______.
He buys cheese only on _______. We like to eat fish on ________.
5. They go to club on SATURDAY. 6. Do you want to START the meeting?

I like to eat feijoada on ________. Do you want to _______the class?
He plays soccer on ________. Can you please _______the car?
7. They need to COME with us. 8. What do you want to SAY?

He wants to _____ to the meeting. Do you want to _____ anything?
My sister likes to ______here. Why do you want to ______that?
Can you _______ with me? He doesnt know what to ______.
9. I have to STAY at my work. 10. I can see the PRETTY girls.

I prefer to ______ at my home. I can see the _____tree.
We like to ______ there. I can see the _____beach.
She doesnt like to ______with them. I can see the _____bird.
11. She is BEAUTIFUL. 12. You have a HANDSOME father.

My sister is _______. You have a ______brother.
Your swimming pool is _______. You have a ______son.
The sand here is ________. You have a ______husband.
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13. He likes OLD cars. 14. We have a NEW magazine.

I buy _____books. We have a ____ swimming pool.
They sell _____ things. We have a ___ manager.
We have many _____ magazines. We have a ___ office.
15. He has a YOUNG wife. 16. I want to buy a SMALL car.

I see the _______ boy. She says she has a ______ apartment
We have a _______boss. Those boys prefer _____ girls.
They like _______dogs. We want that ______ cat.
17. HOW do you study? 18. You need to take the NEXT bus.
________do you like your fish? We want to see the _______show.
________do you say that? I have to go on the ______train.
________does the baby sleep? Do you know the _______city?
19. I need to study YET. 20. I STILL need to study.

We have to work _____. We _____have to work.
Can you drink _____? Do you ______ drink wine?
Do they have time _____? Do the children ______have time?
21. She studies IN THE car. 22. I know a VERY old man.
I work ___ ____office. They have a _______young son.
He lives ___ ____house. He reads _______good books.
They play ___ _____sea. We prefer ________happy children.
23. I have VERY MANY friends. 24.We dont need VERY MUCH time.
I read _______books. You dont eat _______rice.
She has _______relatives. I dont have ________money.
We give _______things. They want _______meat.
25. MAYBE he can stay with us. 26.They go to church BY CAR.

________it needs to eat. We come home BY BUS.
________she has to go home. I go to Miami BY PLANE.
________we can buy the car next week. She goes to her parents BY TRAIN.
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RITMO, RAPIDEZ,FLUENCIA.
PHRASES
1. I want to go to the States next week. I need alot of money.
2. I dont understand what you say. Can you speak Spanish?
3. Do you want to help the teacher? I dont know what book he wants.
4. I like to go there with my neighbor, because she knows German.
5. I need to understand what you want, because I want to help you.
6. How do you go to school? I like to go by car, but I dont have a car.
7. The children sleep until 7:00 everyday because of school.
8. Where do you have to go tonight? I gotta go to the office.
9. How many brothers and sisters do you have? Three brothers only.
10. He doesnt want to stay here. He wants to go to the movies.
11. I go to the movies on the weekend, then I usually go home.
12. Do you understand me? I dont know where you want to go.
13. I still dont have the money to buy his bicycle. Do you have?
14. What magazines do you like to buy? I usually dont buy magazines.
15. I need to help my wife in the kitchen. What time is it?
16. I like to have breakfast at 7:30. She has breakfast with me.
17. We usually buy the newspaper everyday but Monday. Do you understand?
18. Do you know how to play soccer? I only know how to play tennis.
19. Do you know how to read and write in English?
20. Sorry, I dont have time to help you today. Maybe tomorrow.
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LESSON TWELVE
Dominando Sons Estrangeiros
Apesar de no usarmos do acento agudo no ingls, mesmo assim temos que

memorizar qual slaba tem batida. Este sistema arbitrria sobre a colocao da slaba
tnica torna-se muito difcil para quem est aprendendo ler e escrever o ingls.
Substantivo Verbo
rebel to rebel
impact to impact
insult to insult
insert to insert
contest to contest
protest to protest
convert to convert
project to project
SOUND STUDY
Grupos consonantais de SONS ESTRANHOS
Adicionando o sufixo [s, es] da terceira pessoa singular do presente, em ingls,

isto cria vrios grupos consonantais. O s ou es tem o som /s/, /z/, ou /ez/ quando
adicionado s palavras que terminam com um fonema surdo, sonoro, ou s,z,sh,ch,dge,
respectivamente.
coughs melts bursts films

hopes thinks robs resolves
fits asks begs disturbs
lifts lisps falls boards
reacts toasts comes curls
engulfs tempts lives harms
milks works rings burns
helps warps holds starves
Falar um idioma e tocar o piano so habilidades, e como qualquer percia necessitam

de treinamento, sabendo que a pessoa vai cometer erros. Em fato errar e depois
corrigir os erros a parte integral do processo de aprender.
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SOUND EXERCISES
Sons Semelhantes
/sh/ /ch/
sheep cheap
sheet cheat
ship chip COMPARE OS SONS
shoe chew
shop chop
share chair
shin chin
cash catch
lash latch
wish witch
1) These are SHEEP. [carneiros]

These are CHEAP. [barato]
2) Do you want my SHARE? [parte]

Do you want my CHAIR? [cadeira]
3) This is my SHIN. [canela da perna]

This is my CHIN. [queixo]
/ch/ /dj
cheer jeer
choice Joyce
chest jest
choke joke
chin gin
char jar
chunk junk
choose jews
rich ridge
1) The children CHEER. [aplaudir, torcer]

The children JEER. [zombar, escarnecer]
2) We dont have a CHOICE here. [escolha]

We dont have a JOYCE here. [Joyce]
3) She doesnt like it when I CHOKE. [engasgar]

She doesnt like it when I JOKE . [fazer brincadeira]
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/shj/ (Joo) /dj/

version virgin
pleasure pledger
lesion legion
1) I dont know this VERSION . [verso]

I dont know this VIRGIN. [virgem]
2) We need to have PLEASURES. [prazeres]

We need to have PLEDGERS. [promissrias]
PARA PENSAR Toda lngua segue suas prprias leis.

Estamos estudando o que o idioma faz, no o por qu.
g= dj j = dj
magician mgico Jack Jack
pigeon pombo Joseph Jos
bridge ponte jam gelia
large grande Japan Japo
gentle pacfico jar pote
general general jail priso
German alemo jazz jazz
engine mquina jeans jeans
engineer engenheiro job emprego
range extenso just s, apenas
70
i = ai i = ur i= e
like gostar bird big
light luz, leve, clara birth nascimento sick
right certo dirty brick tijolo
mind mente first fish
five firm firme dish prato
child criana, filho sir senhor milk
bicycle third English
bike skirt saia with
blind cego shirt It
side lado flirt coquetear, give
kind bondoso flertar live
pilot this
mile milha
fine bem
ripe maduro
China
kite pipa
71
REVIEW
1) Os dias da semana tem que ser memorizados.

SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY.
*** usamos a preposio ON para no, na.
2) O verbo auxiliar CAN:

I CAN go with you. She CANT read English.
He CAN study in the evening. CAN my sister have a glass of water?
3) Quantidade: SOME algum, alguma [s] afirmativo

ANY - algum, alguma [s] interrogativo
- nenhum, nenhuma negativo
NO - nenhum, nenhuma negativo
MORE mais
LESS menos
MUCH - muito [adj.] quantidade
MANY muitos, vrios [adj.] numeros
A LOT - muito, um monte
A LOT OF - muito [de] quantidade e numeros
FEW - poucos - numeros
A LITTLE um pouco [de] quantidade
any more a lot more many less
some more a little more a little less
much more a few more much less
many more any less a few less
lot less
72
4) A palavra SOMETHING usado apenas em frases

afirmativas:
I want to eat SOMETHING.
She needs SOMETHING.
5) A palavra ANYTHING usado em frases interrogativas:

Do you want ANYTHING ?
Does it need ANYTHING ?
e tambm em frases negativas:
I dont want ANYTHING.
6) YET sempre vem no final de frases:
I need to eat YET.
We need to say something YET.
7) STILL pode ser usado no incio ou no meio de frases:
I STILL want to read your letter.
She knows Portuguese and she STILL speaks English.
8) Qualidade:
GOOD
BAD
STRONG forte
WEAK (wik) fraco
OLD
YOUNG
PRETTY (prti)
CHEAP (tchip)
EXPENSIVE
9) VERY + qualidade = TURBO QUALIDADE
VERY GOOD VERY CHEAP
VERY BAD VERY EXPENSIVE (ekspnsev)
VERY STRONG VERY MUCH
VERY WEAK VERY MANY
VERY OLD VERY LITTLE
VERY YOUNG VERY FEW
VERY PRETTY
73
L E S S O N T H I R T E E N
OBJECTS
COMPANY TAPE
PHARMACY PARTY
JOB (diab) BRIDGE
KIDS INFORMATION
VERBS
TO VISIT / VISITED
I have to visit my family. She likes to visit us.
TO DO / DID fazer [excutar]
I want to do my homework. What do you do there?

74
TO COOK / COOKED
My mother cooks very well. Can you cook beans?
TO FINISH / FINISHED (fnesh) terminar
They want to finish the meeting. I can finish this.
TO MAKE / MADE (meik) fazer[construir, confeccionar]
We know how to make a house. I cant make lunch today.
QUALIFIERS
ALWAYS (aluis) - sempre

NEVER - nunca
When DURING - durante
SOMETIMES - s vezes
ONE TIME - uma vez
75
BEFORE antes de
AFTER (ftr) depois de
Where NEAR perto de
FAR (fr) - longe
FAR FROM longe de (procedencia)
VERY WELL muito bem

WHICH qual, quais
SO por isso, ento, to so cheap to barato
(so that) para que so good to bom
TURBO so many tantos so much tanto
so old to velho so far to longe
EXPRESSIONS
TIME tempo, hora, vez

MANY TIMES- muitas vezes
MUCH TIME muito tempo
ON TIME pontualmente, na hora certa
MIDNIGHT meia noite

DAY AFTER TOMORROW depois de amanh
to DO THE DISHES lavar a loua
HOW IS HE Como ele est?

HE IS FINE - Ele est bem.
HE IS MORE OR LESS Ele est mais ou menos.
HE IS NOT WELL Ele no est bem.
IN TEARS - chorando
IN LOVE - apaixonado
IN BED- na cama
IN PERSON - pessoalmente
IN TIME tempo
IN TROUBLE (trbol) em apuros
76
GRAMMAR TO BE ser, estar
I AM IM
YOU ARE YOURE
HE IS HES
SHE IS SHES
IT IS ITS
WE ARE WERE
YOU ARE YOURE
THEY ARE THEYRE
Negativo = NOT interrogativo
I AM NOT. AM I...................?
YOU ARE NOT. ARE YOU..........?
HE IS NOT. IS HE.................?
SHE IS NOT. IS SHE.................?
IT IS NOT. IS IT...................?
WE ARE NOT. ARE WE............?
YOU ARE NOT. ARE YOU..........?
THEY ARE NOT. ARE THEY........?
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FRAMES
1. We want to VISIT you tomorrow. 2. I DO my homework everyday.

Can________your parents? He says he cant_______the job.
They need to________their friends. They dont have anything to______.
He likes to_________Brazil. We dont want to_____this anymore.
3. She can COOK very well. 4. We need to FINISH the job by this afternoon.
They usually_______the meat. They want to_______the meeting now.
I like to_______many things. I have to_______this book by Friday.
He wants to_______for you. Can you________this for me?
5. How do you MAKE the bread? 6. You need to go AFTER the girl.
Where do they________cheese? The bridge is ______the city.
I like to_______many things. My house is_______the pharmacy.
I need water to________the rice. Thursday comes______Wednesday.
7. The church is NEAR the store. 8. Maybe you are BEFORE me.
The car is ________the pharmacy. Usually they start________us.
My window is_______the door. I have to go home______9:00.
The fruit is_______the salad. I cook the meat_______the chicken.
9. I live FAR FROM here. 10. I ALWAYS do my homework..

She works_____ _____her house. She_______likes to cook.
Take this_____ ______the city. We______need money.
The bus is_____ ______the school. I dont______prefer ham.
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11. They NEVER finish the book. 12. You have to come DURING the week.
She________ goes to school on time I have to speak________the meeting.
I ________ cook with wine. We have work _______the vacation.
They _______study. She needs to study______the class.
13. I SOMETIMES like to go to the movies. 14. WHICH book do you want?
We _______go to the beach. _______ door do I close?
She _______buys pears for us. I dont know________window to open.
__________they visit their relatives. ________fruit is more expensive?
15. I work a lot, SO I dont go to school.

He needs to study, ________he doesnt play in the evening.
They dont work, _________they dont have much money.
We prefer the beach, _______we go there on Sunday.
16. He knows SO many people.

This house is _______ beautiful.
They work ________much.
The car is ________cheap.
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PHRASES
1. I have many things to do today. I need to finish this now.

2. Do you want to stay at my apartment this weekend? I dont know yet.
3. I want to visit my parents this week. They live near the church.
4. My father wants to sell his old car. He needs money for a vacation.
5. I have to do my homework before I go to the party tonight.
6. They dont know how to cook very well. She wants to help them.
7. Do you know where Janet has a store? Her store is near downtown.
8. I have to take a test tomorrow, so I want to study a lot tonight.
9. Do you have time this weekend to go to the swimming pool with me?
10. She wants to finish the job before midnight, but I want go.
11. I usually go to Rio on my vacation. I always need a lot of money.
12. She cooks very well but she doesnt know how to read nor write.
13. Do they want to sell their house? I dont know anything about this.
14. I live with their brother. He works with my father at the bridge.
15. He doesnt live downtown, so he has to go to work by train.
16. I dont know how to do this. Do you want to help me after dinner?
17. Where does your neighbor usually have lunch? Sorry, I dont know.
18. Do you know her parents? Her mother always makes good pizza.
19. How many magazines do you have with you? Do you want any more?
20. I need to sell my car because I want to buy a ticket to the States.
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L E S S O N F O U R T E E N
SOUND STUDY Grupos Consonontais de SONS ESTRANHOS
A adio de s ou es para formar o plural realiza-se igual a do morfema da terceira

pessoa do singular que vimos antes:
muffs (mfs) nymphs [mfs] strengths

cats tenths surfs
wreaths banks (bnks) barks
widths scripts chirps
lifts masks bags
fifths wasps bells
facts fists (fsts) beams
gulfs eighths [tths] wives [vz]
bulks texts [ksts] kings
gulps sixths [ksths] bulbs
belts twelfths folds
wealths attempts (atmts) elms
SOUND EXERCISES - Sons Semelhantes
/h/ / /
heel (hiil) eel
heat (hit) eat
heart (hrt) art
harm (hrm) arm
hear (her) ear (r)
his is
hold (hld) old
hair (hr) air
hedge (hd) edge (d)
1) They want to eat the HEEL. [calcanhar] 2) We are at the HEDGE. [ cerca viva]
They want to eat the EEL. [peixe eltrico] We are at the EDGE. [beirada]
3) You can HEAT it. [aquecer, esquentar]

You can EAT it. [comer]
81
/h/ /r/
hat (ht) rat
ham ram (rm)
hole (hl) role
honey runny (rni)
heel reel
hope rope (rup)
hide (haid) ride (raid)
hay ray (ri)
hear (hir) rear
hid rid (rd)
hose rose
habit (hbet) rabbit (rbet)
1) We dont have any HOPE. [esperana] 2) Please, give me that HOSE. [mangueira]
We dont have any ROPE. [corda] Please, give me that ROSE. [rosa]
3) Can you HIDE the bike? [esconder] 4) He has an old HABIT. [ hbito, vcio]
Can you RIDE the bike? [andar de] He has an old RABBIT. [coelho]
/n/ /em/
kin (kn) king (kem)
sin (sn) sing (sem)
win (wn) wing (uiim)
hun (hn) hung (r)
tan (tn) tang (tem)
thin thing
ran (rn) rang (rem)
ban (bn) bang (bem)
ton (tn) tongue
bun (bn) bung (bam)
1) He is my KIN. [parente] 2) Do you like to SIN? [pecar]

He is my KING. [rei] Do you like to SING? [cantar]
3) We dont like the BAN. [proibio] 4) They have a TON. [tonelada]

We dont like the BANG. [pncada] They have a TONGUE. [lngua]
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O h inicial das palavras, em ingls, pronunciado expirando levemente.
have head cabea half

has hair cabelo heart corao
here hen galinha help
house ham high alto
tle = tal ble = bal gle = gal ple = pal dle = dal
angle - ngulo simple simples agreeable agradvel

tangle - enrolar sensible - sensato capable - capaz
able - capaz little - pequeno possible - possvel
noble - nobre candle - vela impossible impossvel
incredible - incrvel middle - meio
o, ou a
some compass - bssola honey mel

come double dobro money - dinheiro
something algo rough rude, spero monkey macaco
comfort conforto tough forte mother me
color cor touch tocar from
company - companhia love amor
83
REVIEW
1) O verbo to DO fazer no sentido executar:

I dont want to DO this.
She doesnt DO anything in the morning.
2) O verbo to MAKE fazer no sentido construir, fabricar:

How do you MAKE bread. I cant MAKE pizza.
3) Qualidades: GOOD
BAD
STRONG
TURBO WEAK (wik)
OLD
VERY + YOUNG (yan)
PRETTY
UGLY
CHEAP (tchip)
EXPENSIVE
4) Where: BEFORE AFTER NEAR FAR FROM
5) When: ALWAYS NEVER USUALLY SOMETIMES
DURING ONE TIME ON TIME BEFORE AFTER
6) A palavra TIME tem vrios usos:

Tempo I dont have time. We have very little time.
Hora What time is it? What time do you want to go?
Vez I eat three times a day They go to church one time on Sunday.
7) WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY WHO HOW

HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
8) Uma palavra que d seqncia SO.

I need money, SO I have to work.
We want to go, SO we have to buy the tickets.
9) SO tambm funciona como to:

I am SO happy today. TURBO
This car is SO expensive.
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L E S S O N F I F T E E N
OBJECTS
COUSIN (kzn) - primo(a) CHRISTMAS
MAID EASTER (str)
DOCTOR TRIP viagem
KITCHEN HOUR (uor) hora [60 min.]
DISHES MINUTE minuto

85
TURKEY CUT
ARM GAME - jogo
VERBS
TO LURN / LURND aprender
I want to learn your name. He can learn the game.
TO WAK / WAKT andar, caminhar

I like to walk to the store. She cant walk yet.
TO WASH / WASHT
You need to wash the car. She wants to wash the dog.
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TO TAK / TAKT
I need to talk to you. They never talk with us.
TO HURT / HURT ferir, machucar, doer

I dont want to hurt you. She hurts me.
QUALIFIERS
WHO quem
Quando usamos WHO, o verbo recebe o som s ou z como na
3 pessoa do singular:
WHO wants to work with me? Do you know WHO likes fish?
Comparativos
MORE (....)THAN LESS (....) THAN
( Big,
happy, tired, expensive, far...)
o mais ( ) o menos ( )
a mais ( ) a menos ( )
os mais ( ).. de THE MOST (...) os menos ( ) ... de THE LEAST (...)
as mais ( ) as menos ( )
GOOD (gd) bom BAD mal

BETTER THAN melhor que WORSE THAN pior que
THE BEST o melhor THE WORST a pior
IMPORTANTE MEMORIZAR
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EXPRESSIONS
AT THE VERY WORST no pior dos casos

A DAY / PER DAY por dia
TIMES A WEEK / PER WEEK por semana
A MONTH / PER MONTH por ms
A YEAR / PER YEAR por ano
FOR BREAKFAST no caf da manh

FOR LUNCH no almoo
FOR DINNER na janta
HOW MUCH quanto [quantidade]

HOW MANY quantos [numeral]
WAIT A MINUTE! Espere um minuto!
JUST A MINUTE! S um minuto!
GRAMMAR
BIG PARTY festa grande

NEW STORE loja nova
LITTLE GIRL menina pequena
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1. You need to LEARN the lesson. 2. We like to WALK to the church.

I cant _______this. He never ________ to the beach.
Do they want to ______English? I usually________ for two hours.
They never _________. She can _______ to your house.
3. He needs to WASH the horse. 4. We need to TALK with you tomorrow.

They want to ________ their car. Can the baby ________?
You need to ________ your kitchen. Can she _________ to me?
The maid __________ the dishes I always______ to her at church.
5. I have a GOOD car. 6. They dont want to HURT the animal.

I have a _______ wife. Sorry that I_______you.
We have a _______teacher. This cut doesnt _____very much.
He has a ________job. I_______my arm in the game.
7. Do you know WHO likes turkey? 8. He has a BETTER car.

_________is your new doctor? You dont have a _______wife.
_________washes the dishes for you? Our class is _____ than their class.
I dont know _______does these things. Do you want to be a _______doctor?
9. She is the BEST maid. 10. He is a BAD teacher.

We are ______ friends. This is a _________time.
Who has the _______car? Dont be a ________ boy.
This is the _________store. You dont want a _______maid.
11. This car is WORSE than that car. 12. You are the WORST student.
Your cut is ______than my scrape. They have the ______job.
This year is _______than before. That is the _______trip.
She washes dishes______than I. My cousin is the _______boy.
89
13. I eat only two times A DAY. 14. HOW MUCH time do we have?
We study one time ________. _________fruit do you want to buy?
They go five times _________. _________meat do they want?
He drinks water four times ________. _________is this car?
15. HOW MANY children do you have? 16. I like eggs FOR BREAKFAST.
________ birds do you see? He eats meat FOR LUNCH.
Do you know______ girls are here? What do you want FOR DINNER.
_______ hours does this take? We want something __________.
PHRASES
1. I dont know how to do this. Do you want to help me?

2. I dont need to write to them this week. I can write next week.
3. He wants to go to the store with Sally, so he needs some money.
4. You need to wash the dishes before we can go to the movies.
5. Where can I learn to make those things? You have to go to the class.
6. I talk with my brother in Utah two times a month. He works there.
7. Do you know that maid? How many children does she have?
8. Our manager doesnt live in this city. He lives in the country.
9. How much time do we have for this job? We dont have a lot of time.
10. They dont like to go to the swimming pool with their neighbors.
11. I take my kids to the beach two times per week. They always like this.
12. She doesnt take her kids to school. They usually go by bus.
13. I want to buy this book for him. He likes to read these books.
14. Do you want to sell this tape to her? She says she needs a tape.
15. Where do you work? I dont work, I only study. My wife works.
16. They want to give you a ticket to Disney World. They like you.
17. You can make anything but rice. We dont like to eat rice.
18. You need to take them to the beach on Wednesday.
19. Our old neighbor never closes his windows. Maybe he wants to.
20. We dont have any information about the test. It is very long.
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L E S S O N S I X T E E N
SOUND STUDY - Grupos Consonantais de SONS ESTRANHOS
O passado e o particpio passado dos verbos regulares em ingls so formados pela

adio de um morfema [-d] ou [-ed] ao verbo.
Aqui tambm se formam grupos consonantais estranhos ao portugus:
robbed [bd] world [rld] welched [lsht]

begged [gd] armed [rmd] crunched [ncht]
enraged [djd] darned [rnd] minced [nst]
formed [rmd] carved [rvd] linked [ngt]
/w/ /r/
west rest
went rent
wag rag
wage rage
weed read
weep reap
wide ride
will rill
woe row
wit writ
1) You dont need to WEEP. (chorar) 2) He is in the WEST room.(sala oeste)

You dont need to REAP. (ceifar) He is in the RESTROOM. (toalete)
3) She is not in the WILL. (testamento) 4) Can you see to WEED? (limpar mato)
She is not in the RILL. (riacho) Can you see to READ? (ler)
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PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES -
A letra u , em ingls pode ser pronunciada de diversas maneiras.
u = a
much muito cut cortar
drum tambor brush escova
nut noz ugly feio
number sun sol
under embaixo de fun divertimento
uncle tio gun arma de fogo
dumb mudo truck caminho
duck pato bus
mud lama lunch
u = iu
union unio utensil - utenslio
universe accuse - acusar
university (iunevrciti) pupil - aluno
unit unidade muse - musa
use usar mule - besta
music fuel - combustvel
pure puro excuse me
u = u w = W
blue azul woman
stupid bobo wear vestir, usar
fruit what
juice where
tube tubo when
nutrition (nutrxn) why?
produce produzir word - palavra
student estudante wood - madeira
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PARA PENSAR Lembra que o ingls um idioma estranho, e no nossa

lngua me. Ento as vezes preciso (e vlido) criar lembretes mentais, ou maetes
para lembrar coisas problemticas. Como para ns no ingls difcil sempre de
lembrar PUXE sendo que PUSH em ingls empurrar, e toda vez que chegamos
numa porta tem que lembrar.
REVIEW
1) Uma palavra que d seqncia SO.

I need money, SO I have to work.
We want to go, SO we have to buy the tickets.
2) SO tambm funciona como to:

I am SO happy today.
This car is SO expensive.
3) So trs maneiras de dizer no natal ou na pscoa ou outra data:

ON Christmas / ON Easter / ON your birthday no dia
AT Christmas / AT Easter / AT your birthday no perodo
FOR Christmas / FOR Easter / FOR your birthday a razo por que
4) A palavra TRIP viagem. 5) Temos o verbo TO HURT:

O verbo TRAVEL viajar. I HURT their dog.
I need to make a TRIP. She always HURTS me.
I need to TRAVEL.
6) WHO quem e o verbo tem s no final:

WHO needs this book?
Do you know WHO wants to go?
7) Comparativos. GOOD BETTER THAN THE BEST

BAD WORSE THAN THE WORST
8) HOW MUCH quanto [quantidade]
9) HOW MANY - quantos [numeral]
10) FOR BREAKFAST no caf
FOR LUNCH no almoo FOR DINNER na janta
11) No ingls a adjetivo vem antes do substantivo:

BIG BOY menino grande
OLD HOUSE casa velha
NEW STORE loja nova Treinar muito!
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L E S S O N S E V E N T E E N
OBJECTS
UNCLE tio FOOD
AUNT tia COOKIES
BOX CAKE
CORNER DESSERT
GARAGE ICE
94
BIRTHDAY ICE CREAM
FARM PINEAPPLE
ROAD AVOCADO
BUILDING ROAST
VERBS
NEED / NEEDED I needed to finish this. She needed to go with us.

SPEAK / SPOKE I spoke to your father. They spoke at the meeting.
DRINK / DRANK He drank a lot tonight. We drank juice last night.
EAT / ATE We ate turkey for Christmas. They ate fish.
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QUALIFIERS
ALREADY (alrdi) j
ALL todo, toda
EVERY todo, cada
EACH - cada
YESTERDAY - ontem
LAST ltimo, passado
(last week)
POOR (pr) - pobre
RICH (rtch) - rico
SAD triste
RIGHT certo
WRONG errado
WONDERFUL maravilhoso
EXCITING - emocionante
EXPRESSIONS
SODA - refrigerante
SOFT DRINK - refrigerante
A LITTLE (lrol) um pouco
HOW LONG quanto tempo
WHAT ABOUT...? que tal...?
WHAT HAPPENED (hpend) O que aconteceu?
DAY BEFORE YERTERDAY - anteontem
NIGHT BEFORE LAST anteontem noite
GRAMMAR
I DIDNT LIKE.
SHE DIDNT WANT.
DID YOU GO ? voc foi?

DID HE LIKE ? - ele gostou ?
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-FRAMES-
1. We NEEDED to study tonight. 2. She SPOKE to the manager .

She________to help me. I______with your father.
They________their mother. The girl______to them.
I________to go. We______to your mother.
3. He DRANK beer at the party. 4. The kids ATE the food.

They________juice with their lunch. We____the cookies in the kitchen.
I never________ coffee. Your sister_____all the cheese.
She________wine at the dinner. They______our dinner.
5. She ALREADY ate her dinner. 6. I know ALL your family.

They________can speak English. She knows____their birthdays.
Its________ten oclock. We ate____the cake.
The taxi is______here. Do you know____the names?
7. I go to school EVERY week. 8. I need the name of EACH boy in the class.
We study______ lesson. She already finished _____cake.
I know______corner of this city. He started ____ conversation.
They want to buy_____pineapple. They want to take one for_____daughter.
9. Did you go to work YESTERDAY? 10. I spoke LAST week.

Did she do her homework_________? She spoke_______year.
Did you go to the beach_________? They wanted to speak_____ night.
We didnt close the store_________. He is the______boy.
11. I want to help my POOR friend. 12. I have a RICH uncle.
Can you see the ______children? We know a______man.
This is a_______city. Frank is very________.
The teachers are very_______. You have to be______to live there.

97
13. The teacher doesnt like SAD students. 14. You need to do the RIGHT thing.
Today is a very_____day for us. He never does what is_____for him.
You dont want to be____today. Do you know the______road to go?
I see my____mother. You didnt buy the_____ice cream.
15. Why did you go the WRONG road? 16. I have WONDERFUL friends.
This is the_______book. She has________parents.
They have the_______box. You have a________family.
That is the_______building. These are_______cookies.
17. They need to buy more SODA. 18. I need A LITTLE more time.
We like to drink_________. We still have_________food.
I drank_______ at the party. She only ate______dessert.
She doesnt drink__________. It needed_________ice.
19. We DIDNT like the new manager. 20.Do you know HOW LONG were here?
They______speak to us yet. I dont know_____ ____it can take.
I_______do my homework. ___ ___do you know this girl?
She______want to go to the beach. __ ____can we stay?
21. WHAT HAPPENED at the bank yesterday?
Do you know__________here?
__________with your car?
I dont know__________to him.

98
22. We didnt work DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY.
She didnt study___________.
Where did you go__________?
They drank beer___________.
23. DID they study with you?
______you know the boss?
_____she work yesterday?
PHRASES
1. I needed to talk with my uncle yesterday morning about the farm.

2. She spoke very much at my party. She spoke about her family.
3. I ate cookies, cake and pineapple for breakfast yesterday.
4. They drank all the juice at the school party. I didnt eat anything.
5. I already spoke with my boss on Monday about his birthday.
6. Did you eat anything before the class today? I ate some cake.
7. I have to go home now, because my son doesnt like to stay by himself.
8. We spoke with our parents about their exciting trip to New York.
9. I drank a glass of milk, because I didnt want to have dinner.
10. Did you say to him why we didnt go there yesterday? No, I didnt.
11. How did you know where I lived? I needed to talk to you about this.
12. Each year we learn more and more about his family.
13. Did you know that Frank wants to go to the movies with you?
14. My brother eats avocado for dessert. I always prefer ice cream.
15. Her boss didnt like the coffee. She makes coffee every day.
16. Those children never come to any meetings. They live very far.
17. Why do you have to go now? Because I have to get up in the morning.
18. How many times a year do you go to visit your relatives?
19. What happened to your uncle day before yesterday? He drank a lot.
20. She says, she cant understand why these are so expensive.
99
L E S S O N E I G H T E E N
SOUND STUDY -
Grupos consonontais de SONS ESTRANHOS
Certos grupos consonontais em incio de palavras, por serem estranhos

ao nosso sistema, acabo recebendo uma vogal de apoio uma reao normal mas
que cria problemas:
estate patrimnia state - estado
espy - avistar spy - espionar, espio
espouse - desposar spouse - cnjuge
esteem (estm) respeito steam - vapor
estrange afastar strange - estranho
Islam isl slam bater com fora
SOUNDS EXERCISES
sons semelhantes
A produo correta dos alofones pode ser difcil de superar.
/b/ /p/
bear pear (per)
bin pin
bay pay
bark park
bill pill
bun (bn) pun (pn)
bunch punch
bus pus (ps)
beach (bitch) peach (pitch)
ball pall
1) Do you want the bill? (conta) 2) The BARK is very dark.(casca de rvore)
Do you want the pill? (plula) The PARK is very dark.(parque)
3) We didnt buy BEARS. (ursos) 4) She has an old BUN . (pozinho)

We didnt buy PEARS. (peras) She has an old PUN . (jogo de palavras)
5) Can you see the BALL? (bola)

Can you see the PALL? (paleta)
100
1) This is a very sad DALE. (vale) /d/ /t/

This is a very sad TALE. (conto) dame tame
deer (dr) tear (tir)
2) To drink is the DOOM of many. (destino) deem (dim) team (tim)
To drink is the TOMB of many. (tmulo) doll tall
dale tale
3) Give them more DIPS. (mergulhos) dare (dr) tear (tr)
Give them more TIPS. (dicas) den ten
duck tuck
4) I can see many DUCKS here. (patos) dent tent
I can see many TUCKS here. (pregas) dip (dp) tip (tp)
doom tomb (tm)
Dick (dk) tick
/g/ /k/
1) That is a very small GAUGE. (bitola) goal (gal) coal (cal)
That is a very small CAGE. (gaiola) gall call
goat (gt) coat (ct)
2) She cant see the GUARD. (guarda) gauge cage
She cant see the CARD. (carto) ghost (gst) coast
gash cash
3) He never sees the GHOST. ( fastama) gauze (gaz) cause (cas)
He never sees the COAST. (litoral) gay kay (kei)
gold cold
guard (grd) card (crd)
4) They always like to buy GOATS. (cobras)
They always like to buy COATS. (casacos)
101
A pronncia do ed no final dos verbos regulares na forma do passado, pode ser feita
de trs maneiras diferentes:
1. ed= id sempre que o verbo terminar por ted ou ded , no passado, pronuncie o
ed:
to end ended (terminou) to paint painted (pintou)

to start started (comeou) to rest rested (descansou)
to want wanted (desejou) to wait waited (esperou)
to add added (acrescentou) to last lasted (durou)
to invent invented to decide decided (decidiu)
to pretend pretended (fingiu)
2. ed= t - o ed pronunciado t se vier depois de um som surdo como os sons k

p s sh ch f th :
to talk talked (falou) to kiss kissed (beijou)

to ask asked (perguntou) to miss missed (faltou)
to look looked (olhou) to dance danced (faltou)
to like liked (gostou) to march marched (marchou)
to stop stopped (parou) to watch watched (assistiu)
3. ed= d o ed pronunciado d depois de sons sonoros como os sons dos

vogais,b, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, z, th:
to play - played to clean cleaned (limpou)
to fill filled (encheu) to explain explained (explicou)
to call called (chamou) to answeranswered (respondeu)
to cry cried (chorou) to change changed (trocou)
to show showed (mostrou) to live lived
ee = i ea = i
see (ver) eat (comer)
bee (abelha) tea (ch)
tree (rvore) cream (creme)
need dream (sonho)
seed (semente) eagle (guia)
sleep team (time)
week meat
beet (beterraba) beat (bater)
feet (ps) leave (partir)
102
REVIEW
1) HOW MUCH quanto [no contvel]

2) HOW MANY - quantos [contveis]
3) FOR BREAKFAST - no caf / FOR LUNCH no almoo/ FOR DINNER na janta
4) O adjetivo vem antes do substantivo:
RICH man OLD house NEW store
5) DESSERT sobremesa / desert deserto
6) BIRTHDAY dia de nascimento ento s usa para quando algum faz anos e
no uma empresa ou aniversrio de casamento
7) O afirmativo no passado adiciona ed nos verbos regulares:
NEEDED WANTED LIKED
Verbos irregulares tem suas formas prprias no passado:
SPOKE ATE DRANK SAW
8) O negativo e o interrogativo no passado muda apenas o verbo auxiliar DO para
DID:
I DIDN T like the boss. We DIDNT go to New York.
I dont like the boss. We dont go to New York.
DID you like the cake?

Do you like the cake?
9) ALL todo, toda 10) EVERY todo, toda

I work all week. I go to work every day.
They drank all the juice I speak to every girl at the party.
11) EACH - cada 12) I studied LAST week.

I have to study each book two times. She worked with me LAST Thursday.
They need to learn each expression.
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L E S S O N N I N E T E E N
OBJECTS
NIECE (nss) sobrinha HOLIDAY - feriado
NEPHEW (nfiu) sobrinho ANIVERSARY - aniversrio
GRANDMOTHER ADVANTAGE - vantagem
GRANDFATHER DISADVANTAGE - desvantagem
WOMAN POST OFFICE - correio
MAN MUSEUM - museu
HUMAN BEING GYM

104
DENTIST FACTORY
JUDGE FIELD
CLERK PARK
GUITAR
VERBS
WANT / WANTED
They wanted to go with us. I wanted to see you.
SEE / SAW
She saw the pretty field. We saw them yesterday.
WORK / WORKED
I worked all week. They worked for Bob.
PLAY / PLAYED
105
My kids played in the park. One time he played sax.
QUALIFIERS
SOON logo, em breve
AGAIN de novo, outra vez
BETWEEN entre (dois pontos)
AMONG entre (no meio de)
UNDER - embaixo de
OVER por cima de
ACROSS atravs (por cima, do outro lado, cruzando)
EXPRESSIONS
ALL DAY o dia todo
DAY AFTER DAY dia aps dia
NIGHT AFTER NIGHT noite aps noite
YEAR AFTER YEAR ano aps ano
HOUR AFTER HOUR hora aps hora
SOONER OR LATER mais cedo ou mais tarde
THE SOONER THE BETTER quanto antes melhor
FOR SURE com certeza, certamente

IM SURE tenho certeza, estou certo que...
IM NOT SURE no tenho certeza
to TAKE ADVANTAGE OF aproveitar-se de
ESTA TEM QUE SER MEMORIZADO! IMPORTANTISSIMO!

THERE IS existe [singular] There is a man at the door.
THERE ARE existem [plural] There are three kids here.
IS THERE? existe? Is there a dog in the car?
ARE THERE? existem? Are there kids at this school?
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EXSISTE / OBJETO / LUGAR
GRAMMAR
BANK MANAGER gerente de banco
SOCCER GAME jogo de futebol
ENGLISH TEACHER professor de ingls
WHO needed? quem precisou?

WHO ate? quem comeu?
WHO spoke ? quem falou?
WHO was? -quem era?
CAN CANT poder [presente]

COULD COULDNT poder [passado]
To BE (passado)
I WAS I WASNT WAS I?

YOU WERE YOU WERENT WERE YOU?
HE WAS HE WASNT WAS HE?
SHE WAS SHE WASNT WAS SHE?
IT WAS IT WASNT WAS IT?
WE WERE WE WERENT WERE WE?
YOU ALL WERE YOU ALL WERENT WERE YOU ALL?
THEY WERE THEY WERENT WERE THEY?
107
-FRAMES -
1. They WANTED to see the animal. 2. We SAW you at the store.

She______to speak with you. I______your sister yesterday.
He______to take the guitar. She says she ________me.
I______to study this afternoon. They ____ your cat in the car.
3. I WORKED all week. 4. My kids PLAYED at the park.

They _____ for my father. They_____soccer all afternoon.
She ______ in the kitchen yesterday. He _______ with them until 4:00.
We _______ there last year. I never ______this before.
5. I want to eat SOON. 6. We want to travel AGAIN soon.

We need to go _______. You gotta do the homework ___.
They have to sleep ________. Can you say that_____please?
He wants dessert ________. She wants to work _______.
7. We are BETWEEN two beaches. 8. You are AMONG friends.

They are ________those buildings. The cats are _______the trees.
Its _______ them. The field is _____ the factories.
The car is _____ me and you. He is ______ those that study.
9. Your book is UNDER the guitar. 10. Now we are OVER the building.
The man was ________ my car. The birds were ______the fields.
I can see the dog _______ the house. Its _________ the new window.
The boy is _________ the tree. The window is ________ you.
11. The cat is ACROSS the road. 12. I worked ALL DAY.
He goes ________ to the church. She didnt want to study ______.
They live ________ the sea. They wanted to stay _________.
She walks ______ the beach. We played ________ at the park.
13. I have to study DAY AFTER DAY. 14. She studied NIGHT AFTER NIGHT.
They worked ___________at the job. He is at the gym ____________.
____________ we see them play. I have to work _____________.
He plays guitar ____________. We go to school_____________.
108
15. He wants to see her HOUR AFTER HOUR. 16. IM SURE that John wants to go.
They play the guitar _________________. _________ they want to help you.
The human being lives _______________. ________you can stay here tonight.
__________ the judge saw problems. __________he saw the advantages.
17. IM NOT SURE we have time for this. 18.They need to TAKE ADVANTAGE of the job.
__________ she needs a doctor. He wants to ______ of our time.
__________ of what I need to do. I want to _______ of this bread.
__________ where my nephew is. You have to ________ of your trip.
19. THERE IS a cat at the door. 20. THERERE things in the museum.
______ some cake in the kitchen. ______some problems with my car.
I know where ________a pretty park. _______five judges in this city.
________ pineapple for dessert. I cant see where_____ advantages.
21. IS THERE more juice? 22. ARE THERE any disadvantages?

________ any more coffee? _____children that need to go home?
________ time to see Jane? _______ many problems today?
________ a cat in the tree? _______ girls at the party?
23. I spoke with the BANK MANAGER. 24. WHO needs to go to the store?
We didnt go to the SOCCER GAME. ____ understands the lesson?
She talked with the ENGLISH TEACHER. _____ is the dentist?
Did you see the POST OFFICE CLERK? Do you know ______ is here?
25. I COULD go to the beach today. 26. I COULDNT stay at the hotel.
They _______ do their homework. She_______give us the information.
We ________ have a wonderful time. He _______ sell his house.
You _______ do the job by yourself. We _______ understand our niece.
27. They WERE at the party. 28. My car WAS very old.
They ______ never on time. The horse _______ so big.
The kids ______ always at school. My dog ______better this morning.
109
The cookies ______ with Susan. His house _______ open last night.
PHRASES
1. We dont want to go to the States this year. We dont have money.

2. I cant go downtown with you today. I have to work all day.
3. He worked in my office until noon. Yesterday, he worked until 3:00 P.M.
4. Do you have time to take me to the post office this afternoon?
5. She never writes letters to her grandmother. She doesnt have time.
6. He likes to read to his kids at night, then they sleep.
7. They want to come here at Christmas. They always come by train.
8. I need to go to the store again. I didnt buy the things I needed.
9. I worked yesterday but I dont work today. Today is a holiday.
10. My nephew likes to eat cake and my niece likes to play the guitar.
11. I need to go to the dentist this month. Do you know a good dentist?
12. My children like to play with me on the weekend. We go to the park.
13. Their niece wants to go to the beach, but they have to work tomorrow.
14. Do you like to eat cookies? Bob says he only likes cake.
15. Who opened the door? I dont know. I couldnt see.
16. I need to take my car downtown. There are many garages there.
17. They always want to do things that we dont like to do.
18. They manager usually goes to his job by bus. Does he have a wife?.
19. When do you like to do your homework? Do you do it by yourself?
20. I have to go to the pharmacy. I was hurt by the animal.
110
L E S S O N T W E N T Y
SOUND STUDY
Fonemas Consonantais de SONS ESTRANHOS
Nessa distribuio dos fonemas sendo a no-ocorrncia de certos fonemas

em posio final, no portugus, cria dificuldades de pronncia, pois a tendncia a se
acrescentar uma vogal de apoio d origem a uma outra palavra de significado
diferente:
brandy (brandi) conhaque brand marca
cookie cook cozinheiro, a
county (cunti) condado count contar
dirty sujo dirt terra, sujeira
dusty empoeirado dust poeira
monkey macaco monk - monge
patty (pti) bolinho achatado pat tapinha de leve
ready (rdi) pronto red vermelho
roomy (rumi) room quarto, sala, espao
study (stdi) stud tacha, prego, reprodutor
sunny (sni) enrolado sun sol
tidy (taide) arrumado tide mar
coffee cough those
forty (frti) fort forte
111
SOUND EXERCISES - Sons Semelhantes

/r/ /t/
1) Do you know HARRY? (nome prop.) parry (puri) patty
Do you know HATTIE? (nome prop.) berry Betty
bearer (brer) better
2) We can see CAROL. (nome pro.) perish pettish
We can see CATTLE. (gado) Harry Hattie
Erick attic
3) They didnt finish the BARREL. (barril) perry petty
They didnt finish the BATTLE. (batalha) barrel battle
Carol cattle
4) We started the PARRY. (defesa, em esgrima) Jerry jetty
We started the PATTY. (bolinho)
/ou/ /al/
1) Did he give you the same ROW? (fileira) go goal
Did he give you the same ROLE? foe foal
(papel, desempenho no teatro) bow bowl (boal)
mow mole (moal)
2) She wants to buy a new BOW. (arco) row roll (roal)
She wants to buy a new BOWL. show shoal
tow toll
3) My FOE cant walk. (inimigo) sew (sou) soul (soal)
My FOAL cant walk. (potrinho) hoe hole (hoal)
dough dole (doal)
4) I was near the HOE. (enxada)
I was near the HOLE. (buraco)
112
/iu/ /il/
cue (ku) kill
chew (tiu) chill
few fill
hew hill
mew mill
ewe (u) ill
1) You have to CUE the speaker. (dar sinal) 2) She needs to CHEW it. (mastigar)
You have to KILL the speaker. (matar) She needs to CHILL it. (esfriar)
/L seguido de consoante/
boat (bout) bolt (blt)
coat colt
code (cude) cold
goad (gud) gold
hoed (rude) hold
mode (mud) mold
ode (ud) old
road rolled (ruled)
1) Thats a very old BOAT. (barco) 2) He wants to buy a new COAT. (casaco)
Thats a very old BOLT. (ferrolho) He wants to buy a new COLT. (potro)
113
ou / au / aw = o ou = au
brought trouxe bound limite
bought comprou boundary fronteira
sought procurou count contar
fought lutou counsel conselho
thought pensou doubt dvida
caught pegou fountain fonte
taught ensinou ground cho
haunted assombrado grouch resmungar
sausage salsicha hour hora
cause causa house
daughter loud alto-som
laundry lavanderia lounge sala de estar
naughty travesso lousy sem voltar
nought zero mountain montanha
August agosto mouse camundongo
Austrlia mouth boca
Austrian austraco out fora
automatic outlaw a fora-da-lei
automobile automvel outside exterior
auxiliary auxiliar round redondo
saw viu, serra south sul
law lei couch sof
raw cru ouch! ai!
brawn fora bruta about
gout artrite
114
ow = au ou ow = ou
now would condicional low baixo
cow vaca should devia below abaixo
how could podia blow soprar
wow! - oba bow arco
owl coruja bowl tijela
tower torre bowling boliche
power poder grow crescer
towel toalha mow cortar grama
town vilarejo own possuir
flower flor row fileira
115
REVIEW
1) No passado verbos regulares + ed, mas faz 3 sons (d) (t) (d)
NEEDED (nided) PLAYED (plid) LIKED (likt)
2) No passado verbos irregulares tem sua forma prpria:
SPOKE ATE (it) DRANK (draink) SAW
3) O passado negativo e interrogativo troca DO por DID:
We DIDNT want to stay. DID you speak to her?
She DIDNT like the food. DID she say anything?
4) ALL todo, toda
5) EVERY todo, cada
6) EACH cada
7) Usamos GRAND para palavras como neto, av, av, neta etc...:
GRANDMOTHER GRANDSON
GRANDFATHER GRANDDAUGHTER
GRANDPARENTS GRANDKIDS / GRANDCHILDREN
8) Para pessoas da famlia j temos:
COUSIN NIECE FATHER BROTHER
UNCLE NEPHEW SON SISTER
AUNT MOTHER DAUGHTER KIDS
9) ANIVERSARY aniversrio de casamento ou empresas etc., passagem de ano.
10)BIRTHDAY dia de nascimento s usado para celebrar o dia em que naceu.
11) O qualificador AGAIN importante e frequentemente usado.
12) ALL DAY o dia todo EVERYDAY todo dia
13) THERE IS There is a dog at the door.
THERE ARE There are two boys at the door.
IS THERE?
ARE THERE?
14) CAN (kn) CANT (knt) poder [presente]
116
COULD COULDNT poder [passado]
L E S S O N T W E N T Y O N E
JANUARY (denueri) DECEMBER (dicmbr)

FEBRUARY (fbiuari) IN - em NOVEMBER (nouvmbr)
MARCH (marte) OCTOBER (aktbr)
APRIL (eiprl) SEPTEMBER (setmbr)
MAY (mi) AUGUST (gst)
JUNE (din) JULY (diuli)
OBJECTS
RIVER MOTORCYCLE
BLOCK INSTRUMENT
CLUB PRICE
117
CIRCUS CUSTOMER (cstamr) fregus
POPCORN CLOWN (clun)
VERBS
GO / WENT (wnt)
Last night I went to the circus. They went with me.
STUDY / STUDIED
Yesterday we studied a lot. She studied the lesson.
SLEEP / SLEPT (slpt)
I slept at their house. We slept in the car.
LIKE (lik) / LIKED (likt)
My mother liked the new house. She liked the doors.
QUALIFIERS
EARLY (rli) cedo, adiantado
LATE (lit) tarde, atrasado
SLOW (slu) lento
SLOWLY (sluli) lentamente
MIDDLE OF(mdol) meio de
ALONG (alan) junto, junto-a [ WITH]
TOGETHER junto [duas partes] [WITH]
118
EXPRESSIONS
TOMORROW MORNING amanh de manh
DAY AFTER TOMORROW- depois de amanh
NEXT WEEK
THERE IS NOT / THERE ISNT no existe (singular)
THERE ARE NOT / THERE ARENT no existem (plural)
THERE WAS existia (singular passado)
THERE WERE - existiam (plural passado)
BY MYSELF BY ITSELF
BY YOURSELF (bairseilf) BY OURSELVES (bairselvs)
BY HIMSELF BY YOURSELVES (bairselvs)
BY HERSELF BY THEMSELVES
GRAMMAR
Para formar o futuro usamos o verbo auxiliar WILL.
I go. They learn.

I WILL go. They WILL learn.
She studies It eats

She WILL study It WILL eat.
WILL he go today? WILL they study with me?

He WILL NOT go. They WILL NOT study.
He WONT go. They WONT study.
WILL you do this? WILL the kids come?

I WILL NOT do this. The kids WILL NOT come.
I WONT do this. The kids WONT come.
119
- FRAMES -
1. I visit my friends in JULY. 2. We needed to work in JANUARY.

We went to the beach in_________. I went to many parties in________.
She wants to come here in _______. They want to buy the car in_______.
My class finishes in ________. She doesnt have school in ______.
3. WE WENT to the circus. 4. I STUDIED all night.

She ______ to the store. He ______ his verbs.
I _______ to his farm. We ______ the English book.
They ______ with us. They ______ at Oxford.
5. She SLEPT in the car. 6. She LIKED the dessert.

They ______ at the hotel. They ______ our food.
We ______ at their house. I ______ your family.
The dog ______ near my door. We _______ to talk with you.
7. I have to sleep EARLY. 8. The store closes LATE.

You need to work _______. My class finishes very ________.
We want to go there _______. The boy was _______ to school.
The party finished ________. Your bus is ________ today.
9. The cars went SLOWLY. 10. The car is in the MIDDLEof the road.
Please speak ________! The animals are in the___of the city.
She opened the door _________. This is the ________of the trip.
I studied the letter __________. I didnt read the_______of the book.
11. She wants to go ALONG with you. 12. I dont want to see them TOGETHER.
He needs to come ______ with us. The cat and the dog are __________.
I like to study _________ with friends. You can make juice _______ with wine.
We traveled _________ the road. Jim and Sue live __________.
13. I have to work DAY AFTER TOMORROW.

We need to go there __________________.
He can finish by ___________________.
Do you want to travel ________________?
120
14. THERE ISNT any time. 15.THERE ARENT any students here.
They say ________ food. ______________more books.
____________ more ice. ______________any good movies.
In this house __________ a door. Did you know________customers?
16. We live BY OURSELVES. 17.THERE WERE many children.

We like to study ____________. I know _________ some cats.
We go to the park ____________. ____________ dogs in the garage.
We never play ____________. ____________ few fruits.
18. She WILL eat the rice. 19. THERE WAS a boy here yesterday.
They _________ go with you. ___________a new building downtown.
I _________ need to sell this. ____________ something wrong.
He ________ need to know your name. ____________ a lot of pop corn to eat.
20. They WONT go to the game.

He says he _________ finish the lesson.
We ___________ see you again.
She ________ visit those customers.
121
PHRASES
1. Why did you play soccer with your friends in the field?
2. I needed to help my wife, because the maid didnt come to work today.
3. She didnt open the windows, but she wanted to open the door.
4. I need to write to my customers this month. I didnt write in May.
5. We didnt go to the circus, because we didnt have any money.
6. What did he say to you yesterday? We spoke about his family.
7. I dont know why my cousin didnt have to work this last month.
8. It didnt eat anything all this week. Its not very well.
9. We didnt finish the homework yet. Do you know how to do it?
10. I was at the bank with my sister. They didnt have the money.
11. We saw you at the museum yesterday. Maybe we will see you again.
12. She didnt have time to go to the dentist this week. She works a lot.
13. My niece went to Los Angeles last year. I want to go this year.
14. I want to take my kids to the circus. They always like the clowns.
15. He didnt have anything to do this week, so he drank alot of beer.
16. I need to have a vacation soon. You dont know how much I work.
17. She says there was a chicken in the kitchen. Im not sure.
18. We needed to finish the meeting before noon. What time is it now?
19. Jane saw the handsome doctor, and now she wants to know who he is.
20. Will you know the price of these guitars by next week?
122
L E S S O N T W E N T Y T W O
Letras mudas
whole todo, inteiro muscle (msal) msculo

Christmas often freqentemente
could should (shd) - devia
half metade talk (tk)
honest honesto walk (wk)
honour (anr) honra psalms (slmz) salmo
hour
tion = xan
nation (neixan) - nao

station - estao
position - posio
addition (adixan) - adio
invention - inveno
relation - relao
dedication - dedicao
vacation - frias
protection (protcxan) - proteo
reaction - reao
inflation (enflixan) inflao
123
L E S S O N T W E N T Y - T H R E E
OBJECTS
MECHANIC WATCH
SECRETARY CLOCK
BUSINESSMAN TELEVISION
COP STREET
124
BUSINESS (bznes) - negcio GAS
STATION FLOWER
GAS STATION AIR ar
VERBS
HAVE / HAD
I had a horse last year. We had to study English.
UNDERSTAND / UNDERSTOOD
I never understood that judge. She understood you.
SELL (sl) / SOLD
I sold my house. They sold their animals.
BUY / BOUGHT (bat)
We bought a new clock. He bought a television.
QUALIFIERS
ALMOST (lmst) - quase
TOO tambm (final de frase)
ALSO - tambm, incluido
EVERYTHING toda coisa, tudo
ALL tudo ALONE sozinho
125
EXPRESSIONS
MERRY CHRISTMAS! - Feliza natal!
HAPPY NEW YEAR! Feliz ano novo!
HAPPY BIRTHDAY! Feliz aniversrio!
REALLY realmente, de verdade
REALLY? - mesmo?
ARE YOU MARRIED? Voc casado?
IM SINGLE - Sou solteiro
SHE IS TIRED - Ela est cansada.
ITS HOT - Est quente
GRAMMAR
WOULD - usado para formar o condicional
We WOULD like to see her.

They WOULD work with us for sure.
I WOULD visit more but I dont have time.
She WOULD prefer to go there tomorrow. VERBOS AUXILIARES

DO DONT / DID DIDNT
SHOULD dever CAN CANT / COULD COULDNT
You SHOULD finish your homework. WILL WONT
He SHOULD sell his car now. WOULD WOULDNT
She SHOULD never drink so much. SHOULD SHOULDNT
I SHOULD take you to your house.

126
FRAMES
1) Yesterday he HAD to work. 2) I UNDERSTOOD the lesson.

We ______turkey for Easter. She ________ their problems.
She _______ to speak with you. We ________ your English.
I always have ______ to know a dentist. He ________ my letter.
3) That man SOLD his house. 4) We BOUGHT a new car.

Those kids _______ magazines. They ________ a watch for her.
This woman _______ her bike. I _______ tickets for the circus.
These clocks are __________. He _________ his television downtown.
5) The train is ALMOST here. 6) I know how to read and write TOO.
Its _______ ten oclock. She sold her house _____.
They have ________ finished. They want to buy a car _____.
I ________ sold the car. He is a clown _____.
7) She ALSO visited a museum. 8) He bought EVERYTHING in the store.

We _____ need to go home. We saw _______ there was to see.
They ______ sold their swimming pool. She reads ________ in the newspaper.
Those horses are _____ expensive. They help him with ___________.
9) That was ALL there was to say. 10) The poor old lady was very ALONE.
Im sure he doesnt know ____ city. The girl spoke:Im so ________!
We sold ____our animals. I was ________ with my problems.
Can you give me _____ of you? She doesnt like to be ________ .
11) I REALLY want to understand you. 12) I like to give money. REALLY?
You ________ talk a lot. She doesnt like parties. _________?
He ________ knows how to write. He bought ten magazines. ________?
Those birds are ________ from Burma. They were cops. _________?
127
13) That girl is very TIRED. 14) She WOULD prefer to write.
After the trip we were ______. I ________ never go there by myself.
I know that youre _______. We______go,but we dont have money.
He was ______ of his job. He _______ like to see you.
15) WOULD you sell your house? 16)You SHOULD always do your work.
_______ they like to go along? They _______ almost be finished.
_______ he have to sell flowers? He ________give you the money today.
_______ you prefer more meat or fish? I________visit my relatives today.
17) SHOULD you do that?

________ I know about this?
________ we buy this car?
________ she read the letter?
128
L E S S O N TWENTY - FOUR
OBJECTS
PANTS (slacks) COUCH
SHIRT (shrt) LIVING ROOM sala de estar
SHOES Mr. (mister) Wilson
DRESS Mrs. (missus) Wilson (Ms.Wilson)
SKIRT Miss Wilson (Ms. Wilson)
QUESTION GIRLFRIEND - namorada
TRUCK (truak) BOYFRIEND namorado

129
VERBS
to ASK / (AST)ASKED perguntar, pedir (ASK FOR )

..OBJETOS
He wa/nts to a!/sk a question. I a/st for a dress.
to ANSWER / ANSWERED(rd) - responder
I couldnt answer the question. She didnt answer me.
to REMEMBER / REMEMBERED lembrar de (REMIND)

I didnt remember her name. I dont remember how.
to FORGET / FORGOT - esquecer de
You forgot my birthday! I didnt forget the letter.
QUALIFIERS
WHO quem
WHOSE de quem, cujo, do qual, dos quais
WHOM que, quem , a qual , as quais
IF se I WOULD visit more...if...

IF...........THEN...........
TIRED - cansado
WHOLE todo, inteiro
ALL
EVERY / EACH
130
EXPRESSIONS
WELCOME TO.... bem vindo ... to PUT ON vestir pants

RIGHT AWAY imediatamente to TAKE OFF tirar shoes
to GET ON - subir, entrar (work,play) PART TIME meio perodo
to GET OFF descer de , sair de FULL TIME perodo integral
GRAMMAR
A forma do possessivo fazemos utilizando s depois da pessoa ou

coisa que est possuindo:
My sisters car. Mr. Browns wife.

The churchs windows. The tired little boys shoes.
TO BE
I AM IM NOT AM I?
YOU ARE YOURE NOT ARE YOU?
HE IS HES NOT IS HE?
SHE IS SHES NOT IS SHE?
IT IS ITS NOT IS IT?
WE ARE WERE NOT ARE WE?
YOU ARE YOURE NOT ARE YOU?
THEY ARE THEYRE NOT ARE THEY?
WAS WERE WILL BE CAN BE COULD BE SHOULD BE WOULD BE

131
- FRAMES
1. I want to ASK something. 2. I never have time to ANSWER letters.

She likes to_____questions. Can you____________my questions?
Did you________the cop? I dont know to________this.
Can I________your name? I know you can_______the teacher.
3. I dont REMEMBER this store. 4. She wants to GET OFF downtown.

Did you_________to buy ham? Why did you_______the bike?
We_______Mrs. Jones. They always_______the bus here.
I_______those shoes. He needs to______the building.
5. I dont want to FORGET you. 6. WHOSE are these shoes?

Did you_______where you live? I dont know______dresses those are.
They always________to study. _____telephone number do you
need?
I didnt______to go to the museum. _______truck is near the bike?
7. To WHOM did you speak? 8. I dont know IF we should do this.

With______does she want to start? Shed know____ they went home .
I liked the girl________I saw. Well ask____he came tonight.
We asked him_______he forgot. ___you work, then you will have
money.
9. The children are very TIRED. 10. I worked the WHOLE day.
After the game we were_______. My girlfriend studied______week.
The teacher is_______of class. We talked the______trip.
132
The students are________of the teacher. I want to know

the_______question.
11. The kids like to play ALL day. 12. WELCOME TO our home.
I sold ____the shoes. ____________Brazil.
I dont want _____ of them. ________my new store.
We ____went with my parents. ____________the game.
13. I need to go RIGHT AWAY. 14. I have to GET ON the bus now.
She needed to buy the dress_______. They want to________this train.
We want to go__________. Did he________the plane?
He answered the question_________. Can I_______your horse?
15. She wants to TAKE OFF her shoes. 16. I need to PUT ON my shirt.
They need to________the dishes. They need to_______their shoes.
I didnt ________the new shirt. We want to______our pants.
I saw him_______his pants. Did you_______the dress I like?
17. Do I always have to REMIND you?

Please_______me about the game tomorrow.
This paper is to________you of the test.
I usually have to_______them to buy pants.
133
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. When I went to the beach, I talked to my father about the car problem.
2. I drank wine at the party last night. What did you drink?
3. John lives together with his sister. I asked Mr. Jones about him.
4. I didnt eat rice and beans for dinner yesterday. I only ate salad.
5. Did you see the birds in the garden? They are very happy today.
6. Mrs. Johnson lives in that apartment building. She works at the bank.
7. Did you play the new game with your children? Did you know how to play?
8. Last week I visited my cousin at the beach. I slept on his couch.
9. I like to study when I am at home. My sister and I study together.
10. I understand your problem with the maid. She never gets up on time.
11. Whose house is that one on the corner? Maybe its the judges house.
12. Who is her boyfriend? Hes my cousin Frank. Where does he live?
13. I dont know if I can finish the whole test in just one hour.
14. Mr. Perry works downtown in the old bank building. He is a clerk.
15. Did you go to the store by yourself? Did you go by bus or by car?
16. Do you know who is in the living room? Its your uncle Jack.
17. I dont know if they will remember how to go to the park.
18. I bought a new dress for me to go to the party tonight.
19. Who can answer Mrs.(missus) Andersons question? Will I have to answer it?
20. We need to get off this train right away! There is a problem.
L E S S O N TWENTY - FIVE
OBJECTS
STRANGER estranho (pessoa) MEAL (mel) - refeio
FOREIGNER estrangeiro FRIES (fris)
NATIONALITY nacionalidade HAMBURGER
COAT PEACH
BAG DESIRE (desire) desejo, vontade
CAMERA NEWS - notcias
FURNITURE - moblia, mveis OPPORTUNITY - oportunidade
PIANO CAN
HEALTH sade
VERBS
to STOP (stp) / STOPPED(stapt) parar
I cant stop the car. Hell have to stop the meeting.
to DRIVE / DROVE (druve) ir de carro, dirigir, pilotar, impulsionar
We drove to the store. I dont know how to drive.
to WAIT (to wit) / WAITED esperar
We had to wait for the bus. I dont like to wait.
to LAUGH (to lf) / LAUGHED(lft)(laugh at) rir, dar gargalhada
We all laughed at the party. You never laugh.
QUALIFIERS
SICK (sic) - doente
FAST rpido , ligeiro

STRANGE estranho (adj.)
SPECIAL - especial
SILLY tolo , bobo, ridculo
AGO atrs (tempo)
SINCE desde, desde que, sendo que
WHILE (as) - enquanto
AS como, conforme
LIKE como, do mesmo modo, parecido
CLOSE TO perto de
EXPRESSIONS
AS USUAL como sempre
NEVER MIND no importa, esquece
ALL RIGHT certo, est bem
WELL,... Bem,....
AS.....AS to.......como
NOT AS...... AS no to..... como
AS SOON AS assim que
WHATS JOHN LIKE? - como Joo?
WHAT DOES HE LOOK LIKE? qual a aparncia dele
to Be SICK estar doente
to FEEL SICK se sentir doente
to Be ABLE TO - poder, estar em condies de
GRAMMAR
WILL BE + Adj. WILL BE + ABLE TO
- Will be fun - Will be able to work
- Will be happy - Will be able to go
WILL NOT BE
SHOULD BE WOULD BE CAN BE COULD BE

SHOULDNT BE WOUDNT BE CANT BE COULDNT BE
FRAMES
1. We had to STOP the party. 2. I didnt know to DRIVE.

The horse didnt want to _______. She can _____my car if she wants to.
I have to _______ at the bank. We ___ to the beach every afternoon.
He didnt _______ the meeting. Which car do you _______?
3. I dont want to WAIT for the bus. 4. He doesnt usually like to LAUGH.
She didnt ________ for me yesterday. Sometimes we ______ at the clowns.
Why cant you _______ for your sister? I never see her ________.
5. I am very SICK today. 6. It is a FAST horse.

We are very _______ today. You have a _______ camera.
Theyre very _______ today. We arent very _______.
Shes very ________ today. You shouldnt drive ______.
7. I know a STRANGE man. 8. Saturday will be SPECIAL for us.

She spoke to the ________ woman. I made a _______ meal for you.
We like to read ________ books. She bought a ________ bag.
Your brother is very ______. You are a very ______ person.
9. My sister is a SILLY girl. 10. She had the party two weeks AGO.
Thats a _______ question. We went to Japan one year ________.
We all say _______ things. I bought this furniture one day _______.
He bought a _______ coat. You had the opportunity three hours____.
11.SINCE when do you work here? 12. I work WHILE they study.
I work here _______ last year. Can you see ________ you sleep?
He has to wait ______ hes late. You should work______ you can.
We have no news ______yesterday. I drive_____ he sleeps.
13.The job finished AS you wanted. 14.You shouldnt drive LIKE he drives.
She is ______a new baby. They need to speak ____she speaks.
Do you see things ______I see them? They play _____children.
We live ______a big family. He talks ______ a foreigner.
15.I live CLOSE TO your house. 16.The game WILL BE very fast.
She is _______the door. She ___happy to go home.
My house is_______the park. I know the books ______new.
We are_______the shopping center. If we wait we ______ late.
17.Tomorrow he WILL BE ABLE TO go home.

Now we _______________finish our work.
Soon they _______________start classes.
He says we____________ stop at the gas station.
18. They WONT BE ABLE TO work.

You _________________stay.
We __________________help.
I ____________________wait.
PHRASES
1. I needed to take my daughter to the dentist this morning.
2. He didnt learn how to work with the truck nor with the bus.
3. I want to write a letter to the newspaper. Do you want to help me?
4. She doesnt like to talk to strangers on the street.
5. I drank beer and now I am sick. My wife isnt home to help me.
6. We laughed all afternoon. Mr. Johnson is a very silly man.
7. The maid washes the windows every Friday. Shes not married.
8. The teacher needs to understand better my son. Hes not able to study.
9. I opened a can of peaches for them. Last night they ate with us.
10. I finished my lesson before her. She is not very fast.
11. She read in the magazine about our country. She liked the news.
12. I want to cook a special meal for my parents. They like fish.
13. I sold my furniture because I want to go to the States this year.
14. She works while I study. She is very happy with her new job.
15. Did you buy the cake for you neighbor? How is she today?
16. What time did you come home from the soccer game last Thursday.
17. Do you live close to downtown? No, I live on the beach.
18. I always visit my friends on Wednesday. We like to drink beer.
19. I want to play but I need to work. Thats very strange.
20. Did you talk with the stranger? I spoke with him one hour ago.
LESSON TWENTY-SIX
OBJECTS
EXERCISE WALL
BARBECUE BED
SANDWICH JACKET
FILM MEN
AIRPORT WEMEN
PILOT(pilet) BALL
ZOO END fim
ROOM DRIVER
TOWEL ACCIDENT
ROSE BABY
VERBS
to LOSE / LOST - perder, ficar sem (objeto, competio)
Did you lose your books? They lost the game.
to MEAN / MEANT - significar, querer dizer, pretender, tencionar

Do you understand what I mean? What do you mean?
to CHOOSE / CHOSE - escolher (choice)

He chose his friend. Ill always choose you.
to FIND (faind) / FOUND - achar - descobrir (to FIND OUT)

I need to find a restroom. Did you find out where she lives?
QUALIFIERS
BEHIND atrs de NICE bom, bonito, agradvel

UNDER debaixo, embaixo de, sob DELICIOUS - delicioso
NEXT TO - junto a, ao lado de SMART esperto, inteligente
WITHOUT - sem DIFFICULT difcil HARD - duro
UGLY feio EASY - fcil
FUNNY engraado SO ento, por isso, to
EXPRESSIONS
CONGRATULATIONS parabns
SO FAR at agora
ON PURPOSE proprositadamente
to LIE DOWN deitar-se
LOST AND FOUND - achados e perdidos
Are you in Rio?... I MEAN So Paulo? quer dizer
GRAMMAR
TOO FAR longe demais
TURBO TOO BIG grande demais INTONAO
TOO SLOW lento demais

TOO MUCH demais (quantidade)
TOO MANY - demais (contveis)
MANAGER gerente SINGER - cantos

BUYER comprador CARRIER - carregador
TEACHER - ensinador PLAYER - jogador
Em ingls formamos gerndios e particpios com o sufixo ING nos verbos.
IM READING estou lendo
YOURE HELPING voc est ajudando {1} TEMPO CONTNUO
HES SLEEPING ele est dormindo
SHES COOKING ela est cozinhando To BE + ( )ING
ITS STARTING est comeando
WERE SELLING estamos vendendo
YOURE LEARNING vocs esto aprendendo
THEYRE CHOOSING eles esto escolhendo
A WALKING DOLL uma boneca andante.

A WORKING MOTHER uma me trabalhadora. {2} ( )ING = ****
A SLEEPING BABY um beb adormecido.
{3}
To walk = walking WALKING IS GOOD EXERCISE andar bom exerccio.
To work = working WORKING IS DIFFICULT TO LIKE trabalhar difcil de gostar.
To drink = drinking DRINKING TOO MUCH ISNT GOOD beber demais no bom.
HE STARTED WORKING Ele comou a trabalhar.

I STARTED PLAYING Comecei a jogar. {4} start,begin,finish,stop,quit ( )ING
THEY FINISHED DOING Eles terminaram de fazer.
No ingls usamos a forma do perfeito ou na forma simples ou progressiva, para expressar uma
ao que comeou no passado e ainda continua no presente:
O presente perfeito no ingls formado com o presente do verbo HAVE usado com o
particpio do verbo principal.
He has lived here for a year.

- Faz / H um ano que ele mora aqui.
I have been studying French for three months.
- Faz / H trs meses que estou estudando francs.
I havent spoken English for a long time.

- Faz / H muito tempo que no falo ingls.
I have gone to California one time a year during these last five years.
- Tenho ido a Califrnia uma vez por ano durante estes ltimos cinco anos.
Have you seen my new car?

- Voc j viu meu carro novo?
PARTICPIO USO #2
BE + particpio
- This is done. This cant be eaten.

- He will be finished. They should be paid.
- It was bought. It wouldnt be understood
.
SHOULD BE
WOULD BE
CAN BE
COULD BE
FRAMES
1. Did you LOSE your books? 2. I MEAN to visit you this week.
I dont want to ________this jacket. What do you______?
How did you _________your shoes? She always says what she_______.
He never _________ the ball. Does this _______I have to leave?
3. You need to CHOOSE which ball. 4. Where did you FIND that rose?
Can I _______the next film? We couldnt ________the airport.
I _______ to stop participating. They didnt ________the pilot yet.
You have to ________a towel. I can never _____time for exercise.
5. Your jacket is BEHIND the door. 6. Your book is UNDER the piano.
The room is ________that wall. The baby isnt _______the bed.
The towels are ________the bed. There is something _______here.
My car isnt _________this store. They live _______the bridge.
7. The towel is NEXT TO the bag. 8.This horse is very FAST.

The stranger is ______the window. Your car is very________.
The men are ________the truck. He plays piano________.
The airport isnt _______the zoo. That foreigner speaks ______.
9. She bought an UGLY dog. 10. That movie is very FUNNY.

They have a very ________house. The clown at the circus is ______.
They only found _______furniture. We laughed at the ______stranger.
He says many _______things. He is a _________waiter.
11. She is a very NICE girl. 12. This meal is DELICIOUS.

You have _____ parents. The sandwich is __________.
This is a _____ room. We had a _______ barbecue.
You should be a _____ son. Peaches are__________.
13. Your dog is SMART. 14. This test is very DIFFICULT.
She said the boy is______. Her name is ______ to say.
I have _______ children. Its ______ to choose.
A pilot has to be_______. The game is very_______.
15. This book is EASY to study. 16. You are really SO special.
Its _______ to find my house. This train is ____ fast.
Its ________ to lose the game. Those birds are _____ ugly.
More film is ________ to buy. Your kids are ______ nice.
17.The airport is TOO far. 18.You are LEARNING English.

This building is _____old. She is SPEAKING with her father.
Our work is _____ difficult. Are you LIVING with your family?
This book is ____ strange. They are CHOOSING a new player.
19. He HAS LIVED here for a month.

They __________ here for years.
I __________ here since 1987.
She ________ in this city many years.
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. We went to a party on the farm last Sunday. We had barbecue for lunch.
2. You should be studying with that student. He knows everything.
3. She never had the opportunity to study, so she wont be able to read.
4. The waitress asked if we are foreigners. Well, we arent from here.
5. The accident happened because the student driver didnt know English.
6. The whole class said goodbye. Sooner or later they will come again.
7. I m sorry I didnt go to your mothers birthday party.
8. I have never gone to the States, but I will be going in a few months.
9. He said there are no opportunities for him here. I really dont think so.
10. I always forget your name. Never mind, its a difficult name to remember.
11. They read and wrote some letters while I slept. She likes to write.
12. I asked Jon. Have you seen if the sandwiches are behind the couch?
13. We will not be having class next week because of the holiday.
14. You didnt understand what I meant. We shouldnt be waiting here.
15. I havent had time to do exercises this week. Ive been working.
16. There is a buyer for your house on 4th street. Do you still want to sell?
17. I meant to close the office windows but I forgot. Could you do it?
18. Janet is very happy. She has waited for her birthday all year.
19. Marys health is very good. She has been walking 3 Km, a day.
20. I have gone to California one time a year during these last five years.
21. Congratulations, you cook very well. You should open a restaurant.
22. Your son is very smart. You should talk to him about his new lesson.
23. Im drinking too much, my health is not very good. Lets go to the doctor.
24. Its already twelve oclock. We will be late to lunch for sure.
25. The driver didnt take the new couch to my office downtown.
LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN
Nos primeiros mdulos concentramos nosso estudo de lnguas dentro do contexto dos
SONS. Sons semelhantes e diferentes. O tom da voz e o ritmo tambm fazem parte desta
primeira base.
Agora nestes ltimos mdulos vamos concentrar em mais fases importantes na
aprendizagem do ingls, que so:
- Juntando MORFEMAS para formular palavras;
- Juntando palavras para formar sentenas e clusulas;
- Os significados dos morfemas, palavras e as combinaes destas palavras.
LANGUAGE STUDY
MORFEMAS Formas
Morfemas so as menores partes individuais de um idioma que tem significado. Morfemas podem
ser uma palavra inteira ou parte de uma palavra. A palavra CAT por exemplo um morfema
singular. No pode ser dividido em partes significativas. Porm, a palavra CATS se dispe de
dois morfemas a palavra cat significando um quadrpede da famlia felidae, - e o s que
significa plural. Este s no usado sozinho em conversa normal, no sendo ento uma palavra,
porm, sendo uma parte com significado das palavras CATS, BOOKS, BOYS etc., sendo ento
um morfema.Lnguas so muito diferentes na maneira em que juntem e agrupem morfemas.
Observaes crticas sobre morfemas e a maneira que so combinados para formar palavras
pode ser muito til para quem est aprendendo ingls. Por outro lado, no devemos substituir
saber sobre o idioma por realmente conhecer o idioma. Procedimentos analticos so ajudas
bsicas, permitiro ao aluno evitar muitos erros e facilitaro seu progresso rpido.
CONTEXT RYTHM INTONATION THINKING
- Animal Babies
Many baby animals lions and elephants and turtles and thousands of others look much
like their fathers and mothers. But many do not. A baby butterfly looks more like a worm than like
a grown-up butterfly. Baby starfish do not have five arms. Oysters when first hatched do not have
shells. Baby toads look very much like fish. Ants, bees, and jellyfish are other animals that change
greatly in looks while they grow up.
Some baby animals weigh millions of times as much as other baby animals. The biggest
baby of all is a baby blue whale. It weighs more than a grown-up elephant.
A horse usually has only one colt at a time. A cow usually has only one calf. One baby at a time is
the rule with elephants, kangaroos, and many other animals. Dogs and cats and pigs usually have
several babies at a time. So do turtles and many others. And some animals have hundreds or
even thousands of babies at a time. A cod fish can lay a million eggs. Not all of them will hatch.
But usually thousands of them do. Only a few live long enough to grow up. Tiny cod are good food
for bigger fish.
Some baby animals are well cared for by their parents. Some are not taken care of at all. A
baby robin would not live long if its parents did not protect it and bring food to it. A baby turtle, on
the other hand, can take care of itself as soon as it comes from its shell.
Some animal babies grow up fast. A hamster is naked and helpless when it is first born. But
baby hamsters grow so fast that a hamster can have babies of its own when it is only two months
old. An elephant, however, stays a baby for two or three years.
Baby animals many times have special names. Baby butterflies and moths are called
caterpillars. Baby toads and frogs are called tadpoles. The list gives the names of some other
baby animals.
BEAR - cub KANGAROO joey ELEPHANT calf SWAN cygnet
CAT kitten LION cub FOX cub TIGER cub
COW calf MOOSE calf GOAT kid TURKEY poult
DEER fawn OYSTER (oster) spat HORSE colt WHALE calf
DOG puppy SEAL pup DUCK duckling SHEEP lamb
OBJECTS
FLIGHT vo WEATHER
PASSENGER CLOTHES
COOK PURSE
MAILMAN MOVIE
MENU FLOOR
BOTTLE PAPER
BOWL PHONE
GRAPES ENVELOPE
TOMATO STAPLER
FAULT culpa, falta

VERBS
to RUN / RAN correr, administrar, andar, funcionar,

concorrer
He wants to run to the store. I cant run this store.
to LISTEN / LISTEND (to, for) escutar

I dont want to listen to you. He wants to listen for you.
to PLAN / PLANND planejar

I plannd to study Spanish next. I didnt plan anything.
to GET (guet) / GOT (gat) obter, pegar, conseguir, ficar.

Where did you get that? I got it at the museum.
QUALIFIERS
(to be) COLD frio

(to be) COOL refrescante
(to be) RELIGIOUS religioso
PINK cor-de-rosa
(to be) READY pronto
(to be) BRAZILIAN brasileiro
(to be) AMERICAN americano
to ARRIVE(airiv) chegar HAPPY (hpi) feliz
ARRIVAL (airval) chegada HAPPINESS (hapines) felicidade
to SURVIVE (survaiv) sobreviver SOFT (sft) suave
SURVIVAL (survaival) sobrevivncia SOFTNESS (sftness) suavidade
to ATTEND (atend) atender, freqentar COMPLEX(compx) complicado
ATTENDANCE (atndans) comparncia COMPLEXITY complexidade
ACCORD (acrd) acordo ABLE(bol) apto
ACCORDANCE (acrdans) concordncia ABILITY (abliti) aptido
to FLATTER (flter) lisonjear REAL (rial) real
FLATTERY (fltori) lisonja REALISM (rialism) realismo
to BREAK (brik) quebrar DYNAMIC (dainmic) dinmico
BREAKAGE (brikedi) quebradeira DYNAMTICISM dinamismo
EXPRESSIONS
WHOSE FAULT IS IT? De quem a culpa?
to FALL ASLEEP adormecer
to GO TO BED ir dormir
to TRY ON experimentar (roupa)
to GET SICK ficar doente
to GET WELL ficar bem
to GET OLD ficar velho
to GET MARRIED casar-se
to GET HURT ficar machucado
to GET BLAMED ser acusado
YES, OF COURSE sim, claro
NO, OF COURSE NOT no, claro que no
AT LEAST pelo menos
GREAT! timo!
HURRY !! depressa!!
ITS RAINING est chovendo. ITS SNOWING est nevando
IS IT RAINING? est chovendo? IS IT SNOWING? - est nevando?
ITS NOT RAINING no est chovendo ITS NOT SNOWING no est nevando
GRAMMAR to BE (passado)
I WAS I WASNT WAS IT?

HE WAS HE WASNT WAS HE?
SHE WAS SHE WASNT WAS SHE?
IT WAS IT WASNT WAS IT?
WE WERE WE WERENT WERE WE?
THEY WERE THEY WERENT WERE THEY?
FRAMES
1. The kids like to RUN. 2. He wants to RUN the company.

I saw him ________ across the field. She doesnt like to ____ the factory.
We usually ______ in the morning. You will ______ this office.
She needs to ______ to the store. I need to_____ my business by myself.
3. I want to LISTEN to the man. 4. We need to LISTEN FOR the train.

You have to ______ to me. You should ____ _____ your bus.
They never _______ to us. I have to ______ ______ the mailman.
We want to _______ to the radio. Can you _____ ______ the phone?
5. I need to PLAN the party. 6. I want to GET a new car.

Did you ______ anything for tomorrow? Where did you ______ you shoes?
How can we ______ anything? They went to _______ ice cream.
He doesnt _______ to study here. I never _______ the menu.
7. We didnt GET TO go. 8. I ate a COLD sandwich.

Did you ____ ____ see the judge? We like to drink _______ beer.
When do you ____ ____ be a pilot? She prefers ________ weather.
You always ___ ___ have what you want. The kitchen floor is ______.
9. The water was COOL. 10. Are you READY to go?
Do you have any _____ rooms? The movie is ______ to see.
Yesterday was a _____ day. Can you be ______ at 8:00?
Today the weather is ______. He is never _______.
11. I like BRAZILIAN food. 12. I WAS at the bank.

We bought some ______ grapes. I know she ______ with him.
He has a _______ wife. He ______ eating a ham sandwich.
They want a _______ cook. It _____ sleeping on the floor.
13. We never WERE in Texas. 14. It WASNT raining in Madrid.

They ______ at your house. She ______ saying anything.
Where _______ you yesterday? He ______ at church Sunday
______ they in the car? I ______ by myself at the movies.
PHRASES
1. How many apples did you get? Only five, where is the bowl?
2. The new maid comes here everyday. She doesnt live with us.
3. My flight is here. Im traveling to Chicago to visit my relatives.
4. He wants to take his kids to the zoo. They will stay until 4:00.
5. Its getting late. What time do you plan to make dinner?
6. Their daughter cooks very well. We went to her house last Sunday.
7. When will you finish your homework? I plan to finish tomorrow.
8. Where did you buy those pants? I bought them in Miami last year.
9. I wouldnt know anything about this if you hadnt said something.
10. They started working late yesterday. After the job they went to run.
11. I didnt have the opportunity to try on the new dress you bought for me.
12. We finished planning our party for this Saturday. Listen to this.
13. I should have talked to him yesterday, but I didnt have time.
14. Do you know where we could get an envelope for my letter? Yes, of course!
15. How can you listen to that music? The animals are running.
16. The mailman stopped when the dog ran after him. Hes ready for anything.
17. My family is very religious, but they still have faults.
18. The waiter asked which wine wed prefer.
19. I saw two foreigners trying on Brazilian clothes when I was downtown.
20. We have waited too many years to buy a new house. Now we will buy it.
LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT
LANGUAGE STUDY
MORFEMAS Formas
Tipos de Morfemas
Cada morfema numa lngua tem vria caractersticas baseado no seu relacionamento
distribucional com os outros morfemas; na base destas diferenas, morfemas podem ser
classificados de vrias formas:
a) morfemas livres e limitados certos morfemas podem ser pronunciados

sozinhos, enquanto outros morfemas sempre ocorrem ligados a outro morfema. Por isso:
morfemas que podem ocorrer sozinhos so chamados de formas livres; morfemas que no
ocorrem sozinhos so chamados de formas limitadas.
b) Razes e Afixos num passo mais adiante com um tipo de classificao similar
de distinguir razes e afixos. Em geral razes so morfemas singulares que levam o sentido
bsico da palavra; uma raiz a base da palavra. Razes podem ser livres ou limitados. Afixos
so morfemas limitados que correm com razes e que mudam o significado da raiz de alguma
forma. Vrios tipos de afixos acontecem dependendo da maneira que ocorrem com as razes;
prefixos precedendo as razes e sufixos seguindo as razes:
prefixos raiz sufixo
un true
un happy
in valid
cat s
slow ly
accord ance
OBJECTS
SLEEVE (slv) COURSE (crss) curso, percurso
GLASSES SCHEDULE - agenda, tabela de
SUNGLASSES horrios
CONTACT LENSES IDEA (aida) idia
BATTERY EXPERIENCE - experincia
T. V. (tivi) FLAVOR sabor
PACKAGE GARDEN
LADY COLLEGE faculdade

BANKER banqueiro HOSPITAL hospital
OCCUPATION - ocupao ANGER - raiva
DOCUMENT TRY - tentativa
VERBS
to TRY / TRIED experimentar, tentar
I want to try the rice. He tried to do his homework.
to MEET / MET encontrar, reunir-se, conhecer

We have to meet the bus. Where did you meet Jane?
to LIE / LIED mentir

I think he usually lies. You shouldnt lie.
to CHANGE / CHANGED mudar, trocar, alterar

I want to change my clothes. They changed the teachers.
QUALIFIERS
PAIR par
pair of shoes
pair of pants
FAVORITE favorito, predileto

SERIOUS srio
ANGRY com raiva
EVEN sequer, at mesmo
NOT EVEN nem sequer, nem mesmo
GOOD bom
BETTER THAN melhor que
THE BEST o melhor
BAD mau
WORSE THAN pior que
THE WORST o pior
EXPRESSIONS - BEHIND SHEDULE atrasado

I THINK SO acho que sim
I DONT THINK SO acho que no
I DO, TOO eu (fao), tambm I (can,will,did,should...),too.
I DONT EITHER eu tambm no I (cant,didnt,wont...),either.
BY THE WAY - a propsito
YOUNG LADY moa
YOUNG MAN moo
SKY CAP - carregador de mala (aeroporto)
BAGGAGE CARRIER carregador de mala (aeroporto, hotel)
BELL HOP carregador de mala (hotel)
BELL BOY carregador de mala (hotel)
IM IN A HURRY estou com pressa

to BE IN A HURRY estar com pressa
to BE HUNGRY estar com fome
to BE THIRSTY estar com sede
to BE TIRED estar cansado
to BE AFRAID (afrid) estar com medo
to BE SORRY FOR estar com pena de
to BE SLEEPY estar com sono, sonolento
to HAVE A HEADACHE estar com dor de cabea
to HAVE A SORE THROAT estar com dor de garganta
to HAVE A STOMACHACHE (stomaquik) estar com dor de barriga
GRAMMAR
BEAUTY (buti) beleza FLAME (flim) chama

to BEAUTIFY (biutifi) embelezar to INFLAME inflamar
JUSTICE (gostice) justia DEAR (der) querida, amada
to JUSTIFY (giostifi) justificar to ENDEAR fazer-se estimado
LIQUID (lquid) lquido HARD (hrd) duro
to LIQUIDIFY (liqudifai) liquidificar to HARDEN endurecer
IDOL (aidl) dolo LIGHT leve
to IDOLIZE (aidolis) idolatrar to LIGHTEN aliviar o peso
PHILOSOPHY (filsofi) filosofia EQUAL igual
to PHILOSOPHIZE (filsofaiz) filosofar to EQUALIZE (colaiz) igualar
JOY (dii) gozo
to ENJOY gozar, desfrutar
SUN sol
SUNNY ensolarado
FUN (fan) divertido
FUNNY engraado
FRIEND amigo
FRIENDLY (frndli) amigvel
ANGER raiva
ANGRILY furiosamente
BOY menino
BOYISH (boich) com jeito de menino
SICK doente
SICKISH com jeito doente
PIG porco
PIGGISH com jeito de porco
CUBE cubo
CUBIC cbico
PERIOD (perod) perodo
PERIODIC (peridic) peridico
FRAMES
1. You need to TRY to eat. 2. She TRIED make bread.

They want to ______ the turkey. We ____to do our homework.
Can I ______ your swimming pool? He _____ to start the car.
Dont ______ to run from me. They have______to find work.
3. Where can we MEET you? 4. We MET the judge on Monday.

I want to _____ your sister. They ______ in the park.
He needs to ______ with us. She ______ him last year.
Did you _____ the boss? I ______ her at a party
5. You should never LIE. 6. They LIED about my car.
I dont like to _______. He _____ if he said that.
The man didnt ______ about this. We ___about the document.
7. I want to CHANGE the word. 8.The college CHANGED my schedule.

He always has to _______ the battery. She ____the idea of the show.
I need to _____ my glasses. How I think has _______.
Can I ______ my course? He is a _______ man.
9. I have a PAIR of sunglasses. 10. This is my FAVORITE music.

She bought a _____ of shoes. These are my _______ friends.
I need a new ______ of pants. This is his ______ ice cream flavor. It has a
_____ of batteries. Thats our ______ T.V. program.
11. We have a SERIOUS problem. 12. I dont usually get ANGRY.

Mr. Jones is ______ today. She is always ______.
Your cut is _____. Please, dont be ______.
Their job is ______ . My girlfriend is very _____.
13. They EVEN need a new kitchen. 14. Youre NOT EVEN ready to go.
He wants _____ more money. Shes ____ _____ at home.
She didnt ______ speak to me. Theyre _____ ____ studying.
We dont _____ know his address. Im _____ _____ angry.
15. I had GOOD time at the party. 16.We were IN A HURRY to finish.
She has a _____ doctor. Im ______ to change colleges.
You bought a ______ car. Hes ______ to meet the girls.
He is a ______ boss. They are never __________.
17. These ideas are BETTER THAN your ideas.

You can remember things _______ ____ I can.
I read ______ _____ I write.
She cooks ______ _____ she washes dishes.
PHRASES
1. I have to leave now. Its late and I have been trying to go home.
2. My daughter needs to buy a new dress, because she has a party tomorrow.
3. I will meet you at the station. Great, buy they changed my schedule.
4. Mr. Sanchez always asks about his pretty nieces when he visits Brazil.
5. Im studying English three times a week, because I want to learn fast.
6. I didnt understand anything that he said. What about you?
7. I dont know what I want to do now. I finished reading this book.
8. The bell boy tried, but he couldnt carry my bag. I laughed a lot.
9. When I have time, I like to play volleyball with my neighbors.
10. Her happiness is real. I dont understand what you mean.
11. If you dont get ready soon, we wont be there on time.
12. I stayed there until three-thirty, then I had to go to the bank.
13. Difficult questions always make me sleepy. Theyre not easy to answer.
14. I was talking to him about business while they washed my car.
15. I took my son to the doctor. The doctor says he needs glasses.
16. If he has so much experience, then I dont know why he works here yet.
17. My kids are great. I want to help them while they are still in college.
18. Your daughter is always studying. Shes the best student in class.
19. It was raining very much while I was talking to him on the phone.
20. Mr. Jones couldnt meet us tonight, so I have changed our planning.
L E S S O N TWENTY-NINE
LANGUAGE STUDY
MORFEMAS Formas
Alm das distines entre razes e no- razes (uma diferena de distribuio)
precisamos notar certas outras diferenas entre morfemas baseado no relacionamento dos
morfemas entre si. Estas diferenas so entre morfemas aditivos, multiplicativos,
substituveis, e subtrativos.
Morfemas aditivos so os mais comuns. Nestes esto includos razes e afixos,

chamamos estes de aditivos porque so adicionados uns aos outros. Por exemplo razes
adicionadas razes: blackbird, kingfish, bellhop.
Morfemas multiplicativos so razes que so repetidos:

tut-tut, choo-choo, put-put.
Morfemas substituveis como seu nome implica, substituem partes de outros morfemas.
Destes o ingls tem muitos. Por exemplo o plural de TOOTH (dente) TEETH. Para fazer o
plural neste caso o som de u substitudo por um morfema substituvel iy:
plural objeto verbo

foot / feet sheath to sheathe
mouse (mus) / mice (mais) wreath to wreathe
louse / lice (lais) teeth to teethe
man / men safe (sif) to save
woman / women strife (strif) to strive
thief to thieve
advice to advise
house (hus) to house
OBJECTS
CLASSROOM SIGN - placa, sinal
NOTEBOOK KEYS
SUITCASE MESSAGE recado
BLANKET LIFE vida
PILLOW ATTENTION ateno
BOOTS ADDRESS
TOYS HIGH SCHOOL 2O Grau
FRIDGE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL ginsio
VERBS
to THINK / THOUGHT pensar, achar (que)
I need to think about this test. He doesnt think.
to SHOP / SHOPPED - fazer compras

We shopped all day. They were shopping for shirts.
to LOOK / LOOKED (like) parecer

(for) procurar
(at) olhar
He looks like a clown. They looked for you. Look here!
to LEAVE / LEFT deixar, partir, sair

You left your kids downtown. Can I leave this here?
QUALIFIERS
UP para cima, cima BLUE azul
DOWN para baixo, abaixo RED (rd) vermelho
ACROSS atravs GREEN verde
TRUE (tru) verdadeira, real, verdico YELLOW (ilou) amarelo
FALSE(fls) falso, enganoso, errneo ORANGE (randi) alaranjado
BUSY ocupado BLACK (blk) preto
OTHER outro WHITE (wit) branco
ANOTHER um outro, uma outra GRAY (grei) cinzento
BOTH ambos BROWN marrom, castanho
AWAY (awi) embora, pra l PURPLE (prpol) roxo
KIND (kind) tipo SILVER (slver) prateado
ON sobre, em cima GOLDEN (glden) dourado
EXPRESSIONS
APPLE TREE
PEACH TREE
FRUIT TREE
LUGGAGE (lgadh) / BAGGAGE (bgadh) bagagem
EVERYBODY todos, todo o mundo
GO AWAY!, STAY AWAY, RUN AWAY
to PAY ATTENTION - prestar ateno
to HANG UP (HUNG UP) pendurar, desligar o telefone
PROBABLY - provavelmente
to STAND UP (standp) ficar em p
to SIT DOWN sentar-se
to GET DOWN descer
I WISH! (wch) quem dera!
FROM NOW ON daqui em diante
ALL OF A SUDDEN repentinamente
SUDDENLY repentinamente
GIVE MY REGARDS TO ... - d minhas lembranas ...
FOR EXAMPLE (exmpol) por exemplo
SEE YOU LATER at mais tarde
- FRAMES -
1. I need to THINK about this. 2. I THOUGHT you went home.

They _____ I did this. They _____ we had finished.
I _____ you should go. We ___ they were going along.
You should ______ in English. She _____ much about life.
3. I like to SHOP. 4. We SHOPPED in all the stores.

You need money to ____. They ______ in the morning.
Theyll _____ with us. I _____ with my kids.
She has to ______ for a book. She always _______ here.
5. I think you LOOK LIKE a clown. 6. She LOOKED FOR her shoes.
You _____my sister. We ______ a new house.
They dont ______ friends. I ______ the babys bottle.
He ______ a cop. They _____ my son.
7. She didnt LOOK AT me. 8. He always LEAVES at 9:00.

They want to ____ __ the bridge. We want to _______ soon.
Did you ____ __ the message? I have to ______ you now.
I have to ___ __ my notebook. They dont want to ______.
9. I LEFT my shirt in your car. 10. I looked ACROSS the street.

We _____ our books at school. We went ______ the field.
They ______ the city after lunch. The cat ran ______ the garden.
She ______ me her address. They didnt go _____ the river.
11. This is a TRUE mailman. 12. Im very BUSY today.

Your message was not ______. She was _______ yesterday.
I need the _______ idea. You are always too ______.
Is that ______ what he said? He likes to be _____.
13. I want ANOTHER soda. 14. He is in THE OTHER classroom.
He has ____ girlfriend. I sold ______ bed.
They need _______ teacher. She is _______ sister.
We bought ______ car. I am in _____ city.
15. I knew BOTH parents. 16. You have to go AWAY.

We saw _______ movies. I need to take this toy ______.
I bought ______ dresses. The children ran ______.
She has ______ suitcases. She gave ______ my new pants.
17. What KIND of car do you have?

There is only one _______ of ice cream.
I bought two ______ of notebooks.
She sells many _______ of toys.
PHRASES
1. I think that New York City is beautiful. I went there last year.
2. I want to visit my parents next Sunday. They live in the country.
3. John left early this morning because he is working in another city.
4. They thought we had left the party very early but we were still there.
5. Give my regards to your uncle. I dont have is address to write him.
6. I didnt plan my schedule for last week because I went to Rio on business.
7. I think the stranger lied about the weather. Its not snowing here.
8. There are too many children needing to go to Jr. high school.
9. I didnt read the letter yet, but I want to read it after dinner.
10. Suddenly the skycap stopped. He was very tired.
11. Those people are looking for you. I dont want them to find me.
12. My mother finished her work, and now she wants to stay here for a week.
13. I need to take my coat downtown to be washed. Who washes your clothes?
14. We didnt travel last night because Peter drank too much.
15. The high school teacher lost all his keys. Everybody looked for them.
16. There are some ladies waiting to speak with you about this problem.
17. By the way, did you remember to take some blankets for the trip?
18. That kid said the answer was false. The teacher asked another question.
19. We dont have time to finish our shopping today. See you later.
20. I havent looked at a book in years. I really should read more.
LESSON THIRTY
LANGUAGE STUDY-
Morfemas Significados
A definio de morfema incluiu a frase partes significativas. H um

relacionamento entre o significado e as formas do idioma. Nas lnguas, as formas no
podem ser separadas dos seus significados. No seria interessante e nem proveitoso estudar
apenas os sons de um idioma sem qualquer considerao pelos seus significados. O sistema
de significados de um idioma no poder ser analisado parte de suas formas e a
distribuio das mesmas... No h significado sem formas.
Por isso consideramos estas duas partes forma e significado inseparvel. O
fato de um idioma ser um sistema formal indiscutvel. Mas o idioma tambm comunicao;
um sistema de comunicao com o relacionamento forma-significado para sua base.
Toda lngua um sistema de smbolos extremamente complexo, to complexo que uma
descrio minuciosa de qualquer um levaria uma vida inteira de estudo por um lingista
profissional.
Precisamos lembrar que h muitas ambigidades e distines obscuras dentro do
ingls. Muitos dos contrastes de forma no ingls parecem muito inconsistentes. Distines
minuciosas dos significados no deveriam nos desanimar nem fazer com que imaginemos
que a pessoa falando est inconsistente. Em fato eles devem nos estimular a domin-los
como uma maneira de falar eficientemente com as pessoas no ingls.
OBJECTS
DESK
DRAWER
CUPBOARD (kbrd)
BATHROOM, RESTROOM
SHOWER (shuer)
BEDROOM
CHINESE (tiniz)
FACT (fect) fato
KNOWLEDGE sabedoria, conhecimento
GATE
SEAT BELT
SONG cano, uma msica
TIP (tp) gorteja, dica, ponta
GENTLEMAN (dintelman) cavalheiro, senhor
Ladies and gentlemen...!

SUIT (sut) terno, traje bathing suit
TIE (ti)
WALLET
RIDE - carona
VERBS
to PAY / PAID (pid) pagar

Did you pay the maid? He didnt pay us.
to WEAR / WORE usar (roupa), vestir

I want to wear this dress. What should I wear?
to SING / SANG cantar

He sings in the bathroom. I like to sing.
to PUT / PUT por, colocar

Where did you put the box? I put it in the car.
to STAND / STOOD estar de p. erger-se, levantar-se, estar em posio

vertical, por de p, suportar, agentar.
We can stand next to the wall. He will stand soon.
to RIDE (rid) / RODE (rud) montar, andar de, andar em

Can I ride your horse? We want to ride your bike.
to ALLOW (alu) / ALLOWED (alud)

to LET / LET (lt): deixar, permitir
to PERMIT (prmt) / PERMITTED (prmted)
Is that permitted? I can let you do this. Why did you allow this?
QUALIFIERS
THROUGH atravs de, pelo meio de, por
UNDER (ndr) em baixo de, debaixo
BESIDE - do lado, ao lado
ON seguindo em frente.Go on, Pass on, Roll on, From now on.
EXPRESSIONS
EVERYBODY (vribari) todos, todo o mundo
EVERYONE (vriwan) todos, todo o mundo
SOMEONE (smwan) algum
ANYONE algum (interrogativo, negativo)
NO ONE (nwan) ningum
PAYBACK acerto de contas, vingana
BROKE (bruk) liso, sem dinheiro
IN FRONT OF em frente de
to GIVE A RIDE dar carona
to TURN OFF (to trnf) desligar
to TURN ON (to trnon) ligar
HOWEVER de qualquer modo WHOEVER qualquer pessoa
WHEREVER de qualquer lugar WHICHEVER quaisquer
WHATEVER qualquer coisa WHENEVER - qualquer hora
NEXTDOOR NEIGHBORS - os vizinhos do lado
HAVE A NICE DAY tenha um bom dia
EVERY OTHER DAY dia sim, dia no
HOW OLD ARE YOU? Quantos anos voc tem?
HOW OLD IS SHE? Quantos anos ela tem?
SHES FIFTEEN. Ela tem quinze.
IM TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OLD. - Tenho vinte e cinco anos de idade.
GRAMMAR HAD BETTER deve (com conseqncias)
- She had better go.
(Had + better verbo .) - You had better (dbetter) stop!
- The students (dbetter) go early.

DBETTER Immediate Future
** SEMI-VERBO AUX.** Im going to study.
GONNA Shes not going to (gonna) go.
To be (Going + to verbo .) What are you (gonna) wear?
What are we (gonna) do?

- FRAMES -
1. We have to PAY the bill. 2. I think he PAID them.

I want to _____ the ticket. I _____ for my bedroom.
You dont have to ______ more. Do you think he ______.
Can you ____ this for me? She _____ for the suit.
3. Can I WEAR this shirt? 4. She WORE a pink dress.

You can _____ anything. We ____ our boots.
I usually ______ a suit. They _____ nothing in bed.
Are you gonna ______ a tie? I _____ those pants yesterday.
5. He SINGS in the bathroom. 6. You SANG at my party, remember?

We think she _____ at church. She _____ at the club every night.
She _____ soprano. She said they _____ sometimes.
He always _______ the blues. They ______ our song.
7. You have PUT the facts on paper. 8. We were STANDING at the station.
Where do you want to ____ the desk? He is _____ near door.
What did you _____ in your cupboards? Im ________ under the bridge.
Where did you _____ the wallet? Why are you _____ here?
9. They STOOD with me. 10. I cant STAND this anymore!

I _____ your bike there. She couldnt _____ the neighbors.
He _____ on the chair. We cant ______ the manager.
We ______ at the bank for hours. He will have to_____the headache.
11. Can I RIDE your motorcycle? 12. He RODE the horse.

Do you want to _____ my horse, too? We _____ the train downtown.
Where did you learn to ______ a bike? I think she ____ on a bus.
I always _____ in the morning. They _____ with us.
13. Who PERMITED this? 14. He wont ALLOW us to go through.
He _____ us to see. She doesnt _____ any parties.
When am I ______ to leave? Will he ______ you to wear that?
They _____ the tragedy. I do what the law ______.
15. Will your mother LET you go? 16. The chair is BESIDE the bed.
We ______ our dog come in. Are you ______the church?
I _____ them go to the movies. The horse ran ______ the truck.
Your father wont _______ you do that. Its ________ you!.
17. I worked THROUGH the night. 18. They live UNDER the bridge.
You cant see _____ a wall. We are ____ the 2nd floor.
They went ____ the tunnel. She was ____ water.
I slept ____ the show. Its _____ the desk.
19. Shes not GOING to go. 20. She HAD BETTER pay her sister.
Tonight, Im GONNA study. You DBETTER stop!
What are you GONNA wear? I DBETTER go.
Do you know what youre GONNA say? The meeting DBETTER finish soon.
PHRASES
1. My sister doesnt like to wash the dishes, but she likes to cook.
2. She wanted to wear her new red blouse next week. Are you going with her?
3. I need to take my two sons to the doctor. Both got sick last night.
4. I shopped for a suit and tie, but then I bought only a shirt.
5. We shouldnt allow those sick children to be together with the others.
6. Im going to take along both kinds of soda. Do you prefer another soda?
7. My sister is learning how to sing with my cousin. I dont like to sing
8. Did you remember the tip? No I only paid the waiter for the meal.
9. You didnt understand what I meant. Is the newspaper on the couch?
10. Does your mother cook well? What kinds of food do you like to eat?
11. She said she didnt know how to go home from where she was.
12. They opened the window, because it was very hot in the bedroom.
13. How much money does he already have for the trip? He dbetter have more.
14. How could you allow him to do this? I dont know how to help him.
15. Is she waiting for a taxi? Does she want a ride?
16. Where did you put the wine? I put it in the fridge to get cold.
17. She already finished her homework and now she is playing in the park.
18. I thought I saw someone driving your car. By the way, wheres the key?
19. You dbetter not go in there. Do you know what you are going to find?
20. Our maid was at the gate. She was riding a green bicycle.
LESSON THIRTY - ONE
LANGUAGE STUDY-
MORFEMAS Significados Principais
A cincia de significados se baseia em alguns princpios importantes e definitivos,

os quais devemos entender se iremos descobrir os significados dos morfemas, palavras e
frases. Muitos destes princpios so conexos e alguns so relacionados a outros.
1. No h sinnimos exatos numa lngua. O que queremos dizer que no h duas

palavras que so completamente equivalentes em seus significados. Por exemplo, as
palavras TRUTH (verdade), e VERITY (verdade). Podemos dizer he spoke the
truth, mas nunca diramos he spoke the verity. Nem no ingls e em nenhum outro
idioma acharemos palavras completamente idnticas.
2. No h equivalncia exata entre idiomas. Temos que aprender que cada palavra em
cada lngua tem seu prprio significado especial e que ns no podemos presumir que
as duas lnguas tm quaisquer detalhes que concordam. Uma das maiores dificuldades
vem de presumir que palavras parecidas com o portugus tm o mesmo significado.
3. Ambigidades ocorrem em todas as lnguas. Nenhum idioma perfeito, nem

mesmo o grego. O hbito de construir piadas (em ingls puns) sobre aparncias entre
palavras quase universal.
4. Historicamente todas as lnguas vo mudando os significados de algumas palavras.

Kid filhote de cabra comeou a ser usado como filhos nossos porque parecem
como cabritinhos. A palavra gay antes significava apenas alegre, pra cima.
5. As formas tem reas de significados. Estamos muito acostumados em pensar nas

palavras tendo pontos especficos de significado, enquanto devemos trat-las como
reas de significado. Algumas reas so extensas enquanto outras so muito restritas,
mas todas so reas. A palavra LOVE por exemplo tem muitas reas de significado:
I love my wife, I love to do it, I love apples, I love the way you laugh.
6. As palavras revelam diferenas culturais. Isto natural porque as palavras
simbolizam os traos da cultura. Em fato no podemos entender a lngua de um povo
sem tambm entender sua cultura.
Uma vez que a pessoa reconhece que a cada palavra de um idioma tem sua
histria especial e rea de significado, ela evitar muitos erros srios que vem de
ignorncia ou negligncia. As palavras no devem ser traduzidas literalmente do ingls
para o portugus.
OBJECTS
THOUGHT AMUSEMENT PARK
LETTER CLOSET
HUMOR humor NAPKIN
JUSTICE HAT
CONCERT GIFT / PRESENT
STADIUM KISS
REPORTER MARRIAGE (ato)
INTERVIEW entrevista WEDDING (evento)
STORY estria, conto BRIDE - noiva
HISTORY histria BRIDEGROOM noivo (fianc)
ELECTRICITY GARTER
SOUP(sp) RING
SOAP VOWS votos
VERBS
to TELL / TOLD - contar, narrar
Im gonna tell you about it. He told us his story.
to PARTICIPATE / PARTICIPATED participar
He didnt participate in the meeting. We participated.
to SIGN / SIGND (saind) assinar
I didnt sign the document. Did you sign your name?
to BORROW / BORROWD pedir emprestado (FROM)
Can I borrow your bike? He borrowed Janes hat.
to LEND / LENT emprestar (TO)
The bank wouldnt lend me more money. I lent my suit to him.
to DIRTY / DIRTID sujar
She dirtied my new floor. I didnt dirty your car.
to CLEAN (clin) / CLEAND limpar
Did you clean your room? I have to clean the kitchen.

QUALIFIERS
BEHIND atrs de SUN sol
INSIDE dentro SHADE sombra
OUTSIDE - fora SHADOW sombra
DIRTY sujo SUNNY ensolarado
CLEAN limpo SHADY escuro, sombrio
WRONG errado BRIGHT claro, brilhoso
RIGHT certo AGAINST contra
HEALTHY saudvel FULL cheio
WISE sbio EMPTY - vazo
EXPRESSIONS
ONE um tal, um certo, um SUMMER vero

this one FALL outono
which one WINTER inverno
any one SPRING primavera
the big one
ONE PERSON uma pessoa
TWO PERSONS - duas pessoas
TWO PEOPLE duas pessoas
INTENTIONAL intencional
UNINTENTIONAL no intencional
PARKING LOT estacionamento
PARKING SPACE estacionamento, vaga
toTURN IN TO tornar-se
IM AFRAID tenho medo, receio
GO BACK volte para l!
COME BACK- volte para c!
MADE IN THE SHADE fcil, sem problema
to HAVE TO DO WITH ter a ver com
to HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH ter nada a ver com
to TAKE TURNS alternar, ir por vez
GRAMMAR
HE IS OLD Ele velho.

I AM OLDER THAN PETER sou mais velho que Peter.
JOHN IS THE OLDEST John o mais velho.
SHE IS HAPPY Ela feliz.

JANE IS HAPPIER THAN MARY Jane est mais feliz que Mary.
JANE IS THE HAPPIEST Jane a mais feliz.
PEGGY IS BEAUTIFUL Peggy linda.
SUSAN IS MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN BETH Susan mais linda que Beth.
SUSAN IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL Susan a mais linda.
o mais ( ) o menos ( )
a mais ( ) MORE a menos ( ) LESS
os mais ( ) ... de THE MOST os menos ( ) ... de THE LEAST
as mais ( ) as menos ( )
Letters of the Alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
FRAMES
1. He wants to PARTICIPATE tonight. 2. They PARTICIPATED in the show.

I didnt _______ in the meeting. She ________ in the interview.
Do you want to _________ in the wedding? I had ________ in the story.
We have to __________ in the game. He ___________ in writing the book.
3. Did you SIGN the document? 4. They SIGNED the vows.

I cant _______ this paper. I have _______ your passport.
Will you ________ your name? They _________ all their names.
How did you ________ it? She _________ that yesterday.
5. Can I BORROW this? 6. They could LEND their time.

Did she ________ your car? I cant _______ any more money.
We need to _________ a napkin. Shell _______ her apartment.
She always _________ from him. Jim wants to ______ his suit.
7. Did you TELL her? 8. She TOLD me what happened.

He wants to ______ a story. They ______ where he was.
What can you _____ me? I think he ______ his mother.
There is nothing to ______. We ______ stories all night.
9. She will DIRTY her dress. 10. They DIRTIED their hands.
Did you _______ the floor? He ________ my new car.
I dont want to _______ this. The cat ________ the new couch.
You shouldnt _______ your shoes. You ________ the present.
11. Please CLEAN your room. 12. We CLEANED the church.

Can you _______ my glasses? They never _______ their garage.
I want to ________ the closet. I _________ your ball with soap.
He needs to ________his face. He ________ his floor.
13. We were BEHIND the stadium. 14.The animals are INSIDE the corral.
He is ________ the reporter. My book was _______ your car.
Its _________ the door. They are _______ the building.
I am _________ you. It was _______ our garage.
15. There are few WISE men. 16. Your car is DIRTY.
Is that ______ to do? This field is _____.
Older people are usually _____. Our windows are _____.
Thats a ______ answer. She has _____ napkins.
17. What a CLEAN boy! 18. This is the WRONG store.

It was a _______ job. You made the _______ cake.
Their closet looks _______. I bought the ________ shoes.
Her boyfriend is very ______. I chose the ________ feature.
19. You are always RIGHT. 20. My uncle is very WEALTHY.

I have the _______ story. Everyone wants to be ________.
You have to know the ________ people. I know a ________ businesswoman.
Whats the _______ time? She chose the ________ husband.
21. This meal is very HEALTHY. 22. We are living OUTSIDE the city.
They have a _________ baby. They put the soap______ the cart.
You look very _________. Your tie is _________ your coat.
My animals are all _________. The dishes are______ the cupboard.
23. Their glasses are FULL. 24. They are AGAINST the project.
My car is _____. I put the gift ________ the wall.
The streets are ______ of people. He ran _________ the clock.
The stadium is _____ tonight. She is _________ marriage.
25. The sun is very BRIGHT. 26. They are in the SUN.
Your face is _______. I left my dog in the _______.
That color is ________. The ______hurts my eyes.
You have a ________ kitchen. I want to stay in the ______.
27. Put the baby in the SHADE. 28. Today is a SUNNY day.
I prefer the ________. This is a ______ city.
We had the meal in the _________. Yesterday had ______afternoon.
I hung up my clothes in the _________. We visited a ______ field.
29. Which ONE do you want? 30.It will TURN INTO something special.
I will take any ______ that there is. They can ____ ____ flowers.
Will this ______ be good? She wants to ____ ____ a lady.
I prefer the blue _____. Hes gonna ____ ____ a monster.
31. They didnt want to TAKE TURNS

You should always ______ ________.
With many people you have to ______ _______.
Can I _____ ______ with you?
PHRASES
1. I looked at her while she looked at the dirty couch. I cleaned the couch.
2. I saw your dog in the street. The children were afraid of your dog.
3. Did you take the gift to your aunt? She liked it very much.
4. I need to clean my closet, then my house inside and outside.
5. I thought that you were working at night. Youre going to be wealthy.
6. Would you like to try on another dress? This one is very beautiful.
7. She remembered to buy the soap. I knew she was going to buy it today.
8. Did you like the soup last night? I was so good the restaurant was full.
9. I paid the telephone bill and now I dont have money for the ice cream.
10. Where did you put the keys? I left them on the table. Didnt you see?
11. Is her bicycle in the car? I put it inside the garage.
12. Jack borrowed a coat for the interview. His was at the cleaners.
13. John is telling a story. Its one about learning to participate in life.
14. A popular story is usually easy to tell. Can you remember one?
15. That information is easy to get. All that you need is enough money.
16. Sooner or later youll have to borrow something from someone.
17. I cant lend any more money to you. You still havent paid me.
18. Jane wanted to have nothing more to do with her boyfriend.
19. He started reading when he was five years old. I think he will be smart.
20. Is it very far to where you live? Never mind, well go by car.
LESSON THIRTY-TWO
LANGUAGE STUDY
MORFEMAS Categorias de Significados
As lnguas so diferentes na variedade de significados distintos como tambm na

maneira particular em que estas variedades so divididas por categoria. Algumas das
categorias de significados que o aluno de ingls deve se preocupar so estas:
Nmero - muitas lnguas mostram uma diferena entre nmeros singulares (um) e plurais (mais
do que um);
Pessoa no ingls temos indicadores de pessoas tais como, o possessivo, sujeitos ou

objetos do verbo, como classes separadas de palavras chamadas pronome. Dentro dos
grupos de indicadores de pessoas (pronomes ou afixos) as lnguas so diferentes na maneira
que separam os referentes de pessoas de acordo com variedade dos quais so destacados 1a
pessoa, 2a pessoa e 3a pessoa e tambm na maneira que dividem gnero masculino, feminino,
etc.
Gnero masculino, feminino, neutro.
Tempo temos o passado, o presente e o futuro, que poderemos sub-dividir para remoto,
perto e regular. Tensos relativos definem o tempo em relao a outros tempos ie.: o tenso
perfeito, referindo-se a alguma ao do passado em relao ao presente.
Voz a voz indica o relacionamento dos participantes da ao. No ingls, tais relacionamentos
so indicados na forma da frase. Contrastes da voz tem alguns dos seguintes:
ativo - John hit the ball.

passivo - Bill was hit.
reflexivo - John hit himself.
transitivo - John hit Bill.
intransitivo - John ran.
OBJECTS
LIGHT RESEARCH pesquisa
DARKNESS COST (cst)
WAY (wi) WARNING
GOVERNMENT REQUEST (riqest) pedido (ORDER)
WINNER RUG
LOSER CARPET
FUTURE BUTCHER
SOURCE fonte (de onde vem) CANDY
LAUNDRY (lndri) lavanderia TRASH(trch)
KNIFE
VERBS
to PRACTICE (prctes) / PRACTICED praticar, treinar
You need to practice playing your guitar.
to SHOW / SHOWED (chud) mostrar

I want to show you my new car. He showed us his cut.
to FEEL (fil) / FELT(flt) sentir-se, sentir no toque, passar a mo

How do you feel? I can feel the hot water.
to FIX / FIXED (fikst) - concertar
My brother can fix your car. I fixed it!
to ARRIVE (arriv) / ARRIVED (arrivd) chegar

He will arrive at 9:00. They arrived last night.
to SAVE (siv) / SAVED (sivd) salvar, poupar, reservar

Save the rainforest! You have to save your ticket.
to ARRANGE(arnd) / ARRANGED arrumar, combinar, arranjar

He didnt arrange for your meeting. Please, arrange this.
QUALIFIERS
FANTASTIC (fentstic) fantstico
BORING (brin) tedioso, sem graa
STRONG forte
WEAK (wik) fraco
EMPTY (mpti) vazio
WITHOUT sem
USEFUL (isifol) til

CAREFUL (kerifol) cuidadoso, tendo cuidado
FORGETFUL (forgutfol) esquecido
LIGHT (lai) claro, leve
DARK (dark) escuro
WEIRD (wrd) esquisito, estranho
BADLY (bdli) (com jeito) ruim
SADLY (sedli) tristemente
CAREFULLY (krifoli) cuidadosamente
STRANGELY (strngili) estranhamente
EASILY (isili) facilmente
HAPPILY (hpili) felizmente
STRONGLY (strngli) fortemente
EXPRESSIONS
DIFFERENT THAN diferente de
SAME AS mesmo que, igual
ONCE IN A WHILE (uancenawil) de vez em quando
USED TO costumava
DRIVERS LICENSE (driverlicens) carteira de habilitao
ON THE OTHER HAND por outro lado
YOU DRIVE ME CRAZY voc me deixa louco
YOU DRIVE ME UP THE WALL-v. me faz subir as paredes
to SAVE MONEY poupar dinheiro
to BE NERVOUS estar nervoso ( to Get nervous)
to BE CALM estar calmo (to Get calm)
to BE USED TO ser / estar acostumado (to Get used to)
WHERE DO YOU COME FROM? De onde voc vem?
WHERE ARE YOU FROM? De onde voc ?
I COME FROM LOS ANGELES. Venho de Los Angeles.
IM FROM DALLAS. Sou de Dallas.
- FRAMES
1. They PRATICE in the field. 2. I have PRATICED my English.

I have to ________ yet. They ________ in my room.
We __________ everyday. The band _________ all night.
Can you ___________ with me? He _______ speaking Spanish.
3. I want to SHOW you my car. 4. She SHOWED me her horse.

Can I _______this to her? They _____ us their new baby.
I need to ________ you the future. The butcher _____ all the meat.
He didnt ________the trash. He ________ us the way home.
5. Do you FEEL better? 6. The box FELT empty.

Can you _____my hand? I _______ her soft face.
I didnt ______ at home. They _______ different than me.
She ______ tired. We all ______ strangely light.
7. I want to FIX my house. 8. They FIXED my glasses.

Did he ______ the car? The boy _______ his bike.
You didnt _______ it! My brother _______ my camera.
He can ______ anything. She _______ my old dress.
9. When will you ARRIVE? 10. They ARRIVED last night.

I ___________ in the morning. We _________ on this flight.
Can we __________ at 8:00? He ___________ late as usual.
They should __________ soon. I _________ without my candy.
11. I need to SAVE todays paper. 12. I SAVED a candy for you.
________ the rainforest! He ________ my research.
Can you ________ my seat? We _______ the best until last.
I will _________ your letter. The warning ________ his life.
13. I will ARRANGE your documents. 14. Who ARRANGED my bedroom?
You should ________ your things. She __________ the napkins.
Could you ________ an interview? I ___________ your schedule.
She needs to _________ her closet. They _________ a bus for our trip.
15. He told a FANTASTIC story. 16. The meeting was very BORING.
You are a ___________ maid. We listened to the ______speaker.
Your research is ___________. Her party is never _______.
The future will be ___________. His humor was too _______.
17. I gave her a STRONG kiss. 18. Your story is very WEAK.
You have a ________ personality. The electricity is _______ today.
She bought _______ horses. They have a _______ government.
The sun was very _______ . He is a _______person.
19. The room was EMPTY. 20. This is a WEIRD story.

This bottle is _______ . They are a ________ family.
Your head is _______ . She has a _________ bird.
I want an _______ box. You talk _________ .
21. Im WITHOUT any money. 22. The knife is very USEFUL.

Youre __________ reason. She is a ________ person.
They are __________ the kids. I always give _______ presents. Were
___________ time. Electricity is _________ .
23. Please, be CAREFUL! 24. This judge is very FORGETFUL.

You are never ________. Children are always ________.
He is a _____________ driver. You shouldnt be so _________.
Youre not ____________ enough. She is a ____________ reporter.
25. The classroom is very LIGHT. 26. I like the color DARK green.
His humor is always _______ . Those windows are all ______ .
We carried the ________ closet. This room is too ______ to see.
I bought a ________ jacket. The weather is very _______ .
PHRASES
1. I drove the car yesterday, because my wife doesnt drive yet.

2. We arrived late at the circus on Saturday. The clowns had already left.
3. Dont forget to close the door. Its cold and dark outside.
4. The cost of this swimming pool is the same as that one. Really?
5. He doesnt remember the way because he went there at night.
6. They listened to the girls request, but neither one of the judges spoke.
7. He didnt pay the bill. I think that he left his wallet at home.
8. I dont remember which day he came. Did he come on Monday or Sunday?
9. He gave her the keys but she wanted a kiss. I think she was right.
10. She arranged the beautiful flowers on the table. Its almost time for dinner.
11. I forgot to take clothes to the laundry. I even lost the ticket.
12. Their research is going to answer many questions about the universe.
13. When you drive, you have to be careful or you will have an accident.
14. I waited for you all day. Where were you? Why are you so late?
15. The manager arranged for us to stay in the shade because the sun was hot.
16. I was practicing all afternoon because I want to be a good player.
17. He left at 2:30. He went to the airport to meet his brothers flight.
18. Everyone wants to know the source to be healthy, wealthy and wise.
19. There was a warning on the bottle. This made me feel nervous.
20. You will be a winner if you have the right ticket. I lost it.
LESSON THIRTY-THREE
LANGUAGE STUDY
SINTAXE Juntando as Palavras

Muitos alunos de ingls conseguem dominar as formas das palavras do ingls, pelo
menos aquelas palavras que ocorrem com mais freqncia, mas alguns nunca aprendem a
juntar as palavras em frases naturais. Usam as palavras, mas o sintaxe (o arranjo e ordem das
palavras) est completamente abrasileirado. Mesmo com uma pronuncia boa muitas vezes
demonstramos nosso lado brasileiro com o traduo ismo que fica evidente na nossa maneira
de falar ingls. verdade que uma pronuncia ruim nos marca como estrangeiros, mas tendo
uma ordem de palavras desordenada construes incorretas ser mais irritante ainda para
quem nativo do ingls. Em nenhum lngua so as palavras restritas a uma ordem apenas.
No podemos esperar que as distines de um idioma podem ser completamente

paralelas s de um outro idioma; na verdade relativamente poucos paralelismos ocorrem de
verdade sendo que as diferentes categorias so to numerosas. Nossa tarefa de descobrir os
tipos de distines que o ingls faz e examinar todas as possibilidades de usar tais contrastes
na nossa prpria maneira de falar ingls.
As lnguas no so apenas diferentes no tamanho mdio das palavras mas tambm

so diferentes no tamanho mdio das sentenas. Para entender corretamente os arranjos
difceis nas construes de sinstaxe, precisamos considerar as caractersticas de tais arranjos.
A ordem um dos traos mais importantes de um arranjo e usado para marcar muitos
relacionamentos significantes. Por exemplo, no ingls, geralmente distinguimos entre sujeitos e
objetos apenas por ordem: John likes Sue., Sue likes John.
Em alguns casos, no portugus, a mesma palavra numa ordem diferente ter um significado
diferente. Por exemplo a palavra pobre pode significar sem sorte quando usado antes de
um substantivo, e sem dinheiro quando vem seguindo o substantivo. Por exemplo:
A pobre mulher - A mulher pobre
Ns temos a tendncia de relaxar a nossa ateno ao detalhe da ordem das palavras

quando achamos que o nosso ingls pode ser entendido parcialmente mesmo quando
empregamos a ordem errada das palavras. Este um erro triste, porque no apenas impede
nosso domnio do ingls mas tambm nos impede de adquirir fluncia natural e impede as
pessoas de entender completamente e apreciar o que nos temos para dizer. No h nada que
irrita mais o ouvinte do que a ordem errada das palavras.
OBJECTS
FRIDGE (frdh)
GROCERIES (gruchoriz) suprimentos alimentcios
PIE (pai)
PIECE (pice) pedao
ADVICE (edvaice) conselho
BELT (blt) cinto, correia
SOLUTION (saluchan) - soluo
MAIL BOX
DIRECTIONS (dirkchans) direes, instrues
AD (ed) anncio, publicao
FEVER ( fver) febre

POPULATION
ERROR ( ror) erro
EDUCATION
GUTTER sargeta
SQUARE
VERBS
to KEEP (kip) / KEPT (kpt) guardar, manter, continuar, ficar com
I keep my hats in my closet. He keeps arriving late.

to PUSH (px) / PUSHED (pxt)
You should not push people. Please, dont push .
to PULL ( pl) / PULLED (pld) puxar, arrastar
Can you pull my car? They didnt pull the door.
to INVITE (envait) / INVITED (envaird) convidar
Did you invite them ? They invited us to their wedding.
to BELIEVE (bliv) / BELIEVED (blivd) acreditar, crer
Do you believe me? I cant believe this story.
to CALL ( cl) / CALLED (cld) telefonar para, chamar
Jack called me yesterday. Did you call your sister?
QUALIFIERS
OVER acima de, sobre, terminado PRIVATE (privet) privado

REASONABLE (rsonabal) razovel WILD (waild) selvagem
UNKNOWN ( anun) desconhecido TAME (tim) manso , domado
PUBLIC (pablic) pblico
EXPRESSIONS
WHATS THE MATTER? o que h, qual o problema?
IN THE MEANTIME entretanto, no entanto
FINE WITH ME por mim tudo bem
FIRST I... THEN I...- primeiro eu... depois eu...
IF I... THEN I... se eu... ento eu...
to GET RID OF livrar-se de
THERE USED TO BE havia, costumava ter
THERE WAS - houve
THERE IS h
FRONT ROOM sala da frente BACK ROOM sala de trs

FRONT WINDOW janela da frente BACK WINDOW janela de trs
FRONT SEAT assento da frente BACK SEAT assento de trs
FRONT WALL parede da frente BACK WALL parede de trs
FRAMES
1. Did you KEEP the ring? 2. I KEPT all the letters you wrote.
You_____this. They_____talking the whole night.
They______calling. She_____the money.
Where do you______the bread? We_____the children at our house.
3. Could you PUSH my car? 4. He was PUSHED into the gutter.

I never______people. She________the little boy.
Did you______your bike? I______the fridge into the corner.
They always_______. They_______me through the door.
5. Will you PULL a tooth? 6. I PULLED his bicycle.

She likes to______hair. They______him from the gutter.
They can _______ our boat. She _______her drivers license.
They will _______ the rug We ________our desk together.
7. I have to INVITE my friends. 8. I INVITED your uncle.
Who did you _______? She ________ me to her wedding.
How could you ________ him? I was ________ to the meeting.
Will you _________ your family? They_____Bill to be a member.
9. I can never BELIEVE you. 10. I always BELIEVED her.

Can you _________ this? They _________ the ad.
I dont __________ your story. We ________ his strange story.
You had better _________ it. He _________ in my project.
11. Did you CALL your sister? 12. She CALLED me at my office.
When can you ______ me? They _______ at midnight.
I will ________ for the waiter. John ________ me yesterday.
What do you _______ this? He was _______ Mr. Fantastic.
13. Our plane is OVER the city. 14.Your cost is not REASONABLE.
Im _______ the wall. You have to be ____________.
The party is _________. She is never ___________.
Is the meeting ________? Please, be ____________.
15. These books are UNKNOWN. 16. This is a PUBLIC park.

This was __________ to me. They are at a _________ meeting.
His history is __________. He loves the _________.
Its _________ if he went there. I am a _________ man.
17. This is a PRIVATE road. 18. Those are WILD horses.
His life is very ________. She bought some______animals.
We are in _________property. We found many_______flowers.
They have a ___________ driver. These chickens are ________.
19. THERE USED TO BE a church here.

I know where _____ _____ __ ___ a park.
____ _____ __ ___ time to everything.
____ ____ __ ___a secretary in this office.
PHRASES
1. I left my purse in your house. I think you left it at the snack bar.
2. The kids were neither hungry nor thirsty after playing.
3. Did you invite Jane to travel with us? I invited her but she cant go.
4. I couldnt believe when she called me last month. She never calls.
5. Lets go shopping. First I have to close the back door.
6. The taxi driver was helping the old lady with her groceries.
7. Mike called me because he wanted me to help him push his car.
8. Our teacher needs to come to our party. Why dont you invite him?
9. They can never believe his stories, because they always have errors.
10. What are they doing in the rain? Theyre pulling their toys.
11. I called you because I need your help. Im a little sick today.
12. Did you keep the directions that came with the new camera?
13. This course is unknown to many people. I had no knowledge of it.
14. My mother made a delicious pie for my niece. Do you want a piece?
15. He had better call the telephone company about the last bill.
16. Yesterday I got a reasonable tip from a very wealthy customer.
17. My nephew called me two months ago. I really dont know where he is now.
18. The children wanted to keep the wild bird. They found it yesterday.
19. If you dont get rid of these ugly shoes I cant buy a new pair.
20. Could you please put the groceries in the fridge? I have a fever.
LESSON THIRTY-FOUR
LANGUAGE STUDY
SINTAXE Tipos de Unidades de Sintaxe
Ao examinar a maneira que palavras so juntadas e as funes que elas realizam,

precisamos ter alguma noo dos tipos de palavras e das combinaes delas.
Por exemplo, no ingls temos uma classe grande de palavras que chamamos de
partculas que so apenas morfemas singulares. Mesmo assim na sintaxe precisamos
diferenciar entre elas. Algumas so classificadas como preposies in, by, with, at, of
outras so conjunes ou para introduzir clusulas pos-posio and, but, or, for ou para
introduzir clusulas de pre e pos-posio when, because, while, as e ainda outras como as
interjeies ouch!, oh!, wow!, great!
Tambm precisamos olhar os tipos de combinaes que ocorrem e como estes
funcionam dentro do ingls, porque h restries em relao s palavras que podem ser
usadas. Por exemplo, podemos colocar um nmero de tipos de palavras na frente de
substantivos como: adjetivo good man, substantivo gold ring, ou advrbio following
statement.
SINTAXE Descobrindo as Estruturas
As primeiras observaes sobre a estrutura do sintaxe acontecem quando

comeamos expandir os frames para frases e clusulas. Precisamos anotar: 1) a ordem das
palavras; 2) os relacionamentos das palavras, e 3) os tipos de palavras que podem ser
combinados. Estas observaes tem que ser confirmadas. Pode no ser possvel fazer uma
anlise detalhada da sintaxe, mas h certos tipos de detalhe que precisamos observar:
1. O tamanho mdio das sentenas.

2. As maneiras que as clusulas so combinadas.
3. A ordem das coisas principais da sentena como verbo, sujt. obj.
4. Os tipos de construes que podem constituir sentenas e aqueles que
geralmente no constituam sentenas.
Vacilar entre palavras numa sentena no to ruim quanto parar no meio de uma
palavra para descobrir o final correto. Mesmo assim, todos os traos do ingls tm que vir ser
perfeitamente automticos. No possvel dominar os detalhes do sintaxe sem praticar
ouvindo o ingls e treinar, reconhecer e produzir expresses antes no encontradas.
Precisamos ficar to acostumados em perceber expresses que ao falar comeamos a nos
expressar automaticamente atravs destes modelos de frase naturais.
OBJECTS
EMPLOYER (emplier) empregador, patro
EMPLOYEE (empli) empregado
MOMENT (mment) momento

THEATER
PLACE (plic) lugar
FAVOR (feiver) favor
LEISURE (lger) lazer
SUITCASE
SHIP (chp)
BOAT (but)
VERBS
to ACCEPT / ACCEPTED aceitar

He didnt accept the job. I accepted the gift.
to OWE/ OWED dever
You owe me some money. I dont like to owe.
to RENT / RENTED alugar

How much is the room to rent? Are you renting now?
to RECEIVE / RECEIVED receber

Can you receive this package? I didnt receive anything.
to GO OUT / WENT OUT sair

When do you want to go out? I want to go out with you.
to ORDER / ORDERED ordenar, mandar, encomendar

I want to order a dress. You cant order things here. Lets order!
to SHAVE / SHAVED barbear, raspar
I need to shave. Can you shave this ice?
to PROMISE / PROMISED prometer

He promised to come. I dont want to promise anything.
to CUT / CUT cortar

Can you cut the paper? He wants to cut his hair.
QUALIFIERS
SOMEBODY algum
ANYBODY algum, ningum ( interrogativo, negativo)
NOBODY ningum (negativo)
ENOUGH bastante, suficiente
NOT ENOUGH
MILLION milho
HALF metade
QUARTER quarto
MUST - deve (indica a autoridade do falante mas basicamente
igual should e have to)
Adicionando o sufixo en:

HARD ( hrd) duro to HARDEN endurecer
SOFT (saft) maio to SOFTEN (sfen) amaiar
RIPE (rip) maduro to RIPEN madurar
SICK (sk) doente to SICKEN adoeer
GOLD (gld) ouro GOLDEN dourado
WOOD (wd) madeira WOODEN de madeira
EXPRESSIONS
FORTUNATELY (frtnateli) - felizmente
UNFORTUNATELY (nfortnateli) infelizmente
DISHWASHER (dshwacher) lavador de pratos, loua
ONE AND A HALF um e meio
I DOUBT IT!- Duvido!
IN LAWS (en ls) parentes de casamento
MOTHER IN LAW - sogra
FATHER IN LAW sogro
SON IN LAW genro
DAUGHTER IN LAW nora
BROTHER IN LAW cunhado
SISTER IN LAW cunhada
GRAMMAR
1. He swims. 10. He will have swum.

2. He swam. 11. He will be swimming.
3. He will swim. 12. He has been swimming.
4. He could swim. 13. He had been swimming.
5. He might swim. 14. He will have been swimming.
6. He has swum. 15. He could not have been swimming.
7. He had swum. 16. He was not swimming.
8. He is swimming. 17. He has not swum.
9. He was swimming. 18. He would not have swum.
FRAMES
1. Will you ACCEPT this? 2.She ACCEPTED me in her house.

I ________ the job. They ________ what we planned.
Can we _________ his idea? He _________ the present.
I cant __________ your story. I think they ______ the money.
3. You OWE me money. 4. I OWED Frank a big favor.

I dont _____ anything. She never _____ them any money.
Can I ______ you? They ______ us their tickets.
She ______ her life to him. He said I ____ this months rent.
5. I want to RENT an apartment. 6.She RENTED the house on the corner.

Can I _________ this house? I ______ a tuxedo for the wedding.
She only wants to ______ a cheap place. He ________ a boat for the day.
Will you ______ or buy this year? We _____ the theater for the show.
7. Did you RECEIVE my letters? 8. I RECEIVED my diploma.

Can he _______ me now? She _______ the package.
When did you _________ the money? Sadly we _________ the news.
I never ________ any presents. They _________ my message.
9. Do you want to GO OUT? 10. He WENT OUT that door.

Can you ________ tonight? We _________ to the country.
She didnt __________ with me. Katia ______ with Mrio.
He cant __________ yet. The cat _________ the windows.
11. I want to ORDER a dress. 12.They ORDERED the wine for the party.
He cant ________ us to leave. She ________ the books.
We are ready to _________. Have you already ___________?
What will you ____________? I ________ fish for dinner.
13. I need to SHAVE. 14. He never SHAVED before.
Can he _________ in your bathroom? I ________ just this morning.
She wants to __________ her legs. The car _______ through the gate.
Will he ________ his head? She _________ under her arms.
15. I cant PROMISE anything. 16. We PROMISED to visit them.

Will you ___________? You ________ you would help me.
He didnt _________ to buy it. I never ________ that.
I _________ to do it. He did what he had ___________.
17. I CUT my finger last night.

They _______ the cake.
She _________ my hair.
That ________ my time in half.
PHRASES
1. What time did you call me on Tuesday? I called you at noon.
2. Please, give me a piece of cake. Do you want a napkin, too?
3. I took my daughter to the doctor. She had a fever two days ago.
4. He didnt know what to do with his car after the accident.
5. She saw my brother in law walking on the street with his girlfriend.
6. I forgot what I wanted to say. Who did you invite to the party?
7. I took my car to be washed. It was very dirty and took hours to clean.
8. I read the ad that you put in the newspaper. What did you think?
9. Would you like to have dinner with us? I would like to, thank you.
10. Do you think he will arrive in time for the meeting? I think so.
11. Would you do me a favor, please? I need someone to help with this box.
12. Will you be at my party? When does it start? It will start at 9:00.
13. I cant forget to go out with my wife on Tuesday. Its her birthday.
14. Will you take the kids to the amusement park? I dont know yet.
15. I went to the airport, but unfortunately Mike had already left.
16. Will you take anybody with you on the boat? Im not sure yet.
17. We got up when the mailman arrived this morning. We slept until late.
18. Jane answers all the letters that she receives from her boyfriend.
19. Excuse me, what did you ask me? I asked what you would like to order.
20. Will you have enough time to do this? I really cant promise anything.

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3

WINE ENGLISH - ingls

FISH PORTUGUESE - portugus

MEAT BRAZILIAN - brasileiro

to NEED / NEEDED precisar

AND e I eat fish AND meat.

O aluno no precisa aprender listas completas das formas do idioma mas

1. I DRINK beer. 2. I SPEAK English and Portuguese.

3. I drink beer WITH you. 4. You NEED to speak English.

5. I need juice AND water. 6. I EAT fish with Jane.

7. I need to speak English TODAY. 8. I need my wine NOW.

9. I eat meat with my family.

HAM presunto DAUGHTER

*TO WANT / WANTED - querer

I want ham. I want coffee. I want to eat.

TO PLAY / PLAYED - brincar I want to play. I play with Bill.

tocar - I play piano. I play saxophone.

jogar - I play tennis. I play basketball.

TO WORK / WORKED - trabalhar

I work today. I work with you. I need to work.

TO SEE / SAW - ver

I see your son. You see my brother.

EXPRESSIONS HELLO - ol IN THE MORNING de manh

1. I SEE a cup. 2. I see a CUP OF COFFEE.

3. I WANT to eat. 4. I WANT to EAT bread.

5. You NEED to eat fish. 6. I WORK with you.

7. I DONT WANT to work now. 8. I work WITH my brother.

13. You want to work IN THE AFTERNOON.

14. I eat and drink IN THE EVENING.

15. I need to work today.

*TO LIKE / LIKED - gostar de

Qualificadores de Where so verdes

* A forma do verbo na 3 pessoa do

Para formar o plural, acrescentamos o som de s ou z no final do objeto.

1. I LIKE my teacher. 2. I SLEEP in the evening.

4. Do you study OR work? 5. I dont study NOR work

6. I like HER family. 7. I want to see HIS sister.

10. I want to go TO THE movies. 11. DO you want the juice?

12. DO YOU LIKE to work? 13. I ONLY work in the morning.

14. He NEEDS a manager. 15. She WANTS a son and a daughter.

16. It LIKES to eat.

1. I like to drink wine with my friends. Do you like to drink wine?

2. Sorry, but I like to drink beer. Only my father wants wine.

3. I need to work tomorrow, and I want to sleep now. Good night!

4. Do you want to go to the store in the evening? I work at the store!

5. I need to speak with my father today. Do you want to go with me?

6. I dont want to go to the store by myself. I want to go with you.

7. Do you want to go to the church with my children tomorrow?

8. I dont need to speak German. I only speak English.

9. I like to eat bread and cheese. Do you like to drink tea?

10. I want to drink a glass of water. Thanks, I need to go.

11. I want to speak only English with my teacher and my family.

( 1 ) O TOM DA VOZ - Se o tom da voz levanta ou abaixa, ou fica nivelado

( 2 ) SONS ESTRANHOS Quando estamos ouvindo seletivamente para as

Bilabial labiodental dental alveolar palatal velar

bilabial labiodental Alvolo palatal velar

(1 ) Um certo nmero de fonemas do mesmo tipo tem pontos de articulao

( 2 ) O ingls tem consoantes que no ocorrem em portugus: th, h, ch, i, ng.

Lembramos que em produzir as vogais a corrente de ar egressa dos pulmes sem

(as in me) (as in ball)

(as in day) (as in coat)

(as in bat) (as in two)

A menor unidade marcadora de significado do sistema sonoro o que chamamos de