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contents

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2
3


4

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2
Petroleum


Petra Oleum


5 6

organic theory
inorganic theory

calcium carbide
acetylene
polymerization

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(source rock)


(reservoir rock)
(trap) (roof rock)
trap
seal
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Anticline Trap Fault Trap Salt Dome Trap Stratigraphic Trap

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1. 2.

4
1.
2.
3.
4.

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3.

1.
(wild cat well) 2.
3.
(exploratory well) 4.



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non-hydrocarbon methane

2
1. methane methane ethane propane butane
(C1) higher molecular weight hydrocarbon (C2-C7)
2. H2S,
CO2, N2, He, Ar
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H2S -
2H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2
1. H2S (hydrogen sulfide)
H2S + 2O2 H2O + SO3

sulfur oxide

H2S sulfur oxide sulfur oxide

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H2S -
H2S
H2S
sweetening process H2S
3H2S + 1.5O2 3H2O + 3S
diethanolamine 2. (CO2)
CH2 - CH2 - OH CH2 - CH2 - OH CO2
NH + H2S NH2+HS-

benefit unit CO2
CH2 - CH2 - OH CH2 - CH2 - OH potassium carbonate
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1.
2. (CO2) - NGV (natural gas for vehicles)
-
K2CO3 (aq) + CO2 (g) 2 KHCO3 (aq)
3. (moisture) -
0 C
2.

molecular sieve
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3. LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas)


4. NGL (natural gas liquid)


(refining) (oil or
petroleum refinery)

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1. (separation)
2.
(conversion)
3. (treating)
4. (blending)

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1. (separation)


(fractional distillation)

(atmospheric
fractionating tower)
(vacuum fractionating tower)
thermal cracking

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(OC) C
< 30 1 4

30 110 5 7
1. (separation) 65 170 6 12
170 250 10 19

- C1- C4
250 340 14 19
- (gasoline : C5-C12)
> 350 19 35
- (kerosene : C10-C16)
> 500 > 35
- (diesel : C15-C22)
- ( > 500 > 35
) ( > 500 > 35
)
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2. (conversion)




2.1 (cracking)

(thermal cracking) (catalytic cracking)
(hydrocracking)
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2.2 (reforming) 2.1 (cracking)


2.3 (alkylation polymerization) 2.1.1 Thermal cracking (gas
oil) 400 500 C

olefin aromatic
50-70 %
65-70

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2.1.2 Catalytic cracking 2.2 (reforming)
(gas oil) 2.2.1 Thermal reforming
kaolin, bentonite
synthetic zeolite 560 C
olefin 2.2.2 Hydroforming
2.2 (reforming) molybdenum alumina 480-540 C 200-300
psi
2.2.3 Platforming and catforming
Pt alumina 450-530 C 500-700 psi
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2.2 (reforming) Isomerization

2.2.4 Catalytic reforming gasoline

Cyclization

straight-run naphtha + H2
6-11
Aromatization

+ H2 + 3H2

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2.3 Alkylation
2.3.1 Alkylation
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
H2SO4
CH3 - CH - CH2 - C - CH3
olefin C 3-5 atom isoparaffin CH3 - C = CH2 + CH3 - CH - CH3
CH3
isoparaffin
polymerization
isooctane
butylene isobutene CH3 CH3
catalysis
CH3 CH3

CH3 - C = CH2 + CH3 - C = CH2 CH3 - CH - CH2 - C = CH2

2.3.2 Polymerization light olefin
CH3
cracking
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3. (treating) 4. (blending)



MTBE (methyl-t-butyl ether),
Hydrotreating heteroatom ETBE (ethyl-t-butyl ether) methanol ethanol
hydrogenation hydrotreating
deactivate
heterocompound
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4. (blending) 4. (blending)





2
n-heptane 0 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
(isooctane) 100
90% isooctane 10% n-
heptane 90
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4. (blending)


2.
1.

>

-19
100
>

>
120 75

0
75
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gasoline 50-55

87-93
3. 3
1. Cracking
>
91
0 butane 91 n-heptane
0
2. Catalytic reforming
n-hexane 2,2-dimethylbutane
Pt

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Catalytic reforming
3. octane enhancer antiknock agent
CH3 .. 1975 octane enhancer tetraethyl lead (TEL)
Pt
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH3 - C - CH2 - CH3 10-15
CH3
CH3

CH2
Re-Pt-AlsO3
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 H3C H2C Pb CH2 CH3
500-600 C + 4H2
CH2

CH3

tetraethyl lead
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catalytic converter
TEL LPG NGV
catalytic converter
1. LPG Propane Butane
(NO) NO 2. NGV methane
NO2 NGV
catalytic converter
1. CO CO2
2. NO N2 O2
octane enhancer TEL MTBE (methyl-t-butyl ether),
ETBE (ethyl-t-butyl ether), methanol and ethanol
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(low volatile)
180-385 C 2


1000 (cetane number)
2
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n-cetane
100 - methylnaphthalene 0

heptamethylnonane 15

Cetane number = % n-cetane + 0.15 %

heptamethylnonane

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