MONTALBAN, RIZAL POTABILITY OF WATER

WATER SUPPLY IN MONTALBAN, RIZAL PHILIPPINES

Water supply is the process of providing water in a systematic way through installed pumps and pipe
lines. The Philippines main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines#Water_Resources)

Potential Water Source Options

Source: TA for the Strengthening of MWSS's Planning Capability in Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation
Service Provision IBRD Grant No. TF053321

Water Treatment in Montalban (Rodriguez), Rizal

Manila Water recently began the first phase of the P4.6-billion Rodriguez Water System project, which
includes a new water treatment plant and water distribution mainline, the company said.
It will be able to treat up to 150 million liters of water per day and will serve a population of over 940,000 and
address the demand for reliable surface water supply in areas that are dependent on deep wells. These
include Rodriguez and San Mateo in Rizal province, and some areas of Marikina City, the company said.

Manila Water starts P4.6-B Rodriguez Water System project Published June 19, 2012 8:40pm
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/262475/money/companies/manila-water-starts-p4-6-b-rodriguez-
water-system-project#sthash.150HtGcQ.dpuf

WATER QUALITY IN MONTALBAN, RIZAL PHILIPPINES

Fifteen (15) water quality stations were established as follows: 6 along Montalban River; 2 along Wawa
River; 2 along Boso-Boso river; 3 along Tayabasan River; 1 along Sapang Bute-Bute river, 1 station
located in Mt. Purro. Samples were analyzed for temperature, DO, pH, BOD, oil and grease and TSS and
compared with Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A 9275) standard. Majority of parameters were within
the Class C standards across all stations except for exceed at the following points: SW15 (close to a
piggery farm) DO was at 0.65mg/L for a minimum standard of 5.0mg/L 5 out of the 15 stations with a pH
above (8.6 8.8) the maximum standard range of 8.5 3 out of the 15 stations with BOD levels (10mg/L
64mg/L) above the maximum standard of 7 mg/L.

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 500MW WAWA PUMPED- STORAGE

HYDROPOWER PROJECT ANTIPOLO CITY AND THE MUNICIPALITIES OF SAN MATEO AND
RODRIGUEZ, RIZAL

1.1.4 GROUNDWATER IN MONTALBAN, RIZAL PHILIPPINES

Update Source (March 5, 2017)

Source:
122.54.214.222/databank/well.asp?prov=RIZ&province=Rizal&munic=Rodriguez%20(Montalban)&pg=1

According to EMB, under this DAO, 33 parameters define the desired water quality per water body
classification. Source: Greenpeace: The state of water resources in the Philippines

Fecal coliform, nitrates, and salinity (chloride content) for groundwater as defined in the Philippine National
Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). Source: Greenpeace: The state of water resources in the Philippines

While salinity is not directly related to pollution, it is also used as a common parameter for groundwater
quality assessment to measure the level of contamination from saline water. Source: Greenpeace: The
state of water resources in the Philippines.

WATER RESOURCES IN MONTALBAN, RIZAL PHILIPPINES

The Philippines obtains its water supply from different sources. These include: rainfall, surface water
resources, i.e. rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, and groundwater resources. It has 18 major river basins and
421 principal river basins as defined by the National Water Regulatory Board (NWRB ).

As a tropical country, rainfall in the Philippines ranges from 1000 to 4000 mm per year, of which 1,000-2,000
mm are collected as runoff by a natural topography of more than 421 principal river basins, some 59 natural
lakes and numerous small streams, with significant variation from one area to another due to the direction of
the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain ranges (Kho, J., 2005; NWRB, 2003).

Overall, the Philippines total available freshwater resource is at 145,900 MCM/year based on 80 percent
probability for surface water, and groundwater recharge or extraction at 20,000 MCM/year (NWRB-SPM,
2003; PEM, 2003; ASEAN, 2005).

SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM/ALTERNATIVES(SODIS)

Many scientific studies confirmed the effectiveness of the SODIS method. It kills germs in water very
efficiently. The method has even been shown to improve the health of the population. Research
into training strategies gave insight about which communication methods are most suitable. It has also
been proven that the use of PETbottles in the SODIS method is harmless.The SODIS method is ideal for
treating water for drinking in developing countries. All it requires is sunlight and PET bottles. How does it
work? Clear PET bottles are filled with the water and set out in the sun for 6 hours. The UV-A rays in
sunlight kill germs such as viruses, bacteria and parasites (giardia and cryptosporidia). The method also
works when air and water temperatures are low.People can use the SODIS method to treat their drinking
water themselves. The method is very simple and its application is safe. It is particularly suitable for treating
relatively small quantities of drinking water.
1. Wash the bottle well the first time you use it.
Material, color and shape of the bottle

We recommend using PET bottles in the application

of the SODIS method because they are light and do
not break. They are also easy to obtain in many
regions. However, glass bottles or special bags can
also be used. PET bottles are usually labelled as
such, but they are not called by the same name in all
countries.
2. Fill the bottle with water and close the lid well
(TURBIDITY) If the water is very turbid, the
effectiveness of the method is reduced. It is very easy to determine whether the water is sufficiently
clear:The filled PET bottle must be placed on top of a newspaper headline. Now one must look at the
bottom of the bottle from the neck at the top and through the water. If the letters of the headline are
readable, the water can be used.If the letters are not readable, the water must be filtered. This test
corresponds to a turbidity of 30 NTU.

3. Expose the bottles to the sun morning to evening for at least 6 hours (Cloudiness)
Cloudiness affects the strength of solar radiation and thus also the effectiveness of the method.If less than
half of the sky is clouded over, 6 hours will be enough to completely disinfect the water.If more than half of
the sky is covered with clouds, the bottle must be placed in the sun for 2 consecutive days. For the rain,the
method does not work satisfactorily during lengthy periods of rain. On these days, we recommend
collecting rainwater.

4. The water is now ready for consumption (Preventing recontamination)

Removal of solids by sedimentation + Inactivation of microorganism by UV radiation and thermal

treatment.

The treated water should be kept in the bottle and drunk directly from the bottle, or poured into a cup or
glass immediately before it is drunk. In this way, it is possible to prevent the treated water from becoming
contaminated again.
In order to confirm the effectiveness of the SODIS method, it was necessary to carry out microbiological
tests. These tests showed that the method reliably kills germs that cause diarrhea. Besides research in the
field of microbiology, several health studies examined the effect of the SODIS method on the spread of
diarrheal diseases among people who use SODIS. These studies confirm the positive effect of the method
for the population.

Detailed design work

In developed countries like Philippines, pathogens are typically destroyed by elaborate centralized water
treatment plants. Unfortunately, it is not financially possible to upgrade to conventional water treatment
technologies in Haiti. As a more plausible alternative, low-cost point-of-use disinfection technologies can
treat water and are more economically realistic. (Lehr et al., 1980; Shultz et al., 1984):

Other household disinfection mechanisms include boiling the water and filtering. In Haiti, boiling water uses
energy in the form of firewood, which is no longer possible due to extensive deforestation. Filtration is often
unaffordable and is subject to frequent. Clogging and leaking. In addition, filtering typically requires
additional disinfection steps.

These problems call for the development of an alternative disinfection technology that is effective, practical,
and simple enough to be applied by individuals at the household Level. Under the right conditions, solar
water disinfection, or SODIS, may be that alternative.

Solar radiation and disinfection

SODIS uses the destructive power of different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum todestroy pathogens.
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms was first demonstrated by Raab in 1900. The sun emits
energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation that covers the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared range. The
most important bandwidths for SODIS are the UV-A, red, and infrared, which are shown in relation to the
electromagnet Spectrum.

Recent studies have shown that UV-A light is the main bandwidth involved in the eradication of
microorganisms (Acraet al, 1984; Acraet al., 1990; Reed et al., 1997; McGuiganet al., 1998). UV-A has
direct effects on DNA and forms highly destructive oxygen species as a secondary product. In addition,
water strongly absorbs red and

infrared light creating heat, which results in pasteurization.shows the combined effects of UV-A and water
temperature on coliform bacteria.

DNA Alteration by UV

To assure pathogenic organisms are eradicated, DNA must be damaged faster than microbes can repair it.
DNA has a maximum UV absorbance at around 260 nm that causes mutagenesis and results in cellular
death (Raven and Johnson, 1996). Absorbed UV light causes adjacent thymine bases to covalently bond
together, forming thymine

dimers:

When this damaged DNA replicates, nucleotides do not complementary base pair with the thymine dimers
and this terminates replication. Organisms may also replace thymine dimers with faulty base pairs, which
causes mutations, leads to faulty protein synthesis, and may result in death. The effect of thymine dimer
formation may be reversed to some extent by exposure to visible light in a process called photoreactivation.
Visible light can activate the enzyme DNA photolyase that breaks the bond joining the thymine bases. DNA
can also be repaired by excision, where DNA polymerase and DNA ligase cut out damaged DNA and
replace it with a stretch of error-free DNA (Mathews and Van Holde, 1996).

Photo-Oxidative Disinfection

UV-induced reactive oxygen species can be lethal if they are present in numbers higher than the organism
is capable of attenuating. Natural dissolved organic matter can absorb ultraviolet radiation to induce
photochemical reactions (Miller, 1998). The energy transfer of a high-energy photon to absorbing molecule
produces highly reactive species

such as superoxides (O2-), hydrogen peroxides (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH) (Stumm and Morgan,
1995; Miller 1998). These highly reactive species in turn oxidize microbial cellular components such as
nucleic acids, enzymes, and membrane lipids, which kill the microorganisms (McGuiganet al., 1999; Reed
1996; Reed 1997).

Thermal Inactivation
Thermal effects can act synergistically in the disinfection process if they can overcome microbial heat
resistance. As temperatures rise past the maximum growth value, it becomes difficult for proteins to form
their proper structures and it causes already formed proteins to unfold. Denatured proteins do not function
properly and may eventually kill the organism (Brock, 2000).