Ψηφιακά Συστήματα

I
HPOOPIKH
A'
I
ANAITH INAPH
E K T A
ATPA 2001

HPOOPIKH
A'
I

ANAITH INAPH
E K T A

KNTANTINO XAATH
K T
A

KPATH KATIKA
T M A

EPAIMO MPATH

EIA BAKAOOY

...

TYPORAMA

/ 2001
ISBN: 9605381958
K : H 21/1
Copyright 2000

& , 26222 : (0610) 314094, 314206 : (0610) 317244
. 2121/1993,
.

K 1
E
, ,
E ............................................................................................................... 11
1.1 .................................................................................. 13
1.2 ................................................................................ 15
1.3 ....................................................................................................... 17
1.4 ............................................................................................................. 19
1.5 M ................................................................................... 22
1.6 M ............................................... 23
1.7 ........................................ 26
1.8 ............................................................................ 28
1.9 ...................................................................................................... 29
................................................................................................................................... 32
B ................................................................................................................................................ 34
K 2
K
, ,
E ............................................................................................................... 35
2.1 E ......................................................................................................................................... 37
2.2 M ................................................................................................... 38
2.2.1 K ........................................................................................ 39
2.2.2 K BCD ............................................................................................................... 41
2.2.3 K K Gray ..................................... 42
....................................................................................................................... 46
2.3 A ...................................................................................................... 47
2.3.1 ................................................................................................ 48
2.3.2 ...................................................................................................... 50
2.3.3 2 .................. 55
2.4 K ...................................................... 58
2.4.1 K .............................................................................. 60
2.4.2 K ............................................................................... 63
6 HIAKH XEIAH I
2.4.3 K Hamming ................................................................................................... 63

....................................................................................................................... 69
................................................................................................................................... 72
B ..................................................................................................................... 75
K 3
Boole
, ,
E ............................................................................................................... 77
3.1 E ......................................................................................................................................... 82
3.2 Boole ........................................................................................................................... 83
3.2.1 A .................................................................................................... 89
3.2.2 ................................................................................................... 90
3.2.3 B .................................................................................................. 91
....................................................................................................................... 99
3.3 Boole ..................................................................................................... 100
3.3.1 .......................... 103
3.3.2
( ) .............................................................................. 108
.................................................................................................................... 112
3.4 ......................................................................................................... 113
3.4.1 .............................................................................. 115
3.4.2 .............................................................................. 120
.................................................................................................................... 124
3.5 E M .................................................. 125
.................................................................................................................... 128
3.6 K ....................................................................... 129
.................................................................................................................... 137
3.7 ......................................... 137
3.7.1 ..................................................................... 138
3.7.2 ............................................................................................................ 139
3.7.3 I .......................................................................................... 142
3.7.4 .............................................................. 144
3.7.5 .................................................................... 145
.................................................................................................................... 148
................................................................................................................................ 149
EPIEXOMENA 7
B .................................................................................................................. 153
K 4
K
, ,
E ............................................................................................................ 157
4.1 E ..................................................................................................................................... 159
4.2 K .................................................................................................... 159
4.2.1 .......................................................................... 163
4.2.2 MOS CMOS ................................................................ 167
.................................................................................................................... 172
4.3 K ......................................................................... 173
4.3.1 ............................................... 176
4.3.2 E .............................................................................................................. 179
4.3.3 ........................................................ 182
4.3.4 A ................................ 183
.................................................................................................................... 184
4.4 O ................................................................. 185
4.4.1 O ........................................................... 188
4.4.2 ................................................ 192
.................................................................................................................... 193
4.5 B .............................................................................. 194
4.5.1 sa0 sa1 ........................................................ 196
.................................................................................................................... 198
4.6 A ................................................................................................ 198
.................................................................................................................... 201
................................................................................................................................ 202
B .................................................................................................................. 203
K 5
A K
, ,
E ............................................................................................................ 205
5.1 E ..................................................................................................................................... 207
5.2 M Karnaugh ........................................ 210
5.2.1 X Karnaugh ................................................................................................... 212
8 HIAKH XEIAH I
5.2.2 A Karnaugh ....................................................... 216

5.2.3 E 5 .............................. 221
5.2.4 E ........................................ 222
.................................................................................................................... 223
5.3 ....................................................................... 224
.................................................................................................................... 228
5.4 ......................................................... 228
.................................................................................................................... 233
5.5 QuineMcCluskey ................. 234
5.5.1 E ........................................................ 235
5.5.2 ......................................................... 239
5.5.3 M Petrick .............................................................................. 242
5.5.4 H QuineMcCluskey
............................................................................ 245
.................................................................................................................... 248
5.6 M Espresso ................................................................................................................ 249
.................................................................................................................... 252
5.7 Hazards ................................................................................................. 252
.................................................................................................................... 255
................................................................................................................................ 255
B .................................................................................................................. 258
K 6
K
, ,
E ............................................................................................................ 259
6.1 E ..................................................................................................................................... 261
6.2 A .................................................................................................................................... 261
6.2.1 ..................................................................................... 264
6.2.2 A / A ..................................................................................... 266
6.2.3 K ................................................. 267
.................................................................................................................... 271
6.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 272
.................................................................................................................... 275
6.4 K .............................................................. 275
.................................................................................................................... 278
EPIEXOMENA 9
6.5 ............................................................................................................................. 279

.................................................................................................................... 283
................................................................................................................................. 284
B .................................................................................................................. 285
A A A
E A ....................................................... 287
..................................................................................................................................................... 325
E
M Pascal Leibnitz, -

Charles Babbage A M (1832). X

1930,

, , , -
, . O

-
, Colossus A (1943) ENIAC H
(1946).
H (1948) O K
(1958) -
. , ,
-
, , .

. K, :
T A .
T ,
, .
T .
T , , -
.
T .
M ,
, ,
.
12 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
A E

K

Bit A

H K . A -
,
,
. T
, .
M , , -
, bit, ,
, K.
, , , , ,
K, -
, , ,
. -
, ..
0 1.
, 0 1, -
. T, , -

, , -
,
.
1.1 13
1.1
H ,
, . O
,
,
. A , -
, -
.
E :
.
.
T , ,
: A .
A -
.
1.1. "" , .
, -
. , , ,
, , .. .
, -
.
, , -
. H 1.1
, -
, . -
, -
1, 2, 3,
,
,
, -
, ..
,
' , , -
, ..
.
14 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
6
5
4
3
2
1.1
1
() A
() () ()
, , -
. -
,
.
. ( ),
( ),
( -
, ), ..
T , ,
, .. 1.2. a c
, , .. 1.2.,
a, b, c d .
d
c
c
b
b
1.2 a
a
() () t t
. () ()
, ,
A
:
1.1
. . .
1 . 2 15
1.2
T
-
.
A E :
N .
T : , , .
, ,
.
O , , -
,
. 1.3
, -
, -
, 0V, 1V, 2V 3V,
"", "", "" "".
N , -
, N . ,
1.3 1.4 -
.
5V
3V B
3V
| 2V
2V
1V A
0V
0V
1.4
1.3: E
M
, .. "A", "B", .
,
, .. -
,
.
16 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
1.4 (0V
2V) (3V 5V) , .
, ,
.
-
. ,
, , ,
. E -
E N ,
=E/N.
, ( N)
( ).
( 1.5.), ,
, -
.
.
O
( 1.5.). 1.5. -
1V
1V.
,
, -
-
. 1.5. -
0V 2V "A", 3V 5V -
"B"
2V 3V.
A 5V
3V B
1V 1V + 1V + ???
"A" "?" 2V
1.5
A
0V
A () | () |
M
T , ,

1 . 2 17
-
. , -
. H ,
,
.
. ,
A
( ):
1.2
) )
) )
. O :
) )
1.3
( E 1.2),
,
. H -
.
E :
E bit
K N (N>5) :
. N
.
. .
.
( ) -
, -
. 1.6.,
{, , , } ,
{A, B},
1, 2 ( 1.6.)
, . ""=A1A2, ""=A1B2, ""=B1A2, ""=B1B2. E
18 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
-
. , 2K -
K .
T , -
,
. -

"0" "1" -
bit (binary digit). A, 1 bit -
.

B
2{
A
B
1.6 1{
A
t t
- ()| ()|
T Z

, .
1.7
A, B bits,
t0, t1, t2, , t7.
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
A
|
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
B A|
t5
B
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1.7
X
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
1 . 3 19
. H bit :
A
) 1.3
) "0" "1"
)
. () ()
. . bits
:
) ) ) ) )
. 246 . bits
;
1.4
, E 1.1,
-
. ,
.
M :
.
E -
.
,
, .
T
, .. , -
, .. ,
, .
. , ,
.
O A "T A" "-
" : E c e z
a , . -
(), (-
20 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
) ( )
( ), -
(a ). A A "" -
,
" ",
, -
. E

, K 3,
, .
, , -
( ), -
, X, -
"" F -
, Y=F(X)
.

, -
, . -
, ,
, -
. T :
) T .
.
) T .
() -
(),
.
) T . (-
) , -
, .
, -
.., , -
-
,
1 . 4 21
) T , -
( , )
(),
) T ( ),
-
,
) T , '
, ()
, .. , -
, , ..
H ""
, .. , -
, -
. H
, -
, . T -
, -
.
-
, -
.
" "
A
, . -
1.4
:
1. P .
2. , ,
3. A , -
,
4. A ,
, -
( -
, , , ) ..
-
;
22 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
1.5 M
H -
. -
, .
A :
.
N -
.
H , N ,
. H N
( 1.8) N , ..
, N N
. H -
t.
H N -
. X ( 1.9), -
, 1, , N t1, t2,
t3, tN () -
t1+, t2+, t3+, tN+ , -
.
A
E| |
1
| | |
|
| | |
|
| | |
| | |
|
| | | |
N
1.8 |
| t
, -
,
, N -
, N -
1 . 5 M 23
, . -
,
, ,
, (
) ,
,
, -
.

1 1
tk tk +
N N
1.9
t1 t2 t3 tN t
1.6 M
H -

.
A :
-
.
( -
) .
A/D,
, .
-
. 1.10.
24 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
. E
, .. , -
,
1.10.. H -
.
T T
1.10 0 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 0 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
K .. .. .. ..
()| ()|

M
. T -
, ..
K,
.
1.11. -
. 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, -
. 1.11.
1.10..
E
. T , , -
T T
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1.11 0 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 0 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
.. .. .. ..
()| ()|
1.10
1 . 6 M 25
. T
. E -
, .. K,
. K' -
,
.
, , -
..
.
-
, M A/D (Analog to
Digital Converters). ,
, M D/A (D/A Converters).
O A/D D/A :
) A , .
( ),
28 216 (8 16 bits),
) T , 102
106 /sec.
. K ,
A
:
1.5
) )
. ,
. -
. -
. .

;
26 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
1.7
H (E
1.6)
. , ,
; :
.
:
T -
.
M -
.
T CD
.
T ""
, . -
' ,
, ,
:
A, B, V=A, -
R=B I,
, I=A/B Ohm.
T ,
, .. -
, Fourier,
""
.
-
, , :
1. . ,
, .. , -
. -
.

. , ,
1 . 7 27
, ,
,
, K 2.
2. . ,
,
, ( 1.12).

bits .
A
K

1.12
10% 1% 0.1%
A
,
, -
,
, 1.13.
A
,
,
, -
Compact Disc (CD),
.
M M 1.13
A| A | D A|
D A

28 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
1.8
H ,

-
, , . A
,
-
, -
.
:
H .
H (C.
Shannon)
H .
H , ,
,
. O ""
O , -
, , -
. O "calculators" 19 , .
,
.
H 19 ,
, ()
( , -
) () (,
, ) . M , ,
(
, ,
) ,
, , , -
. -
.
M 1938 C. Shannon, , -
1 . 8 29
,
, -
" ". H , -
K 3,
.
H "",
1958
"O K" (IC),
-
. T , , O
K (OK) 1962
(
Moore). T , OK
-
. T

.
O OK
1.1. T
OK -
1.14. A
,
1.1 1.14 . H -

. A -
.
1.9
E 1.8

-
. E , ,
. ,
, ,
,
..
30 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
1.1
M E A
K -
:
- .
OK.
T:
A "" .
Y.
(-
).
M T
: E
() ()
.
T:
.
-
(PLA, PROM) .

: T
. ,
, , -
.
T:
M A E (Design Verification)

K. T -
: () '

,
() ' .
-
1.9 31

K
T
TTL
MOS PAL, PLA
1.14
CMOS PROM, PLD
T
T OK
A. M
"",
A "" .
K 2 -
-

. K, K 3 -
Boole ,
-
.
K 4
,
. K 5

. T, K 6
.
,
1.1
K.
(E 1.4) -
() -
.
32 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
: ()
1.2
( ) 250 , ()
, ()
.
( .. 1.13) :
)
(E 1.6).
) bits (E 1.3).
) (E 1.5).
) T , , -
(E 1.7).
(Y:
.)

T . -

.
A .
.
-
.
.
M , .. . O -

.
Bit 0 1 .
K -
. K () 2K -
.
-
-
YNOH 33

. -

.
,
. K
.
O
. T
, , , A/D
D/A. Y ,
.
T A , ,
-
, -
.
T , -
, .
T -
-
. O

.
34 KEAAIO 1: EIAH
T
. A E
A. E , , ,
.
Floyd T., Digital Fundamentals, Macmillan, 1990.
1 K , , A-
, -
O K.
11 K
.
Leach D., Malvino A., H, E TZIOA, 1996
1 K
A ,
. O-
K.
11 K -
.
Tokheim R., H, E TZIOA

K
. E -

13 K
.
Hall D., Digital Circuits and Systems, McGrawHill, 1989
K
.
K 10 ,
11 15 -
-
.
K
H

,
.

(, BCD,
2), (,
, Gray). A, ,
-
( )
( Hamming) .

K, :
T .
O (Binary, BCD, Gray) .
T
.
N .
T ,
.
N ( ).
T .
( Hamming).
K
A B
Bit Binary
36 K E A A I O 2 : YA I K H K I K O O I H H
BCD 2
Gray
A Hamming

K Hamming

T K ,
. H -
, -

(, BCD, Gray). H -
( ) -
( ). H , -
,
(
). H -
.
T K, -
, K
.
2.1 E 37
2.1 E
H -
.
, :
T .
O
T
.
E (,
, bit) -
K.
, ..
,
.
.
(.. -
, ) -
. , -

.
, -
, -
. , -
-
, 0, 1,, 9.
, ,
( E 1.2 1.3) -
"0" "1", bits. E
{0,1}
(binary) bits, ..
011, 110, 000, 1110.

n , . n bits,

n, 2n. , -
bits,
: < 2.
2.2 M
H ,
-
. H
, -
. A -
(, BCD, Gray).
A :
T -
.
.
T BCD.
T (Gray ) (-
).
T Binary Gray .
Gray .
: ()
()

K. E ()
() , -
Gray.

:
. H , -
, , -
, .. -
( ), (
), (.. I
), .. , -
2.2 M 39
, -
, . , -
.
. -
, -
.

-
, ASCII. , -
7 bits, 128 , :
) , .:
,
,
0 9,
) , . -
( , , stop ..).
-
, .. -
..
, ,
.
: -
.
2.2.1 K
, ,
-
, .. , -
..
:

:
nn1 10
i (i=0, , n)
{0, 1, , K} , :
= nwn + + 1w1 + 0w0
O wi (i=0, , n) -
. i ,
{0, 1, ,
K}. i
{0, 1}, bits.
2.1
, -
0 9,
8, 4, 2, 1. , ,
i bit 0 1, ,
, 0 1. O -
(8 4 2 1)
2.1. (2,
4, 2, 1) (6, 4, 2, 3). -
8 1000 1110 1010, :
8 = 8*1+4*0+2*0+1*0 = 2*1+4*1+2*1+1*0 = 6*1+4*0+2*1+(3)*0.

2.1
/ 8421 2421 6 4 2 3
K
0 0000 0000 0000
1 0001 0001 0101
2 0010 0010 0010
3 0011 0011 1001
4 0100 0100 0100
5 0101 1011 1011
6 0110 1100 0110
7 0111 1101 1101
8 1000 1110 1010
9 1001 1111 1111
2.2 M 41
-
. 8, 4, 2, 1, . 23, 22, 21, 20 -

Bin8421.
-
. 2, 4, 2, 1
2.1, 7 1101, 0111.
.
A. N {0, 1,
A
, 15} (8, 4, 2, 1).
2.1
B. ,
(6, 4, 2, 3);
. N {8,
7, , 6, 7} (8, 4, 2, 1).
. , -
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14};
2.2.2 K BCD
8, 4, 2, 1 -
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). 10 10 10

( 2.1, 8 4 2 1).
2.2
H BCD 12345 :
1234510 <=> 00010010001101000101BCD
1 2 3 4 5
00010010001101000101
A bits 16 , 0000
1111, BCD . O -
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 1111

BCD.
E BCD .
A BCD bits
bits .
2.3
O BCD 2469:
0010010001101001
2 4 6 9
. BCD ;
A
2.2 ) 1111, ) 53, ) 1998, ) 2469.
. BCD
;
) 00111001, ) 000100110100,
) 001100100100001, ) 0001001101001100.
2.2.3 K K Gray

. ..
, -
.
Gray. -
, 2.1
: ( 2.1.) Bin8421 (-
2.1 8,4,2,1) ( 2.1.) Gray,
. X 360
, 3 bits . O -
-
. K ,
bit. O
( 2.1) (). T -
2.2 M 43
( 2.1), bit
,
. K , -
, 1 0,
. O -
() (
),
(-
).
A , Bin8421 (
2.1) 011 100. T
. H ,
, ,
. , ..
,
, 111 ( 3 ) 000
( 4 ) .
O Gray ( 2.1) -
. 2.1,
bit ( ), -
.
111 000 100 000
110 001 101 001
101 010 111 011
100 011 110 010

2.1
()| ()|
Bin8421 Gray K
Gray , -
(reflection codes). n bit
n1 bit :
) n1 bit
, . -
,
) bit, 0

1 .
2.2
Gray 2 3 bit, bit.
Gray : 1 bit 2 bit 3 bit

0 00 000
1 01 001
11 011
10 010
110
2.2 111

101
Gray
100

Bin8421 Gray . 2.3
bi (i=0,1,2) Bin8421
gi (i=0,1,2) Gray.
H : gngn1 g1g0 -
Gray (n+1) bits bnbn1 b1b0 Bin8421
. gi Gray
Bin8421 :
gn = bn (2.1.)
gi = bi bi+1, 0 i < n (2.1.)
modulo 2, :
0 0 = 0, 0 1 = 1, 1 0 = 1, 1 1 = 0
2.2 M 45
/ Bin8421 Gray
b2b1b0 g2g1g0
0 000 000
1 001 001
2 010 011
3 011 010
4 100 110
5 101 111
2.3
6 110 101
A -
7 111 100 Bin8421 Gray
2.4
H Gray Bin8421 101101, -
111011:
g5 = b 5 => 1
g4 = b4 b5 => 01=1
g3 = b3 b4 => 01=1
g2 = b2 b3 => 11=0
g1 = b1 b2 => 01=1
g0 = b0 b1 => 10=1
, Gray Bin8421
:
bn = gn (2.2)
bi = gi gi+1 gi+2 gn, 0 i < n (2.2)
O , -
, bn, -
:
bn = g n (2.3)
bi = gi bi+1, 0 i < n. (2.3)
2.5
H 1101 Gray Bin8421 1001:
b3 = g 3 => 1
b2 = g2 b3 => 11=0
b1 = g1 b2 => 00=0
b0 = g0 b1 => 10=1
. M Bin8421 Gray:
A
2.3 ) 11011, ) 1001010, ) 1111011101110.
. M Gray Bin8421:
) 1010, ) 00010, ) 11000010001.

O : K.
H .
K , ,
(Gray) (BCD).
2 . 3 A 47
2.3 A
A , -
.
,
, -
, . -
, ,
-
( 2).
T , :
T , -
.
T
.
T E .
.
,
, .
.
2
.
E -
,
K. Y : ()
, . ( ) ()
( 2). E
. T 2 -
. M -
.
,
(), .., -
. -

. E "digit" -
"digitus" "".
T , , I-
(700 .X.). O I
, ,
() (
). E, E-
, -
.
, .
2 .X. -
O,
, . H I
. A E -
, Fibonacci (K),
Liber Abaci (1202 .X.) E -
.
, -
,
,
. , -
, .
2.3.1
A ,
,
Y 2.2.1. -
1908, :
1*103+9*102*+0*101+8*100
E 103, 102, 101 100, -
10,
, 0
.
,
:
2 . 3 A 49
n n1 0 . 1 m
:
n
N= ab
i =-m
i
i
(2.4)
:
(, >1)
i (0 i < )
i
n+1
m .
n n1 0 -
, 1 2 m .
n (Most Significant Digit),
(MSD), m
(Least Significant Digit), (LSD).
H , , 2.
=2 , =3 , =8 -
, =10 , =16 ..
O >10 -
. 10 15
:
: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14, 15
: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
2.6
O 1ABC
:
163*1+162*(10)+161*(11)+160*(12) => 684410
, , ,
.. 148.510 = 10010100.12 .
. 1 ;
A
2.4 ) 10002, ) 10008, ) 100010, ) 100016.
. H 2*101 + 5*100 ( ):
) 250, ) 25, ) 2.5, ) .
. O A01B .
. O A5 . (
16 = 24)
. O 11101100 .
(E 16 = 24).
. O 111011010 .
(E 8=23).
. A (), (),
(E) (T), ,
,
( )
.
.
, b. -
b,
:
1. 1234 + 5432 = 6666 4. 23 + 44 + 14 + 32 = 223
2. 41 / 3 = 13 5. 320 / 20 = 12.1
3. 33 / 3 = 11 6. T P (41) = 5
2.3.2
, -
0 1. X
. ,
, bits.
H
n (bits) 2n1,
1*2n1 + 1*2n2 + + 1*21 + 1*20 = 2n1
2 . 3 A 51
K , n
d , :
2n1 > 10d1 n = d / log102 d / 0.3
.
.

. 2.2
( bit):
2.2
Bits +
. * /

. .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
O ,
( 2). 2.7 -
.
2.7
N 1011 111:
N = (23*1+22*0+21*1+20*1) + (22*1+21*1+20*1)
= 23*1 +22*(0+1) +21*(1+1) +20*(1+1)
= 23*1 +22*1 +21*2 +20*2
= 23*1 +22*1 +21*(2+1)
= 23*1 +22*(1+1) +21*1
= 23*1 +22*2 +21*1
= 23*(1+1) +21*1
= 23*2 +21
= 24 +21
= 24*1 +23*0 +22*0 +21*1 +20*0
N 100102.
2.7
, . 2,
()
.
, -
2.8.
2.8
N 1011 111:
N = (23*1+22*0+21*1+20*1) (22*1+21*1+20*1)
= 23*1 +22*(01) +21*(11) +20*(11)
= 23*1 +22*(1) +21*0 +20*0
= 23*1 +22*(212)
= 23*1 +22*(12)
= 23*(11) +22*1
= 23*(0) +22*1
= 23*0 +22*1 +21*0 +20*0
E 01002.
, , , .
2, -
.
, -
-
, . 2,
:
K 1 1 1 K 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1
A: 1 0 0 1 0 : 0 0 1 0

-
:
2 . 3 A 53
: :
1100 111100 1100
101 1100 101
1100 1x1100 0011
00000 00110 .
110000 001100 > .
111100 001100 . .
000000 .
2.9
O :
:
910 10012 15.2510 1111.012
+ 510 + 01012 + 7.5010 + 111.102
1410 11102 22.7510 10110.112
:
2510 110012 18.7510 10010.112
710 001112 12.5010 1100.102
1810 100102 6.2510 00110.012
:
910 10012 25.510 11001.12
510 1012 6.510 110.12
4510 10012 127510 1100112
000012 1530510 00000012
1001012 165.7510 110011012
1011012 1100111012
10100101.112
:
46 9 101110 1001 2925 27 1011011011012 110112
1 5 100110 1012 225 108 110111011012 01101100
001010 09 0100101011012
001010 11011011012
1001 0001010011012
0001 110111012
00111011012
110111012
00010011012
H :
-
.
2.10
M 1101 :
11012 => 23*1+22*1+21*0+20*1 = 8+4+0+1 => 1310.
H
2. A
Y. H :
) 0 -
, , k=0.
) k 2 Yk k+1 -
. T Yk k.
) k=k+1 () k =0.
2.11
M 4510 :
0 = 45. A 2 :
k=0 => (Y0=1, 1=22), k=1 => (Y1=0, 2=11),
k=2 => (Y2=1, 3=5), k=3 => (Y3=1, 4=2),
2 . 3 A 55
k=4 => (Y4=0, 5=1), k=5 => (Y5=1, 6=0)

H : 4510 => 1011012.
. T 11010 + 01111 ( ):
A
) 101001, ) 101010, ) 110101, ) 101000. 2.5
. H 110 010 ( ) ( -
):
) 001, ) 010, ) 101, ) 100.
. M 200010 .
2.3.3 2
,
, 0 1. -
bit 0
bit 1, .. 01011
11010 .
0 1
, , -
,
. 11010 -
5 , 6 .
011010.
-

.
2.
2 (2's
Complement) n :
' = 2n
'
. 0 1 -
.
n bits
2 :
2n1 N < 2n1

,

:
= + (2n B) 2n = A + B' 2n => + '
O 2n, .
H 2.4:
bit, n=3
2n=8. T 2.4 ,
( )
( ).
-
.
2.12
2:
) (1)+(2): 7
6 (+ 2.4),
5, 3. I -
:
(1)+(2) => 6 + 7 = 13 => 13 8 = 5 => 3
) (+1)+(2): 1
6 , -
7, 1. I :
(+1)+(2) => 1 + 6 = 7 => 1
) (1)+(+2): 7 2
,
1, +1. I :
(1)+(+2) => 7 + 2 = 9 => 9 8 = 1 => +1
2.13
A 2 ( 2.4):
2 . 3 A 57
0
000
7 0 1
111 001
1 +1
+
6 110 2 +2 010 2
3 +3 2.4
5 101 4 011 3
100
4 2
) (1)(2): (2) 8 6 = 2 =>

(+2). K (1)+(+2) =+1.
) (+1)(+2): (+2) 8 2 = 6 => (2).
E (+1)+(2) =1.
T , , -
. H
2 :
. bit , . 0 1 1 0,
. .
2.14
A :
(+1)(+2). O (+2) :
(+2) => 010 bit 101
1 + 1
110 => (2)
H , -
:
(+1) => 001
( 2) => 101 bit
+ 1 1
111 => (1)
2.15
A :
46 17 2 -
8 bit. E 4610 => 001011102 1710 => 000100012:
(+46) => 00101110
( 17) => 11101110
+ 1
00011101 => (+ 29)
. T 2 11001000 (
A
):
2.6
) 00110111, ) 00110001, ) 01001000, ) 00111000.
. H 11610 12610 2 -
8 bit.
. O 2.1
;
. O 2.1 -
2;
2.4 K
( -
1.2),
,
. M
bits , ,

. -
-
.
H , -
:
T Hamming
2.4 K 59
Hamming

,

Hamming
H : -
.
K.
, -
, ( )
. -
.
, '
, : () , -
, ()
bits .
bit .
, -
, . -
-
.
O . -
, ()
.
p
, . bit .
p,
, .
,
.
' , n bit ,
Hamming
bits
, .. 0110 0101 . -
.
2.4.1 K
n bit
2n bits , .
, () bit
, ,
, .
,

. -
00, 01, 10, 11, 00
01 10,
00 .
, , -
,
, , (, ),
.

. ..
00 11
, , 00 -
01, , -
, .
00 bit (00 => 01)
11 bit (11 => 01).
bit ,
:
1) 000
2) 001 010 100
3) 011 101 110
4) 111
2.4 K 61
000, 011, 101 110 (-

), , -
, 2
4, .
1 3
(), ( 2 4). , -
, ,
. , 1 3 .
, , ,
. -
, ,
1 3 bits
.
'
, -
, ( ).

,
.. 1, -

1 . -

, 1 ( 000 -
).
,
, -
:
1) ,
(parity bit),
2) , 1
( ) ( ).
, -
,
.
.
.
2.16

:

= 00 001 ( )
= 01 010
= 10 100
= 11 111
, .. 001, -
(101 011 000 => 1) -
1.
, -
.

, ,
, -
.
21 2 () .
,
,
' -
(redundant information).
.
A
:
2.7
) 100110010, ) 011101010, ) 10111111010001010.
. O ,
. E
, :
) 11110110, ) 00110001, ) 01010101010101010.
2.4 K 63
2.4.2 K
, ,
.
:
1) 000
2) 001 010 100
3) 011 101 110
4) 111
000 111. -
000 ,
2. , -
111
2 111 ,
. , 000.
, -
, ,
.
, -
,
. -
' . -
,
. , , , -
2.
-

. ,
, -
.

, Hamming.
2.4.3 K Hamming
Y 2.4.2,
. O
Hamming
, . K -
Hamming,
bits, m1, m2, , mM, ' -
, p1, p2 ,pK, ( Hamming)
+ :
m1m2mMp1p2pK
+ ,
(position or location number),
1 +
. :
,
, -
. ,
,
.
.
A K K HAMMING
Hamming,
, :
1. pi 1, 2, 4, ,
2K1 Hamming -
mi , .. =8 =4
:
p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 p3 m4 m5m6 m7
2. ,
.
2.1 , ,
,
. 2.3 C=c3c2c1c0
( ) .
* () , -
( 0).
2.4 K 65
2.3
/ .
A
c3 c2 c1c0

0 0000 * ( )
1 0001 p0
2 0010 p1
3 0011 m0
4 0100 p2
5 0101 m1
6 0110 m2
7 0111 m3
8 1000 p3
9 1001 m4
10 1010 m5
11 1011 m6
12 1100 m7
2.2 2.3, Hamming -

c3
, . ' c3= 0 ' c3= 1.
-
c2, c1, c0.
:

c3= 0 *p0p1m0p2m1m2m3 c3=1 p3m4m5m6m7
c2= 0 *p0p1m0p3m4m5m6 c2=1 p2m1m2m3m7
c1= 0 *p0p2m1p3m4m7 c1=1 p1m0m2m3m5m6
c0= 0 *p1p2m2p3m5m7 c0=1 p0m0m1m3m4m6
3. Hamming, -
, cj=1 pj.
4. A (3) 2.3 -
:
: pj
' , -
pj, . cj=1,
: '
,
' (cj=1),
:
,
cj=0,
. .
Hamming p j (j=0,,1)
,
cj=1.
X K HAMMING
H Hamming
2.17
2.20:
2.17
K Hamming :
:
10011010
1. H Hamming pj
2j (j=0, 1, ) -
bits :
p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7
p0 p1 1 p2 0 0 1 p3 1 0 1 0
2. A 2.3 ,
, cj=1 -
:
2.4 K 67
c3=1: p3m4m5m6m7 => p3 1 0 1 0 => p3= 0

c2=1: p2m1m2m3m7 => p2 0 0 1 0 => p2= 1
c1=1: p1m0m2m3m5m6 => p1 1 0 1 0 1 => p1= 1
c0=1: p0m0m1m3m4m6 => p0 1 0 1 1 1 => p0= 0
3. H Hamming pj:
011100101010
2.18
Hamming :

:
011110101010
1. , 2.3,
(
):
p3: 01010 => : c3=0
p2: 11010 => : c2=1
p1: 1 1 0 1 0 1 => : c1=0
p0: 0 1 1 1 1 1 => : c0=1
2. T bits c2=1
c0=1, , . m1. T -
:
C = c3 c2 c1 c0 = 01012 => 510
5 Hamming. E
5 :
011100101010
3. H -
:
10011010
:
c3c2c1c0 = 0000
( ).
2.19
Z Hamming
01100101 .
T pj 2j (j=0, 1, )
bits
.
p0 p1 0 p2 1 1 0 p3 0 1 0 1
A 2.3 , c3=1,
<p3, 0, 1, 0, 1>, p3=0,
. O , c2=1
p2=1. c1=1 p1=0
c0=1 p0=1. E, -
Hamming pj :
p0 p1 0 p2 1 1 0 p3 0 1 0 1
Hamming: 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1.
2.20
H 001010101010 Hamming -
. bit. Z
.
2.18
2.3. M 2.3
:
) c3=1 => 01010 => => c3=0
) c2=1 => 01010 => => c2=0
) c1=1 => 010101 => => c1=0
) c0=1 => 011111 => => c0=1
:
c3c2c1c0 = 0001
:
001010101010
2.4 K 69
:
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.
H , :
=> 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.
. O
A
Hamming ( ):
2.8
) 110111, ) 00110001, ) 01001000, ) 00111000.
. N ,
Hamming ( ):
) 000011110111, ) 000011101111, ) 111011111111.

,
.
T
Hamming.
H
, (-
Hamming).

2.1
( 2.5). T
,
. H , -
, BCD. T -
2.5. Z :
) A Y 2.2.3 ( 2.1),
, () -
, (.. 2.1
). N -
.
) ()
, BCD. A K-
2, ,
,
(), BCD.
) bits ,
(K 1).
bits , ,
.
) , -
BCD
.
M|
| BCD
|
M|

M|
0110
2.5
H
, ,
2.2
( 2.6), -
10 +50 K . T
-

. ()

bit.
, :
) (
); E ( bits) ;
M bits -
2.4 K 71
. ,
.
) X ()
, , -
,
(Y 2.4.3).
) A 2.6, -
, -
,
,
. : ()
()
(
).
M K
M|
|
|

M| M| A|

2.6


K
. E
. T
.
O , -
0 1 (), -
bits. -
bits
. K n bits
2n .
O ,
: () () . H
, , ,
.
-
(),
. E
. T
.
O BCD -
0 9 . -
BCD,
.
O ,
bit. -
, -
. Gray. O -
Gray Bin8421
. H Gray Bin8421, -
, modulo 2.
T ,

, . T -
YNOH 73

, -
E.
H 16 -
A, B, C, D, E, F
10 15.
O ,
i 2i k
2k.
O , -
, 2.
,
, 1. A,
2.
,

, , ,
0 1 .
T 2 -
,
. A :
2 N' N
, : () bits N ()
.
H

( E 1.2), -
. bits ( )
, ( ), -
, -
(-
).
H Hamming -
:
N , Hamming
N.
N , Hamming
2N.
H ( ) -
, -
.
O Hamming , , -
, -
. K Hamming
, -
bits . K
-
, ,
bit, ().
B I B I O PA I A 75

2 K
, ( -
) , BCD,
, ASCII Gray. -
.
Glaser A., A History of Binary and Other Nondecimal Numeration,
Southampton PA, Tomash, 1971.
.
Gregg J., Ones and Zeroes Understanding Boolean Algebra, Digital Circuits
and the Logic of Sets, IEEE Press, 1998.
K 0

.
Ifrah G., From One to Zero: a Universal History of Numbers, New York,
Viking, 1985.
.
Kohavi Z., Switching and Finite Automata Theory, McGraw Hill.
1 K -
, -
( ,
Hamming).
Menninger K., Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of
Numbers, Cambridge, MIT, 1969.
.
Hamming R., Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes, Bell System Tech.
J., vol 29, pp.147160, April 1950.
B .
Rao T., Fujiwara E., ErrorControl Coding for Computer Systems, Prentice
Hall, 1989.
E -
( ).
Boole
H
-
. H
-

. H
-
, ,
Boole. O

, . , ,
, ,
Boole.
A, -
, -
. T 1938 C. Shannon -
. O -
Boole. H Boole,
( Y-
3.3.2) -
,
(E 1.4).
K
Boole, ( -
) ( ) -
.

K, :
N A.
T Boole.
N Boole.
78 K E A A I O 3 : A E B PA B O O L E
T .
T OR, AND, NOT.
N (
) .
N , ( -
), K,
.
T ,
.
X -
(K ).
T ,
.
N

() .
N , ,
/ -
(K-
).
AND
A NOT
Boole

K
A X Karnaugh
NK
E
A M
OR K
79
XOR
NAND
NOR

K 2 ,
. K -
, , -
, -
. E
Boole,
, .
T K, Boole,
, ,
.
,
-
. .. x+x=2x x.x=x2 Boole
x+x=x x.x=x. H , -

E K.
K, -
, K-
. T K ( E
K) : Boole, , -
Boole, , -
, -
, . H
E
Y K. :
) N
Boole (Y 3.2.3).
) N
( Y 3.3.1).
) N , ,
(
Y 3.3.2).
) A A -
,
,
(E 3.4).
) N
-
(E-
3.7).
, ,
E
.
81
O
Boole
Boole 3.2
I
A 3.2.1|
3.2.2|
B 3.2.3
O

3.3
E
3.3.1|
3.3.2
O

3.4
3.4.1|
3.4.2|
. E M 3.5|
K . 3.6
M 3.7.1|
3.7.2|
I 3.7.3|
3.7.4|
E 3.7.5
3.1 E

,
: A-
.
A E :
T A-
.
x1 T .
xk F y n -
, :
xn
. xi, i=1,, n , . -
3.1 ,
. y , .
,
. F .
-
, :
. (Combinatorial). ' ,
yt y t, xit
xi t, .:
yt = F(x1t, x2t, ,xnt)
. (Sequential). yt y
t xit xi
t
. , F
Fy Fs, . F={Fy, Fs},
-
:
yt = Fy(x1t, x2t, , xnt, st)
st+1 = Fs(x1t, x2t, , xnt, st)
st t st+1
.
3.1 E 83
T , ,
( Fy Fs) ,
st. E,
,
,
:
y = F(x1, x2, ,xn)
t .

, .
, .
-
( relays)
, o . 1938 C. Shannon
A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits
(1938) -
, o
.
O -
, Boole.
-
G. Boole "" -
. 1854
An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the
Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities -
.
Boole, ,
, "-
" . E
Boole -
( ) -
( ).
3.2 Boole
H -
, -
. M " "
Shannon (1938) , Boole

. E
Boole, Huntington,
.
T E :
T Boole (, , ).
T .
Boole
.
.
T .
T Boole.
E -
, -
, E. E
,
E. H Boole,
,
, . O ,
, -
A -
.
H Boole , ,
G. Boole,
A , -

.
H Boole , . -
, :
) , . T
3 . 2 B O O L E 85
x B : xB. E B,
, .. 1, 2, 3
4, : B
= {1, 2, 3, 4}.
) . M
, -
x y B, z, ..
, 3
() 4, 7.
) . A -
, ,
.
A Boole
( BooleSchroeder). E
, , -
Boole
Huntington (1904).
O BOOLE
Boole , Huntington,
:
= < , +, ., , 0, 1 >,
) , ,
) T +, ., ,
:
+ ,
. ,
.
) T 0 1 (0,1), -
.
) a, b, c
3.1:
0. a, b B ab, B .
1. a+b B, a.b B
A2. a+b=b+a, a.b=b.a
A3. a+(b.c)=(a+b).(a+c), a.(b+c)=(a.b)+(a.c)
A4. a+0=a, a.1=a O
A5. a+ a =1, a. a =0
3.1 , ,
A , . a.b ab. ,
Boole (Huntington) a ( a -
a), a , ,
,
a a'.
:
Boole, A0, -
, -
,
. A ,
:
) T A0 B
. B -
0 1. B, ,
() .
) A1
, . -
a, b B () c (
a b), B. -
, .. -
, .
) A A2
a () b -
b () a.
) T A3
3 . 2 B O O L E 87
, a.(b+c), -
, a+(b.c). -
.
) T A4 , -
,
B, 0 1 ,
. 0 -
1, .
0 1.
) T A5 a B
, a -
a , a
1 0. : a a, .
a +a 0.
Boole -
. H Boole, , -
,
:
) , .. -
,

.
) I ( A3),
. a+(b.c)=(a+b).(a+c), .
E ,
.
) , .., -
-
, . a+c = b+c a = b.
) T ( A5)
.
E ,
:
) B
) , .
.
O
Boole, -
-
( Boole). E
, .
B , -
Boole. M
, E 3.3.
E 3.3
Boole. E, ,
Boole -
:
3.1
I={a, b} , .
A={a} B={b}. I, , A B -
={I,,A,B} -
,
, 3.2, < , , , >
Huntington -
Boole.
3.2
+ .
A
T

+ A B I . A B I x x
A B I I
A A A I I A A A A B
B B I B I B B B B A
I I I I I I A B I I
3 . 2 B O O L E 89
N ,
A
3.1 ( 3.2), Huntington.
3.1
A 3.1:
3.1
) N
. (Y: E -

).
) N -
. (Y:
-
).
3.2.1 A
3.1 A1 A5
. H
,
, ,
, , -
. ..
+ . A3 :
a+(b.c) = (a+b).a+c)
a.(b+c) = (a.b)+(a.c)
H , Boole, -
-
.
H (Duality principle) :
(dual) , :
)

) 0 1.
Boole :
: Boole ,
. ..:
(a+a).(b'+1) = a, (a.a)+(b'.0) = a
, :
) 1 5
, ,
)
, -
.
T ,
.
N :
A
3.2 ) F = (a+b').(b+c+0) F = a.b'+b.c.1
) a+(a.b) = a a.(a+b) = a
) (a+b)' = a'.b' (a.b)' = a'+b'
) a+a'.b = a+b a.(a'+b) = a.b
3.2.2
M .. a+(b+c).a+a.b+(b+c).b,
, .
B, .. a, b, c,
, .
E, -
a,b,c / 0, 1 ,
+, ., . .. a+b.c.(a+c)'
, a.b+(a'+b').(a'+b.c').
H -
Boole.
, -
, : , ,
3 . 2 B O O L E 91
. .. a.b+a.c
(a.b)+(a.c). Y ab a.b.
N
A
a=0, b=1 c=1:
3.3
) F = a+bc
) F = (a+b)(a+c)
) F = (a+b)c. N F
F .
3.2.3
A0 A5 , -
E 3.2, ,
Y. T -

.
a+a = a, a.a = a
E: E:
a = a+0 4 a = a.1 4
= a+a.a' 5 = a.(a+a') 5
= (a+a).(a+a') 3 = a.a+a.a' 3
= (a+a).1 5 = a.a+0 5
= a+a 4 = a.a 4
2
a+1 = 1, a.0 = 0
E: E:
1 = a+a' 5 0 =a.a' 5
= a+(1.a') 4 = a.(0+a') 4
= (a+1).(a+a') 3 = a.0+a.a' 3
= (a+1).1 5 = a.0+0 5
= a+1 4 = a.0 4
3
a+(a.b) = a, a.(a+b) = a
E: E:
a = a.1 4 a = a+0 4
= a.(b+1) 2 = a+(b.0) 2
= a.(1+b) 1 = a+(0.b) 1
= (a.1)+(a.b) 3 = (a+0).(a+b) 3
= a+(a.b) 4 = a.(a+b) 4
4
:
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
:
[a+(b+c)][(a+b)+c] = [(a+b)+c][a+(b+c)] 2
{[a+(b+c)](a+b)}+{[a+(b+c)]c} = {[(a+b)+c]a}+{[(a+b)+c](b+c)} 3
[a+(b+c)a]+[ab+(b+c)b]}+{[ac]+[(b+c)c]} =
={[(a+b)a]+[ac]}+{[(a+b)b+bc]+[(a+b)c+c]}
{[a]+[ab+(b+bc)]}+{[ac]+[bc+c]} = {[a+ab]+[ac]}+{[(ab+b)+bc]+[c]}3
{[a]+[ab+b]}+{[ac]+[c]} = {[a]+[ac]}+{[b+bc]+[c]} 3
{a+b}+{c} = {a}+{b+c} 3
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
-
: (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) = a+b+c.
4
:
(a.b).c =a.(b.c)
:
[a.(b.c)]+[(a.b).c] = [(a.b).c)]+[a.(b.c)] 2
{[a(bc)]+(ab)}{[a(bc)]+c} = {[(ab)c]+a}{[(ab)c]+(bc)} 3
3 . 2 B O O L E 93
{a[(bc)+b]}{[a+c][(bc)+c]} = {[(ab)+a][a+c]}{[(ab)+b]c} 3
{a[b]}{[a+c][c]} = {[a][a+c]}{[b]c} 3
{ab}{ac+c} = {a+ac}{bc} 3
{ab}{c} = {a}{bc} 3
(ab)c = a(bc)

: (a.b).c = a.(b.c) = a.b.c.
5
a' a:
) a' .
a, a1'=a a2'=a,
.
: a+a1'=1, a+a2'=1 a.a1'=0, a.a2'=0.
E a2' = 1.a2' A4
= (a+a1').a2' A5
= a.a2'+a1'.a2' A3
= 0+a1'.a2' A5
= a.a1'+a1'.a2' A5
= a1'.(a+a2') A3
= a1'
) a' a, . (a')'=a.
a'=(a)', a a'.
6
de Morgan:
) (a+b)' = a'.b', ) (ab)' = a'+b'
T 6) (a'.b') (a+b). A
(a+b) (a'.b') -
A5:
(a+b)+a'.b' = 1 (a+b).(a'.b') = 0
E:
(a+b)+a'.b'= [(a+b)+a'].[(a+b)+b'] (a+b).(a'.b') = a.a'.b'+b.a'.b'
= (1+b).(a+1) = a.a'.b'+a'.b.b'
=1 =0
T 6) , a b -
a' b'.
T de Morgan -

.
7
A.
a+a'.b = a+b, a.(a'+b) = a.b
E: E:
a+b = 1.(a+b) A4 a.b = 0+a.b A4
= (a+a').(a+b) A5 = a.a'+a.b A5
= a+a'.b A3 = a(a'+b) A3
T 1 7
3.3.
3.3
1. a+a = a a.a = a
B
2. a+1 = 1 a.0 = 0
Boole
3. a+(a.b) = a a.(a+b) = a
4. (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) (a.b).c = a.(b.c)
5. a' (a')' = a
6. (a+b)' = a'.b' (ab)' = a'+b'
7. a+a'. = a+b a.(a'+) = a.b
T 1 7, ,
-
. E K,
K.
3 . 2 B O O L E 95
3.2
: ab+a'c+bc = ab+a'c
A: ab+a'c = (ab+abc)+(a'c+a'bc) 3
= ab+a'c+abc+a'bc A2
= ab+a'c+(a+a')bc A3
= ab+a'c+1.bc A5
= ab+a'c+bc A4
3.3
:
F = (x'+xyz')+(x'+xyz')(x+x'y'z)
A: F = (x'+xyz')+(x'+xyz')(x+x'y'z)
= (x'+xyz').[1+(x+x'y'z)] 3
= x'+xyz' 2
= x'+yz' 7
3.4
: (abcd)' = a'+b'+c'+d'
A: a'+b'+c'+d' = (a'+b')+(c'+d')
= (ab)'+(cd)' 6
= [(ab).(cd)]' 6
= (abcd)'
3.5
: F = xy+wxyz'+x'y
A: F' = (xy+wxyz'+x'y)'
= ([xy+wxyz']+[x'y])'
= [xy+wxyz']'.[x'y]' 6
= (xy)'.(wxyz')'.[x'y]' 6
= (x'+y').(w'+x'+y'+z).[x+y'] 6
= (x'+y').[x+y'].(w'+x'+y'+z) A2
= [xx'+x'y'+xy'+y'y'].(w'+x'+y'+z) A3
= [0+x'y'+xy'+y'].(w'+x'+y'+z) A5,1
= [(x'+x+1)y'].(w'+x'+y'+z) 3
= [y'].(w'+x'+y'+z) 2
= (w'y'+x'y'+y'y'+y'z) A3
= (w'+x'+1+z).y' 1,A3
= y' 2
3.6
:
x'y' + x'z + xz' = y'z' + x'z + xz'
A: 3.2 , :
ab+a'c = ab+a'c+bc
-
. -
y'z',
, x'y', :
x'y'+x'z+xz' y'z'+x'z+xz'
[x'y'+xz']+x'z [y'z'+x'z]+xz'
[x'y'+xz'+y'z']+x'z [y'z'+x'z+x'y']+xz'
x'y'+xz'+x'z+y'z' = y'z'+x'z+xz'+x'y'
: O ,
.
. , ,
:
x'y'+x'z+xz' = [x'y'+xz']+x'z
= .
= x'y'+xz'+x'z+y'z'
= y'z'+x'z+xz'+x'y'
= .
= y'z'+x'z+xz'
3 . 2 B O O L E 97
3.7
:
xy+x'y'+x'yz = xyz'+x'y'+yz
A: 3.2:
ab+a'c = ab+a'c+bc
3.6:
xy+x'y'+x'yz xyz'+x'y'+yz
[xy+x'yz]+x'y' [xyz'+yz]+x'y'
[xy+x'yz+yz]+x'y' [xyz'+yz+xy]+x'y'
[xy+yz]+x'y' [yz+xy]+x'y'
xy+yz+x'y' = yz+xy+x'y'
3.8
:
E x+y = 0, x = 0 y = 0
A: x+y = 0 x+y = 0
x+y+y' = 0+y' x'+x+y = 0+x'
x+1 = y' 1+y = x' A5
1 = y' 1 = x'
E: x+y = 0 x+y = 0
(x+y).y' = 0.y' (x+y).x' = 0.x'
xy'+yy' = 0 xx'+yx' = 0 2
x.1+0 = 0 0+y.1 = 0 ( y'=1, x'=1)
E: x =0 y =0
3.9
:
E xy'+x'y = xz'+x'z, y = z
A: xy'+x'y = xz'+x'z xy'+x'y = xz'+x'z
(xy'+x'y)x = (xz'+x'z)x (xy'+x'y)x' = (xz'+x'z)x'
xy' = xz' x'y = x'z
(xy')' = (xz')'
x'+y = x'+z 6
(x'+y)x = (x'+z)x
xy = xz x'y = x'z
:
xy+x'y = xz+x'z
(x+x')y = (x+x')z
y =z
A. N 1 0
A
3.4 B. N : a+ab+ac+ad = a.
. N : (a+b+c+d)' = a'b'c'd'
. N : F = x'+y'+xyz'
E. N : F = a+a'b+a'b'c+a'b'c'd+
T. N F :
F = x'(y'+z')(x+y+z')
Z. N :
(x+y)(x'+y)(x+y')(x'+y') = 0
H. N : E a+b=a+c a'+b=a'+c, b=c
. N : E a+b=a+c ab=ac, b=c
I. N : E ab'+a'b=0, a=b
IA. N Boole,
B , B={1,0,a} (Y: -
a;).
IB. N
:
x'y' + x'z + xz' = y'z' + x'z + xz'
3 . 2 B O O L E 99
) X Huntington ( 3.1), -
3.2
a+a = a (1, 3.3), -
a+a (Y:
).
) x, y, z
, . d ,
=d. (Y:
. .. =xy+yz, ;
;)

H Boole ,
, A0 A5
(Huntington), A1 A5 .
H Boole
,
.
Boole ,
, -
, .
I , , -
, .

,, / 0, 1 -
+, ., . K
.
() , 1 7.
3.3 Boole
H Boole . A
-
( ). H -
() -
. H
.
O E :
O , . -
( A).
O ,
A
.
H ,
.
H ,
(A, K)
.
H
. H -

-
.
Boole,
E Boole. E -
,
. K -
,
, .
H Boole,
-
.
Boole.
3 . 3 B O O L E 101
Boole, :
) , 0 1 . ={0,1},
) +, .
, ={0,1}, -
( 3.4), :
3.4
A
OR AND NOT
+ . '
00 0 0 0 1
01 1 0 1 0
10 1 0
11 1 1
O 3.2 -
, ,
Boole. O ( 3.4) -
OR (), AND () NOT () -
Y 3.3.1. OR, AND, NOT, -
,
Boole.
O
, B . T -
-
, ,
,
. -
de Morgan (6, Y 3.2.3).
3.10
N de Morgan :
(a+b)' = a'b'
A: -
a b -
:
ab (a+b)' a'b'
00 1 1
01 0 0
10 0 0
11 0 0

, .
O
, -
0 1, . -
. Y 3.3.1 3.3.2, ,
:
K .
a, b, c, d :
A
3.5 ) N a+a=a a.a=a

) E ab'+a'b = c, ac'+a'c = b.
) N a, b, c, d, -
:
a'+ab = 0
ab = ac
ab+ac'+cd = c'd
) N
:
ab+a'b'+a'bc = abc'+a'b'+bc
3 . 3 B O O L E 103
3.3.1

.

, , . , :
1) OR (A OR B) =( ),
2) AND (A AND B) =( ),
3) NOT , ( ), NOT .
A ,
, . (True) (False). H
-
A B 3.5:
3.5
A
AB OR AND A NOT
FF F F F T
FT T F T F
TF T F
TT T T
: () 1,
, () 0, ,
3.5 3.4, .
Boole.
, 0 1
+=OR, .=AND =NOT, -
-
. , ,
, , ..
.

,
(Y 3.2.1), ,
, .
3.11
-
, . :
1) , 35
2) , 35
3) , 35
4) , 35.
Z .
A: , ,
, -
(). :
, / , 35
', / ', 35 '
T, , , -
:
1) A AND AND K 3) A' AND AND K
2) A AND ' AND K 4) A' AND ' D K'
H -
OR 1), 2), 3) 4) :
= ( AND AND K) OR (A AND ' AND K ) OR
(A' AND AND K) OR (A' AND ' D K')
M
:
= (..)+(.'.)+('..)+('.'.')
= ..+.'.+'..+'''
= ..+.'.+..+'..+''' ( 1)
= ..(+')+(+')..+''' (A A3)
= ..1+1..+''' (A A5)
= .+.+'''
H -
:
3 . 3 B O O L E 105
1) 35
2) / 35
3) , 35.
, -
, .
.
, ' =
NOT(), . :
' = (.+.+''')'
-
. H
( A 3.6).
M , ,

E T
3.6
Y=E A T B
Y=(E A T B),
A B , , A B Y
A, () B. A - F F T
A, - F T T
() Y. E -
T F F
Y ( 3.6),
T T T
, A B. E -
Y, , , :
Y = A'.B' + A'.B + A.B
= A'.(B'+B) + A.B = A' + A.B = (A'+A).(A'+B) = A' + B,
. (Y=1) (=0) Y=E A T B
:
Y = A' + B (3.1)
H ET, , -
. E
( 3.1), -
, . -
3.11 , -
.
3.12
E 3.11 1)
ET:
-
, . :
1) , 35
,
2) , 35,
3) , 35
4) , 35.
Z .
A: A 3.11, -
:
1) (.)' + 2) .'.
3) '.. 4) '.'.'
H :
= [(.)' + ] + [.'.] + ['..] + ['.'.']
= [A'+'+K] + A.'.K + '.. + '.'.'
= A'+'+K.[1 + A.' + '.] +A''.'
= A'+'+K + '.'.'
= A'.[1 + '.'] + ' + K
= A' + ' + K
H :
1) , 2) /, 3) 35.
E = A'+'+K = (A.)'+K :
E A , T K 35.
3 . 3 B O O L E 107
A. 3.11, -
A
. -
3.6
,
.
B. Boole
(3.1);
. , B, , E
,
' . H ,
:
) A B ,
) E ,
) A ,
) , E,
) B, A .
Z: () , () -
() -
.
K :
3.3
E: { ) E B K, A ,
) A }
T: B K.
M -
, . ,
B K A -
. -
. (Y: .
A . T
A; E
1, ;)
3.3.2 K (
)
O , -
Boole, 1938 C. Shannon
-
, . O,
Boole -
.

, , -
, ' , . -

.
( 3.2) : ,
, ,
() . ,
, ,
. E -
x y -
( 3.2, OR) ( 3.2, AND).
A 0
K 1
x
x
x y
y x
| | A|
3.2 OR AND NOT
O 3.7 A -
3.2, .
x y A K.
3 . 3 B O O L E 109
, ( 3.2
NOT).
3.7
A
xy OR AND x NOT
AA A A A K
AK K A K A
KA K A
KK K K
3.7 (K),
() ,
1 (K=1) (A) 0 (A=0),
3.7 3.4,
OR, AND, NOT. , ( 3.2):
) , -
OR
) ,
AND.
) ,
NOT.
M (K=1, A=0) -
(=OR, =AND) , -
-
. A
3.2 .
O , ,
,
.
3.13
3.3 -
. A, A1
A2. , , A1 A2
A ( ), .
: A1=A2=A. , -
, .
. ,
, . ()
() .

M
A1 B
A2
3.3
K
A:
) A, B, , -
. T M , , A2
.
A1 B , -

AND, . : A1
AND B. (A 1, B)
M, :
= (A1 AND B) AND M.
T M ,
, . AND , A2,
(, ). E:
M = ( AND ) OR A2
A M :
= (A1 AND B) AND ( ( AND ) OR A2).
E A1=A2=A,
:
= (A AND B) AND ( ( AND ) OR A).
3 . 3 B O O L E 111
M AND OR
, :
= (A.B).( (.)+A )
= (A.B).(.+A) = (A.B)..+(A.B).A = A.B..+A.B.A
= A.B..+A.B
H ,
, : A1, B, , , A2
A1, B, A2. Y A1=A2=A.
) H , , :
= A.B..+A.B
= A.B.(.+1) = A.B.1= A.B,
. , .
E K -
,
, K -
,
( E 3.8).
A. A, B, ,
A
:
3.7
= A.(B+).
N
, -
.
B. A1 A2 -
, A1 , A2
, . A1 = A2'. Z .

A2
A1 B

, M A, B, N , E, Z,
3.4
:
M = A+B. N = (+E).(+Z)
N -
, M N , -
, .
. -
. (Y:
A. B -
, . A= ..)

H , 0
1, OR, AND, NOT,
A , Boole.
E Boole ,

.
E 1 0
A , -
.
M ,
, -
1 0 OR,
AND, NOT.
T -
( ),
A=0
K=1 (AND)
(OR).
H
. O -
E,
, .
3.4 113
3.4
M
K , -
, -
-
. K
.
A E :
T K .
T .
M .
O (Shannon, de Morgan)
.
H -
. T ,
, .
O '
. E -
, , .

(x,
y), xA yB, . AB = {(x, y) | xA yB}. ..
={a1, ,am} ={b1, ,bn},
(ai, bj), i=1,, m, j=1,, n, .:
= {(a1,b1), (a1,b2), , (am,b1), , (am,bn)}

2 n = AAA, n .
f x1, x2, , xn:

y = f(x1, x2, , xn)
:
f: Bn B ={0,1},
.
x1, x2, , xn y .
n -
, -
( ) -
.
H , .
. O -
,
A. ..
3.8 f1(x1, x2)
f2(x1, x2). O A OR,
AND, NOT ( 3.4)
OR(,), AND(,), NOT().
3.8.

O
x1 x2 f1 f2

f1(x1, x2) f2(x1, x2) 00 0 0
01 1 0
10 1 0
11 1 1
(0 1), -
n , ,
2n , 2n 0 1.
, {0, 1}.
2n n
n
() 2 ( 2 )

n
, 2 ( 2 )
-
n .
A. ;
A
3.8 B. A
x, y (T -
3.8 , ).
3.4 115
3.4.1
O E 3.4 -
B ( )
( -
). Y , .
, :
(Truth Table)

. .. w=f(x,y,z)
A ( 3.9):
3.9
/ x y z w
A
0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
2 0 1 0 0
3 0 1 1 1
4 1 0 0 1
5 1 0 1 0
6 1 1 0 1
7 1 1 1 0
O A 2n , -
n . -
,
. -

bits ( Y 2.3.2)
A
(/, 3.9). H 0 2n1.
KARNAUGH
.
-
,
. ..
A
3.9, Karnaugh 3.4. O
0.
X Karnaugh 00, 01,
11, 10 ,
( K Gray
Y 2.2.3), . 11 10,
K 5.
Karnaugh u=f(x,y,z,w)
3.4,
.
zw
xy 00 01 11 10
00 1 1
yz
00 01 11 10 01 1 1
x
3.4 0 1 1 1 11 1
X Karnaugh: 1 1 1 10 1
()
() () ()
-
,
,
. .. w=f(x,y,z) -
, A 3.9, -
:
f(x,y,z) = x'y' + x'z + xz'
:
f(x,y,z) = y'z' + x'z + xz'

, ,
( 3.9). -
3.4 117
. -
(N).
-
( 3.5).
1,
0. .. 3.9
3.5:
110 111
10 11 100
1
101
x y z 3.5
010
y 011 N :
0 00 x 01 000 x 001 () , ()
() () () ()
,
. E , , -
(subcube), -
. 2k
N (0k<N) . .. 3.5
{000, 001}
1, {001,
011, 111, 101} ( ) .
. -
bits -
, A,
, , -
. ..
f(0,1,1)=1, f(3)=1,
f(1,0,1)=0, f(5)=0.
M -
,
1. , f(x,y,z)
:
f(x,y,z) = (k1, k2,, kn),
k1, k2,, kn
1. ..
3.9 :
f(x,y,z) = (0,1,3,4,6).
:
, -
. -
,
:
) n
, . 2n . , -
-
. .. VLSI 30 ()
230109 . -
( ).
) ,
()
. ,
,
, -
( ).
A. A n
A
(-
3.9
) , n ;
) n = 8, ) n = 10, ) n= 12, ) n = 16
B. N K B 3
3.9.
3.4 119
. ;
. H f(x,y,z) = x+yz -
f=1.
E. N A
f(x,y,z), . f(x,y,z), 1,
1. M -
;
T. M ,
, , . f(x,y) = f(y,x). N
f(x,y) = xy'+x'y .
2.2 (Y 2.3.2)
3.5
-
.
N
K
. E, ()
A () -
. (Y:
a b, .. 1 -
1 0 0. K -
A -
.)
3.4.2
E Boole, Y-
3.2.1, -
. T A -
Shannon de Morgan.
A (Shannon)
,
C. Shannon, :
y = f(x1,,xk,,xn)
, ,
xk -
:
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn) (3.2)

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = [xk+ f(x1,,0,,xn)]. x k + f(x1,,1,,xn)] (3.2)
T (3.2)
xk.
3.14
N x f(x,y,z),
A 3.9.
A: H f(x,y,z), 3.2,
:
f(x,y,z) = x.f(1, y, z) + x'.f(0, y, z),
f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z) f
A ( 3.9, x=0 x=1) :
xyz f(0, y, z) xyz f(1, y, z)

000 1 100 1
001 1 101 0
010 0 110 1
011 1 111 0
3.4 121
3.15
H f(x,y,z) = x'y'+x'z+xz',
3.14 ( Y 3.4.1, 3.9),
x, y z.
A: K 3.2 :
f(x,y,z) = x.f(1, y, z) + x'.f(0, y, z),
f0 f1 :
f(0, y, z) = 0'y'+0'z+0.z' = 1.y'+1.z+0 = y'+z
f(1, y, z) = 1'y'+1'z+1.z' = 0.y'+0.z+1.z' = z'
O f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z)
y :
f(0, y, z) = y.f(0, 1, z) + y'.f(0, 0, z)
f(1, y, z) = y.f(1, 1, z) + y'.f(1, 0, z),
:
f(0, 0, z) = 0'+z = 1 f(0, 1, z) = 1'+z = z
f(1, 0, z) = z' f(1, 1, z) = z'
E, , f(x,y,z) -
:
f(x,y,z) = x.f(1, y, z) + x'f(0, y, z)
f(x,y,z) = x.[y.f(1, 1, z) + y'.f(1, 0, z)] + x'.[y.f(0, 1, z) + y'f(0, 0, z)]
f(x,y,z) = x.[y.z' + y'.z'] + x'.[y.z + y'.1]
:
f(x,y,z) = x.y.z' + x.y'.z' + x'.y.z + x'.y'
T (3.2), ,

xk. 1 -
0 f.
3.16
H f(x,y,z), A
3.14 ( 3.9), :
f(x,y,z) = [x+f(0, y, z)].[ x +f(1, y, z)],

f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z) A
3.14.
3.17
H f(x,y,z) = x'y'+x'z+xz',
3.15, :
f(x,y,z) = [x+f(0, y, z)].[ x +f(1, y, z)],

f(0, y, z) f(1, y, z), 3.15
A. H f(x,y,z) = x+yz
A
y. H f(x,y,z)
3.10
N -
.
B. H f(x,y,z) = xy'+x'y -
y.
DE MORGAN
f'
f 0, f
1 . Y 3.2.3 de
Morgan ( 6),
. T -
.
de Morgan -
f' f
:
f'(x1,,xn, +, ., 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
O :
) ,
) + . ,
) , , 0 1 .
3.4 123
E , f'.
T
, , -
de Morgan (6), Y 3.2.3
.
3.18
3.15 f(x,y,z),
3.9 ( 3.14),
:
f(x,y,z) = [x.y.z'] + [x.y'.z'] + [x'.y.z] + [x'.y']
O -
. M -
de Morgan f(x,y,z),
f'(x,y,z).
A: f'(x,y,z)
f(x,y,z) -
:
f'(x,y,z) = [(x)'+(y)'+(z')'] . [(x)'+(y')'+(z')'] . [(x')'+(y)'+(z)'] . [(x')'+(y')']
E
f'(x,y,z) = ([x'+y'+z] . [x'+y+z]) . ([x+y'+z'] . [x+y])
= (x'x'+x'y+x'z+x'y'+y'y+y'z+x'z+yz+z) . (xx+xy'+xz'+xy+y'y+yz')
= (x'+x'y+x'z+x'y'+0+y'z+x'z+yz+z) . (x+xy'+xz'+xy+0+yz')
= (x'.[1+y+z+y']+z[y'+x'+y+1]) . (x[1+y'+z'+y]+yz')
= (x'+z) . (x+yz')
= x'yz'+xz
H f' f. H -
, A f' -
f ( (3.9):
x y z f f' = x'yz'+xz
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1
, f=1, f'=0 -
.
A. E de Morgan
A
(E 3.2.1).
3.11
B. 3.18:
Z f, . fd, -
fd, . (fd)'. N (fd)' -
f.

: AB = {(x,
y) | xA yB}
y = f(x1, x2 , , xn) -
:
f: Bn B ={0,1}, { } > { }
T : A, X Karnaugh,
, NK, A .
O A (),
. H ,
( ).
3.4 125
A (Shannon):
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn)

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = [xk+ f(x1,,0,,xn)].[ x k + f(x1,,1,,xn)]
de Morgan:
f'(x1,,xn, +, . , 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
3.5 E M
O E M -
, -
.
E
:
E .
M .
-
. E E (E 3.6).
O E M ,
, -
x:
x0= x x1= x.
a
xi i , i,
ai:
x ai i = { x i a i =1
x i a i = 0
E (minterms)
m(x1,x2,,xn)
(minterm), :
m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a i x a2 2 x ann
ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1}
m.
2n n
, . ai.
k
ai:
k10 = a1a2an,
mk.
3.19
m(x,y)
:
0. m0(x,y) = x0y0 = x'y' a1a2 = 00 => 0,
1. m1(x,y) = x0y1 = x'y 01 => 1,
2. m2(x,y) = x1y0 = x y' 10 => 2,
1 1
3. m3(x,y) = x y = x y 11 => 3.
O A o :
minterms
m0 m1 m2 m3
/ xy x'y' x'y x y' xy
0 00 1 0 0 0
1 01 0 1 0 0
2 10 0 0 1 0
3 11 0 0 0 1
-
-
x1, x2, , xn, 1
0. -
, .
mk :
m k (k) = 0 m k (j) = 1, j k.
3.19 m0(0,0)=1, m0(0,1)=0 ..

3.5 127
M (Maxterms)
(x1,x2,,xn)
(Maxterm), :
(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann
ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1}
M.
2n n
.
, k
ai .
k10 = a1 a2 an,
k. : -
(maxterms) M,
(minterms) m.
3.20
O (x,y) :
0. 0(x,y) = x + y = x +y
0 0
a1a2 = 00 => 0,
1. 1(x,y) = x + y = x +y'
0 1
01 => 1,
2. 2(x,y) = x + y = x'+y
1 0
10 => 2,
3. 3(x,y) = x + y = x'+y'
1 1
11 => 3.
O A :
Maxterms
M0 M1 M2 M3
/ xy x+y x+y' x'+y x'+y'
0 00 0 1 1 1
1 01 1 0 1 1
2 10 1 1 0 1
3 11 1 1 1 0
2n

, 0
1. -
, .
k :
M k (k) = 0 M k (j) = 1, j k.
3.20 M0(0,0)=0, M0(0,1)=1 ..

, n , i j
{0, , 2n1}. E, , -
j i
j i:
1. mi.mj=0 , Mi + Mj=1 j i
2. m =1, M = 0
i
i
i
i
3. m = (M ) , M = (m ) ,
i j i i
ji ji
4. m i = Mi , Mi = mi .
M minterms maxterms (-
A
3.19 3.20) i=1 :
3.12
) m i = (M )
ji
j ) Mi = (m )
ji
i
) m i = M i ) M i = m i
E : m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 x 2a 2 x ann .
: m k (k) = 1 m k (j) = 0, j k.
M : (x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann
: M k (k) = 0 k (j) = 1, j k.
3 . 6 K 129
3.6 K
M E M

.
E :
O K .
T .
M
K .
K () K
. E -
K -
.
O E M
. Y 3.4.1,
A
. M E
M A
'
. O
:
(Canonical Sum of Products)

A n
minterms:
A(x1,,xn) = i mi(x1,,xn)
T
f(x1,,xn) -
:
f(x1,,xn) = i [f(i) . mi(x1,,xn)],
i x1,,xn -
, f(i) -
i mi minterm. T ,
k x1,,xn:
) minterm mk 1,
0 ( E E 3.5), .
mk(k) = 1 mi(k) = 0 ( i k )

)
f(k) = f(k) . mk(k) = f(k).1
,
f(k)=0, -
:
f(x1 ,, x n ) = m (x ,, x
i f(i) =1
i 1 n)
. minterms mi, f(i)=1.
3.21
f(x,y), ,
minterms m0, m1, m2, m3:
minterms
m0 m1 m2 m3
/ xy f x'y' x'y x y' xy
0 00 1 1 0 0 0
1 01 0 0 1 0 0
2 10 1 0 0 1 0
3 11 1 0 0 0 1
, minterm 1 -
x, y :
f(x,y) = 1.m0(x,y) + 0.m1(x,y) +1.m2(x,y) + 1.m3(x,y)
= x'y'+xy'+ xy

Shannon
.
3 . 6 K 131
T :
) E A f
, minterms
f=1.
)
, .
. , minterms,
A -
.
() .
(Canonical Product of Sums)

A n
maxterms:
A(x1,,xn) = i Mi(x1,,xn)
T
f(x1,,xn) -
:
f(x1,,xn) = i [f(i) + i(x1,,xn)],
i x1,,xn -
, f(i)
i Mi maxterm. T ,
k x1,,xn:
) maxterm Mk 0, 1
( M E 3.5), .
Mk(k) = 0 Mi(k) = 1 ( i k )
)
f(k) = 1.1[f(k) + 0]1.1 = f(k)+0.
A , -
, f(k)=1,
:
f(x1 ,, x n ) =
i f(i) = 0
Mi (x1 ,, x n )
. maxterms Mi f(i) = 0.
3.22
f(x,y) (
3.19), maxterms M0, M1, M2, M3:
Maxterms
M0 M1 M2 M3
/ xy f x+y x+y' x'+y x'+y'
0 00 1 0 1 1 1
1 01 0 1 0 1 1
2 10 1 1 1 0 1
3 11 1 1 1 1 0
A maxterm 0 -
x, y :
f(x,y) = [1+M0(x,y)][0+M1(x,y)][1+M2(x,y)][1+M3(x,y)] = M1(x,y)
= x + y'

Shannon
.
, -
:
) E A f
,
maxterms f=0.
)
, .
. , maxterms,
A -
.
() .
3 . 6 K 133
T f' -
f, :
1. f K :
f(x1,,xn) = i [f(i).mi(x1,,xn)]
f(x1,,xn) = i [f(i) + i(x1,,xn)]
f :
f'(x1,,xn) = i [f'(i) + i(x1,,xn)]
f'(x1,,xn) = i [f'(i).mi(x1,,xn)]
T de Morgan
4 E 3.5.
2. (),
-
.
.
A K
f(x1,,xn)
, A (
3.21). E , -
. Y, , -
:
1. Shannon
.
2. ,
minterms, f(i)=1, .
3. ,
:
. (
),
. , minterm, -
,
. , minterm,
xi -
(xi+xi'),
.
.
3.23
Z :
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
A: , () -
()
x y, z
:
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
= z'+ x'y + xyz
= (x+x')(y+y')z' + x'y(z+z') + xyz
= xyz' + xy'z' + x'yz' + x'y'z' + x'yz + x'yz' + xyz
= x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz' + xyz
A K A
f(x1,,xn)
:
1.
Shannon .
2. ,
Maxterms, f(i)=0, .
3. ,
:
. , -
,
(A A3, E 3.2),
. , Maxterm, -
,
3 . 6 K 135
. , Maxterm,
xi -
( xi . xi'),
. xi . xi'
.
3.24
Z -
:
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
A: E .
:
f(x,y,z) = x'y + z' + xyz
E :
f(x,y,z) = x'y + z' + xyz
= x'y + [z'+xyz]
= [x'+z'+xyz] [y+z'+xyz]
= [(x'+z'+x)(x'+z'+y)(x'+z'+z)] [(y+z'+x)(y+z'+y)(y+z'+z)]
= [(1)(x'+z'+y)(1)] [(y+z'+x)(y+z'+y)(1)]
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(y+z')
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(xx'+y+z')
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(x+y+z')(x'+y+z')
= (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')
M K M
K
f(x1,,xn),
de Morgan,
f = (f')', :
1.
f'(x1,,xn)
2. (f').
3.25
3.23 :
f(x,y,z) = z' + y(x'+xz)
, , :
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz' + xyz
Z K .
A: de Morgan,
:
f'(x,y,z) = (x+y+z) (x+y'+z) (x+y'+z') (x'+y+z) (x'+y'+z) (x'+y'+z')
= (x+xy'+y'z+z) (x+y'+z') (x'+x'y'+y'z+z) (x'+y'+z')
= (x+xz+y'z) (x'+x'z+y'z)
= (x+y'z) (x'+y'z)
= xy'z+x'y'z+y'z
= y'z.(x+x')
= xy'z+x'y'z
K f' :
f = (f')' = (xy'z+x'y'z)' = (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')
3.24.
A. N () K () K-
A
A :
3.13
f(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z)
B. N K
f1 f2 , :
f1(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z)
f2(x,y,z) = y+z'
YNOH 137
:
f(x1 ,, x n ) = m (x ,, x
i f(i) =1
i 1 n)
. minterms mi f(i)=1.
H .
A :
, xi, -
( xi + x1i ) .
:
f(x1 ,, x n ) = M (x ,, x
i f(i) = 0
i 1 n)
. maxterms Mi, f(i) = 0.

H .
A -
: , xi, -
(xi.xi').
3.7
M -
,
. E
(Y 3.3.2).

, .
T E, :
T , -
.
T .
T NAND, NOR, XOR.
T I
.
T ,
.
T -
.
E
. , -
. A
,
( ).
O -
w|
-
x|
y| . A :
z f(w,x,y,z) = w(z+y+x)+z
3.6 T 3.6.
f(w,x,y,z). T-
w, x, y, z
f(w,x,y,z) = w(z+y+x)+z . E, -
,
, -
, . E
, -
Y 3.3.2.
O , , -
. H -
A (Y 3.4.2) K (E-
3.6) ' . O , -
(E 3.4),
.
3.7.1
M
Boole. O -
-
,
3 . 7 139
. M '
Boole.
(22)2=16. 3.10 16 -
.
xy f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 f15

00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
01 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
3.10
, -

( )

, , -
,
. -
.
, -
,
. 3.7
3.10 -
.
16
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR XOR ( 3.7).

.
3.7.2
O -
. A ,

. ,
, -
.
'
,
. 3.7
, .
' -
.
T
, ,
,
.
,
. O -
A h

f0 = 0 0 0 0
f1 = xy xy AND x|
y
x|
f2 = xy' x/y x "" y y
f3 = x x M x
f4 = x'y y/x y "" x x|

y
f5 = y y M y
f6 = xy'+x'y XOR x|
xy y
x|
f7 = x+y x+y OR y
x|
f8 = (x+y)' x'y' NOR y
f9 = x'y'+xy xy XNOR x|

y
f10 = y' y' NOT y
f11 = x+y' x+y' E y T x x|

y
f12 = x' x' NOT x

x|
f13 = x'+y x'+y E x T y y
3.7 x|
f14 = (xy)' x'+y' NAND y
-
f15 = 1 1 1 1
3 . 7 141
( K 4). E -

3.3 ( 3.13).

-
.
3.26

:
f(w,x,y,z) = w(z+y+x)+z
H f(w,x,y,z)
3.6.
A: 3.6
, 3.8:
w|
w(y+z+x)
x|
x+(y+z) w(y+z+x)+z
3.8
y|
y+z Y
z
K 4
.
NAND NOR
K
. AND,
NOT, OR,
NOT. O :
NAND(x,y) = (x.y)' NOR(x,y) = (x+y)'
. .. -
( Y 3.7.1)
de Morgan.
XOR
XOR, , , -
, :
1) x y = {1 x y
0 x = y
2) x 1 = x x 0 = x.
3) x y = y x
4) x(y z) = (x y) (x z)
5) (x y) z = x ( y z ) = x y z
H 1) -
. E x y
, , (x XOR y) = 0, x y .
T ,
XOR
x y, , -
x y XOR.
3.7.3 I
1=<S1,F1,1> 2=<S2,F2,2>, -
S1 S2, F1 F2 -
1 2, , S1
S2 F1 F2 , :
S1 S2 F1 F2, 1 2.
, , -
(Y 3.3.1),
K (Y 3.3.2). O
-
.

,
, . X ' -

.
3 . 7 143

,
-
-
. H -
K 4.
X 3.7:
A
) N : 3.14
f(x,y,z) = xy'+z+x'y
M ;
) :
f(w,x,y,z) = (wx'+yz)'
) ' A, B . K -
0 1.
, 1.
0. H
. N -
,
1, , 0, -
.
) N ,
f(w,x,y,z), f=1, w=y
xz, f=0.
) N XOR :
x(y z) = (x y) (x z)
) N XOR -
:
(x y) z = x ( y z ) = x y z
3.5
3.6
K -
(Y 2.3.2 2.2).
N

K . K,
K K -
. E, K -
, , XOR. (Y:
A,
, .. K M. -
XOR minterms .).
3.7.4
K
-
Boole, -
+, ., .
,

. '
. -
Boole .
-
, -
Boole.
3.27
T {+, } {., } .
A:
Boole:
Boole : : { +, }, { ., }
x+y : x+y, (x'.y')'
x.y : (x'+y')', x.y
x' : x', x'
3 . 7 145

. .. -
NAND
NOR. , -
, , ..
.
N , -
A
3.7, .
3.15
) {NOR}
) {NAND}
) {OR, NOT}
) {AND, NOT}
3.7.5
, . -
, -
,
(). , , -

, .
-
.
M OR -
OR , 3.9. T

((a+b)+c)+d = a+b+c+d = c+b+a+d
,
(4, Y 3.2.3)
(A2, E 3.2)
. E,
OR ,
,
. H OR -
.
3.9 a| a|
b| a+b+c+d b|
OR c| c|
d d
AND , 3.10, -
AND . T

((a.b).c).d = a.b.c.d = c.b.a.d
-
AND -
AND .
3.10 a| a|
b| abcd b|
AND c| c|
d d
, , -
: () ()
.
AND OR , , -
.
AND OR 2, 3, 4 8 .
NAND NOR , ..
NAND( NAND(x,y), z ) = ((x y)' z)' = ((x'+y') z)' = (x'z + y'z)'
:
NAND( x, NAND(y,z) ) = (x (y z)' )' = (x (y'+z') )' = (xy' + xz')'
O -
, , :
NAND(x,y,z,w,) = (x y z w )'
NOR(x,y,z,w,) = (x+y+z+w+)'
M NAND NOR .
3 . 7 147
XOR - XOR
, .
3.11 . M
xyz XOR
XOR "1",
"1" . 000 0
. 001 1
010 1
x
x 011 0
y y
z
z 100 1
101 0
3.11
110 0
I XOR
111 1
O K:
A
) N : 3.16
xyz+wy'z'+wxz = xyz+wy'z'+wxy'
) f(x,y,z) :
f(x,y,z) = x'yz+xy'+y'z'
) H M(x,y,z) 1, -
1, :
M(x,y,z) = xy+xz+yz
M(x,y,z) -
0 .
)
, . -
.
M ,
.
3.6 ,
3.7
K -
(Y 2.3.2 2.2), -
K .
K
K
NAND. (Y: H NAND . N
NAND.
.)

O .
O , -
.
-
-
-
/ .
O -
: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR XOR.
H I -
K, -
.
O
. K -
.
Y .
YNOH 149
T K , -
. O -
Boole.
T A-
. -
.
H Boole 19 ,
.

.
H Boole, Huntington, -
B, (,
) .
-
. T Boole ,
,
.

/ . M
, -
. -
:
, , .
H Boole . O -
Boole, , de
Morgan, a+a=a, a+1=1, a+(a.b)=a, a+a'.b=a+b ..,

.
H Boole , ,
0 1, -
(+=OR, .=AND, =NOT).
O .
H -
, (T1)
(F0)
(OR, AND, NOT) '
, -
.
H -
, . O -
(=1, =0)
( ,
bit=1 0) . H -
,
(AND) (OR), -
() .
H
(: =1, =0,
AND, OR)

. H -
( ) . A-
,
.
O -
( ) ,
( ) -
( ).
(22)n -
n .
M . O -
: A, A-
, . O A
,
. H -
, ( ).
T A (Shannon)
xk:
YNOH 151
) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn),

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = [xk+ f(x1,,0,,xn)].[ x k + f(x1,,1,,xn)]
T de Morgan -
f' f
f, :
f'(x1,,xn, +, . , 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
E (minterm) m(x1,x2,,xn)
:
m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a 1 x a2 2 x ann ,
ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1}.

x1, x2, , xn, 1
0.
:
m k (k) = 1 m k (j) = 0, j k.
M (Maxterm) (x1,x2,,xn)
:
(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann ,

ai , ai={0,1}.

,
0
1. -
:
k (k) = 0 k (j) = 1, j k.
(Canonical Sum of Products) -
f(x1,,xn) :
f(x1 ,, x n ) = m (x ,, x
i f(i) =1
i 1 n)
. minterms m i f(i)=1. H
.
M ,
, minterm,
xi -
(xi+xi').
(Canonical Product of Sums)
f(x1,,xn) :
f(x1 ,, x n ) = (x ,, x
i f(i) = 0
i 1 n)
. maxterms M i f(i) = 0. H
.
M ,
, Maxterm,
xi
( xi . xi' ).
H ( )
K
-
. O
.
O , , ..,
.
-
, -
.
A , ,
-
: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR XOR.
K , ,
' Boole (-
A Shannon, K ). -
,
.
YNOH 153
Y , (AND, NOT), (OR, NOT), -

, NAND, NOR, -
. T

. H ,
,
.
A -
, -
, -
,
.
Morris Mano, , PrenticeHall 1991 (E -

)
2 K -
Boole, ,
.
4 K , -
, Boole. :

. -
-
.
Gregg J., Ones and Zeroes Understanding Boolean Algebra, Digital Circuits
and the Logic of Sets, IEEE Press, 1998.
T K 1 8 Boole,

.
3 K Boole
. H , -
. H Boole .
K 2 -
, ,
Boole .
Gajski D., Principles of Digital Design, PrenticeHall 1997.
3 K Boole
. E
.
Schaum's Series, Boolean Algebra and Switching Circuits, McGraw Hill
Boole,
,
.
Sandige R., Modern Digital Design, McGrawHill, 1990.

.
Davio, Deschamps, Thayse, Digital Systems with algorithm
implementation, Wiley & Sons (1983).
A Boole -

.
Bryant R.E., Graphbased algorithms for Boolean function manipulation,
IEEE Trans Computers, vol C35, no 8, pp. 677691, August 1986.
BDD, -
,
( ).
Harrison M., Introduction to Switching and Automata Theory,
McGrawHill, 1965.
M Boole -
( )
Rosenbloom P., The Elements of Mathematical Logic, Dover, 1950.
Boole
B I B I O PA I A 155
M ( ).
Boole G., An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Dover, 1954
A G. Boole.
Huntington E., Sets of independent postulates for the algebra of logic,
Trans. of the American Mathematical Society vol 5 (1904), pp. 288209.
T Huntington .
Shannon C., A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Trans.
of the AIEE, vol 57 (1938).
H -
.
De Morgan Augustus, On the Syllogism and Other Logical Writings, New
Haven, Yale, 1966.
T de Morgan.
Couturat L., The Algebra of Logic, Chicago, Open Court, 1914.
M P. Ehrenfest,
(1914), .
K
E 3.1
. H -
-
(E 3.3), . A

(E 3.7). Y -
, (Y 3.7.4),
, .
.
E
, K , -
, ,
, -
-
.

K, :
N () .
.
T MOS CMOS .
N
.
T O K,
.
M O H .
.
T .
A H
158 K E A A I O 4 : Y N YA T I K A K Y K M A T A
FanOut, FanIn
MOS, CMOS O
7400
A 4000
E ECL
O Stackat
K A
SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI P
K 3 -
. T
K ,
, , (, -
).
, (K 6)

Boole. T K , -
, K 3.
-
(Y 4.4.1).
.
4.1 E 159
4.1 E
(E 3.1) -
:
x1 y1
E xi F yk 4.1
-
xn ym

(E-
3.4) yk = fk(x1, , xi,xn), k=1, , m .
-
.
(design)
,
, .
,

(Y 3.7.1). , ,
..,
.
,
, :
.
' K '

.
4.2 K
K -
VLSI, .. . E
, -
, .. .
A E :

VLSI, MOS CMOS.
T -
.
N .
N -
.
T .
T MOS -
VLSI.
E Y 3.3.2. M -
. , ,
-
.
-
. E

( ),
, ( ).
,
..
K M K-
O (VLSI), -
MOS (Y 4.2.2). -
MOS VLSI
( m),
.

(Y 3.3.2). Y
:
x,
x=1 , x=0 -
. 4.2 -
Y 3.3.2.
4 . 2 K 161
x 4.2
x y x
B -

x :
y
x x+y xy () ,
()
() () () ()
() ,
()
FAB (x1,,xn)
1,
, 0, -
. , F1 F2
4.1:
4.1
F1 F2 OR F1+F2 AND F1.F2 . NOT F1'
A
00 0 0 1

01 1 0 1 M
10 1 0 0
11 1 1 0
4.1

:
x y
F1 F1
x
z
y F2 F3 F4
: -
. K
.
A. X '
F1 F2. O F2 : F2=F3.F4.
F :
F = F1 + F2 = F1 + (F3.F4) = x.y'+(x'+y).z
A. (E
3.3), F ( 3.2):
F = xy'+x'y+yz = xy'+xy'z+x'z+x'y'z+yz = x.y'+z
: -
:
x y
F = xy' + z

x1 x2
,
A x5 B 4.3. : -
x4 x3
A B. F1,,Fn .
F
4.3
Fi:

n
F= F
i =1
i
4.2
H FAB 4.3 :
FAB = x1 x2 + x1 x5 x3 + x4 x3 + x4 x5 x2
x y
A
-
4.1
. y x
z
4 . 2 K 163
N
4.1
( ). '
F
(f=1) (f=0) F
. Y
X Y x y
. N
.
(Y: A xy/f,
,
, -
, f. A 00/0

. A '
x '
y).
4.2.1
3.13 ( 3.3) -
, ( )
.
, -
( E 1.2)
, Ampere (A), , -
, Volt (V). O
Ampere Volt . ..
, 0 A.
T -
Ohm (). E
AB 4.4 I
VAB, R W -
:
VAB
R= , W = VAB * I
I
I
4.4
A B R R
() H
VAB
(), ()
() () ()
T () -
, , -
, 109 . E -
, . -
(-
), -
. 4.4
4.4. M

, .
E R1 R2 , 4.5
( ), VZ
Z :
R2 1
Vz = E fi Vz = E
R1 + R 2 R1
1+
4.5 R2
()
Z:
,
() , ) 1, E/2<VZ<E ( VZ=H)
() ) 0, 0<VZ<E/2 ( VZ=L).
E E E
X VZ Z X VZ Z
R1 R1 0| H| 1| X 0| L| 0|
1 L 0 1 H 1
Z Z Z
R2 X I
R2
VZ VZ VZ
() () ()
4 . 2 K 165
E R2 ( 4.5) X (
4.5) :
) (X=1), R2
R1, .
R1/R2 => VZ 0 => VZ=L
) (X=0), R2
R1, .
R1/R2 => VZ E => VZ=H

Z . E, , R1 (
4.5) X ( 4.5),
, (/-
I R2)
( ).
M 4.6
(ratio logic),
K :
. 4.6 , () NAND,
, NAND, NOR XOR. () NOR () XOR.
E x y VZ Z E x y VZ Z E x y VZ Z
0| 0| H| 1| 0| 0| H| 1| 0| 0| L| 0|
0| 1| H| 1| 0| 1| L| 0| x y 0| 1| H| 1|
1| 0| H| 1| Z 1| 0| L| 0| x y 1| 0| H| 1|
Z 1 1 L 0 1 1 L 0 1 1 L 0
y x y Z
x
() () ()
E , -
4.5 4.6, ,
() . 4.7
y x. H x
, '
x A.
( 4.5)
E, ( 4.5, 4.6),
EA,
A. E, R ( 4.7)
VZ Z , y, -
VX=EA A (EA=H EA=L). A
A 4.7 -
AND .
y
y x
VX x y Z A xy Z
x Z Z
L| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0|
y
A R L| 0| 1| 0| B x R 0| 1| 1|
H| 1| 0| 0| 1| 0| 1|
EA H 1 1 1 11 0
() ()
4.7 M 4.7 XOR,

() AND x y ' -
() XOR ( )

A B. XOR 4.6 -
( ). H , -
MOS,
Y 4.2.2, (pass
transistor logic).

. M
, , , -
. AND 4.7 -
y r. T,
ZV>E/2 (Z=1), x=y=1, :
R E E r+R
E A > fi E A >
r+R 2 2 R
n , n
() ZV>E/2, , EAi
4 . 2 K 167
(i=n1,,1), E>EA1>E/2, .:
n -1 n -1
E r + R r + R
< E fi <2
2 R R
A , ,
r+R>R, ( 4 5)
.
4.2.2 MOS CMOS
Y 4.2.1
MOS CMOS ,
, ,
O K.
Y , metaloxide silicon (MOS)
(bipolar). T ,
(silicon chip).
T VLSI -
MOS, chip 100 mm2.
MOS
.
Y , p n. p
(majority
carriers) (pcarriers )
(minority carriers) (ncarriers
). n . ,
MOS , majority carriers
pMOS, , -
nMOS.
4.8 . Y-
p.
( ) n.
-
source drain. E
E, 4.8, . H -
, -
n .
.
source drain source drain
n E n n E
p| p|

() ()
4.8 4.8 , -
H () n. E E,
, () , drain -
, -
.
T nMOS , 4.8 -
, gate ( 4.9). M
gate
(),
gate . H
gate ,
.
VG
source gate drain
n n E gate gate
p|
drain drain
source source
() () ()
4.9 drain E
() gate source VG ( 4.9). E
nMOS, VG=0, , 4.8,
() nMOS () pMOS
. E VG>0, minority carriers -
p gate. E VG ,
4 . 2 K 169
VTH (threshold voltage), -

(population inversion).
gate ( 4.9)
n () p (). -
n n source
drain. 4.8, -
. T nMOS
4.9.
, MOS gate
VG
. nMOS
VLSI, E 3 Volt
VTH 1 Volt. E VG<VTH,
. VG>VTH, ,
. -
. T ,
,
4.10,
G, gate
r.
gate G r
4.10
fi
M MOS
E E
VA
VZ
VZ
VB
VA
VC
4.11
() Z=(A+BC)',
() () ()
O Y 4.2.1
MOS, .
, Z=(A+BC)'
4.11. , ,
. , , B
C 4.11, R2
( 4.5), VZ ,
E/2. E 4.11
VZ<EVTH, , VTH
gate (VA) source (VZ), .
E MOS ,
Boolean
(switch level),
( 4.10)
Y 4.2.1.
E 4.8 4.9 n p,
pMOS . pMOS
p (). nMOS, ,
VG<VTH<0. nMOS,
() gate ( 4.9), ,
VG<0. E p ( 1/3)
n, pMOS . -
, nMOS,
CMOS (Complementary MOS) .
CMOS
4.12
T MOS

CMOS:() , , nMOS pMOS .
() () H R1
, VG=E ( 4.5) pMOS R2 nMOS, -
VG=0
E E E
source
r
drain
VG VZ VG = E VZ = 0 VG = 0 VZ = E
drain
source r
() () ()
4 . 2 K 171
CMOS ( ) 4.12.
O VG=E, pMOS , nMOS VZ=0 ( 4.12).
VG=0, pMOS , nMOS VZ=E ( 4.12).
M CMOS . O
-
. O
r ( 4.10).
T CMOS
, , -
VZ .
M , , CMOS
( ) -
. A
4.5. X=1 R1
I=E/R1, . W, :
E2
W = E*I =
R1
CMOS ( 4.12 VG=E)

, W=0. O-
VG=0 ( 4.12). CMOS,
pMOS nMOS, -
W=0.
A CMOS 4.13
. H - CMOS: () NOR,
- () NAND, () XOR
(VLSI),

E E
Y
A A
VZ VZ Y Z
B
B X
() () ()
, .
CMOS. 4.13 -
NOR, NAND -
, Y-
4.2.1. X
E .
, CMOS
MOS, :
. E .
. H .
. E ( ).
. H -
,
.
T .
-
(), chip.

O
( ).
H
(Y 3.3.2)

1 0,
.
H , -
,
.
E
, ( ),
.
O
4 . 2 K 173
. M
.
T MOS
p n. majority
minority ,
VG gate.
K MOS , nMOS pMOS. T
nMOS , VG>VTH, pMOS, VG<VTH, VTH
. M VG .
MOS -
VLSI.
E nMOS pMOS ()
CMOS. T CMOS,
MOS ( ), -
, VLSI.
4.3 K
H () -
,
. T
, 0
1.
E :
T
.
T .
T .
T .
.
T .
T .

, .
(-
) ().
, (
), ,
( ). O
. O -
Y 4.2.2 ( 4.11 4.13).
,
.
0 (V) 4.14
High Low, H L.
4.14 4.14 .
(
).
VCC
V1
E
V0
H
E/2 V2 V1
4.14 L V0
0 V2
() () ()
V1 V2 4.14 4.14
H L, V0
( 4.14 4.14) H L,
4.2:
4.2
(4.14)
V1 V2 V0 V0
4.14 4.14
LL L L
LH H L
HL H L
HH H H
4 . 3 K 175
H L
4.3
H=1 L=0 H=0 L=1, ,
A -
,

:

L=0 L=1
H=1 H=0
V1 V2 V0 V0 V0 V0
4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14
00 0 0 0 0
01 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 0 1
11 1 1 1 1
, L=0, H=1,
4.14 4.14 -
OR AND , , -
L=1, H=0, -
AND OR . -
, -
.
,
L=0, H=1,
, L=1, H=0.
,
H, L -
.
O MOS CMOS -
(bipolar) . Y 4.2.2
, -
MOS . E -
MOS , MOS
CMOS. , 4.11, 4.12 4.13
,

. Y 4.3.1 , , -
, .
.
f(x,y,z)=x'y'+z -
4.2
,
. -
,
v1 v2 v0 .
LL L
(Y: E .
LH H Y-
HL H 3.7.4. K .
HH H ).
4.3.1
Y 4.2.2 p n
MOS . E (bipolar) -
, .. npn, -
4.15.
IC
C
IB C C
4.15 n
B p B B
() npn - n
E E
, () npn IE E npn pnp
() pnp
() () ()
Y , npn
pnp, :
) T npn ,
4.15 4.15.
) T pnp , 4.15
p n , -
4.15. E
pnp npn .
4 . 3 K 177
H
. npn -
( 4.15) pn B E
np C B. T -
: E (emmiter), B (base) C
(collector). M IE, IB IC ( 4.15), -
( ) npn (pnp) -
, :
IB + IC = IE
E IC IB

IC = IB

10<<100. H IC IB -
,
IB ( .. gate,
MOS 4.9).
4.16 npn
. ( 4.16):
) A. H Vi Vi0.6V. T IB=0 (), -
(IC=0) V0 -
VcV0E.
) E . E , -
( ) ,
.
IB V0:
V0 = C IB
) K. T IC ,
RC ICRC=E, . IB :
E
IB =
R C
T . I B
IC. H Vo VsVo0
(Vo 0.2 V).
E E A
VC
RC IC
E|
IB VO VO
Vi
4.16 RB IE VS
K
() K 0.6 1.0 2.0 V
npn , Vi
() K () ()
4.4
4.16. E ( -
IB Vo)
High Low,
. H
4.4
. -
, ,
, ( )
.
P IB K IB T V0 K V0
IB = 0 (Vi<0.6 V) Low VcV0E High
0 < IB <E/(RC) E A IB E
IB > E/RC (Vi>0.8 V) High V0 0.2 V Low
, -
, -
. E ,
,
IB . T
. T
, -
, FanOut
( E 4.4).
A
( 4.17):
4 . 3 K 179
1) RTL (Resistor Transistor Logic). E (

4.17), . .
2) DTL (Diode Transistor Logic). T ( 4.17)
( 4.14)
( 4.16). E
High Low DTL
( 4.4).
3) TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic). A
DTL. ( 4.17),
DTL T1,
(). E
T2, T3 T4, -
. O TTL
,
. ' 4.17
4.17, T -
. : () RTL,
() DTL () TTL
E
E E
Z = (A+B)'
Z T1 T3
A Z = (A B)'
A Z Z
B A
B Z = (AB)'
B T2
T4
RTL DTL TTL

() () ()
4.3.2 E
, -
, -
. ,
, (
). O
MOS CMOS . -
.
O , '
( 4.18). -
( ). T
K (Common Bus
Architecture), , ,
CPU, K M
M E .
E
A B C
4.18
E E E
() |
, () Z
() ()
E A, B, C
, (conflict) ,
, , -
, (0 1).
( 4.18),
, ..
E (Enable). E=1,
, , E=0, . O-
, , 0, 1 -
, .
4.6 NOR .
M ( 4.19)
(x R1 y R2)
Z. H -
NOR ( 4.19) :
R 1R 2
R=
R1 + R 2
.
,
4 . 3 K 181
E E E
R1 R2 R
Z Z
x y fi x y
4.19
K NOR:
() () () , ()
( ) .
T Z. O
MOS, -
(open collector).
H 4.19 -
: () , Z=1, ()
, Z=0.
H
,
( 4.18),

. T ( -
) -
' . O -
,
.

(interrupt) . O
. -
, 1 (
). -
, , -
0 ( ) .
H Ethernet,
(collision
detection). , -
1.
, . O
, ,
.
4.3.3

. ( Y-
3.7.1), :
1. AND, OR, NOT, XOR :
AND OR NOT XOR

, -
() (-
).
, ..
f1=(ab)' f2=a'+b :
x1
a| a|
b f1 b f2 f3
x2
f1 = a b f2 = a'+b
2. f3=f(x1,,xn)
. , -
.., -
' .

(E 3.7). .. T=x.y'+z -
.
x|
y T = x.y'+z
z
4 . 3 K 183
4.3.4 A
H , , '
. H
, : A
,

,
. H ( )
. E -
,
.
4.3
4.20 -
S C .
C B A
AB AB+(A+B)C CO
A+B {AB+(A+B)C}(A+B+C)
(A+B)C
A+B+C S
ABC
4.20
CO = AB+(A+B)C = AB + AC + BC
-
S = {AB+(A+B)C}(A+B+C) + ABC = A B'C'+A'B C'+A'B'C + A B C
K

,
. K
. E
'
( ),
( ), ,
. .. 4.20 AB A+B
, (A+B)C, A+B+C ABC -
, AB+(A+B)C
. A N ,
N . 4.21
S C 4.20 -
.
A
B'
A| C'
B A'
B
A| C'
CO S
C A'
4.21 B'
B| C
- C A
B
C

() ,
. :
O
.
O , -
.
OR
AND, .
T npn pnp (-
),
.
O RTL, DTL TTL.
O .
O .
H , . -
.
4 . 3 K 185
H
.
4.4
O
O K. H
.
-
. O
.
A E :
.
T O K.
K O-
.
T O ,
.
T ,
.
1960 , . , , -
, -
,
. , -
, .
(O.K.) Integrated Circuit (IC)
-
(chip) . -
-
. (1960)
chip, -
.
, ,
chip 100 mm2.
:
.
mm2 ,

, .
. ( ),

.
.
.
K O

. :
. (Small Scale Integration SSI),
10 chip,
. (Medium Scale Integration MSI),
10 100 chip -
, .. , ,
. (Large Scale Integration LSI)
100 5000
. (Very Large Scale Integration
VLSI) 5000
, .. .
.. -
. , , ,
, , .. -

,
.
() () -
.
K O.K.

..
:
4 . 4 187
1. (Speed) .
tD (propagation delay)
, .
-
( 4.22). -

. -
, , 2 100 ns.
, -

(hazards, races).
A
A B
B 4.22
K
2. FanOut (
)
, . FanIn
.
3. (Noise Immunity). -
-
. , -
(). -
O. K. , -
,
.
4. (Failure Rate).
(E 4.6). .. -
Y Z .
5. (Supply Voltage) (Power
Dissipation). , -
, . E
.. , ,
-
.
6. T (SpeedPower Product), . -
(
pJ). E
(.. TTL CMOS)
.
7. .
4.4.1
.. chip ,
SSI . chip
,
,
(). -

chip ( 4.23).

.
9 8
GND clear
Q J 7
8 7 10
C
9 6 11 Q 6
preset K
10 5 12 5 VCC
11 4 GND 13 4
clear J
12 3 14 Q 3
C
13 2 15 Q 2
preset K
4.23 14 1 16 1
VCC
O. K. TTL 7400 TTL 7476

. -
()
.
4 . 4 189
1. 7400 Texas Instruments. TTL.

SSI MSI.
, , -
, , , ..
7400, ,
74LS00, , 74S00,
.. (.. 74ASxx, 74ALSxx, 74Fxx).
M 74xx CMOS
(74HC, 74HCT).
O -
10 20 ns. FanOut 10.
50.25 V. 4.5 , -
,
(VIH min High, VIL max Low) (VOH min
High, VOL max Low) (-
). 4.5, -
, .. -
74LS (VOH min=2.70V)
74HC (VIH min=3.50V).
4.6 , -

TTL CMOS. H TTL
CMOS, .
E 74LS| 74HCT| 74HC| 4.5
5.00| 5.00| 5.00| T

Vcc 1 1|
VOH min 2.70 3.84 3.84

1|
| 74XX
VIH min 2.00 2.00 3.50
VIL max | 0.80 0.80 1.50

0| 0.50 0.33 0.33
VOL max|
Ground 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
AND NAND -
TTL 4.24.
. ,
TTL NAND,
4 , AND 6
( Y 3.7.4).
VCC VCC
a
b
a a.b
a.b
b
AND NAND
4.24 2. 4000. CMOS (Complementary

K MOS), nMOS pMOS .
AND NAND SSI VLSI.
TTL 100 ns. FanOut
.
5 15 V.
4000 -
:
() Low: 0 30% ,
() High: 70% 100% .

.
Y ( CMOS),
-
( CMOS ).
4.6 -
CMOS, TTL.
NOR NAND
CMOS 4.25. , -
NOR NAND
OR AND ( Y 3.7.4).
4 . 4 191
K TTL K CMOS
tp P p
t P tp P tp P
(nsec) (mW) (pJ) (nsec) (mW*) (pJ*)
74S 3 19 57 HC 9 0.56 5.1
74LS 9 2 18 HCT 10 0.39 3.9
74AS 1.7 8 13.6 VHC 5.2 0.50 2.6
74ALS 4 1.2 4.8 VHCT 5.5 0.45 2.5
74F 3 4 12 *1MHz
Vdd 4.6
Vdd
K
(tp)
a b a.b
K I (P)
a b
a+b 4.25
K
NOR NAND
NOR NAND CMOS
3. ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic). X .

. -
2 ns,
. -
4.26. T
(.. CRAY) ECL.
+VCC
a b
0
a+b 4.26
a+b
E
VCC
OR NOR
ECL ECL
-
4.3
6 volt. H ,
5.5 volt. ( 7400
4000)
;
(Y: E -
. K;)
4.4.2
O ,
, : ()
O. K., . ,

TTL 7400, CMOS 4000 .. (Y 4.4.1), () -
O. K., () O. K. () O. K.
K O. K (ASIC)
M ,
, ,
,
O. K. -
chip
, -
. E
, , -
,
(layout) chip,
(routing) ,
, (simulation).
, M
Y (Silicon Compilers).
A chip , -
O. K. -
.
4 . 4 193
H O. K. (SEMICUSTOM ICS)
T O. K. chip 100.000
1.000.000 (gate array), . O
NAND NOR 3 4 . H
.
T O. K.
O. K.
. M
, . chip
O. K. -
-
(NAND NOR).
O. K.
H M-
(PROM) FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). K
, .
, . -
M A-
. O FPGA -
minterms ,
.. 4 , FPGA, -
minterms 4
FPGA minterms.
A -
, -
,
. T PROM FPGA -
, PROM (EPROM)
-
.

H , ,
, -
, .
H ,
.
T O K
' .
H K O
(SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI).
O ' O. K. ,
FanOut, , ,
.
H O -
, . -
7400 (TTL), 4000 (CMOS) ECL.
E ,
-
( ),

( ).
4.5 B
O . E ,
, .. , -
. E :
T .
T ' .
T sa0 sa1 .
,

. ,
(intermittent soft fault) -
(permanent hard fault).
:
1. . :
. Fan Out -
4 . 5 B 195
.
. .
4.27. f(x)=0.
AND
, -
(hazard).
X X
f(X) = X . X = 0
X
X X|
.
4.27
f Hazard
2. .
"" .
-
() "" ()
, , .

(reliability) , . -
. -
-
.
' ,
,
.
-
'
. ,
-
, ' -
.
E
, ..
, -
(testing) .

, ,
, -
.
, ()
()
-
(Design for Testability).
-
, Y 4.5.1, -
.
4.5.1 sa0 sa1
F A B Z. -
: = F(A,B). , , -
, :
. 0 ( 1)
. 0 (
1) stackatzero (
stackatone). : sa0
sa1.
. , ..
, 0 ( 1). 0 (
1) A stackat0 ( stackat1). ..
OR "" , .
= , " sa0",
AND = -
, "A sa1".
sa0 sa1
, ' -
. -
.
4 . 5 B 197
n , 2n -
( ) -
.
OR , , -
. 4.7
OR
sa0 A sa1. M [0] [1]
stackat .
OR Z Z A sa0 A sa1
sa0 sa1
/ Z Z A Z A
0 0 0 0 0 [1] 0 0 0 [1] 0 [1]
1 0 1 1 [0] 1 0 1 1 [1] 1 1
2 1 0 1 [0] 1 [0] 0 [0] 1 0 1
3 1 1 1 [0] 1 [0] 1 1 1 1 1
4.7
H Z, "A sa0",
A
OR =10 ( 4.7, / 2). ,
OR
A sa0, -
sa0 sa1
, .
Z "A sa1"
=00 ( 4.7, / 0), -
=00. T =10 -
Z sa0 =00 Z sa1. A,
(=00, 10) .

-
,
. ,
,
(Essential Test Set). , , -

.
N AND,
A
Z sa0 sa1 A sa0
4.2
sa1.

B .
O
.
H ,
.
O. K., -
.
sa0 (sa1) ,
0 (1).
4.6 A
H
. ' E
:
T .
T : .
N .
-
. ,
(Reliability)
. , -
-
.
, .. , . O -
, , -

. ,
.
4 . 6 A 199
t, t
, :
R(t) = e - t
E, :
R(t) = e - tm ,
m = 1/ (MTBF).
4.4
= 104 / .
() -
1000 , , :
-4
R(1000) = e -10 .1000
= 0.9048 90.48%
n ,
i i=1n,
n ,
, -
:
R = R1. R2. Rn
:
= 1+2+ +n

-
. VLSI , .. , -

. R -
(compound probability) .
4.5
2000
= 104 / .
, , :
= 2000 . 104 = 0.2 /

:
m = 1/ = 5
1000 :
R(1000) = e -(0.2).1000 = (0.9048)2000 = (1.38).10 -87 ,
. 0.9048 ( 4.4),
(0.9048)2000,
. .
-

-
.

.
,
(E 2.4), -
. -
(fault tolerant) -
' , , '
, . , .
O (ENIAC, 1946) 18.000 -

A
. E =1/50000,
4.3
1, 2, 3, 4 5
.
f(x,y). x
4.4 y

.
) N

. f
4 . 6 A 201
) -
.
(Y: B f(x,y). -
( E 3.2). A-
).

A
.
O
.
O
.
H -
.

T K ()
() .
:
.
,
( ).
H MOS (nMOS, pMOS) CMOS -
VLSI, MOS
CMOS
.
H -
( -
).
T -
. A RTL, DTL TTL.
O
.
O -
,
() (). O -
.
O
. K -
. E ' -
( )
( ).
T O K
' . H
K O (SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI).
H O -
. -
: 7400 (TTL), 4000 (CMOS) ECL.
YNOH 203
: ,
.
B .
T :
sa0 (sa1) , -
0 (1).
A
. H

.
R. Tokheim, , McGraw Hill, E TZIOA.

3 K ,
. K 5 -

,
.
Morris Mano, , PrenticeHall 1991, -
.
K 10 O K-
. E , , -
( ..)
O. K.
Hall D., Digital Circuits and Systems, McGrawHill (1989).
K 5 -
.
3 K .
S. Unger, The Essence of Logic Circuits, IEEE Press 1997.
. , , -
MOS CMOS.

.
M. Breuer, A. Friedman, Diagnosis and Reliable Design of Digital
Systems, Computer Science Press (1976).
K ( ).
M. Abramovici, M. Breuer, A. Friedman, Digital Systems Testing and
Testable Design, IEEE Press (1990).
( ).
K
H -

(Y 3.4.1 E 3.7). M
-
Boole

, ..
. M -

, -
. -
,
.
H -
.
E
. -
, Karnaugh QuineMcCluskey,
-
. M hazards
K.

K, :
T .
T .
T .
Karnaugh A

.
M ()
Karnaugh.
206 K E A A I O 5 : A O O I H H Y N YA T I K N K Y K M A T N
T
.
T
.
QuineMcCluskey.
.
M ESPRESSO.
hazards ' .

E
Y O
X Karnaugh
K

QuineMcCluskey
O 1
M Petrik
O K
M K ESPRESSO
A Hazard

H K
minterms
. X
Y 3.4.1 E 3.4 3.5, -
Boole (Y 3.2.3).
-
, -
, .
H Karnaugh
-
. H , -
' , , -
207
. , , -
Karnaugh, ,
.
H QuineMcCluskey -
, . , ,
, ,
, ,
. E
.
K Espresso
. E ,
. T hazards -

(Y 4.3.4).
5.1
H
. A ,
( O. K),
, ,
. A,
. M
(E 4.4).

, O. K., ' -
. -
(VLSI E 4.4)
O. K. (ASIC Y 4.4.2) -
. E
chip. E-
, (, )
, chip, -
(), -
.
:
1) ( ) -
.
2) -
, .
3) , -
,
, .. -
.
4) , .. AND, OR, NOT, -
-
.
-
-
, -
, .
. .. :
1) , . -

2)
3)

4) , ..
-

.
,
.
-
, .
, ,
, -
.
, Boole,
5.1 209

:
1) (),
2) (literal) -
.
.

, -
, . AND
OR, -
, OR AND, .

,
, . .. :
f(x,y,z) = x y+y z (5.1)
= (x+z) y (5.2)
(5.1) AND OR (
3 ), (5.2), -
, OR AND ( 2 ).
, (5.1)
, .
E ,
, -
, -
.
, , , ,
.
-
Boole,
-
. .. :
f(x,y,z) = x'y z + x y z + x y'z + x y z'
= x'y z + x y z + x y'z + x y z + x y z' + x y z
= y z (x'+x) + x z (y'+y ) + x y (z'+z )

=yz+xz+xy
,
xyz ,
,
.
. -
.
-
, :
)
)
.
(-
) Karnaugh -
QuineMcCluskey.
5.2 arnaugh
-
( ) -
(NKY 3.4.1), . -
, . H -
, , .
-
,

.
A E :
T -
.
O (minterms) Karnaugh
.
O 2k 1 k -
.
5.2 ARNAUGH 211
-
Karnaugh.
T
Karnaugh.
A.
H Karnaugh -
. E -
, ' -

.
Karnaugh Venn -
Veitch,
Karnaugh. E ,
, 5.
Y 3.4.1 (NK), n
f(x0, x1 , xn1) n (2n -
), , -
1. K minterm
(E 3.6). m () n
(m<n) 2n , nm
,
m
. , x0, x1 , xn1 , lj j minterm
nm , .. x0, , xnm1, mk k minterm
xnm xn1, m
:
2 m -1
m - = lj m0
k (5.3)
= lj
A, m f(x0, x1, , xn1)

, minterms
nm (E 3.5) m -
. ..
0 minterm f(x0, x1 , xn1),
1 n1 (-
minterms 0 1)
n f(x0, x1, , xn1)=1
. E 5.4,
.
E K A -
(E 3.6), m
2m minterms nm
, . 2m (). H
Karnaugh () , -
, -
()
( ) .
Karnaugh ' .
f(w,x,y,z) = (x+w)(y+w)(x+z)(y+z). Z:
5.1
) N
.
) minterms .
) N , , 4
.
(Y: N
minterms (E 3.6). O 4 3 (Y 3.4.1),

. K .)
5.2.1 X arnaugh
Karnaugh
n, -
. H Y 3.4.1, -
A ( 5.1). E -
()
,
( GRAY Y 2.2.3).
5.2 ARNAUGH 213
Karnaugh ( 5.1)
-
minterm, . k 2k
minterms.

( 5.1), -
, -
, .. x x', y y',
z z'.
,
, , ,
.
minterm
"" minterms (-
E 3.5) ( 5.1).
"" ""
( )
. ,
, ,
minterms . "-
" , Karnaugh -
( 5.2), -
.
Karnaugh
' "1", ,
E xy x x
zw 00 01 11 10
xy x x 0 4 12 8
00 x y z w x y z w x y z w x y z w w
z 00 01 11 10 z
0 2 6 4 1 5 13 9
0 z 01 x y z w x y z w x y z w x y z w
xyz xyz xyz xyz
w
1 3 7 5 3 7 15 11
1 xyz xyz xyz xyz
z 11 x y z w x y z w x y z w x y z w
z 5.1
y y y 2 6 14 10
10 x y z w x y z w x y z w x y z w w Karnaugh
()
y y y ()
1 5 13 9
4 0 8 12 0 4 12 8
5 1 9 13
5.2 7 3 11 15 2 6 14 10
3 7 15 11
6 2 10 14
Karnaugh
, -
minterms
.
, ,
:
:
f(x,y,z,w) = x z'+
xz' "1" (
) x z',
.
5.1
:
F(x,y,z,w) = (0,2,3,7,8,10,11,15) ( )
= y' w' + z w ( )
5.3, -
y'w' zw.
xy x x
zw 00 01 11 10
0 4 12 8
00 1 1 w
z yw
1 5 13 9
01
w
3 7 15 11
11 1 1 1 1
z zw
2 6 14 10
5.3 10 1 1 w

F = y'w' + z w y y y
5.2 ARNAUGH 215
xy x x xy x x
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
0 4 12 8 0 4 12 8
00 axyzw axyzw w 00 axyzw axyzw w
z z
1 5 13 9 1 5 13 9
01 01
w w
3 7 15 11 3 7 15 11
11 11
z z
2 6 14 10 2 6 14 10
10 w 10 w
axyzw axyzw
5.4
y y y y y y
Karnaugh
a a 5
5 , .. F(a,x,y,z,w), -
( 5.4),
a' a.
M Karnaugh 5
5.5. M -
4 , -
( ). A a'
a. T
( ) .
a a
axy x x x x
zw 000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100
0 4 12 8 24 28 20 16
00 axyzw axyzw w
axyzw axyzw
z
1 5 13 9 25 29 21 17
01
w
3 7 15 11 27 31 23 19
11
z
2 6 14 10 26 30 22 18 5.5
10 w
axyzw axyzw E
y y y y y Karnaugh 5
, . ,
Karnaugh ' , -
.
, minterms "1" ,
, maxterms -
"0" .
N Karnaugh :
A
5.1 ) F(x,y,z,w) = x'w' + yz
) F(a,x,y,z,w) = ax + y' w' + z w
Karnaugh u, v, x, y, z, w
5.2
. Z:
) N Karnaugh u, v, x, y, z, w,
x, y, z, w.
) N xz z'.
(Y: T 4 uv=00, uv=10
4 uv=01 uv=11. , 4 -
, xz z', .)
5.2.2 A Karnaugh

a'B+aB=B. Karnaugh ""
minterms
, -
. , ,
"1" -
.
:
) "1" .
) () "1". -
, . -
.
) , .
,
5.2 ARNAUGH 217
, . -
().
) O ()
,
, . O
, -
.
,
, .
().
) -
1 .
(), ,
, "1".
(), 2k,
k=0,1,2, "1". 2k minterms
' k .
5.2
f(x,y,z,w), xy
zw 00 01 11 10
:
00 1 1 1
, -
01 1 1
.
a=a+a (1, Y 3.2.3). 22 "1", 11 1
x w yz'. 10 1
22 "1", z w
xy. y xz'w'.
-
:
f(x,y,z,w)= xy + yz'+ xz'w'
-
, -
:
xy
xzw
f(x,y,z,w) = xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw + xyzw
yz
=xy+yz+xzw
Karnaugh
-
.
, .
,
:
) N ,
.
) N , .
"1" ,
, ,
.
-
:
1) "1" .
2) 2k -
"1".
3) "1" -
.
1) , ,
1 , -
. M () . E 1
1,
.
5.3
f(x,y) f(x,y,z), -
5.2 ARNAUGH 219
5.6:
x xy
y 0 1 z 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 0 1
5.6
1 1 1 1

f(x,y) = y' f(x,y,z) = x'y+yz.
5.4

( 5.7):
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1 1 1
01 1 01 1 1 1
11 11 1
10 1 1 10 1 5.7

f(x,y,z,w) = x'yz'w+y'w' f(x,y,z,w) = xy+yz'+xz'
5.5
5.8 . -
.
) ,
.
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 00 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 01 1 1 1
11 1 1 11 1 1
10 10
5.8
yw+x'yz'+xz'w+y'z'w' yw+x'z'w'+xy'z' A: ) -
() () , )
5.6

5.9. ) , , -
,
.
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 00 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 01
11 1 1 1 11 1 1
10 1 10 1 1 1
f = x'z'w+xzw+x'yz+xyz' f = xz+y'w'+x'z'w'
5.9 () ()
5.7
( 5.10):
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 00 1 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 01
11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1
f = x'y'+xz'+yz f = z+w'
5.10 () ()
5.2 ARNAUGH 221
A. f1(x, y, z, w) f2(x, y, z, w),

A
:
5.2
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1 00 1
01 1 1 01 1 1
11 1 1 1 1 11 1
10 1 1 10 1
f1(x, y, z, w) f2(x, y, z, w)
B. :
f1(w, x, y, z) = w'x'z' + w'x y + w x z +w x'y +w'y z'
f2(w, x, y, z) = y'(z' + x) + w (y' + x + z')
5.2.3 E 5
5 f(u,x,y,z,w) -
x,y,z,w ( 5.11). -
u=0
u=1. () -
5 , 4 5 .
: -
-
3 .
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 00
01 1 1 01 1
11 1 1 11 1
10 1 10 1 5.11
f(u,x,y,z,w)=
u u = y'wu' + xy'w + xyzw'
M f(u,x,y,z,w) = (2, 5, 7, 8, 10,

13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 29, 31) = yw+ux'w+xy'z'w'+u'y'zw', -
n = 0 xy .
zw 00 01 11 10
6 , ,
00 1
. T -
01 1 1 1
11 1 1 Karnaugh 5 .
10 1 1
A 5.3
:
n=1
xy
00 01 11 10 f(v, w, x, y, z) = y'z + w y z +w'(y' + v + z')
zw
00 1
01 1 1 1
11 1 1 1
10
5.2.4 E
-
.
"0". "0" maxterm.
2k, k=0,1,2 "0" k -
.
.
:
) "0"
) "0" .

.
5.8
N -
f(x,y,z,w), ( 5.12).
-
, .
5.2 ARNAUGH 223
xy Y :
zw 00 01 11 10

00
01 1 1 0000| x+y+z+w|
1111 x'+y'+z'+w'
11
10 1 1 5.12
f(x,y,z,w) = (z+w)(z'+w')(x+y)(x'+y')
() A,
() () () E
. ..
8 :
f = x'yz'w + x'yzw' + xy'z'w + xy'zw'
, -
.

A
f(w,x,y,z) = w(y'+x+z') 5.4
() f2(w, x, y, z)
A A 5.2B.

m n (m<n) -
2n nm
, m -
.
O m n f(x0, , xn1)
m, f(x0,, xn1)=1
(minterms ).
O Karnaugh A ,
()
.
M Karnaugh
N, '
minterms.
H ( ) Karnaugh
:
() () 1,
() .
O Karnaugh 4 .
H Karnaugh -
, 0.
5.3
A
( ).
1 0 -
X A . T X
,
.
E :
-
.
T -
.
H E Karnaugh.
E 5.2 -
. O -
, ,
, -
( X), -
( ) .
, .
-
.
, ,

. .. BCD (Y 2.2.2)
5.3 225
bits, -
.
, . -
n -
n, ={0,1} (E 3.4).

, . O -
, , -
(Don't Care), ,
'
. , -
0 1, A-
.
5.9
O BCD 4 bits ,
24 . ,
09, . -
-
.
-
,
(-
) . ,
, ,
, -
, .
-
.
E ,
, -
(E 5.2), . -
, -
.
O ,

,
X, -
.

.
5.10
BCD GRAY (Y-
2.2.3). BCD a, b, c, d
GRAY ,
bit , g3(a,b,c,d), g2(a,b,c,d), g1(a,b,c,d) g0(a,b,c,d)
5.13. Karnaugh g3, g2, g1 g0
5.13.
, ,
1, ,
0.
,
X Karnaugh :
B 1. X Karnaugh:
A A X
Karnaugh.
B 2. :
. , -
, , .
. "1".
,
.
. "1",
"0".
B 3. E :
E minterm (1) -
, .
5.3 227
B 4. E :
. E minterms
.
. E minterms (1)
.
ad ad
BCD GRAY 00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
cd cd
. a b c d g3 g2 g1 g0 X 1 X
00 00
0 0000 0 0 0 0
01 1 1 X 1 01 1 X
1 0001 0 0 0 1
11 X X 11 1 X X
2 0010 0 0 1 1
3 0011 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 X X 10 1 X X
4 0100 0 1 1 0 g0 = c'd + cd' g1 = bc' + b'c
5 0101 0 1 1 1
6 0110 0 1 0 1
7 0111 0 1 0 0
8 1000 1 1 0 0
ad ad
9 1001 1 1 0 1 00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
cd cd
10 1010 X X X X
00 1 X 1 00 X 1
1 1011 X X X X
01 1 X 1 01 X 1
12 1100 X X X X
11 1 X X 11 X X
13 1101 X X X X
14 111 0 X X X X 10 1 X X 10 X X
15 1111 X X X X g2 = b + a g3 = a
5.13 5.13
M BCD GRAY X Karnaugh g3, g2, g1, g0
Z BCD (2, 4, 2, 1)
A
(Y 2.2.1 2.1). BCD
5.5
a, b, c, d (2, 4, 2, 1) -
, bit , f3(a,b,c,d), f2(a,b,c,d), f1(a,b,c,d)
f0(a,b,c,d). N f3, f2, f1, f0.

T n
n, ={0,1}.
O .
H Karnaugh
,
, .
5.4
(E
5.2),
,
. E 5.2
. E

.
A E :
T .
.
T : .
T
.

.
E 5.2 -
.
-
, ,
' . M
.
.
M A E
M f(x1, ,xn) -
5.4 229
(irredundant), ,
, f(x1, ,xn). M

. E (minimal) f(x1,
,xn) . ..
:
f(x,y,z) = x'z' + x'y + xz + xy' (5.4)
= x'z' + yz + xy' (5.4)
H (5.4) , ,
(5.4) .
g(x1, ,xn) (covered) -

f(x1, ,xn,) g=1
f=1, . f "1"
g "1". H g f -
: g f ( ). E-
, f g. , g f f g f
= g. , AND OR,
OR 1 AND:
xy OR AND
00 0 0
01 1 0 OR AND
10 1 0
11 1 1 AND OR
g(x1, , xn) f(x1, , xn). E g(x1, ,

xn)=1, T f(x1, , xn)=1, g (implies) f. M
g f, g f. K minterm -
minterm f f.
Boole,
() p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1 1 x 2 2 ... x n n ,
q q q
q1,,qn (E 3.5), . p f,
p (implicant) f. K minterm
(E 5.2) f f. .. -
p1=wxy' p2=wx f(w,x,y,z)=wx+yz
f(w,x,y,z)=wx(y+y')+yz.
p(x1, , xn) f. O p -
(prime implicant) f,
xk p -
f. .. f(w,x,y,z)=wx+yz p1=wxy' -
, y', p2=wx -
, w x f. K -
f :
. .
. .
. E ( f).
O Karnaugh -
.
M -
:
: f -
f.
: -
, ,
,
.
E , ,
f f.
, -
:
)
)
.
5.4 231
3.2 ab+a'c=ab+a'c+bc. O
:
aB+a'C=aB+a'C+BC, (5.5)
B C a
a'. H (5.5) (consensus). O
aB a'C ( a a' )
BC ( ).
Y 3 7 Y 3.2.3:
a+ab = a a(a+b) = a (5.6)
a+a'b= a+b a(a'+b) = ab (5.7)
T 1937 Blacke ,
f:
: K F -
f f,
F , ,
:
1. A (5.6) (5.7).
2.
.
T 1 2 -
. , Blake -
f minterms :
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz

:
f(x,y,z) = [x'y'z'] + [x'yz'] + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz + x'z'
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + [x'yz] + xy'z' + [xyz] + x'z' + yz
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + [xy'z'] + xyz + [x'z'] + yz + y'z'
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z' + x'yz' + x'yz + xy'z' + xyz + [x'z'] + [yz] + y'z' + x'y
f(x,y,z) = x'z' + yz + y'z' + x'y
Karnaugh f, Blake
,
.
yz
x 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1
1 1 1
f(x,y,z) = yz + y'z' + x'y
H Blake, -
, -
, . E-
. '
(E 5.5).

: f -
,
minterm f (. "1" )
. , f -
, -
"1" .
5.11
N -
5.14 ,,.
xy
zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1
01 1 1
11 1
5.14.
10 1
5.14
. O
xy
00 01 11 10

w
. E -
0 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

5.4 233
xy
00 01 11 10 5.14
zw
00 1
01 1 1 1 ,

11 1 1 1

10 1

:
1.
.
2. -
.
3. 1 minterms
, .
-
.
3 ,
.
Karnaugh ,
, -
. -
QuineMcCluskey (E 5.5).

g f,
f=1, g=1 (E, f g).
H p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1q 1 x q2 2 ... x qn n -

f, p f.
O p f, -
f.
H Blake -
.
O minterm
f .
f
f.
5.5 QuineMcCluskey
O Karnaugh -
. H
. E , -
, ,
. E -
,
.
H QuineMcCluskey
:
-
. E -
minterms .
T E :

.
T ( minterm Petrick)

.
M
.
H . H
,
minterms . M -

. H , ,
: () -
, , () -
-
5.5 QUINEMCCLUSKEY 235
. -
, ,
.
-
, Karnaugh -
(Tabular) ,
Quine McCluskey (1956).
.
-
, -
aA+a'A=A. -
, -
.
-
"-
", . .
:
)
)
.
Y 5.5.1 5.5.2 -
.
5.5.1 E
-
. ,
aA+a'A=A.
minterm
h(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1p1 x 2p 2 ... x pn n ,
p1, ,pn (E 3.5). -

"1".
, aA+a'A=A,
(),
. (
)
.
( ) -
( E 2.4), -
:
. , -
.
. -
.
QuineMcCluskey ,
() -
. ( )
, G1,,Gk,,
Gk
Gk+1.
.
,
.
5.12
F, -
:
F(x,y,z,w,v) = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 20, 22, 28)
1. ( )
"1" .
minterm 0 1. -
"1" ( ),
1 .. F
5.15. minterm 0,
1, 2 4, ..

:
. O .
. O
.
. O ' .. -
.
2. ()
. ,
-
( , 5.15) :
. ,
.
,
. +
.
( 5.15), 0 ( , -
) 1 ( , ), -
v. 0000,
0,1, -
, 0 1 +. K
0 2 4
II. M

. "1" "5", -
0001. "1" "6" -
.
,
.
, -
, -
+, .
3. B 2 , -
. ..
II IV,
( 5.15).
I II III
xyzwv xyzwv xyzwv
0 00000 + 0,1 0000 + 0,1,2,3 000 +
1 00001 + 0,2 0000 + 0,1,4,5 000 +
2 00010 + 0,4 0000 + 0,2,1,3 000 .
4 00100 + 1,3 0001 + 0,2,4,6 00 0 +
3 00011 + 1,5 0001 + 0,4,1,5 000 .
5 00101 + 2,3 0001 + 0,4,2,6 000 .
6 00110 + 2,6 0010 + 1,3,5,7 00 1 +
10 01010 + 2,10 0010 + 1,5,3,7 00 1 .
20 10100 + 4,5 0010 + 2,3,6,7 001 +
7 00111 + 4,6 0010 + 2,6,3,7 001 .
14 01110 + 4,20 0100 + 2,6,10,14 0 10 B
22 10110 + 3,7 0011 + 2,10,6,14 0 10 .
28 11100 + 5,7 0011 + 4,5,6,7 001 +
6,7 0011 + 4,6,5,7 001 .
6,14 0110 + 4,6,20,22 010 C
6,22 0110 + 4,20,6,22 010 .
10,14 0110 +
20,22 1010 +
20,28 1100 A IV
xyzwv
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 00 D
5.15 0,1,4,5,2,3,6,7 00 .
E 0,2,4,6,1,3,5,7 00 .
4. B 3,
+,
. . ..
1100 , 0 10 ..
.

, .. 0 10
2,6/10,14
2,10/6,14.
.
F, B 4
, -
Karnaugh ( 5.16).
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 00 1
01 1 1 01 1
5.16
11 1 1 1 11 1
O
10 1 1 1 10 1

v v
5.5.2
, -
,
-
. ,
minterm -
.
, -

minterms . H
.
5.13
5.12. O
A D 5.15.
5.17, -
minterms ,
minterm -
. .. ( 5.15)
minterms 20 28 -
( 5.17) -
20 28.
+| +| +| +| +| +| +| +| +| +| +| +| +|
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 14 20 22 28
+A 20,28
5.17 +B 2,6,10,14
+C 4,6,20,22

+D 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
:
1. , -
.
, + : ()
minterms () () (). -

.
minterms, +
.
5.17 minterm
28, 10 14, C 22 D 0 1 3 5
7. -
(minterms) .
:
F(x,y,z,w,v) = xzw'v' + x'wv' + y'zv' + x'y'
2. -
,
minterms.

,
minterms. -
minterms, -
' ( ).
5.14
:
F(x,y,z,w,v) = (1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,17,18,21,22,29)
O (A I) -
5.18.

xyzwv xyzwv xyzwv
1 00001 1,5 0001 1,5,9,13 0 01
2 00010 1,9 0001 1,5,17,21 001
8 01000 1,17 0001 1,9,5,13 0 01
5 00101 2,6 0010 1,17,5,21 001
6 00110 2,10 0010 A 2,6,18,22 010
9 01001 2,18 0010 2,18,6,22 010
10 01010 8,9 0100 B 5,21,13,29 101
17 10001 8,10 0100 C 5,13,21,29 101
18 10010 5,7 0011 D
7 00111 5,13 0101
13 01101 5,21 0101
21 10101 6,7 0011 E
22 10110 6,22 0110
29 11101 9,13 0101
17,21 1001
18,22 1010
13,29 1101 5.18
21,29 1101 E
( 5.18). -
G, H I. -
(minterms) 7, 8, 9 10
, . 7 D , 8 B C,
9 B F 10 A C.
+| +| +| +| | | | | +| +| +| +| +| +|
1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 17 18 21 22 29
A
B
** C
*** D
E
** F
5.18 +G
+H
+I

( 5.18), -
C minterms, 8 10,

. minterm 9 B F F,
, 2 . 7
D E, D.
B C minterm 8, ,
F .
F
, .:
F = G+H+I+C+D+F
F = y'w'v + y'wv'+zw'v+x'yz'v'+x'y'zv+x'w'v
, , -
.
, Petrick, Y 5.5.3.
N :
A
5.6 F(w,x,y,z) = (0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15)
5.5.3 M Petrick
,
,
Petrick (1956), .

-
.
Petrick
,

.
,
(Prime Implicant Function), P. P
,
:
. ,
. minterm -
, ( ..)
minterm,
. P (), -
minterms.
P -
Boole. (-
) P ,
.
F
P :
. P (-
). F
.
. P () -
,
.
Petrick 5.18
F P:
P = (F+G)(A+H)(D+F+G+I)(E+H)(D+E)(B+C)(B+F)(A+C)(F+I)GH(G+I)HI
:
P = BCDGHI+ABDGHI+CDFGHI+BCEGHI+ABEGHI+CEFGHI
, P
(6 ). '
CDFGHI CEFGHI,
F, ,
. , ,
F:
F = C+D+F+G+H+I
F = C+E+F+G+H+I.
5.15
:
F(x,y,z,w) = (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14)
H
5.19 5.19.
+| +| | | | | | | |
1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 14
xyzw xyzw
+A
1 0001 1,3 001 A B
4 0100 1,5 001 B C
8 1000 1,9 001 C ** D
3 0011 4,5 010 D E

*** F
5 0101 4,6 010 E
** G
6 0110 8,9 100 F
** H
9 1001 8,10 100 G I
10 1010 6,14 110 H
14 1110 10,14 110 I 5.19
5.19: E E

( 5.19)
, . ,
,
minterms, . -
.
.
, .. D,
. -
, , .
Petrick. -
P :
P = (A+B+C)(A)(D+E)(B+D)(E+H)(F+G)(C+F)(G+I)(H+I)
:
P = A(BD+BE+D+DE)(E+H)(F+FG+CF+CG)(GH+GI+HI+I)
:
P = ABCEGH+ABCEGI+ABEFGH+ABEFI+ACDEGI+ACDGH+
+ADEFI+ADFGH+ADFHI
P, ,
ABEFI, ACDGH, ADEFI, ADFGH, ADFHI, -
-
. .
, .
N :
A
F(w,x,y,z) = (2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15) 5.7
5.5.4 H QuineMcCluskey

.
:
.
.
.

minterms .
g1 -
GRAY, BCD.
5.16
N g1 GRAY,
BCD GRAY. -
5.10
g1 Karnaugh (
5.13). 5.20,,,, A -
g1(a,b,c,d), ,, -
.
( 5.20) A B,
. :
g1(a, b, c, d) = b' c + b c'
BCD GRAY E
abcd g1 I
0 0000 0 abcd abcd abcd
1 0001 0 2 0010 2,3 001 + 2,3,10,11 01 A
2 0010 1 4 0100 2,10 010 + 2,10,3,11 01 .
3 0011 1 3 0011 4,5 010 + 4,5,12,13 10 B
4 0100 1 5 0101 4,12 100 + 4,12,5,13 10 .
5 0101 1 10 1010 3,11 011 + 10,11,14,15 11 C
6 0110 0 12 1100 5,13 101 + 10,14,11,15 11 .
7 0111 0 11 1011 10,11 101 + 12,13,14,15 11 D
8 1000 0 13 1101 10,14 110 + 12,14,13,15 11 .
9 1001 0 14 1110 12,13 110 +
10 1010 X 15 1111 12,14 110 +
11 1011 X 11,15 111 +
12 1100 X 13,15 111 +
13 1101 X 14,15 111 +
14 1110
15 1111 X
5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20

2 3 4 5
+ A 2,3,10,11
+ B 4,5,12,13
C 10,11,14,15
D 12,13,14,15 5.20
Karnaugh
( 5.14, g1). 10 15,
Karnaugh .
QUINEMcCLUSKEY
H QuineMcCluskey
, ,
:
B 1. -
.
B 2. :
. minterms () -
"1" .
, .
. ,
"1" .
. -
() .
, -
(minterms) .
. () -
.
.
.
B 3. .
, .
B 4. -
:
. .
.
. :
1. .
2.
.
Petrick.
B 5.
.
N QuineMcCluskey g2 -
A
5.10.
5.8

QuineMcCluskey
.
E , -
. E
, .
H QuineMcCluskey :

.
QuineMcCluskey -
-
, ,
, .
H , ,
aA+a'A=A. H
: ()
, ()
.
T :
1
. K .
QuineMcCluskey
/minterms -
-
.
E ,
Petrick.
-
. : ()
, ()
-
minterms .
5.6 M Espresso
QuineMcCluskey
() minterms () -
. E ESPRESSO.

ESPRESSO.
H QuineMcCluskey, , -
, -
, .. 10 , 100 minterms -
. n 3n/n
. E, -
, -

CAD
.
T -
O K ,
, -
, .
H ESPRESSO,
,
-
. K
-
, QuineMcCuskey, -

, -
, .
Y ESPRESSO,
ESPRESSOEXACT,
ESPRESSO II,
. E
( ),
.
H ESPRESSO, , -
:
ESPRESSO(FON, FDC)
{ FOFF = complement(FON U FDC);
F = expand(FON, FOFF);
F = irredundant(F, FDC);
E = essentials(F, FDC);
F = F E;
FDC = FDC U E);
repeat {
c = cost(F);
F = reduce(F, FDC);
F = expand(F, FOFF);
F = irredundant(F, FDC);
} until (cost(F) < c);
F = F U E;
FDC = FDC E;
}
5.6 M ESPRESSO 251
:
1. FON, FDC FOFF , , -
f f=1, f
f=0.
2. Complement -
.
3. Expand . O -
. K
.
-
.
4. Irredundant -
. E ,
.
5. Essentials -
.
6. Reduce
. H -
n , n+1
.
5.17
5.21
ESPRESSO A- E
5.21 ESPRESSO
xy xy xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1 1 00 1 1 00 1 1
01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1
11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1
10 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1
() () () ()
T 5.21 , -
4 , -
. T 5.21 ( reduce) -
. 5.21 -
( expand). T 5.21. -
, ( irredundant).

H ESPRESSO, QuineMcCuskey, -
,
. E , -
,
.
H -
()
QuineMcCuskey ()
.
5.7 azards
M , -

.
M ,
. H
. H -
, Hazard,
, -
.
E
hazards .
K , -
, ,

.

hazard.
T ,
5.7 AZARDS 253
, (Y 4.3.4). T
hazards -
, , -
.
hazard .
5.18
5.22,
F(x, y, z) = xy'+yz. T -
F(1, y, 1) = y'+y = 1 y. ' -

. T y ( 5.22), a -
( 5.22) b -
. a b OR,
-
, , -
5.22
F(1, y, 1) = 1 F(1, y,
hazard
1) = 0 ( 5.22). H F(1, y, 1)=0 hazard.

yz x
x 1
x 00 01 11 10 a y 0
0 2 6 4
0 1 z
y F 1
1 3 7 5
1 1 1 1 a 1
b
z b
0
F
1
() ()
()
O 101 F,
( ) F 111,
1hazard. X Karnaugh ( 5.22) -
hazard minterm
m3 m7 ,
, . -
minterms m3 m7.
1hazard, minterm ,
.
, 0hazard,
010, 000.
O maxterm -
, .
H hazards -
. hazard, -
,

.
5.19
hazards 18 (
5.22).
A: 5.23 . H -
F(x, y, z) = xy'+yz+xz (
5.23). M xz -
m3 m7 1hazard.
5.23
H ( F)
K hazard
5.23.
yz x x
1
x 00 01 11 10 y 0
0 2 6 4 a
0 1 y z
b 1
1 3 7 5 F
1 1 1 1 z a 1
b
0
c c
1
F
1
() () ()
M -
, ,
. , hazards
,
. A-
, , ,
5.7 AZARDS 255
,
.
Z hazards
A
f(w,x,y,z) = x'z'w+xzw+x'yz+xyz'. 5.9
N -
x y z w 5.3
hazards , ,
-
f
.
(Y:
Karnaugh . -

, . K -
.)

T hazards

.
0hazard (010) 1hazard (101).
H hazard Karnaugh.
O minterm (maxterm)
, .
M hazard, -
, ,
.

K
. O -
.
O m f(x0, x1, , xn1)

, minterms nm
m
.
O Karnaugh A minterm
""
minterms . "" -
minterms ""
.
H ( ) Karnaugh
:
() () 1,
() .
H Karnaugh -
, 0.
H Karnaugh
5 .
T n
n, ={0,1}. O
.
H
Karnaugh , -
, ,
.
H p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1 1 x 2 2 ... x n n -

q q q
f, p f, -
p f.
O minterm
f, .
f
f.
QuineMcCluskey
YNOH 257
.
-
. E .
H QuineMcCluskey -

.
H QuineMcCluskey
: 1
. K .

Petrick.
QuineMcCluskey
. : () -
, ()
-
minterms .
H ESPRESSO , , -
QuineMcCluskey, -
. E
, -
, , .
E () -
QuineMcCluskey ()
.
T hazards

. 0hazard (010) 1hazard
(101).
H hazard ,
Karnaugh, minterm (maxterm)
, . M
hazard, -
, , -
.

.
K 3 , -
, .
A .
K 4
.
-
.
McCalla T. R., Digital Logic and Computer Design, MaxwellMacmillan
(1992).
K 3 .
Karnaugh M., A map method for synthesis of combinatorial logic circuits,

Trans. AIEE, Communications and Electronics, vol. 72, Part I (November
1953) pp. 593599.
H Karnaugh.
McCluskey E., Logic Design Priciples, Prentice Hall 1986
.
Quine W., The problem of simplifying truth functions, American
Mathematical Monthly, vol. 59 (October 1952) pp. 521531.
H .
Brayton R., Hachtel G., McMullen C., SangiovanniVincentelli A. Logic
Minimization Algorithms for VLSI Synthesis, Kluwer 1984.
A ESPRESSO. .

T , -
,
(E 1.4). K
(E 3.4). O

. E

-
, .. , -
,
.., ' ,
.
' , , -
, ..
' (-
) , (E 1.4). ..
n bit
n bit,
1 bit.

T K , :
T (H, A,
K ).
T K.
T .
T K A-
.
T .

H K A
A K
260 K E A A I O 6 : Y N E TA O I K A K Y K M ATA
K
A

K

T -
Boole (K 3), -
(Y 2.3.2)
2 (Y 2.3.3). M
(Y 6.2.3).
6.1
A

(E 3.1), .
. T ,
,
(standard) , .
, -
(specific) , . ' -
.
T
O K MSI (E-
4.4). H O. K. -

O. K. , -
( )
(O. K.).
O. K.
. T
O. K.
Data Books .
K -
,

-
( ).
6.2
O
'
. -
-

. ,
,
.
A E :
T H A.
T bit ( )
2 -
A/A.
T K -
() .
O -

, E 2.3, -
A , -
E. ,
, , ,
, . M
1 bit -
bit ( n bit).
n bit
. H ,
: (E 3.4), -
(K. 5) ' -
(Y 4.3.4, E 4.4 T O. K.).
H
. E

.
, , X = xn1 x1x0 Y = yn1
y1y0. H xi
yi (i=0, , n1), si -
ci (Y 2.3.2). T '
.
O (Half Adder) x y
s c. O A-
s c 6.1.
6.2 263
O -
bit. c1 -
, .
xy s c
x x s
00 0 0 y s
6.1
01 1 0 H.A.
A,
10 1 0 c y c

11 0 1

bit,
c1 -
. T ,
i, si ci bit
xi, yi ci1 ( 6.2). T ( 6.3) (xi, yi,
ci1) (si, ci) (Full Adder).
xi yi ci-1 s c xi yi xi yi
0| 0| 0| 0| 0| ci-1 00 01 11 10 ci-1 00 01 11 10
0| 0| 1| 1| 0| 0 1 1 0 1
0| 1| 0| 1| 0|
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0| 1| 1| 0| 1|
1| 0| 0| 1| 0| si = xi yi ci-1 ci = xi . yi + ci-1 . (xi yi)
1| 0| 1| 0| 1| K 6.2
1| 1| 0| 0| 1|
1 1 1 1 1
xi yi
x s
y F.A.
ci
ci-1 c-1 c
6.3
K

si
N A -
A
OR.
6.1
N A ( 6.3) -
6.1
hazards (E 5.7) s
c.
. H EXOR .
(Y: T -
hazards. ,
Karnaugh, AND, OR, NOT
, EXOR. N -
, bit -
.)
6.2.1
O bits. E
(-
) n bits (n>1) -
n , 6.4.
c0, ,
c0 = 0. H cn
. bit cn -
(cn =1).
xn-1 yn-1 x1 y1 x0 y0
F.A. F.A. F.A. c0

cn cn-1 c2 c1
6.4 c0 = 0

n bit sn-1 s1 s0
6.4
, , -
6.2 265
bits. A '
n bit, -
() n bit .
E 6.4 bits xi yi
ci,
sn1 cn. E
, ,
. E ,
, .
bits x0, y0, n -
. H ,
, -
'
. ,
.
6.1
1111 0001
4 bit, 6.4. E
,
s ( xi, yi si)
c ( ci1 ci) ' 1 bit
( 6.3) . O -
bit s0, s1, s2, s3 c1, c2, c3, c4,
-
, T0 T8, 6.5.
s0
c1
s1
c2
s2
c3 6.5
s3
X
c4

T0 T2 T4 T6 T8
(c1, c2, c3)

c4
8 . E bit s0 0,
bits s1, s2, s3 1 (T2)
0 .
6.2.2 A /
Y 2.3.3
2. E -
-
-
. E
, -
2
,
.
O Y = yn1 y0 2 -
( Y 2.3.3) () bit Y
() 1. , Z = XY,
X = xn1 x0, :
xn1 x1 x0
y'n1 y'1 y'0
+ 1
zn1 z1 z0
H bits XOR
(Y 3.7.2). 6.6
/. xi (i=0, , n1) bits X,
yi (i=0, , n1) bits Y
S (S=0) (S=1).
S=0, X+Y, bits yi
(i=0, , n1) Y
(XOR(yi,0) = yi) c0 = S = 0. S=1, -
XY, bits yi (i=0, , n1) Y -
(XOR(yi,1) = y'i)
c0 = S = 1. Y zn1 Z
6.2 267
xn1 yn1. H
V (V=1) .
xn-1 yn-1 x1 y1 x0 y0
S
cn F.A. F.A. F.A. c0

cn-1 c2 c1
V
sn-1 s1 s0
6.6
, A / A
/.
6.2.3 K
T n bit
( 6.4 6.6), n,

n. E , -
.. 32 64 bit , -
. E

, .
H

. 4 bit -
X=x3x2x1x0 Y=y3y2y1y0.
( 6.2) xi, yi
:
si = (x i y i ) ci -1 (6.1)
ci = x i y i + ci -1 (x i y i ) (6.2)
A (6.1) (6.2) , :
gi = xi yi (6.3)
pi = x i y i (6.4)
s c X+Y -
:
s0 = p0 c -1 c0 = g 0 + p0 c -1 (6.5)
s1 = p1 c0 c1 = g1 + p1 c0 (6.6)
s2 = p2 c1 c2 = g 2 + p2 c1 (6.7)
s 3 = p 3 c2 c 3 = g 3 + p 3 c2 (6.8)
E (6.5)(6.8) c -
, :
c0 = g 0 + p0 c -1 (6.9)
c1 = g1 + p1 g 0 + p1 p0 c -1 (6.10)
c2 = g 2 + p2 g1 + p2 p1 g 0 + p2 p1 p0 c -1 (6.11)
c 3 = g 3 + p 3 g 2 + p 3 p2 g1 + p 3 p2 p1 g 0 + p 3 p2 p1 p0 c -1 (6.12)
O (6.9)(6.12) c1.
ci bits xi, yi
c1. H
ci , .
gi, pi, ,
. -
si (6.5)(6.8) -
. M ,
, bits si (i=0, , n1) -
, n.
H ,
bit, 4
8 bits . A
(6.9)(6.12)
ci+1 AND OR , -
ci. n -
6.2 269
n (fanin, E 4.4. K -
O. K.). T fanin
4 8. E -
(fanout). H pi (0 i < n) -
(i+1)(ni) , n ,
fanout n(n+2)/4,
.
4 bit.
T (6.12) :
c 3 = G + P c -1 , (6.13)
:
G = g 3 + p 3 g 2 + p 3 p2 g1 + p 3 p2 p1 g 0 (6.14)
P = p 3 p2 p1 p0 (6.15)
O (6.9)(6.12) (6.14), (6.15)
-
( 6.7). E, (6.14) (6.15)
6.7
(G) (P)
4 bit. O G P K
, .
4 bit
g3 p3 g2 p2 g1 p1 g0 p0
c-1
G P c3 c2 c1 c0
H
.
4 bit, (6.9)(6.12),
s
6.8
(6.5)(6.8) ,
K 4 bit
( 6.8).

x3 y3 x2 y2 x1 y1 x0 y0
g3 p3 g2 p g1 p1 g0 p0 c-1
2
s3 s2 s1 s0
K
c3
c2 c1 c0
G P
O 4 bit
-
, .
6.2
16 bit .
T .
6.9 16 bit -
. A ,
4 bit , G30, P30, G1512, P1512

. H c4, c8, c12, c16 -
. H 16 bit :
1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8 ,
2x16=32 .
6.9 5
6.2 271
G150 P150 16 bit.

E, 16 bit ,
6.9, -
64 bit 5+2+2+2+1=12 -
128. , n bit
6.9
4 bit log4(n)
A 16 bit
4.log4(n) , -

2n .
x15 y15 x12 y12 x8 y8 x4 y4 x0 y0
S
K K K K
G15-12 G11-8 G7-4 G3-0

P15-12 P11-8 P7-4 P3-0
K
c16
c12 c8 c4
G15-0 P15-0

O x y
s c.
O bit, x, y c 1,
s c.
n bits -
. O ()
n bit.
H 2 -
,
EXOR y.
T
( ) -
bit.
6.3
M
, .

E :
.
bit
1 bit.
K , -
bits,
bit. O
(Y-
2.3.2) (E 3.4).
O X Y,
() :
X>Y, X=Y, X<Y XY, XY
XY . T
0 () 1 ().
T
. E
,
. T -
, (), X=xn1 x0 Y=yn1 y0.
E X>Y X=Y X<Y,
. T -
G
L, :
G L X,Y
0 0 X=Y
0 1 X<Y
1 0 X>Y
M : ()
G=0, XY, () L=0, XY () G=1 L=1, XY.
6.3 273
H nbit X Y
bits, .
x0 y0
(G0, L0), x1, y1, G0, L0
(G1, L1) .. , Xi=xi x0 Yi=yi
y0, i=0, , n1, X Y,
Gi Li
Gi, Li, :
E (xi > yi) [(xi = yi) (Gi1 > Li1)] Gi = 1 Gi = 0.
E (xi < yi) [(xi = yi) (Gi1 < Li1)] Li = 1 Li = 0.
M nbit
2bit xiGi1 yiLi1. M, , -
2 bit, a1a0
b1b0, - 6.10
bit. 6.10 A - A ()
G L 2bit. ()
2bit
a1 b1 a0 b0 G L a1 b1
0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0|
0| 0| 0| 1| 0| 1|
0| 0| 1| 0| 1| 0|
0| 0| 1| 1| 0| 0|
0| 1| 0| 0| 0| 1| G a0
0| 1| 0| 1| 0| 1|
0| 1| 1| 0| 0| 1|
0| 1| 1| 1| 0| 1|
1| 0| 0| 0| 1| 0|
1| 0| 0| 1| 1| 0|
1| 0| 1| 0| 1| 0|
1| 0| 1| 1| 1| 0|
1| 1| 0| 0| 0| 0| L b0
1| 1| 0| 1| 0| 1|
1| 1| 1| 0| 1| 0|
1 1 1 1 0 0
() ()
T 8 bit
6.11. A 7 2 bit ,
,
6.11 . , n bit
8 bit n1.
x7 y7 x6 y6 x5 y5 x4 y4 x3 y3 x2 y2 x1 y1 x0 y0
a1 b1
G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1
G G G G G G G a0
L7 L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1
L L L L L L L b0
6.12 , -
6.12
. A -

, log2n.
8 bit
x7 y7 x6 y6 x5 y5 x4 y4 x3 y3 x2 y2 x1 y1 x0 y0
a1 b1 a0
G L G L G L G L b0
G L G L
G L
G7 L7
A. N G L
A
2 bit, A
6.2
6.10.
B. N
n bit log2n.
6.3 . 275

6.2
4 bit 2. X
. E .
(Y: / 4 bit.)

O , ,
X>Y X=Y X<Y .
H ( bit)
bit
.
O n bit log2n.
6.4 K
X -
, .. -
K M . T
E :
T .
-
( ).
T , (E-
3.4).
O , -
,
n (-
) , ,
n (-
)
O , , K M-
,
M
M. M ,
, .
O m n ,
n 2m, m n.
E, . O
Ai (i=0, , m1) -
A=Am1 A0. O Ck -
k=0, , n1. O :
E=0, Ck=0 (k=0, , n1).
E=1, CA=1, A -
, Ck=0,
k=(0, , n1) kA.
, A=0, C0=1 Ci=0 (i=1, , n1), -

m , n, .
m n, n=2m,
2m minterms m .
6.13 A -
2 4. , A
6.13 , . X -
0
1, .
A0
E A1 A0 C3 C2 C1 C0 C0
1| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 1|
A1
1| 0| 1| 0| 0| 1| 0| C1
1| 1| 0| 0| 1| 0| 0|
1| 1| 1| 1| 0| 0| 0|
C2
0 X X 0 0 0 0
6.13
A ()
E C3
() -
2 4 () ()
E
, .. 6.14 -
6.4 K 277
4 16 2 4.
A3 A2 A1 A0
3 2 1 0
6.14
-
3 2 1 0 E 3 2 1 0 E 3 2 1 0 E E 3 2 1 0
4 16
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 4
T m n
minterms m -
m ,
.
6.3

.
A: A A
A 0
6.2 0
1
s A1 S
2
6.15
minterms m1, m2, m4 m7, A2 3
4 Y -
c -
5 C s
minterms m3, m5, m6 E 6
c
m7. 6.15 7

3 8 OR.
K
O -
. m Di (i=0, , m1) n Ai (i=0, , n1),
m=2n. O 0 m1 , -
i, . Di=1, n
bits i . Y

Dji= 0. O ( )
.
E
, '
.
,
,
. , -
D3, D5 D2,
5. O S,
S=1, .
O 2 1. 6.16
, 4 2.
D0
D3 D2 D1 D0 A0 A1 S D1
D2 A0
0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0|
0| 0| 0| 1| 0| 0| 1|
6.16 0| 0| 1| X| 0| 1| 1| A1
A () 0| 1| X| X| 1| 0| 1|
() - 1 X X X 1 1 1 S
D3
4 2 () ()

O m n , n2m, -
m n. A i
A=Am1 A0, CA, .
A.
O m Di 0 m1 n
Ai, m=2n. -
i, n bits
i. M .
O
. -
6.4 K 279
,
.
O m n,
minterms, OR -
m .
6.5
-
, -
. E :
.
E
.
M
, ,
.
O , D0
n
. H -
, .
Dn-1
, ,
.
O n Di (i=0, , n1) m
Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m. O -
k, 0 2m1,
Dk . ,
' E (E=1).
T -
. E 4 1 4 -
, 2 = log24 . E
.. 4 2 , . -
( , )
. 6.17 A-
, , 4 1.
E D3 D2 D1 D0 S1 S0
E S1 S0 Y
1| 0| 0| D0|
1| 0| 1| D1|
1| 1| 0| D2|
1| 1| 1| D3|
0 X X 0
6.17
A ()
() - Y
4 1 () ()
H 6.17
:
Y = E S1 S0 D3 + E S1 S'0 D2 + E S'1 S0 D1 + E S'1 S'0 D0 (6.16)
A 6.17 -
6.13,
. , , -

.
, :
2 m -1
Y= Em D
i =0
i i (6.17)
mi minterms , Di -
E .
O , , -
. -
n n1
Sj (j=0, , n2) 2n1 Di
(i=0, , 2n11), .
6.5 281
6.4

w=f(x, y, z), A , -
, 6.16.
A: H f -
22
. x y
z. A-
f, 6.18, . -
, z=0 z=1, -
x, y. T
(6.16):
w = x'y' 0 + x'y z' + x y 1 + x y' z,
. 0 1, -
0 1 -
z z', 6.18
xy
0 1
00 01 11 10
x 0 1 2 3 6.18
z 0| 0| 1| 1| 0|
1 0 0 1 1 y () A

()
() ()
-
n -
2n 1, n . -
. 2n -
(minterms), -
1 ( minterm),
1 0. M
,
A n -
. M M A (ROM)
. A
,
bit.
O -
D0
, . E
, n Di (i=0, , n1) m
Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m. O k, 0
Dn-1 2m1, ,
Dk.
O
(K M, ,
bits
..), . E -
, 1.9, -
(E 1.5)
1 N.
N :
A
6.3 f(x, y, z) = (x+y+z)(x+y'+z')(x'+y+z')(x'+y'+z)
M A M (ALU) -
6.3
, , -
AND, OR, NOT . N -
ALU 4 bit,
, .:
) N
( ),
() .
) N -
, , ALU.
) ALU (-
) .
6.5 283
(Y: X 4+4 X Y
4 +1 . Y
,
. E . X-
-
.)

O -
n ( Di, i=0, , n1)
. H m
Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m.
O -
. n
n1 .
O .
( ) n (-
Di, i=0, , n1). H m -
, n=2m.

T K ,
.
O (Half Adder) x y
s c. E
.
O bit: x, y c1.
s c.
O n bits
.
O ,
,
bit.
O /
XOR
.
O
, ,
,
. A
.
O X Y -
X>Y, X=Y, X<Y . Y-
() ()
O m n n m, m=2n,
minterms n -
.
O -
-
, .
O -
n . E
n Di (i=0, , n1) -
285
m S j (j=0, , m1),
n=2m. E Dk, k o -
.
O -
. E , n Di (i=0, , n1)
m Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m.

.
K 4 5 ,
, .
K 5 -
, ,
.
Leach D., Malvino A. H E,
E TZIOA (1996).
K 6 A K
K 4
Floyd T., Digital Fundamentals, Macmillan 1990.
, -
,
.
Hall D., Digital Circuits and Systems, McGrawHill (1989).
K 7 -
.
McCalla T. R., Digital Logic and Computer Design, MaxwellMacmillan
(1992).
K 4
K, .. K 5
A K 6 A
M.
Sandige R., Modern Digital Design McGrawHill, 1990.

.
A A A
E A
A A 1.1
. A
A A 1.2
A. . .
B. .
A A 1.3
A. . () ()
B. . 23 < 30 < 25
. 8 bits 27 < 246 < 28
A A 1.4
A:
1. E .
2. E .
3. K .
4. E .
A A 1.5
A. . .
B. T :
1 .
1 .
1 .
288 HIAKH XEIAH I
A A 2.1
A. / 8421 / 8421
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 10 1010
3 0011 11 1011
4 0100 12 1100
5 0101 13 1101
6 0110 14 1110
7 0111 15 1111
B. O 1 0 ,
. 1 1 1 0. O 0 -
1 . 0 0 0 1.
. E: 8: 1000 0: 0000
7: 1001 1: 0001
. .
2: 1110 6: 0110
1: 1111 7: 0111
. T (8, 4, 2) .. 2=001, 6=011 ..
A A 2.2
A. : 0001000100010001 : 01010011
: 0001100110011000 : 0010010001101001
B. N () (), bit 4
0 9. (),
bit 4. (),
0 9.
A A 2.3
A. Bin8421 Gray:
) 10110, ) 1101111, ) 1000110011001.
B. Gray Bin8421:
) 1100, ) 00011, ) 10000011110.
A A N T H E I A K H E N AY T O A I O O H H K A I E N E I K T I K E A A N T H E I PA T H P I O T H T N 289
A A 2.4
. T : () 23 = 8, () 83 = 512, () 103 = 1000, () 163 = 4096
. I 2*10 + 5 = 25 ()
. 163*(10)+162*(0)+161*(1)+160*(11) = 40960 + 16 + 11 => 4098710
. 16 = 24 (16)k (k=0, 1, )
(24)k -
-
, .. A = 1010 5 = 0101, . -
. E -
-
:
(24)1 * A + (24)0 * 5 = 1010 0101 => 10100101
. A 16 = 24,
(
()). X
:
11101100 = 1110 1100 => EC
. A 8 = 23,
(
() 16). X
:
111011010 = 111 011 010 => 832
. A (), (), (E) (T) :
B . B .
() 16 4 10 5
() 16 2 2 8
(E) 2 8 16 2
(T) 2 9 8 3
, ,
.
. H b :
1. O 7. :
(1+5)b3 + (2+4)b2 + (3+3)b1 + (4+2)b0 = 6b3 + 6b2 + 6b1 + 6b0.
290 HIAKH XEIAH I
2. B 8. 4b+1 = (1b+3)3 => 4b = 3b+8 => b = 8.

3. O 4. 3b+3 = (1b+1)3.
4. B 6. 2b+3 + 4b+4 + 1b+4 +3b+2 = 2b2+2b+3 =>
=> 2b28b10 = 0 => b = 6 (b= 1 ).
5. B 4. 3b2 + 2 = (1b + 2 +1/b)(2b) => b = 4 (b = 0 -
).
6. B 6. 4b+1 = 25 = 5*5 => 4 b = 24.
A A 2.5
A.I 11010 ) 110
01111 010
101001 () 100 ()
B. 200010 2
:
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 02.
A A 2.6
A.T 2 11001000 :
00110111
+ 1
00111000 ()
B.E: 11610 => 011101002, 12610 => 011111102
116 01110100
126 10000001
+ 1
10 11110110
. N (E )
.E :
' = 2n
A A 2.7
A.() 4 1 , () 5 1 , () 10 1
B. 1: () 6, () 3, () 8. ()
.
A A 2.8
A. M 2.3 -
bits :
p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7
) 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
) 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
) 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
B. E ( 2.3),
(/) :
/ p0 p1 m0 p2 m1 m2 m3 p3 m4 m5 m6 m7
) 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
) 8 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
K :
m0 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
) 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A A 3.1
) A 3.1 3.2.
Huntington 3.1. E A0
A5 :
A0. T .
A1. O ( 3.2)
.
A2. O
.
292 HIAKH XEIAH I
A3. : a+(b.c)=(a+b).(a+c).
M=a+(b.c) N=(a+b).(a+c). Y a, b, c -
M N -
a, b, c,
( 3.2), . M=a(bc)
N=(ab)(ac). x M (x M), x:
1) a, b, c, (ab)
(ac) N,
2) , (ab) (ac)
N,
3) (bc), . b
c, (ab) (ac) N.
, M N. M -
, . N
M.
A M N ,
, . M=N.
M a.(b+c)=(a.b)+(a.c).
A4. E 0=,
a+=a. E, 1=I,
I a.I=a.
A5. A 1=I 0= 3.2 () -
(, I) (A, B) +I=I, A+B=I .I=,
A.B=.
A A 3.2
H :
) F = (a+b').(b+c+0) F = a.b'+b.c.1
: Fd= (a.b')+(b.c.1) Fd=(a+b').(b+c+0),
. .
) a+(a.b) = a a.(a+b) = a
: a.(a+b) = a a+(a.b) = a
) (a+b)' = a'.b' (a.b)' = a'+b'

: (a.b)' = a'+b' (a+b)' = a'.b'
) a+a'.b = a+b a.(a'+b) = a.b
: a.(a'+b)=a.b a+(a'.b)=a+b
A A 3.3
Y A4 ( 3.1). O
a=0, b=1 c=1 :
) F = a+bc = 0+1.1 = 1.1 = 1
) F = (a+b)(a+c) = (0+1).(0+1) = 1.1 = 1
) E F = (a+b)c = (0+1).1 = (1).1 = 1
H F Fd = (a.b)+c = (0.1)+1 = (0)+1 = 1
A A 3.4
A. A4: 1+0=1 0.1=0,
A5: 1+0=1 0.1=0 1=0'
B. E 3:
(a+ab)+ac+ad = a+ac+ad = (a+ac)+ad = a+ad = a
. E de Morgan:
(a+b+c+d)' = ([a+b]+[c+d])'
= [a+b]'.[c+d]'
= [a'b'].[c'd']
= a'b'c'd'
. E 7:
F = x'+y'+xyz'
F = x'+(y'+xyz')
F = x'+y'+xz'
F = x'+y'+z'
E. : F = a+a'b+a'b'c+a'b'c'd+ .
, , a'. E,
a':
294 HIAKH XEIAH I
F = a+b+b'c+b'c'd+ .
b':
F = a+b+c+c'd+ .
T :
F = a+b+c+d+ .
T. T :
F' = [x'(y'+z')(x+y+z')]' 6
= [x'(y'+z')]'+(x+y+z')'
= [x']'+(y'+z')'+(x+y+z')'
= [x']'+(y'+z')'+(x+y)'.(z')'
= x+(y.z)+(x'.y'.z)
= x+y.z+x'.y'.z 7
= x+y.z+y'.z
= x+(y+y').z A3
= x+z A4, A5
Z. H :
(x+y)(x'+y)(x+y')(x'+y') = [(x+y)(x'+y)][(x+y')(x'+y')]
= [xy+x'y+y][xy'+x'y'+y']
= [y][y'] 3
= 0 (A5), .
H. :
(a+b).(a'+b) = (a+c).(a'+c)
aa'+ab+a'b+b = aa'+ac+a'c+c
ab+a'b+b = ac+a'c+c
b =c
. a':
a'.(a+b) =a'.(a+c)
a'.a+a'.b =a'.a+a'.c
a'.b =a'.c
:
a'b + ab =a'c + ac
(a'+a)b =(a'+a)c
b =c
I. : ab'+a'b = 0 ab'+a'b = 0
a+ab'+a'b = a b+ab'+a'b = b a, b
a+a'b =a b+ab' = b 3
a+b =a a+b = b 7
E: a = a+b = b
IA. 4 1=0'. T a
1 0 a ( ). A
5 , 1
0 a. E , -
(A5):
a+a=1 a.a=0,
1 a+a=a a.a=a,
1 = a+a= a = a.a = 0 .
IB. H :
x'y' + x'z + xz'= y'z' + x'z + xz'
: (x'+y').(x'+z).(x+z') = (y'+z').(x'+z).(x+z')
A [(x'+y').(x'+z)].(x+z') (y'+z').[(x'+z).(x+z')]
[x'+x'z+x'y'+y'z].(x+z') (y'+z').[x'z'+xz]
: [x'+y'z].(x+z') (y'+z').[x'z'+xz]
x'z'+xy'z x'y'z'+xy'z+x'z'
x'z'+xy'z = xy'z+x'z'
A A 3.5
a, b, c, d :
) A A ( 3.4) :
a a+a=a a.a=a
0 0+0=0 0.0=0
1 1+1=1 1.1=1
296 HIAKH XEIAH I
) A -
ab'+a'b=c:
abc ab'+a'b ab'+a'b=c ac'+a'c ac'+a'c=b

000 0 N 0 N
001 0 1
010 1 0
011 1 N 1 N
100 1 1
101 1 N 0 N
110 0 N 1 N
111 0 0
A ac'+a'c = b -
ab'+a'b = c,
.
) T :
a'+ab = 0
ab = ac
ab+ac'+cd = c'd
:
a'+b = 0 => a'+b = 0 => a'+b = 0
a'+ab = a'+ac => a'+b = a'+c => 0 = a'+c
ab+ac'+cd = c'd => ab+ac'+cd = c'd => ab+ac'+cd = c'd
3.8, a'+b = 0 a'+c = 0 -
a'=0, b=0, c=0. A a, b, c
: 1.0+1.1+0.d = 1.d 1 = d. , -
a=1, b=0, c=0 d=1.
) A
:
abc ab+a'b'+a'bc abc'+a'b'+bc

000 1 1 N
001 1 1 N
010 0 0 N
011 1 1 N
100 0 0 N
101 0 0 N
110 1 1 N
111 1 1 N
O , .
A A 3.6
A. 3.11, -
:
= .+.+'''
H -
:
' = (.+.+''')'
' = (.+.)'.(''')'
' = (.)'.(.)'.(['']'+[']')
' = ('+').('+').(++)
' = (''+A'K'+''+K'K').(++)
' = (''+[A'+'+1].K').(++)
' = (''+K').(++)
' = ''K+AK'+K'
E , :
1) , , 35,
2) , 35,
3) 35 /.
B. (3.1) -
:
298 HIAKH XEIAH I
Y = A'.B' + A'.B + A.B

= A'.(B'+B) + A.B A3
= A' + A.B A5
= (A'+A).(A'+B) A3
= 1.A' + B A5
= A' + B A4
. , B, , E -
:
) A+B
) (+E)(E)' = (+E)('+E') = E'+'E
) A+A''
) '+E
) B'+A
H , :
= (A+B)(E'+'E)(A+A'')('+E)(B'+A)
= (AE'+A'E+BE'+B'E)(A+A'')('B'+A'+B'E+AE)
= (AE'+A'E+BE'+B'E)(A+A'')(B'E+'B'+AE)
= (AE'+0+ABE'+0+0+0+0+A'B'E)(B'E+'B'+AE)
= AB''E'
K () ()
() : A -
B, E.
A A 3.7
A. T A, B, ,
:
B
A

= A(B+)
AB = A.(B+). AB = A.(B+).
0000 0 1000 0
0001 0 1001 0
0010 0 1010 0
0011 0 1011 1
0100 0 1100 0
0101 0 1101 1
0110 0 1110 0
0111 0 1111 1
B. H , A1 = A2', :
= A1.B.(.A2 + )
A = A1. A' = A2 :
= A.B.(.A' + ) = ABA' + AB = AB
E, .
A A 3.8
A. Y (22)2 = 16 .
B. O A fi(x, y) (i=0, ,15)

. O A 3.10
Y 3.7.1,
( 3.7).
A A 3.9
A. O A n 2n :
. n = 8 28 = 256 0 255
. n =10 210 = 1024 0 1023
12
. n= 12 2 = 4096 0 4095
16
. n = 16 2 = 65536 0 65535.
B. T K B3 = BBB B3 = {(0,0,0),
(0,0,1), (0,1,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,0), (1,0,1), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)}. T
300 HIAKH XEIAH I
B3 x, y, z
3.9.
. Y (22)3 = 64 .
. A
f(x,y,z) = x+yz:
xyz x+yz 011 111

001
000 0
z 101
001 0
010 110
010 0 y
011 1 000 x 100
100 1 NK x+yz |
101 1
110 1
111 1
E. O A f(x,y,z) :
xyz f(x,y,z) = xy+yz+xz

000 0 0
001 0 0
010 0 0
011 1 1
100 0 0
101 1 1
110 1 1
111 1 1
E f=1, -
1, f=1, x y
1 y z 1 x z 1 x y z
1. E, :
f(x,y,z) = xy+yz+xz+xyz
:
f(x,y,z) = xy+yz+xz
T. E f(x,y) = xy'+x'y ,
:
f(y,x) = yx'+y'x = xy'+x'y,
, .
A A 3.10
A. H f(x,y,z) = x+yz, - 011 111

- 001
y, : z 101
f(x,y,z) = y.f(x,1,z) + y'.f(x,0,z) 010 110

y
: f(x,1,z) = x+z f(x,0,z) = x 000 x 100
NK f = x+yz |

B. H f(x,y,z) = xy'+x'y, -
y, :
f(x,y,z) = (y+f(x,0,z)).(y'+f(x,1,z))
: f(x,0,z)) = x f(x,1,z) = x'
A A 3.11
A. E f(x1,,xn, +, . , 0, 1) -
f' fd
f, :
f'(x1,,xn, + , . , 0, 1) = f( x1 ,, x n , . , +, 1, 0)
fd(x1,,xn, + , . , 0, 1) = f(x1,,xn, . , +, 1, 0)
E,
.
B. H
:
fd(x,y,z) = [x+y+z'].[x+y'+z'].[x'+y+z].[x'+y']
302 HIAKH XEIAH I
H fd :
fd'(x,y,z) = [x'.y'.z ]+[x'.y.z]+[x.y'.z']+[x.y]
H fd' f .
A A 3.12
O minterms maxterms i=1 :
m1(x,y) = x'y M1(x,y) = x+y'
) M0.M2.M3 = (x+y)(x'+y)(x'+y') = (xy+x'y+y)(x'+y') = x'y = m1(x,y)
) m0+m2+m3 = (x'y')+(xy')+(xy) = x'y'+x = x+y' = M1(x,y)
) M1'(x,y) = (x+y')' = x'y = m1(x,y)
) m1'(x,y) = (x'y)' = x+y' = M1(x,y)
A A 3.13
A. A
f(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z)
() K :
f(x,y,z) = z'+x'y+yz
f(x,y,z)= (x+x')(y+y')z'+x'y(z+z')+(x+x')yz
f(x,y,z)= (x+x')(yz'+y'z')+(x'yz+x'yz')+(xyz+x'yz)
f(x,y,z) = xyz'+xy'z'+x'yz'+x'y'z'+x'yz+x'yz'+xyz+x'yz
f(x,y,z) = xyz'+xy'z'+x'yz'+x'y'z'+x'yz+xyz
f(x,y,z) = x'y'z'+xy'z'+x'yz'+xyz'+x'yz+xyz
() K A:
f(x,y,z) = z'+x'y+yz
f(x,y,z) = (z'+x')(z'+y)+yz
f(x,y,z) = [(z'+x')(z'+y)+y].[(z'+x')(z'+y)+z]
f(x,y,z) = [(z'+x'+y)(z'+y+y)].[(z'+x'+z)(z'+y+z)]
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(y+z')(1)(1)
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(x.x'+y+z')
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')(x'+y+z')
f(x,y,z) = (x'+y+z')(x+y+z')
B. ,
K A minterms
. H f1(x,y,z) = z'+y(x'+z) A-
13A ():
f1(x,y,z) = x'y'z'+xy'z'+x'yz'+xyz'+x'yz+xyz
H f2(x,y,z) :
f2(x,y,z) = y+z'
f2(x,y,z) = (x+x')y(z+z')+(x+x')(y+y')z'
f2(x,y,z) = (xy+x'y)(z+z')+(x+x')(yz'+y'z')
f2(x,y,z) = (xyz+x'yz)+(xyz'+x'yz')+(xyz'+xy'z')+(x'yz'+x'y'z')
f2(x,y,z) = xyz+x'yz+xyz'+x'yz'+xy'z'+x'y'z'
f2(x,y,z) = x'y'z'+xy'z'+x'yz'+xyz'+x'yz+xyz
O (minterms) -
, . f1(x,y,z) = f2(x,y,z).
A A 3.14
X 3.7:
) T :
x
f(x,y,z) = xy'+z+x'y
E , f(x,y,z) = (xy'+x'y)+z,
XOR, OR:
x
f(x,y,z) = (xy'+x'y)+z
y
) T :
304 HIAKH XEIAH I
w f(w,x,y,z) = (wx'+yz)'
x
y
z
) A
f(A,B,), :
AB f(A,B,)
000 0
001 0
010 0
011 1
100 0
101 1
110 1
111 1
A K A -
, -
:
f(A,B,) = A'B+AB'+AB'+AB
= A'B+AB+AB'+AB+AB'+AB
= (A'+A)B+A(B'+B)+AB('+) = AB+(A+B)
AB
A f(A,B,) = AB+(A+B)
(A+B)

) , -
f=1, :
1) w=y : wy+w'y'
2) x z : xz'+x'z
E, :
f(w,x,y,z) = (wy+w'y')(xz'+x'z)
= (w y)(x z)
= (XNOR(w,y))(XOR(x,z))
Y (wy+w'y')
XNOR (xz'+x'z) XOR ( 3.7). E-
,
:
w (wy+w'y')(xz'+x'z)
x
y
z
) H XOR :
x(y z) = (x y) ( x z)
= (xy)(xz)'+(xy)'(xz)
= xy(x'+z')+(x'+y')xz
= xyz'+xy'z
= x(yz'+y'z)
) H XOR :
(x y) z = x (y z) = x y z
(xy'+x'y)z'+(xy'+x'y)'z x(yz'+y'z)'+x'(yz'+y'z)
(xy'z'+x'yz')+(xy')'.(x'y)'z x(yz')'.(y'z)'+(x'yz'+x'y'z)
xy'z'+x'yz'+(x'+y).(x+y')z x(y'+z).(y+z')+x'yz'+x'y'z
xy'z'+x'yz'+(x'y'z+xyz) (xy'z'+xyz)+x'yz'+x'y'z
x'y'z+x'yz'+xy'z'+xyz = x'y'z+x'yz'+xy'z'+xyz
A A 3.15
O , 3.7, -
:
) H NOR(x,y) = (x+y)':
: NOR(x,x) = x'
: NOR(NOR(x,y), NOR(x,y)) = [(x+y)'+(x+y)']' = x+y
306 HIAKH XEIAH I
: NOR(NOR(x,x), NOR(y,y)) = [x'+y']' = x.y

) H NAND(x,y) = (x.y)':
: NAND(x,x) = x'
: NAND(NAND(x,x), NAND(y,y)) = [x'.y']' = x+y
: NAND(NAND(x,y), NAND(x,y)) = [(x.y)'.(x.y)']' = x.y
) H OR(x,y) = x+y :
:
: OR(x,y) = x+y
: [OR(x',y')]' = [x'+y']' = x.y
) H AND(x,y) = x.y .
:
: [AND(x',y')]' = [x'.y']' = x+y
: AND(x,y) = x.y
A A 3.16
) ,
K :
xyz+wy'z'+wxz xyz+wy'z'+wxy'
(w+w')xyz+w(x+x')y'z'+wx(y+y')z (w+w')xyz+w(x+x')y'z'+wxy'(z+z')
(wxyz+w'xyz)+(wxy'z'+wx'y'z')+(wxyz+wxy'z)
(wxyz+w'xyz)+(wxy'z'+wx'y'z')+(wxy'z+wxy'z')
wxyz+w'xyz+wxy'z'+wx'y'z'+wxy'z =
wxyz+w'xyz+wxy'z'+wx'y'z'+wxy'z
, .
) f(x,y,z) = x'yz+xy'+y'z'
, :
: f(a,a,a) = a'
: f(f(a,a,b), f(a,a,b), f(a,a,b)) = (a'b')' = a+b
: f(f(a,a,a), f(a,a,a), f(b,b,b)) = (a')'.(b')' = a.b
) M(x,y,z) = xy+xz+yz
0
:
: .
: M(a, b, 0) = a.b.
: M(a, b, 0') = ab+a+b = a+b.
) A,
, ,
, -
. O
B, , . 0 -
, , 1,
() . A ()
1 ,
, 0 .
/ B F
0 0000 1
1 0001 1
2 0010 1
3 0011 0
4 0100 1
5 0101 1
6 0110 0
7 0111 0
8 1000 0
9 1001 0
10 1010 1
11 1011 1
12 1100 0
13 1101 1
14 1110 1
15 1111 1
308 HIAKH XEIAH I
/ 0 (0000 = )
15 (1111 = ).
:
) -
bit B.
) ,
bits , , .
) O
(F=1).
/ 0 -
,
:
11 1 13
0 10 2 5 15
14 4 13
A A 4.1
E , ,
, ' -
( 4.3), . -
. H F
:
F = xy' + xx + xyz + xyzxy' + z
E Boole (E 3.2) F -
:
F = xy' +x + xyz + z = x+z
A A 4.2
AND
sa0 A sa1,
A:
A AND sa0 sa1.
AND Z Z A sa0 A sa1

sa0 Sa1
/ Z Z A Z A
0 0 0 0 0 [1] 0 0 0 [1] 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 [1] 0 1 0 [1] 1 [1]
2 1 0 0 0 [1] [0] 0 0 1 0 0
3 1 1 1 [0] [1] [0] 1 [0] 1 1 1
A sa0 AB=11.
A sa1 AB=01.
T AB=01 11
Z.
A A 4.3
H :
1 2 3 4 5
A. 70 % 49 % 34 % 24 % 17 %
E A 4.1
:
A -
-
, ,
' ,
.
A:
f(x,y) . E
, -
f(0,0)=0,
. A -
-
,
310 HIAKH XEIAH I
x f(1,0)=1 y f(0,1)=1. M
f(1,1) A.
x y f
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
H :
f(x, y) = x'y + xy'
T :
X Y
x y F
x y
220V ~
H f(x, y) = x'y + xy' XOR,

, , :
X Y F
x y
220V ~
A A 5.1
O Karnaugh :
) F(x,y,z,w) = x'w' + yz
xy x x
zw 00 01 11 10
0 4 12 8
00 1 1 w
z
1 5 13 9
01
w
3 7 15 11
11 1 1
z
2 6 14 10
10 1 1 1 w
y y y
) F(a,x,y,z,w) = ax + y' w' + z w
xy x x xy x x
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
0 4 12 8 0 4 12 8
00 1 1 w 00 1 1 1 w
z z
1 5 13 9 1 5 13 9
01 01 1 1
w w
3 7 15 11 3 7 15 11
11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
z z
2 6 14 10 2 6 14 10
10 1 1 w 10 1 1 1 w
y y y y y y
a a
A A 5.2
A. O :
xy xy
zw 00 01 11 10 zw 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1 00 1
01 1 1 01 1 1
11 1 1 1 1 11 1
10 1 1 10 1
f1(x, y, z, w) = z'w'+zw+x'y'+xy f2(x, y, z, w) = x'z'w+x'yw'+xyzw

312 HIAKH XEIAH I
B. O :
yz yz
wx 00 01 11 10 wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1
01 1 1 01 1 1
11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 10 1 1 1
f1 = w'x'z'+w'xy+wxz+wx'y f2 = y'z'+xy'+wx+wy'+wz'
A A 5.3
H :
yz yz
wx 00 01 11 10 wx 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 00 1 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1
11 1 1 11 1 1
10 1 1 10 1 1
v' v
f = w'y'+wz+w'y'+vw'
A A 5.4
H ( X-
) , 3 OR AND
f2(w, x, y, z) A A 5.2,
5 AND OR.
yz
wx 00 01 11 10
00 1
01 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
f = (w+y')(w+x+z')(x+y'+z')
A A 5.5
M BCD (2, 4, 2, 1).
f3(a,b,c,d), f2(a,b,c,d), f1(a,b,c,d) f0(a,b,c,d).
cd cd
ab 00 01 11 10 ab 00 01 11 10
00 00
01 1 1 1 01 1 1 1
11 X X X X 11 X X X X
10 1 1 X X 10 1 1 X X
f3 = a+bd+bc f2 = a+bc+bd'
cd cd
ab 00 01 11 10 ab 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 00 1 1
01 1 01 1 1
11 X X X X 11 X X X X
10 1 1 X X 10 1 X X
f1 = a+b'c+bc'd f0 = d
A A 5.6
A F(w,x,y,z) = (0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15)
314 HIAKH XEIAH I
w'z'
w'y
O : w'z' wz. Y -
minterms:
F(w,x,y,z) = w'z' + wz + w'y
F(w,x,y,z) = w'z' + wz + yz
A A 5.7
A : F(w,x,y,z) = (2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15)
O A=w'yz' B=wx'y'. O
minterms 7, 13, 15 (C+E), (D+F), (E+F),
. :
(C+E)(D+F)(E+F) = CDE+CEF+DE+EF+CDF+CF+DEF
O ( ) : DE=wy'z+xyz,
EF=xyz+wxz, CF=w'xy+wxz. E, -
minterms:
F(w,x,y,z) = w'yz' + wx'y' + wy'z + xyz
F(w,x,y,z) = w'yz' + wx'y' + xyz + wxz
F(w,x,y,z) = w'yz' + wx'y' + w'xy + wxz
A A 5.8
QuineMcCluskey g2 -
5.10.
O IV -
minterms , . g2 = b + a.
A A 5.9
hazards : yz
wx 00 01 11 10
f(w,x,y,z) = x'z'w+xzw+x'yz+xyz'
00 1
-
01 1
Karnaugh
11 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
f = wx'z' + wxz + x'yz + xyz' + wy

316 HIAKH XEIAH I
H . -
hazards wy.
E A 5.2
X Karnaugh u, v, x, y, z, w.
xy u=0 u=1
zw
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
0 4 12 8 32 36 44 40
00
z'
1 5 13 9 33 37 45 41
01
v=0
3 7 15 11 35 39 47 43
11
2 6 14 10 34 38 46 42
10
16 20 28 24 48 52 60 56
00
17 21 29 25 49 53 61 57
01
v=1
19 23 31 27 51 55 63 59
11
18 22 30 26 50 54 62 58
xz
10
A A 6.1
(H.A.)
OR :
x s x s s
H.A. H.A.
y c y c c
c-1
A A 6.2
A. O Karnaugh G L
:
a0 b0 a0 b0
a1b1 00 01 11 10 a1b1 00 01 11 10
00 1 00 1
01 01 1 1 1 1
11 1 11 1
10 1 1 1 1 10
G = a1b1'+a1a0b0'+b1'a0b0' L = a1'b1+a1'a0'b0+b1a0'b0
B. A 6.12
2 bit . K,
, -
4 bit. 8 bit ..
E bits
, , log2n -
n bits. E
log2n.
A A 6.3
:
f(x, y, z) = (x+y+z)(x+y'+z')(x'+y+z')(x'+y'+z)
A :
xy
00 01 11 10
z 0| | 1| | 1|
1 1 | 1 |
A A
f(0, 0, z) = f(1, 1, z) = z
f(0, 1, z) = f(1, 0, z) = z'.
318 HIAKH XEIAH I
4 1:
z
x 0 1 2 3
y
E A 6.1
T hazards -
-
, E 5.7. T -

. , ,
, () , ()
()
hazards.
E
Y 4.3.4 -
( )
' . E

.
T A ( 6.3) s c
x, y c1.
s c.
x, y c1,
s, s -
. () -
dk1/k2/, k1, k2, -
K1, K2, (
). H s -
d0. E dk1,
d(k1+1).
, .
dk1/k2/,
s . ,
s hazards.
x y
d2 d2
c d1
c-1
d1
d0
s

x, y c1 c.
, , c -
. x
c , x -
d2/3. , {x, a, c}
2 {x, b, c} 3 . O-
, y c , y
d2/3 ( {y, a, c} {y, b,
c}). H c1 c (d2).
x y
d2/3 d2/3
d2 d2 d3 d3
a
d1 d2
c d2
d0 b c-1
d1
s
320 HIAKH XEIAH I
E
A A ,
c1=0, {x, b, c} {y, b, c} (-
) hazards
x y.
, c1 = 1. E,
x , y = c1 = 1, y -
, x = c1 = 1. E, -
,
.

x, , -
y.
K x (y = c1 = 1).
( 6.2), c=1 -
x. A
1hazard T4 T5 (c=101).
x
y 1
c-1 1
a
b
c
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
K y (x = c1 = 1).
( 6.2), c=1 -
y. A
1hazard T4 T5 (c=101).
x
1
y
c-1
1
a
b
c
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
E A 6.2
4 bit
2 (Y 2.3.3). H
E 6.3
. -
(E-
1.4), -
.

O 4 bit X=x3x2x1x0 Y=y3y2y1y0
2.
, X Y, G
L (E 6.3), -
.
G L X,Y
0 0 X=Y
0 1 X<Y
1 0 X>Y
A
Z=z3z2z1z0 4 bit 2 ( Y-
2.3.3). T z3 , : 0,
, 1, .
|Z| -
Z, . z3 .
322 HIAKH XEIAH I
E Z2 -
Z, . Z2=z2z1z0. E Z
, Z=|Z|=Z2. Z+
Z+ 2, Z, :
|Z | = 24|Z+|.
E X Y -
:
) X0 Y0 ( ). T .. X>Y
|X|>|Y| X2>Y2 X2
Y2 3 bit -
g l (E 6.3) G=g L=l.
) X0 Y<0 (). T X>Y. E x3=0, y3=1,
G=y3 L=x3 G=1 L=0.
) X<0 Y0 (). T X<Y. -
) G=y3 L=x3.
) X<0 Y<0 ( ). -
2
, . , X>Y, |X|>|Y|. X+ Y+ -
() X Y. E X>Y,
X+<Y+ .. 2>3 => 2<3. A X+<Y+
X+>Y+ => 24|X+|>24|Y+| => |X|>|Y|.
X Y
|X|=x3X2 |Y|=y3Y2, .. X>Y |X|>|Y|,
, X2>Y2, x3=y3=1. E
X Y, X2
Y2 ).

A -
: () 3 bit
X Y () -
G=x3' L=y3', X Y -
.
, :
) 3 bit g l,
x2, x1, x0 y2, y1, y0 X
Y .
) G L
:
E x3=y3 T G=g L=l
A G=y3 L=x3.
T 6.10 -
, a1, b1 a0, b0 ( -
A 6.10):
a1 = y3, b1 = x3 a0 = g, b0 = l
E :
x3 y3 x2 y2 x1 y1 x0 y0
a1 b1 g a b
G G a0 G G a
L L b0 1 L L b
H
:
) O x2, x1, x0 y2, y1, y0 -
E 6.3.
) H x3 y3 ,
A 6.10
:
a1 = y3, b1 = x3 a0 = g, b0 = l.

A (Don't Care term)
O
.
X -
[5.3].
A (sequential circuit)
T -
-
[3.1].
(switching algebra)
M
. H
,
A=0 K=1 -
(AND) (OR)
[3.3.2].
Boole (Boolean algebra)
O, Huntington, ,
B, (+, ., ) -
,
[3.2].
A (bidirectional gate switch)
-
[4.2]. Y MOS
.
A (analog quantity)
M .
[1.1].
A (decoder)
K m n , n2m, (
m n) Ai
A=Am1 A0 CA .
A [6.4].
326 HIAKH XEIAH I
A Hamming (Hamming distance)

T bit [2.4].
A (duality principle)
A Boole
B () A, -
[3.2.1]:
) ,
) 0 1.
Bit (Binary Digit)
("0" "1"). H /
. M [1.3].
(carry generator)
H g i = x i y i ( ), -
(gi=1) , .
bit xi, yi ( -
ci = x i y i + ci -1 (x i y i ) ) [6.2.3].
(hexadecimal)
A 16 [2.3.1]
(carry propagator)
H pi = x i y i ( ) -
(pi=1) -
ci1 bit xi, yi ( -
ci = x i y i + ci -1 (x i y i ) ) [6.2.3].
(twovalued algebra)
M Boole , 0 1, -
OR, AND, NOT A
Boole [3.3].
(binary signal)
T [1.2].
E (minterm)
:
327
m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a 1 x a2 2 x ann
ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1} [3.5].

E (gate level)
-
. E '
( )
( -
), , [4.3.4].
E (description level)
, -
, /-
[1.4].
Hazard
,
[5.7].
H (Half Adder)
K (x, y) (s, c),
s c x y [6.2].
/A (positive/negative logic)

High (H) Low (L) . -

L=0, H=1 -
L=1, H=0 [4.3].
K (wired logic)

( ) . T
[4.3.2].
K (canonical form)
[3.6]:
( minterms):
i mi(x1,,xn)
( maxterms):
328 HIAKH XEIAH I
i Mi(x1,,xn)
K (cartesian product)
: AB = {(x, y) | xA yB}
[3.4].
K ( SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI)
( )
. -
[4.4]:
. (SSI) 10 chip,
. (MSI) 10 100 chip,
. (LSI) 100 5000 ,
. (VLSI) 5000
.
K BCD (BCD code)
-
[2.2.2].
K Gray (Gray code)
, ()
' bit [2.2.3].
K Hamming (Hamming code)
K . K pi (i=0, , K1)
2i (i=0, , K1). K

bit [2.4.3].
K B (weighted codes)
M , ()
i (i=0, , n) -
wi (i=0, , n),
, :
= nwn + + 1w1 + 0w0
[2.2.1].
K (encoding)
-
329

(, ) [2.1].
K (encoder)
K m Di (i= 0, , m1) n Ai, m=2n.
i n
bits i. M -
[6.4].
K (priority encoder)
K , m Di (i= 0, , m1) n
Aj,
-
i [6.4].
K A (Ripple Adder)
n bit,
A -
() bit i bit i+1 . M-
, ,
n [6.2.1].
(logic expression)
O a,b,c
/ 0, 1 Boole
+, ., [3.2.2].
(logic gate gate)

[3.7.2].
(logic function)
f: Bn B, ={0,1} [3.4]
(propositional logic)
O 1 0
A
[3.3.1].
M (Maxterm)
:
330 HIAKH XEIAH I
M(x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 +,..., + x ann

ai (i=1, , n) , ai={0,1} [3.5].
X Karnaugh
f.

1 -
f [5.2.2].
QuineMcCluskey ( Tabulation method)
f.
f -

[5.5].
M K (incompletely specified function)

,
'
[5.3].
MOS, CMOS
MOS , ,
gate, -
( ). , nMOS
pMOS, . CMOS -
nMOS pMOS [4.2.2] [4.4.1]
NK (Ncube)
,
-

1 [3.4.1 5.2]
O (Integrated Circuit IC)
-
() (chip)
. -
-
[4.4].
331
O ( 7400, 4000, ECL)

, ,
, , ..

[4.4]. -
: 7400, 4000, ECL [4.4.1]:
O (essential prime implicant)
f -
minterm f -
f [5.4].
(parallel transfer)
T bit , -
[1.5].
(table)
K
[2.2].
ASCII (ASCII table)

[2.2].
(truth table)

-
[3.4.1]
(Most Significant Digit)
T -
[2.3.1]
A (Full Adder)
bit '
c1 -
. O A (x, y, c1)
(s, c), s c
bit x, y c1 [6.2].
(multiplexer)
K -
332 HIAKH XEIAH I
n ( Di,
i=0, , n1) . H
m Sj (j=0, , m1), n=2m. -
, -
( -
n ) [6.5].
K (carry lookahead)
M ( ) -
( )
bit [6.2.3].
(primitive)
' (functionally
complete) (universal) . '
-
[3.7.4].
(prime implicant)
:
p(x1 , x 2 , ... ,x n ) = x1q 1 x q2 2 ... x qn n
x1, , xn f, -
xk p -
f, . p "1" -
f [5.4].
P (failure rate)

. ,
[4.6].
(serial transfer)
M bit -
.. -
[1.5].
(signal)
H -
[1.1].
333
Stackat (stackat fault)

, -

0 (stackat0) 1 (stackat1) [4.5.1]
(comparator)
K X Y, -
, X>Y X=Y X<Y
[6.3].
2 (2's compliment)
, N,
n , N' = 2nN. O N' -
, bits N -
[2.3.3].
(transfer function)
M , 1
0
[4.2].
(combinational circuit)
T
[3.1].
FanOut
( )

[4.4].
FanIn
[4.4]
X Karnaugh (Kmap)
n m ,

(i, j)
[3.4.1 5.2.1]
(digital quantity)
M .
334 HIAKH XEIAH I
[1.1].
(parity bit)

. (even) (odd)
[2.4.1].
(A/D conversion)
H [1.6].

Ψηφιακά Συστήματα

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ψηφιακά Συστήματα

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I

2.4.3 K Hamming ................................................................................................... 63

5.2.2 A Karnaugh ....................................................... 216

6.5 ............................................................................................................................. 279

Tokheim R., H, E TZIOA

1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 1111

111 000 100 000

110 001 101 001

101 010 111 011

100 011 110 010

Gray : 1 bit 2 bit 3 bit

k=4 => (Y4=0, 5=1), k=5 => (Y5=1, 6=0)

) (1)(2): (2) 8 6 = 2 =>

000, 011, 101 110 (-

2.2 2.3, Hamming -

c3=1: p3m4m5m6m7 => p3 1 0 1 0 => p3= 0

Floyd T., Digital Fundamentals, Macmillan, 1990.

f x1, x2, , xn:

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn) (3.2)

xyz f(0, y, z) xyz f(1, y, z)

f(x,y,z) = [x+f(0, y, z)].[ x +f(1, y, z)],

f(x,y,z) = [x+f(0, y, z)].[ x +f(1, y, z)],

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn)

m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a i x a2 2 x ann

3.19 m0(0,0)=1, m0(0,1)=0 ..

(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann

3.20 M0(0,0)=0, M0(0,1)=1 ..

E : m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 x 2a 2 x ann .

M : (x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann

(Canonical Sum of Products)

. minterms mi, f(i)=1.

(Canonical Product of Sums)

. maxterms Mi, f(i) = 0.

xy f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 f15

f4 = x'y y/x y "" x x|

f9 = x'y'+xy xy XNOR x|

f10 = y' y' NOT y

f11 = x+y' x+y' E y T x x|

f12 = x' x' NOT x

) f(x1,,xk,,xn) = xk.f(x1,,1,,xn) + x k .f(x1,,0,,xn),

m(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a 1 x a2 2 x ann ,

(x1 , x 2 ,, x n ) = x1a1 + x 2a 2 + + x ann ,

Y , (AND, NOT), (OR, NOT), -

Morris Mano, , PrenticeHall 1991 (E -

Sandige R., Modern Digital Design, McGrawHill, 1990.

SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI P

4.7 M 4.7 XOR,

4.2.2 MOS CMOS

source drain source drain

source gate drain

VTH (threshold voltage), -

CMOS ( 4.12 VG=E)

1) RTL (Resistor Transistor Logic). E (

RTL DTL TTL

AND OR NOT XOR

1. 7400 Texas Instruments. TTL.

E 74LS| 74HCT| 74HC| 4.5

5.00| 5.00| 5.00| T

VIL max | 0.80 0.80 1.50

4.24 2. 4000. CMOS (Complementary

3. ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic). X .

4.5.1 sa0 sa1

= 2000 . 104 = 0.2 /

R(1000) = e -(0.2).1000 = (0.9048)2000 = (1.38).10 -87 ,