ACORBIC ACID
E300 ascorbic acid,
Chemical Structure
Ascorbic acid is easily oxidized and so is used
as a reductant in photographic developer
solutions (among others) and as a preservative.
Exposure to oxygen, metals, light, or heat
destroys ascorbic acid, so it must be stored in a
dark, cold, and non-metallic container.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid is also known
as vitamin C. The name "ascorbic" comes from
its property of preventing and
curing scurvy. Primates, including humans, and
a few other species in all divisions of the animal
kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost the
ability to synthesize ascorbic acid, and must
obtain it in their food.
Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, and
calcium salts are commonly used
as antioxidant food additives. These compounds
are water-soluble and thus cannot
protect fats from oxidation: For this purpose, the
fat-soluble esters of ascorbic acid with long-
chain fatty acids (ascorbyl palmitate or ascorbyl
stearate) can be used as food antioxidants.
Eighty percent of the world's supply of ascorbic
acid is produced in China.[4]
The relevant European food additive E
numbers are
1.
2. E301 sodium ascorbate,
3. E302 calcium ascorbate,
4. E303 potassium ascorbate,
5. E304 fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid
(i) ascorbyl palmitate (ii) ascorbyl
stearate.
In plastic manufacturing, ascorbic acid can be
used to assemble molecular chains more quickly
and with less waste than traditional synthesis
methods.[5]
A method of treating conditions of amine
vaginitis, purulent vaginitis and dysplasia of the
mouth of the uterus resulting from papilloma
virus infection in the genital region of female
animals by topically applying ascorbic acid to
the affected region. The invention also provides
a medicinal composition in the form of a an
ointment or tablet containing about 3% to about
50% by weight of ascorbic acid and the balance
a pharmaceutically acceptable ointment or
tabletting carrier.
CHEMICAL DEFINITION OF SOAP
Soap, technically, is defined as: the alkali salt
of a fatty acid. It is the product that results from
the reaction of a fatty acid and a strong base
(alkali). In cleansing soaps, the fatty acids come
from oils and fats; the strong alkali base is
sodium hydroxide, also known as "lye", (for
hard soaps) or potassium hydroxide, also known
as "potash", (for soft soaps).
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP
Cleansing Action of Soap:
amount of both, just in order to stay healthy. If
The cleansing action of soap is determined by its you thought that fats and oils are basically the
polar and non-polar structures in conjunction
with an application of solubility principles. The same thing and that the only thing you need to
long hydrocarbon chain is of course non-polar do is to avoid them, think again. Both fats and
and hydrophobic (repelled by water). The "salt"
end of the soap molecule is ionic and oils have very different roles to play in your
hydrophilic (water soluble).
body. Isn’t it time you knew the difference
Monolayer: When soap is added to water, the between the two?
ionic-salt end of the molecule is attracted to
water and dissolved in it. The non-polar
The basic difference between fats and oils, as
hydrocarbon end of the soap molecule is
repelled by water. A drop or two of soap in most people know, is that fats are solid at room
water forms a monolayer on the water surface as
shown in the graphics on the left. The soap temperature while oils are liquid. However,
molecules "stand up" on the surface as the polar room temperature does vary from place to place
carboxyl salt end is attracted to the polar water.
The non-polar hydrocarbon tails are repelled by and according to the season. Just because your
the water, which makes them appear to stand up.
butter is a mess at 38*c, does not mean it’s an
oil. So, don’t fool yourself!

SAPONIFICATION NUMBER
Both fats and oils form a part of a well defined
a measure of the total free and combined acids e dietary plan. When you want to turn a fat into
specially in afat, wax, or resin expressed as the n
oil, you just need to turn the temperature up.
umber of milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide req
uired for the complete saponification of onegram  When it reaches a certain temperature, the fat
of substance called also saponification value  turns into oil. However, once you go on heating
Saponification values are highly significant in the oil, it starts smoking. This is the point where
the making of soap. It is important that the sap
it releases toxins. These toxins stay on even after
value is just right too high and the soap might
contain too much alkali even though there is the oil has cooled down. Reality check? If you
sufficient soapiness that it would react with skin thought that deep fried stuff was better than your
whilst a sap value too small -the fatty acid salts
will not be sufficient enough to remove or jar of butter, think again. Those French fries,
saponify the fat or oil and less soapiness. fried in repeatedly reheated oil, is causing you
more harm than a bit of butter on your toast.

DIFFERENCES OF FATS AND OILS Hydrogenated oils are something we come

across on a daily basis- they are in your favorite
Modern fad diets have zeroed in on fats and oils
pack of chips, your ready to make soup packs
as the main culprits. In fact, you need a healthy
and even in that packet of biscuits.

Hydrogenation is the process of refining the oil
in your foodstuff till it becomes almost
impossible to spoil. This process destroys all the
nutritional value of the oil and reduces it into a
mass of stuff your body can well do without.
Fats are basically divided according to whether
they are saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fats
tend to be solid at room temperature and
contribute to higher cholesterol levels in the
blood. You will do well to eliminate these from
your diet. Unsaturated fats are typically those
but not in oils. But, there are many substances
which will dissolve into glycerin than they will
dissolve into water or alcohol. So, it can be said
that glycerin is a good solvent.
 
A very interesting property of glycerin is that it
is very highly hygroscopic, which means that it
absorbs water froms the air. For example, if you
leave a bottle of glycerin exposed to air, it would
eventually become 80% glycerin and 20% water.
Glycerol or glycerin is one of the most widely
used ingredients in drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Apart from drugs, there are other uses of
glycerin as well. Read on to find out the most
common uses of glycerin
Drugs - Glycerin is widely used to manufacture
the following drugs.

that do not raise your cholesterol all that much.  Capsules

 Suppositories
Fats usually come from animal sources.
 Ear infection remedies
 Anesthetics
Oil, on the other hand is usually a purified form  Cough remedies
 Lozenges
of the fat. These usually come from plant
 Gargles
sources. There are a number of cooking oils used
 
across the world. The common ones are olive Foods and Beverages - Glycerin is used to
oil, palm oil, corn oil and sunflower oil. If you moisten, sweeten or preserve the following food
and drinks:
are feeling confused about the total amount of
fats and oils you can incorporate into your diet  Soft drinks
 Candies
safely follow the recommendation of the FDA. It  Cakes
 Meat and cheese
says that less than 30% of the total calories in
 Dry food
your diet should come from fats and oils. If you
 
are trying to lose weight, you should bring that
Cosmetics and Toiletries - Because of the non-
down to round 10% only. toxic nature of glycerin, it is used in cosmetics
and toiletries. It is used in the following
products:
USES OF GLYCEROL
 Toothpaste
Glycerin is a chemical compound that is also  Skin creams and lotions
known as glycerol. It is a neutral, sweet tasting,  Pre-shaving lotions
colorless, thick liquid that can be freezed to a  Deodorants
thick paste, and has a high boiling point as  Make up
well. It can easily dissolve in water or alcohol  Lipstick
  Mascara
 
Tobacco - Glycerin is also used in tobacco to
prevent the breaking and crumbling during the
processing of cigarettes, etc. It also adds some
kind of flavor to the chewing tobacco. It is
widely used to manufacture cigarette filter tips
as well.
 
Paper and Printing - It is used to soften and
reduce the shrinkage during paper
manufacturing. It is used in the following:
 Grease proof paper
 Food wrappers
 Printing ink
Textiles - Glycerin is used in textiles to soften
the yarn and to lubricate fibres of different
kinds. In the textile industry, glycerin is
generally used for the following purposes:
 As a lubricant for food processing
 To manufacture resin coating
 To add flexibility to rubber and plastic
 As a building block in manufacturing
flexible foams
 To manufacture dynamite
 To create component that is used in
radios and neon lights 
With such a diverse usage, we can easily
conclude that glycerin is a highly versatile
product that is used in various industries today.