ST.

BRITTO’S ACADEMY
R 3/3, Netaji Road, Velachery
Chennai-600 042
PROJECT TITLE: PREPARATION OF SOAP
TEAM MEMBERS:
 SANJAY.G
 HARIHARAN.K
 KRISHNA CHOUDHARY.S
 HARESH HEMANG KUMAR.U

CLASS:XII-B
ACADEMIC YEAR:2023-2024
 CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION

 OBJECTIVE

 THEORY

 REQUIREMENTS

 PROCEDURE

 OBSERVATION

 CONCLUSION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Preparation of soap
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are carboxylate salts with very long hydrocarbon chains. Soap can be
made from the base hydrolysis of a fat or an oil. This hydrolysis is called
saponification, and the reaction has been known for centuries. Traditionally,
soaps were made from animal fat and lye (NaOH). (Lye was traditionally made
by pouring water through wood ashes.) An example of a saponification reaction
is shown below
As you may remember, fats and oils are triesters of glycerol and three fatty
acids. Esters can be hydrolyzed to their alcohol and carboxylic acid components
in the presence of acid or base. Fats, oils, and fatty acids are insoluble in water
because their hydrophobic tails are so long. If a base is used for hydrolysis, the
fatty acids produced are deprotonated and are present as the corresponding
carboxylate salts. Because these product carboxylate salts are charged, they are
much more soluble in water than the corresponding uncharged fatty acids. Since
the carboxylate salts also each have a long nonpolar tail, they are also
compatible with nonpolar greases and oils . Soap can emulsify fats and oils by
forming micelles around oil droplets. The soap molecules surround an oil
droplet so that their nonpolar tails are embedded in the oil and their charged
“head” groups are on the exterior of the droplets, facing the water. If the oil
droplets are small enough and if there are enough soap molecules to surround
them, the oil droplets become dispersed in the water and can then easily be
washed away. Therefore, using lots of soap, hot water, and agitation can help
clean greasy dishes. Hot water can melt solid fats, and agitation can help break
up the fats and oils into smaller droplets. Using lots of soap makes it more likely
that there will be enough soap molecules to surround and emulsify all of the fat
droplet Soaps are less effective in hard water, which is water that contains a
significant concentration of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. These ions form precipitates
with soap molecules, and this precipitate is often seen as a gray line on a
bathtub or sink and is often called “soap scum”. Since soap forms a precipitate
with these ions, it means that many of the soap molecules are no longer present
in the solution. Therefore, soap will form fewer suds in hard water. “Soft water”
is water that contains very few or no ions that precipitate with soap. Soap will
therefore be much more effective in soft water than in hard water. Detergents
are similar to soaps in that they have a charged head group and a long nonpolar
tail group, but they are not prepared from natural fats or oils. Detergents are
H2C CH OH OH C O - O (CH2)16CH3 H2C CH O C (CH2)16CH3 O C
(CH2)16CH3 O O C H2 O C O (CH2)16CH3 + C H2 OH Glycerol Sodium
Stearate, a soap Glyceryl tristearin, a fat + 3 NaOH 3 Na+ 80 useful because
they do not form precipitates with magnesium or calcium ions, which means
that they work in both soft and hard water. Shown below is a typical detergent
molecule, sodium lauryl sulfate (which you may recognize from ingredient lists
of shampoos or other cleaning products):
After detergents started being widely used, it was discovered that they were not
broken down in sewage treatment plants. Many streams and lakes became
contaminated with detergents and large amounts of foam appeared in natural
waters. Biodegradable detergents were then developed. Shown below is an
example of a biodegradable detergent, sodium laurylbenzenesulfonate. 7 Many
commercial detergents also contain phosphate compounds. This can be a
problem, because phosphate is a nutrient for plants. Too much phosphate in a
pond, lake, or stream accelerates the growth of algae, which consumes too much
of the dissolved oxygen in the water. This disturbs the ecosystem in the pond,
and some organisms will die. Therefore, you will see some detergents these
days that are labeled “phosphate free”. These are better for the environment
than phosphate-containing detergents.
 USES OF SOAP
1. Personal Hygiene:
 Hand Washing: Soap is essential for effective hand hygiene, helping to
remove dirt, germs, and contaminants from your hands.
 Body Wash: Soap bars and liquid soaps are used for cleansing the body
during showers or baths.
 Face Cleansing: Gentle soaps are used to clean the face and remove makeup,
excess oil, and impurities.
2. Laundry:
 Laundry Detergent: Soap is a key ingredient in laundry detergents, aiding in
the removal of stains, dirt, and odors from clothing and fabrics.
3. Cleaning:
 Dishwashing: Dish soap is used to clean dishes, cutlery, and cookware,
breaking down grease and food particles.
 Household Cleaning: Soap can be used to clean various surfaces in the
home, including countertops, floors, and appliances.
4. Personal Care:
 Shaving: Shaving soap or cream creates a lather that softens facial or body
hair, making shaving smoother and reducing irritation.
 Shampoo: Some people use bar soap as a shampoo, although dedicated
shampoos are more common. Liquid soap can also be used as a body wash
and shampoo combined.
5. Pet Care:
 Pet Shampoo: Mild soaps are used to bathe pets, cleaning their fur and skin.
6. Art and Craft:
 Soap Carving: Soap bars are sometimes carved into intricate shapes and
designs as a creative activity.
7. Textile Industry:
 Textile Processing: Soap is used in the textile industry to remove oils and
other impurities from fabrics before dyeing or finishing.
8. Medical and Healthcare:
 Surgical Scrub: In medical settings, soap is used as part of the surgical scrub
process to ensure clean and sanitized hands.
9. Pest Control:
 Insect Repellent: Some soaps contain ingredients that repel insects, and they
can be used as a mild insect repellent in outdoor situations.
10. Emergency Uses:
  Fire Extinguisher: In certain emergencies, a soap solution can be used as a
fire extinguisher for small grease fires.

MICELLE
is an aggregate of surfactant molecule dispersed in a liquid colloid. In an
aqueous solution, molecules having polar or charged group and nonpolar
regions (amphiphilic molecules) form aggregate called micelle. In a micelle,
polar or ionic heads form an outer shell in contact with water, while non-polar
tails are sequestered in the interior. Hence, the core of micelle, being formed of
long non-polar tails resembles an oil or gasoline drop. The number of
amphiphilic molecules forming the aggregate is called aggregation number; it is
a way to describe the size of the micelle

AIM
1. Learn how to prepare soap by saponification reaction of NaOH
and oils 2. Understand the condition needed in the preparation of
soap

THEORY
Soap is made by the saponification reaction. It is an exothermic
chemical reaction which happens when fatty acids react with base.
This process involves boiling the fats together with the base. For this
experiment, we boiled coconut oil with 29.5g NaOH. The hydrolysis
of the oil occurs, thus producing glycerol and crude soap. Then,
sodium chloride is added into it once the saponification reaction
completed. Addition of sodium chloride causes the soap to
precipitate. The crude soap acquired from the process consists of
sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and glycerol. The crude soap
curds is then boiled in water and re-precipitated with salt in order to
remove the impurities.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
• NaOH pellets
• 20mL distilled water
• Cooking oil
• Beakers
• Stirrer
• Spoon
• Hot plate
• Common salt
• Rose extract
PROCEDURE
STEP 1- Dissolve NaOH pellets in 20mL of distilled water (250mL
of beaker) . Put them aside and let them cool down.
STEP2- After the NaOH solution cooled sufficiently, heat the
mixture of cooking oil and 20mL water in a 250mL beaker .
STEP3- Let oil globules remain suspended in the water until the next
step. Stop heating .
Step4- Drizzle the lye solution into the mixture of oil and water in 1:1
ratio and gently stir to blend it
STEP5- Place the beaker on hot plate and set on to medium heating,
continuously stirred but gentle to create the uniform mixture (Initially
the mixture looks like water shimmering with unsaponifiable oil, but
after 10 to 15 minutes it will be generally become thick and uniform)
STEP6- Remove the beaker from the heat occasionally and return to
the plate as needed STEP6- After 10-20 minutes add fragrance and
common salt to the hot mixture and stir well (The excess base which
didn’t react was removed as water)
STEP7- Mould the mixture of soap covered with grease paper and let
it cool down
STEP8-check after more than 24hours or 2 to 3 weeks latter , the
soap will continue solidify slowly. This process is called ‘CURING
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the soap is successfully prepared and the comparison
properties of soap, which are precipitation are made, observed and
recorded. It can be concluded soap is also good cleaning agent but
decrease in effectiveness as it used in hard water. The presence of
scum tends to remain behind and deposits on the cloth. The quantity
of the soap formed depends on the amount of reagents used. This
procedure is applicable even in industrial se ups. The sodium chloride
is used for the purposes of salting out and helps in the crystallization
o the soap.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
https://www.wikipedia.org/
https://chat.openai.com/