RATIONAL

The preparation of soap from snail slime and shea butter oil can be rationalized based on the

properties and benefits of these ingredients. Snail slime, also known as snail mucin, is a

substance secreted by snails. It contains various components such as glycolic acid, elastin,

allantoin, and hyaluronic acid, which are known for their moisturizing, soothing, and

regenerative properties. These properties make snail slime a valuable ingredient in skincare

products, including soaps. Incorporating snail slime into soap can provide moisturization,

promote skin healing, and improve skin elasticity. Shea butter oil is derived from the nuts of the

shea tree and is widely recognized for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It is rich in

fatty acids, including oleic acid and stearic acid, which help to hydrate and soften the skin. Shea

butter oil also contains vitamins A and E, which provide antioxidant benefits and promote skin

health. When used in soap, shea butter oil contributes to the overall moisturizing and

conditioning properties of the soap, leaving the skin feeling smooth and supple. Combining snail

slime and shea butter oil in the preparation of soap can offer a synergistic effect, enhancing the

benefits for the skin. The moisturizing properties of both ingredients can help to prevent dryness

and maintain skin hydration. Additionally, the regenerative properties of snail slime and the

nourishing properties of shea butter oil can promote skin repair, reduce inflammation, and

improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

Furthermore, the unique combination of snail slime and shea butter oil can make the soap

formulation stand out in the market. Consumers are increasingly seeking natural and innovative

skincare products that provide multiple benefits. Soap made with snail slime and shea butter oil
can cater to this demand, offering a unique selling proposition and attracting consumers looking

for gentle yet effective cleansing options.

In conclusion, the rational for the preparation of soap from snail slime and shea butter oil lies in

their individual properties and benefits for the skin. Combining these ingredients can result in a

soap formulation that provides moisturization, skin healing, and nourishment, making it an

appealing choice for those seeking natural and beneficial skincare products.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research project work is to study of the quality of a beauty soap produced from

snail slime and shea butter and other ingredients. This project aim at producing a good quality

beauty soap used for bathing made from natural product such as snail slime and shea butter .also

to produce quality soap that has a good cleaning action and can also lather well in water.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
There has been high demand for surface active agents like soap over the years. This could be

probably as a result of its usage virtually in all household affairs. According to McCutheon 1974,

soap which is alkali salts of long chain carboxylic acids belongs to the class of anionic surfactant.

Surfactants have been defined as an organic compound which alters the conditions prevailing at

the boundaries between different phases in a system e.g between water and oil in the

formation of emulsion or between water and air in the case of foams. (McCutheon, 1974).

Soap forms the largest group of the detergents that are in common use today as they constitute

about 95% of all the detergents(Wilkinson,1974). A soap molecule consists of long hydrocarbon

chain with a carboxylic acid group on one end which is ionic bonded to a metal ion, usually a

sodium or potassium. The hydrocarbon end is non- polar and is soluble in non- polar substances

such as fats and oils, and the ionic end (the salt of a carboxylic acid) is soluble in water. The

chemical composition of soap is a blend of sodium/potassium salts of the long chain fatty acids,

which is made by saponification reaction by the hydrolysis of animal fat and alkali.

Saponification is an organic chemical reaction which soap is formed from the reaction between

alkali and fat in order to cleave ester into carboxylic acid. Basically, triglycerides are reacted

with sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt. The triglycerides are most often

animal fats or vegetable oils (Anne, M.H., 2017). During saponification process, sodium

hydroxide is dissolved in water, and the oils are made into a warm liquid state, either by

heating a liquid or melting a solid. Both chemical mixed until two stages are fully emulsified
(Matthew, T., Nicholas, L., Sohum, S., n.d). When using sodium hydroxide, a hard soap will be

produced. While when using the potassium hydroxide will result in a soft soap. Lipids that

contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is catalyzed by a strong

acid or base. Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. This report is based

on the production of soap from snail slime and other natural oil.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Soap is defined as a mixture of chemical compounds resulting from the interaction of fatty acids

with a metal radical. Soap may also be described as any water-soluble salt of those fatty acids

which contain eight or more carbon atoms. The metals commonly used in soap making are

sodium and potassium, which produce water-soluble soaps that are used for laundry and

cleaning purposes.(Kuntom et al,1994). Soap is produced by the saponification of a triglyceride,

the triglyceride is reacted with a strong alkali such as; KOH or NaOH to produce glycerol and

fatty acid salts (Albert.U.P,Yuri.Y,2015).

Saponification is an organic chemical reaction which soap is formed from the reaction between

alkali and fat in order to cleave ester into carboxylic acid. Basically, triglycerides are reacted

with sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt. The triglycerides are most often

animal fats or vegetable oils (Anne, M.H, 2017). During saponification process, sodium

hydroxide is dissolved in water, and the oils are made into a warm liquid state, either by

heating a liquid or melting a solid. Both chemical mixed until two stages are fully emulsified

(Matthew, T, Nicholas, L, Sohum, S, n.d). When using sodium hydroxide, a hard soap will be

produced. While when using the potassium hydroxide will result in a soft soap. Lipids that
contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is catalyzed by a strong

acid or base. Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. process is called

saponification and the new compounds

formed are soap and glycerine, thus :

Fat or Oil plus 3 Sodium Hydrate equals Glycerin plus3 Soap. (Thomssen. Et al 1922)

Soaps are used mainly for washing, bathing, cleaning, but soap are also used for other purposes

too such as textile spinning and lubricating catting grease. Antiseptic soap is an alteration of an

ordinary soap where bioactive ingredients are added into the basic soap medium to produce a

variety of biological effects to the product.(Kareru.et al 2010). But due to the likelihood of

causing side effects as a result of use of synthetic substances, it is important to avoid the use

harmful synthetic chemicals from antiseptic soap products. (Ribeiro.A.S et al 2015). The

chemical characteristics of soap depends on the kind of oil used , procedure of the

saponification and quantity of alkali used for saponification. Soaps are generally produced
using edible oil ; coconut oil , soya beans oil , groundnut oil and nonedible oil ; jatropha oil ,

castor oil, mahua oil. amongst the edible oil, shea butter oil can be used in soap production, it

contains ingredients such as; palmitic(2-9%) stearic(20-50%) and oleic(40-60%) fatty acids,

linoleic acid(3-11%) and arachidic acids(1%) these ingredients balance oil on your skin,

vitamins that promote circulation and healthy skin growth . the main fatty acids

constituents of the shea butter oil compose of palmitic stearic oleic and linoleic acids .

1.3 TYPES OF SOAP

In considering the many different varieties of soaps, their classification is purely an arbitrary

one. No definite plan can be outlined for any particular brand to be manufactured nor can any

very sharp distinction be drawn between the much soap of different properties which are

designated by various names. There is of course a difference in the appearance, form and color,

and then there are soaps of special kinds, such as floating soaps, transparent soaps, liquid

Soaps etc. yet in the ultimate sense they are closely allied, because they are all the same

chemical compound, varying only in their being a potash or soda soap, and in the fatty acids

which enter into combination with these alkalis. For a matter of convenience we will classify

soap under three general divisions:

I. Laundry soaps, including chip soap s, soap powders and scouring soaps.

II. Toilet soaps, including floating soap, castile soap, liquid soap, shaving soap, etc.

III. Textile soaps. These are a few named type of soap.

  Glycerin soap

 Transparent soap

 Liquid soap

 Kitchen soap

 Laundry soap

 Novelty soap

 Guest soap

 Medicated soap

 Beauty soap

1.5 Method and Extraction of Snail Slime.

Snail slime (SS) is defined as a viscous and liquid secretion with a very low pH (approximately

three), obtained from different gastropod species, such as Helix species. This hydrogel-like

mucus is secreted by different glands: for example, Helix pomatia specie releases SS from five

different gland types, three located on the dorsal side and two on the ventral side of the foot

sole. SS secretion is essential for snails, allowing their adhesion and locomotion on different

types of surfaces, preventing excessive animal drying, and is necessary for feeding,

reproduction, and representing a defensive substance against predators (Greistorfer.s et al

2017). Recently, SS has gained popularity for its cosmetic and skincare properties, such as anti-

aging, skin regeneration, acne control, hydrating effects, and many others, due to several

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-regenerating components including allantoin, glycolic

acid, el astin, collagen, vitamins, and mucin-like glycoprotein complexes, which exert sun-
protecting, exfoliating, and many other beneficial effects (Cristiano.L et al 2022). The

composition of SS depends on different factors, such as the snail species, feeding and behavior

of the animals and, most importantly, the extraction method (Di Filippo et al 2021).

• MANUAL EXTRACTION: this process involves a lot of patients , the snail is harvested

from the farm and cleaned from the ground for and impurities , then with a slight

stimulation with a finger the snail , begins to produce very small quantity of drool , the

stimulation is continued until the given amount of drool is collected.

 EXTRACTION BY MACHINE: The extraction procedure aimed at obtaining a raw material

with very high chemical and organoleptic characteristics in the total well-being of the

mollusk. Before starting extraction, snails of the species Helix aspersa were harvested as

adult live snails (12–15 months), then purged leading to expulsion of excrements and

cleaned drying the humidity for a minimum of 2 days. Dead snails and animals with

broken shells were eliminated and the snails were carefully washed with running water

at a controlled temperature avoiding thermal and traumatic shocks, and the operation

was repeated at least 3 times.

1.5 compositions of snail slime and its benefits :

Snail slime is a physical secretion derived from snails. These secretions are extremely

beneficial for skin care and packed with nutrient like:

 Allantoin – a substance which promotes reparative regeneration of the skin, known

for its healing properties and effectiveness as an antioxidant which slows down the

skin aging process eliminating free radicals in the cells.

 Collagen, elastin – they are the structural proteins necessary for rigidity and

elasticity of the skin, the main components of connective tissue slowing the effects

of aging.

 Glycolic acid – improves the texture and appearance of the skin, reduces wrinkles,

acne and hyper pigmentation; removes the top layer of the epidermis with cells of

dead skin to reveal the lower layer younger, toned and bright.

 Polysaccharides – these are substances that form natural structures and help the

skin stay hydrated longer.

 Peptide antibiotics – destroy pathogens on the surface and in the pores of the skin

and acts as a protective barrier.

 Sugars – sorbitol – is the most appropriate moisturizer; by mechanism of action, it

looks like amino acids; it forms a soft layer on the skin that retains moisture in the

stratum corneum.

 Vitamins – snail secretion is rich in vitamin A, C and E; they protect, enrich and

soften the skin.

 Essential trace elements – these are the nutrients that the body cannot make itself;

in small daily quantities, they allow our cells to work well. snail slime has the

following benefits;

 Intensive moisturizing properties like glycolic acid for dry skin.

  Naturally exfoliating dead skin and unclogging pores.

 Reduces skin inflammation

 Anti-aging properties, reduces sign of wrinkles.

 Stimulate collagen production.

1.6 Benefits of Shea butter Oil in the Production of soap.

Shea butter oil was obtained from the edible nut of the fruit from Karite (Butyrospermum

parkii) tree grown in Savannah Grasslands of West Africa. It is a wild growing tree that produces

tiny, almond-like fruit. Shea Butter oil was extracted from the fruit by cold process and was

used to prepare medical soap. Shea butter oil contains high triglycerides and has 5% fatty acids,

8% unsaponifiables and 7% waxy esters that reduce tumors and cancers

eglymphocyticleukemia (Fokou et al., 2009; Honfo et al., 2014). Shea butter oil is rich in

essential fatty acids (EFAs), triglycerides, vitamin E and calcium. Because of its EFAs and vitamin

E, the oil penetrates deep within the skin to heal the minute cracks brought on by severe

dryness. Fatty acids present in the oil are oleic acid (46.4%), linoleic acid (6.6%), palmitic acid

(4.0%), stearic acid (41.5%) and arachidic (1.3%) (Honfo et al., 2014; Israel, 2014; Zaidul et al.,

2014).Chemical analysis showed that the obtained soap has 76.0 %, 9.0 %, 3.41 minutes, 9.0,

0.0 %, 3.7% and 0.87 as its total fatty matter, moisture, foam stability, pH, free caustic alkali,

unsaponified and specific gravity respectively. Due to the phytoconstituents in shea butter oil

and the favourable chemical characteristics of the soap, it can be used as medical and

cosmetics toilet soap. Such soap is used to alleviate problems of the skin and scalp (Boadu.K.O
et al 2017). The shea butter soap will also be antimicrobial. In addition, the shea butter soap will

be acceptable to people suffering from skin diseases such as acne, psoriasis and eczema who

are allergic to soaps containing Diethanolamine, Isopropyl alcohol, Butylated hydroxyl toluene

and Triclosan additives (Garba et al., 2015; Israel, 2014).

 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Materials and Methods.

Materials:

I. Snail slime.

II. Shea butter

III. Olive oil

IV. Water

V. Sodium hydroxide

VI. Colorant

VII. Perfume.

Apparatus:

I. Scale

II. Mixing bowl

III. Stirrer

IV. Gloves

2.2 PROCEDURE/METHODOLOGY

Snail slime is considered one of the most effective substances for our skin.the use of burr are

truly unlimited and start from facial treatment up to that of body and hair.
 414.59g of shea butter oil was placed in a beaker

 81g of olive oil was added in the 414.59g of shea butter oil.

 73.84g of NaoH crystals was dissolved in 182ml of distilled water and allowed to cool.

 The mixture was poured into the liquefied fat or oil and stirred for homogeneity.

 100g of snail slime was added and stirred for a homogenous solution

 Color, perfume was later added and mixed well . the soap solution was later kept in a

soap mold to get dry .

2.3 TESTS FOR THE PROPERTIES OF SOAP SOAP.

PH TEST.

A small amount of the already prepared soap was placed in a beaker and 4 drops of

phenolthaline was added and color was observed.

CLEANING POWER

In a beaker of few milliliters of distilled water, a few drops of she butter iol was placed the

insolubility of the oil in the water was observed. A few drops of the soap solution was

added and shaken . the oil was dissolved this shows the cleaning effect of the soap.

FORMABILITY TEST

1g of soap was weighed and dissolved into a 100cm of distilled water . in a beaker the

mixture was shakeb vigorously for 2minutes and allowed to stand for another 2 minutes

and the height of the foam was then measured and recorded
2.4 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

When preparing soap , it is important to follow some safety precautions to ensure the

wellbeing of the person making the soap here are some safety general safety guidelines

 Always wear eye protection (goggles) and rubber gloves. Clothing should consist of

long sleeve shirt or lab jacket, long trousers and cover shoes.

 Avoid breathing the dust released and fumes created when adding either sodium

hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to water.

 Always add the sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide slowly to water. never

add water to either of these chemicals

 “cure” soap made using sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide 3-6 weeks before

using. If in doubt if the soap is properly cured, the pH should be tested.

 Never use utensils in aluminum or metal. They can react with the lye and destroy

your equipment and contaminate/spoil the soap. Stainless steel is the only

exception.

 Cleanup any spills immediately using appropriate method and materials. Dispose of

waste materials properly according to local regulation.

 Handle all the chemicals with caution .lye is a caustic substance and can cause

burns .always add lye to water and not the other way around to minimize the risk of

splashing.

 Follow temperature guidelines and avoid overheating ingredients to prevent

accidents or excessive fumes

 CHAPTER THREE

RESULTS/CALCULATION

3.1 CALCULATION.

Weight of the shea butter oil=414.59g

Weight of soap=808.51g

Triglyceride +3NaoH glyceride + 3soap(sodium laurate)

414.59
Moles of triglyceride=
638 g

=0.649mole

73.84 g
Mole of NaoH =
40 g/mol

=1.84mol

Therefore, triglyceride is the limiting reagent.

1mol of triglyceride =3 mole of sodium laurate

0.649=x

Mole of sodium laurate= 3*0.649mol

=1.947mol

Theoretical yield of sodium laurate(soap) =1.947mol

The mass of sodium laurate(soap)=222g/mol

808.51 g
Mole of the saop =
222 g /mol

=3.642mol

Actual yield =3.64mol

actual yield
% yield =
theoretical yeild

3.642
=
1.947

=187.1%

DISCUSSION

Shea Butter soap was prepared as a product of saponification reaction between NaOH solution

and oil extracted from shea fruit seed kernel. the process of incorporating snail slime into soap

typically involves extracting the mucin from the snail and combining it with soap making

ingredients . This re-hydrates, the skin making it smooth, and additionally the high oil content

within the soap acts as a lubricant throughout the day (Ogunsuyi and Akinnawo, 2012). This

property makes it ideal medicinal soap for people in the tropics. the soap has unique skincare

benefits, including skin elasticity and reduction of lines and wrinkles. The principle behind the

cleansing effect of soap can be discussed by the soap molecule functioning as emulsifier when

mixed with oil since they have both the polar and non- polar parts in their chemical structure.
The soap consist of a long non polar hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain(tail), and a polar

hydrophilic COONa group (head).

In addition, pH values of other soap samples ranged from 9 to 10. The alkaline nature of soap

is to serve as barrier against abnormal bacterial flora and virus by neutralizing the body’s

protective acid nature (ranging from 5.4 to 5.9 for healthy body) and makes it lather easily.

Soap with pH below 5 and above 10 causes harshness on the hands and skin. Mild alkaline

nature of soap is preferable (marginally above 7), since alkali contained in the soap is released

when it comes in contact with water and increases the skin pH to 10-11. Tarun et al. reported

that the usage of soap with high pH causes an increase in skin pH which in turn causes

irritations. From the results, the pH of the shea butter soap was consistent with the normal pH

range for soap 9-11 (Rafaela et al,2016) increase in dehydrative effect, irritability and alteration

in normal bacteria flora on the skin. When the ph of the soap was carried out with a few drops

of phenolthaline a pink color was observed indicating the soap was basic and can be used. The

pink color observed might be due to partial alkali hydrolysis resulting from the saponification

process. The reaction can be completed by the addition of excess shea butter oil or any other

super fatting agent to reduce the severe nature of the soap or addition of excess caustic soda

(Ameh et al., 2013). The prepared soap was not corrosive to the skin because it was made of a

salt of a weak acid (such as fatty acid) and a strong base (NaOH). The soap was alkaline (pH~9)

in aqueous media. Literature had shown that alkaline substances neutralize the body’s

protective acid mantle that acts as a natural barrier against bacteria and viruses (George and

Raymond, 2015). Using snail slime in the production of soap provides potential skincare
benefits to the skin, snail mucucin is a thick, gel-like substance secreted by snails to protect and

repair their skin. It contains various compounds such as hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins, and

antioxidants, which are believed to have moisturizing, anti-aging, and wound-healing

properties. The resulting soap is claimed to offer unique skincare benefits, including improved

hydration, increase skin elasticity, and the reduction of fine line wrinkles. The high percentage

yield of the soap which was calculated to be 182% is due to the fact that the soap was not well

dried. The average number of days a soap takes to dry is 21days.

The foam stability of shea butter soap was determined by measuring the time it takes for the

lather formed by the soap with pure water to collapse (Ameh et al., 2013).
CONCLUSION

The importance of soap in our society today cannot be over emphasized. Its role in the

cleansing of man and his environment has created a convenient, befitting and accommodable

environment for man to inhibit. It also provides a breath of fresh air to man and makes him

comfortable to settle in his environment. Any society without soap or any of its alternatives is

prone to a diseased, destructive and contaminated society. Such society is prone to bacterial,

fungal or virus infection by micro-organisms which can to so many disease and sickness and

even each man and animsals in such environment. There are different kind of soap with

different ingredient and benefits such as; medicated soap, normal soap, beauty soap, cocoa

soap etc. All these soap have the same purpose which is to keep the skin clan and our

environment clean. Even though some of these soap have additional ingredients such snail

slime for anti- aging and wound healing, aloe Vera for wound healing and beauty purposes .The

chemical characteristics of soap also depends on the kind of oil used , procedure of the

saponification and quantity of alkali used for saponification. Physico- chemical parameters

obtained showed that the soap has a ph approximately which is basic, the soap was able to

dissolve in an insoluble oil and water mixture this shows the cleaning effect of the soap. shea

butter oil soap is one of the quality soaps in terms of health benefits, antioxidants and with

favorable medicinal properties that can be used as a substitute for palm oil.
This research showed that the soap was successfully produced using snail slime extract and

shea butter oil, snail slime known for its potential moisturizing, and anti-aging, and wound

healing properties, has captured attention as an innovative ingredient in soap formulation.

Raw materials

(Mixing process)
FINAL PRODUCT(SOAP)

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