Key Activity

Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable

cleaner test

Course name: Matter and Sustainability

Course ID: PC4018
Time Frame: One semester, one submission per partial.
Students:

PART I

A. BACKGROUND RESEARCH:
1. Select a type of cleaning product (soap, detergent, etc.) and then choose 3
products of different brands, one of them must be biodegradable.
From the cleaning products, we have chosen soaps, and among them, we selected the
brands: Zote, Palmolive, and Dove.

2. Research the following topics and write a paragraph for each topic. Remember to
use reliable and scientific/academic sources of information (300 words, average per
topic):
● Explain what soaps and detergents are and their differences.
A soap is formed through the saponification process, where animal or vegetable fat
reacts with an alkali solution in water, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide. The result is a water-soluble, fatty acid sodium salt with relatively weak
cleaning action. Most of the soaps are biodegradable and made from natural
ingredients like plant oils (coconut, vegetable, palm, pine) or acids derived from
animal fat.
On the other hand, detergents, specifically the sodium salts of long-chain benzene
sulphonic acids, are synthetic and man-made derivatives. Some detergents may
not be biodegradable, and they are formulated for strong cleaning effects.
Detergents can be tailored for various purposes and include surfactants, which are
surface-active agents. Surfactants reduce surface tension, improving water's ability
to spread evenly. This uniform wetness makes it easier to wipe away dirt and soil.
Surfactant molecules can be positively or negatively charged, aiding detergents in
attaching to dirt, breaking it up, and allowing water to wash it away.
Soaps are often used for personal care and gentle cleaning, whereas detergents
are designed for more heavy-duty cleaning tasks.
Soaps are generally more biodegradable and environmentally friendly compared to
some detergents.
Soaps are typically derived from natural sources, while detergents are synthetic.
● Historical background and the importance of detergents and soaps (give
examples).
Soap, with its captivating fragrance, texture, and bubbles, has held a significant
role in societies since ancient civilizations. Its exact origin dates to around 2500
 Key Activity

B.C., and the word "soap" is believed to come from Mount Sapo, where animal
sacrifices led to a mixture of melted fat, ashes, and mud being carried to the Tiber
River (Wilcox, 2000). The Egyptians used soap as an ointment for skin infections,
refining its production with animal fat, vegetable oils, alkaline salts, and ashes
(Bardinet, 1995). Pre-Hispanic America saw daily bathing customs using the soap
plant Xiuhamolli for clothes and Copalxocotl for body and hair (Sahagún, 1577;
Cruz, 1552). Chinese inhabitants also produced vegetable-based soap for personal
cleanliness, later adding herbs for cosmetic use (Schafer, 1956). The Greeks and
Romans adopted the Egyptian soap formula, boiling fats and oils with ash and lime
alkali (Spitz, 2004). For them, bathing was a social and health matter, and olive oil
was used for bodily cleansing until the 2nd century AD, when soap gained
acceptance and production (Ashenburg, 2007; Spitz, 2004). In Europe, soap use
declined during the Black Plague due to misconceptions. Marseille soap then
became widespread, made with olive oil and a plant mixture called barilla, leading
to French regulations in the mid-17th century, excluding animal fats (Spitz, 2010).
Throughout history, diverse civilizations used ingredients like fatty substances and
alkali from wood or plant ashes for soap, resulting in the ancient reaction of
saponification. This history showcases soap's evolution, from cultural significance
to its essential role in personal hygiene and cleanliness across the globe.
● How detergents and soaps are produced (include the chemical process
involved).
The chemistry of soap manufacturing is very simple. As we know, soaps are the
sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, primarily saturated but also unsaturated,
containing chains of 10 to 18 carbon atoms. The source of these fatty acids is
always a natural mixture of triglycerides that make up fats of animal origin or
vegetable oils (Spitz, 2010). Most manufacturers directly use fats or oils. The
manufacturing process can either involve the direct neutralization of the fatty acid
mixture or the alkaline hydrolysis of fats or oils, originally known as saponification.

Detergents are produced through a specific manufacturing process. Hydrocarbons,

extracted from fats and oils or petroleum, undergo a chemical reaction, resulting in
 Key Activity

the creation of acids that share similarities with fatty acids. Subsequently, an alkali
is introduced to the newly formed acids, leading to the generation of anionic
surfactant molecules.

● How they work (chemically, you can use diagrams to support your research).
Just like a battery with positive and negative poles, a soap molecule has two ends
with different affinities. In water, soap forms micelles, clusters of molecules with
charged heads on the surface and fat-affine chains facing inward. Soap's dual
affinity enables it to interact with both water and grease. When used in washing,
the soap emulsifies grease, forming micelles that disperse in water, facilitating the
removal of grease during the washing process.
Micelle formation in an aqueous environment, where A is a micelle and B is a soap
molecule. In red, the charged head is water-affine because they have similar
polarity. The blue chain, called lipophilic, is fat-affine and repels water.
 Key Activity

Like soap, detergents also work by reducing the surface tension of water, allowing
it to better dissolve and remove dirt. However, detergents contain surfactants,
which are more effective at breaking down stains and can work well in a variety of
water conditions, including hard water.
● Define the type of cleaning products your team will test and compare (soap,
detergent, shampoo, floor cleaner, etc.) and indicate which is the
biodegradable one.
From the cleaning products, we have chosen soaps, and among them, we selected
the brands: Zote (biodegradable), Palmolive (non-biodegradable), and Dove (non-
biodegradable).
● List the most common raw materials and ingredients found in soaps and
detergents and the function of each material and its environmental impact.
The most common raw materials and ingredients found in soaps and detergents,
along with their functions and environmental impacts, include:
Surfactants:
Function: Surfactants, or surface-active agents, reduce surface tension and
enhance the cleaning ability of the product. They help in breaking down oils
and grease.
Environmental Impact: Some synthetic surfactants can persist in the
environment and may contribute to water pollution. However, there are also
biodegradable surfactants available.
Water:
Function: Acts as a solvent and helps in the overall formulation of the
product.
Environmental Impact: The usage of water in large quantities during
manufacturing processes can strain local water resources.
Fats and Oils:
Function: Provides the base for soap production through saponification. Can
also act as emollients in some formulations.
Environmental Impact: The sourcing of animal fats may raise ethical
concerns, and excessive use of palm oil contributes to deforestation.
Alkalis (Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide):
 Key Activity

Function: Essential for saponification in soap production.

Environmental Impact: Sodium hydroxide, if not handled properly, can pose
environmental and safety risks during the manufacturing process.
Fragrances:
Function: Adds pleasant scents to the product.
Environmental Impact: Some synthetic fragrances may contain chemicals
that persist in the environment and contribute to pollution.
Preservatives:
Function: Extends the shelf life of the product by preventing bacterial and
fungal growth.
Environmental Impact: Some preservatives may have negative impacts on
aquatic ecosystems if not properly managed.

Colorants:
Function: Adds color to the product for aesthetic purposes.
Environmental Impact: Some synthetic colorants may have environmental
implications, while natural colorants are often considered more eco-friendly.
Builders (Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Citrate):
Function: Enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergents by softening water
and preventing the precipitation of minerals.
Environmental Impact: Phosphates in some builders can contribute to water
pollution, but modern formulations often use phosphate-free alternatives.
Enzymes:
Function: Break down specific stains and enhance cleaning performance.
Environmental Impact: Enzymes are generally biodegradable, but their
production and sourcing can have environmental implications.
● Explain the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable
products.
The distinction between biodegradable and non-biodegradable products,
particularly in the context of soaps and detergents, holds significant implications for
environmental sustainability. Biodegradable soaps and detergents are formulated
with surfactants that naturally break down over time through microbial activity.
These products contribute to a circular approach to waste management, as they
can decompose into harmless substances, minimizing their long-term impact on
the environment.
In contrast, non-biodegradable soaps and detergents often contain synthetic
surfactants and chemicals that resist easy decomposition, leading to persistence in
the environment. The environmental consequences of non-biodegradable options
include potential water pollution and ecosystem disruption. This persistence
underscores the need for careful disposal methods, such as recycling or proper
waste management, to mitigate their environmental impact.
The key differentiators lie in the breakdown process and environmental impact.
Biodegradable options align with sustainability goals, offering reduced ecological
footprints and compatibility with natural ecosystems. Their disposal can often occur
 Key Activity

in natural environments, lessening the reliance on specialized waste management

systems.
Conversely, non-biodegradable alternatives pose challenges to sustainability,
prompting a growing awareness of the need for eco-friendly alternatives. The push
towards adopting biodegradable soaps and detergents reflects a broader
commitment to minimizing the environmental impact associated with cleaning
products. This shift is not only in response to regulatory considerations but also
driven by consumer preferences for environmentally conscious choices.
Ultimately, the choice between biodegradable and non-biodegradable soaps and
detergents extends beyond mere cleaning efficacy. It is an active decision to
contribute to a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach, fostering a balance
between human activities and environmental preservation. As society increasingly
prioritizes environmental stewardship, the adoption of biodegradable cleaning
products emerges as a pivotal step towards a healthier planet.
● Analyze advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable cleaning products and how they contribute to your personal
welfare.
The choice between biodegradable and non-biodegradable cleaning products
carries distinct advantages and disadvantages, each with implications for personal
welfare and environmental sustainability.

Biodegradable Cleaning Products:

Advantages:
Biodegradable cleaning products are lauded for their environmental friendliness,
breaking down naturally and reducing harmful substance accumulation. With a
lower ecological footprint, these products promote sustainable waste management
practices. They often leave minimal residues, contributing to long-term health
benefits for both humans and wildlife. Additionally, many biodegradable
formulations utilize renewable resources, aligning with responsible sourcing
practices.
Disadvantages:
Perceived potency and effectiveness issues, potentially higher costs, shorter shelf
life, and the need for consumer education during the transition are challenges
associated with biodegradable products.

Non-Biodegradable Cleaning Products:

Advantages:
Non-biodegradable products boast effective cleaning power, a longer shelf life, and
lower initial costs. They are often designed for heavy-duty cleaning tasks and may
be more cost-effective initially, increasing accessibility.
Disadvantages:
Environmental impact, health concerns due to prolonged exposure, resource
depletion, and waste accumulation in landfills are significant drawbacks associated
with non-biodegradable cleaning products.
 Key Activity

Personal Welfare:
Choosing biodegradable products contributes directly to personal welfare by
reducing exposure to harmful chemicals, fostering a healthier living environment,
and supporting environmental sustainability. Biodegradable options align with
values of responsible consumption and contribute to a cleaner, safer world. On the
other hand, non-biodegradable products may provide immediate cleaning benefits
but carry potential long-term health risks and contribute to environmental
degradation.
The decision between biodegradable and non-biodegradable cleaning products is a
personal and environmental consideration. While non-biodegradable options may
offer short-term conveniences, the long-term impact on personal health and the
planet must be weighed against the immediate benefits. Opting for biodegradable
alternatives aligns with a holistic approach to personal welfare, promoting well-
being not only for individuals but also for the global ecosystem. As consumers
increasingly prioritize sustainable choices, the adoption of biodegradable cleaning
products becomes a proactive step toward a healthier and more environmentally
conscious lifestyle.

B. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Test 1: Stain Removal Efficacy

Objective:
To compare the stain removal efficacy of biodegradable and non-biodegradable
cleaning products under different water temperatures.

Scientific Question:
What is the relation between the type of cleaning product (biodegradable or non-
biodegradable) and the effectiveness of stain removal under various water
temperatures?

Variables:
Independent Variable: Type of cleaning product (biodegradable and non-
biodegradable)
Dependent Variable: Stain removal efficacy (measured by percentage of stain
remaining)
Control Variables: Type and size of stain, type and fabric of the material stained,
application pressure, and scrubbing time.

Hypothesis:
If the type of cleaning product is modified, then the stain removal efficacy will vary
because biodegradable products might have a different chemical composition
affecting their cleaning performance.
 Key Activity

Materials and Substances:

Biodegradable cleaning product (specified by brand and type)
Non-biodegradable cleaning product (specified by brand and type)
Stained fabric samples
Water with varying temperatures (cold, warm, hot)
Timer
Stain measurement tool (colorimeter or similar)
Safety and Environmental Conditions:
Ensure that the stains used are safe and non-hazardous. Follow the safety
guidelines provided by the cleaning product manufacturers. Dispose of the stained
fabric samples in an environmentally friendly manner.

Experimental Procedure:
Prepare stained fabric samples with a standardized stain.
Apply biodegradable cleaning product to one set of samples and non-
biodegradable to another.
Divide each set into three groups based on water temperature (cold, warm, hot).
Follow the stain removal instructions on each product.
Measure the remaining stain percentage using the colorimeter after each
treatment.
Repeat the experiment three times for each combination of cleaning product and
water temperature.

Test 2: Concentration Impact on Degradation

Objective:
To assess the impact of different concentrations of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable cleaning products on material degradation.

Scientific Question:
What is the relationship between the concentration of cleaning products and their
effect on material degradation for biodegradable and non-biodegradable options?

Variables:
Independent Variable: Concentration of cleaning product (low, medium, high)
Dependent Variable: Material degradation (measured by loss of tensile strength)
Control Variables: Type of material, application pressure, and exposure time.

Hypothesis:
If the concentration of the cleaning product is modified, then the material
degradation will vary, suggesting a potential environmental impact based on
concentration levels.

Materials and Substances:

 Key Activity

Biodegradable cleaning product (specified by brand and type)

Non-biodegradable cleaning product (specified by brand and type)
Material samples (specified material)
Tensile strength testing equipment
Timer
Safety and Environmental Conditions:
Ensure that the materials used are safe and non-hazardous. Follow the safety
guidelines provided by the cleaning product manufacturers. Dispose of the material
samples in an environmentally friendly manner.

Experimental Procedure:
Cut identical material samples.
Apply biodegradable and non-biodegradable cleaning products at low, medium,
and high concentrations.
Allow the samples to air-dry.
Test the tensile strength of each sample.
Repeat the experiment three times for each combination of cleaning product and
concentration.

C. MULTICULTURAL APPROACH (Initial reflection)

 What experiences do I have related to the use of non-biodegradable and

biodegradable products?
The world is facing a mounting environmental crisis due to the constant
consumption and disposal of non-biodegradable products. With the increasing
awareness of the impact of our actions on the environment, there is a growing
demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Biodegradable products have
emerged as a solution to this problem, offering a sustainable way to reduce waste
and limit the environmental impact of our daily lives. In this article, we will explore
the rise of biodegradable products, their benefits, and how they are changing the
way we consume.
 How can I relate this project with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)?
The project can be aligned with various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
For example:
SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production): The project addresses the
impact of cleaning products on the environment, contributing to more responsible
consumption.
SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land): Biodegradability relates to
the protection of ecosystems, biodiversity, and reducing pollution in water and land.
SDG 13 (Climate Action): Biodegradable products might have a lower carbon
footprint, contributing to climate-friendly practices.
 What understanding and skills do I need to have or develop to propose a solution
to the problem of this project? Why is it important to find a solution?
Chemical Knowledge: Understanding the composition of cleaning products, their
impact on materials, and environmental implications.
 Key Activity

Experimental Design: Skills in designing and conducting experiments to compare

the performance of biodegradable and non-biodegradable products.
Environmental Awareness: Recognizing the importance of sustainable practices
and the potential harm caused by non-biodegradable products.
Data Analysis: Analyzing results to draw meaningful conclusions about the
effectiveness and environmental impact of the products.
Critical Thinking: Evaluating the broader implications of the project and proposing
solutions that align with sustainability principles.
It is important to find a solution because the choice between biodegradable and
non-biodegradable products has far-reaching consequences for the environment.
Non-biodegradable products can contribute to pollution, harm ecosystems, and
have long-lasting effects. Developing a solution that favors biodegradable options
aligns with global efforts towards sustainable living, reducing environmental impact,
and safeguarding the planet for future generations.

Bibliography:
1. Ashenburg, Katherine. “The social bath Greeks and Romans”. The Dirt on Clean:
An Unsanitized History. USA: Vintage Canada, 2007, p. 13, 32.
2. Bardinet, Thierry (trad.). Les papyrus médicaux de l’Égypte pharaonique. Paris:
Fayard, 1995.
3. Cruz, Martín de la. “An Aztec herbal: the classic codex of 1552”. Traducción y
comentarios de William G., introducción de Bruce B. Nueva York: Dover
Publications, 2000.
4. Sahagún, Bernardino de, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España, D.F.
Porrúa, 2006.
Schafer, Edward H. “The Development of Bathing Customs in Ancient and
Medieval China and the History of the Floriate Clear Palace”. Journal of the
American Oriental Society. 1956, vol. 76, núm. 2, p. 57-82.
5. Spitz, Luis. Soaps Manufacturing Technology. Highland Park, Illinois: AOCS Press,
2010, p. 13-33, 307-311.
6. Wilcox, Michael, “Soap”. Poucher’s Perfums, Cosmetics and Soaps. 10 ed. Gran
Bretaña: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 453-465.