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GeographyofIndia
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

IndialiesontheIndianPlate,thenorthernportionoftheIndo
AustralianPlate,whosecontinentalcrustformstheIndian GeographyofIndia
subcontinent.Thecountryissituatednorthoftheequator
between84'and376'northlatitudeand687'and9725'east
longitude.[2]Itistheseventhlargestcountryintheworld,with
atotalareaof3,287,263squarekilometres(1,269,219sqmi).[3]
Indiameasures3,214km(1,997mi)fromnorthtosouthand
2,933km(1,822mi)fromeasttowest.Ithasalandfrontierof
15,200km(9,445mi)andacoastlineof7,517km
(4,671mi).[4]

Onthesouth,IndiaprojectsintoandisboundedbytheIndian
Oceaninparticular,bytheArabianSeaonthesouthwest,the Continent Asia
LaccadiveSeatothesouth,andtheBayofBengalonthe Region SouthAsia
southeast.ThePalkStraitandGulfofMannarseparateIndia Indiansubcontinent
fromSriLankatoitsimmediatesoutheast,andtheMaldives
Coordinates 21N78E
aresome400kilometres(250mi)tothesouthwest.India's
AndamanandNicobarIslands,some1,200kilometres(750mi) Area Ranked7th
southeastofthemainland,sharemaritimeborderswith Total 3,287,263km2(1,269,219sqmi)
Myanmar,ThailandandIndonesia.Kanyakumariat8441N Land 90.08%
and773228EisthesouthernmosttipoftheIndianmainland, Water 9.92%
whilethesouthernmostpointinIndiaisIndiraPointonGreat
NicobarIsland.NortherenmostpointwhichisunderIndian Coastline 7,516.6km(4,670.6mi)

administrationisNearIndiraCol,SiachenGlacier.[4]India's Borders Totallandborders:[1]

territorialwatersextendintotheseatoadistanceof12nautical 15,106.70km(9,386.87mi)
miles(13.8mi22.2km)fromthecoastbaseline.[5] Bangladesh:
4,096.70km(2,545.57mi)
ThenorthernfrontiersofIndiaaredefinedlargelybythe China(PRC):
3,488km(2,167mi)
Himalayanmountainrange,wherethecountrybordersChina, Pakistan:
Bhutan,andNepal.ItswesternborderwithPakistanliesinthe 2,910km(1,808mi)
PunjabPlainandtheTharDesert.Inthefarnortheast,theChin Nepal:
HillsandKachinHills,deeplyforestedmountainousregions, 1,751km(1,088mi)
separateIndiafromBurma.Ontheeast,itsborderwith Myanmar:
BangladeshislargelydefinedbytheKhasiHillsandMizo 1,643km(1,021mi)
Hills,andthewatershedregionoftheIndoGangeticPlain. Bhutan:
699km(434mi)
TheGangaisthelongestriveroriginatinginIndia.The Highest
GangaBrahmaputrasystemoccupiesmostofnorthern,central, point Kangchenjunga8,598m
andeasternIndia,whiletheDeccanPlateauoccupiesmostof (28,209ft)
southernIndia.Kangchenjunga,ontheborderbetweenNepal
lowestpoint=Kuttanad
andtheIndianstateofSikkim,isthehighestpointinIndiaat
2.2m(7.2ft)
8,598m(28,209ft)andtheworld's3rdhighestpeak.Climate
acrossIndiarangesfromequatorialinthefarsouth,toalpine Longest GangaBrahmaputra
andtundraintheupperreachesoftheHimalayas. river
Largestlake ChilkaLake

Contents
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Contents
1 Geologicaldevelopment
2 Politicalgeography
3 Physiographicregions
3.1 TheNorthernMountains
3.2 ThePeninsularPlateaus
3.3 IndoGangeticplain
3.4 TharDesert
3.5 Coasts
4 Islands
5 Waterbodies
6 Wetlands
7 Climate
8 Geology
9 Naturalresources
10 Antipodes
11 Seealso
12 Furtherreading
13 References

Geologicaldevelopment
TheIndianPlate
IndiaissituatedentirelyontheIndianPlate,amajortectonicplatethatwasformedwhen
itsplitofffromtheancientcontinentGondwanaland(ancientlandmass,consistingofthe
southernpartofthesupercontinentofPangea).TheIndoAustralianissubdividedintothe
IndianandAustralianplates.About90millionyearsago,duringthelateCretaceous
Period,theIndianPlatebeganmovingnorthatabout15cm/year(6in/yr).[6]About50to
55millionyearsago,intheEoceneEpochoftheCenozoicEra,theplatecollidedwith
Asiaaftercoveringadistanceof2,000to3,000km(1,243to1,864mi),havingmoved
fasterthananyotherknownplate.In2007,GermangeologistsdeterminedthattheIndian
Platewasabletomovesoquicklybecauseitisonlyhalfasthickastheotherplateswhich
formerlyconstitutedGondwanaland.[7]ThecollisionwiththeEurasianPlatealongthe
modernborderbetweenIndiaandNepalformedtheorogenicbeltthatcreatedtheTibetan
PlateauandtheHimalayas.Asof2009,theIndianPlateismovingnortheastat5cm/yr(2
in/yr),whiletheEurasianPlateismovingnorthatonly2cm/yr(0.8in/yr).Indiaisthus
referredtoasthe"fastestcontinent".[7]ThisiscausingtheEurasianPlatetodeform,and
theIndianPlatetocompressatarateof4cm/yr(1.6in/yr).

Politicalgeography
Indiaisdividedinto29states(furthersubdividedintodistricts)and7unionterritories.

India'sbordersrunatotallengthof15,106.70km(9,386.87mi).[1]ItsborderswithPakistanandBangladeshwere
delineatedaccordingtotheRadcliffeLine,whichwascreatedin1947duringPartitionofIndia.Itswesternborder
withPakistanextendsupto3,323km(2,065mi),dividingthePunjabregionandrunningalongtheboundariesof
theTharDesertandtheRannofKutch.[1]ThisborderrunsalongtheIndianstatesofJammu&Kashmir,
Rajasthan,Gujarat,andPunjab.[8]BothnationsdelineatedaLineofControl(LoC)toserveastheinformal

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boundarybetweentheIndianandPakistanadministeredareasofKashmir.Accordingto
India'sclaim,italsosharesa106km(66mi)borderwithAfghanistaninnorthwestern
Kashmir,whichisunderPakistanicontrol.[1]

India'sborderwithBangladeshruns4,096.70km(2,545.57mi).[1]WestBengal,Assam,
Meghalaya,TripuraandMizoramaretheStateswhichsharetheborderwith
Bangladesh.[9]Before2015,therewere92enclavesofBangladeshonIndiansoiland106
enclavesofIndiawereonBangladeshisoil.[10]Theseenclaveswereeventuallyexchanged
IndianKashmir,LoC
inordertosimplifytheborder.[11]Aftertheexchange,Indialostroughly40km(10,000
andLAC
acres)toBangladesh.[12]

TheLineofActualControl(LAC)istheeffectiveborderbetweenIndiaandthePeople'sRepublicofChina.It
traverses4,057kmalongtheIndianstatesofJammuandKashmir,Uttarakhand,HimachalPradesh,Sikkimand
ArunachalPradesh.[13]TheborderwithBurma(Myanmar)extendsupto1,643km(1,021mi)alongthesouthern
bordersofIndia'snortheasternstatesviz.ArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,ManipurandMizoram.[14]Locatedamidst
theHimalayanrange,India'sborderwithBhutanruns699km(434mi).[1]Sikkim,WestBengal,Assamand
ArunachalPradesharetheStates,whichsharetheborderwithBhutan.[15]TheborderwithNepalruns1,751km
(1,088mi)alongthefoothillsoftheHimalayasinnorthernIndia.[1]Uttarakhand,UttarPradesh,Bihar,West
BengalandSikkimaretheStates,whichsharetheborderwithNepal.[16]TheSiliguriCorridor,narrowedsharply
bythebordersofBhutan,NepalandBangladesh,connectspeninsularIndiawiththenortheasternstates.

Physiographicregions
Indiacanbedividedintosixphysiographicregions.Theyare

1.TheNorthernMountains
2.ThePeninsularPlateaus
3.IndoGangeticPlains
4.TharDesert
5.TheCoastalPlains
6.TheIslands

TheNorthernMountains

Agreatarcofmountains,consistingoftheHimalayasofNepal,Hindu
Kush,andPatkairangesdefinethenorthernIndiansubcontinent.These topographymap
wereformedbytheongoingtectoniccollisionoftheIndianandEurasian
plates.Themountainsintheserangesincludesomeoftheworld'stallest
mountainswhichactasanaturalbarriertocoldpolarwinds.Theyalsofacilitatethemonsoonwindswhichinturn
influencetheclimateinIndia.RiversoriginatinginthesemountainsflowthroughthefertileIndoGangeticplains.
ThesemountainsarerecognisedbybiogeographersastheboundarybetweentwooftheEarth'sgreatecozones:the
temperatePalearcticthatcoversmostofEurasiaandthetropicalandsubtropicalIndomalayaecozonewhich
includestheIndiansubcontinent,SoutheastAsiaandIndonesia.

TheHimalayanrangeistheworld'shighestmountainrange,withitstallestpeakMt.Everest(8,848metres
(29,029ft))ontheNepalChinaborder.[17]TheyformIndia'snortheasternborder,separatingitfromnortheastern
Asia.Theyareoneoftheworld'syoungestmountainrangesandextendalmostuninterruptedfor2,500km
(1,600mi),coveringanareaof500,000km2(190,000sqmi).[17]TheHimalayasextendfromJammuandKashmir

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inthenorthtoArunachalPradeshintheeast.Thesestatesalongwith
HimachalPradesh,Uttarakhand,andSikkimliemostlyintheHimalayan
region.NumerousHimalayanpeaksriseover7,000m(23,000ft)andthe
snowlinerangesbetween6,000m(20,000ft)inSikkimtoaround3,000m
(9,800ft)inKashmir.KanchenjungaontheSikkimNepalborderisthe
highestpointintheareaadministeredbyIndia.Mostpeaksinthe
Himalayasremainsnowboundthroughouttheyear.TheHimalayasactasa
barriertothefrigidkatabaticwindsflowingdownfromCentralAsia.Thus,
NorthIndiaiskeptwarmoronlymildlycooledduringwinterinsummer,
thesamephenomenonmakesIndiarelativelyhot.

TheKarakoramissituatedinthedisputedstateofJammuand
Kashmir.Ithasmorethansixtypeaksabove7,000m(23,000ft),
includingK2,thesecondhighestpeakintheworld8,611m
(28,251ft).K2isjust237m(778ft)smallerthanthe8,848m
MapofthehillyregionsinIndia.
(29,029ft)MountEverest.Therangeisabout500km(310mi)in
lengthandthemostheavilyglaciatedpartoftheworldoutsideofthe
polarregions.TheSiachenGlacierat76km(47mi)andtheBiafo
Glacierat67km(42mi)rankastheworld'ssecondandthirdlongest
glaciersoutsidethepolarregions.[18]Justtothewestofthenorthwest
endoftheKarakoram,liestheHinduRajrange,beyondwhichisthe
HinduKushrange.ThesouthernboundaryoftheKarakoramis
formedbytheGilgit,IndusandShyokrivers,whichseparatethe
rangefromthenorthwesternendoftheHimalayas.

ThePatkai,orPurvanchal,aresituatednearIndia'seasternborder
withBurma.Theywerecreatedbythesametectonicprocesseswhich
ledtotheformationoftheHimalayas.Thephysicalfeaturesofthe Mt.KanchenjungafromSikkim.
Patkaimountainsareconicalpeaks,steepslopesanddeepvalleys.
ThePatkairangesarenotasruggedortallastheHimalayas.Therearethreehillrangesthatcomeunderthe
Patkai:thePatkaiBum,theGaroKhasiJaintiaandtheLushaihills.TheGaroKhasirangeliesin
Meghalaya.Mawsynram,avillagenearCherrapunjilyingonthewindwardsideofthesehills,hasthe
distinctionofbeingthewettestplaceintheworld,receivingthehighestannualrainfall.[19]

TheVindhyasincentralIndia
ThePeninsularPlateaus
TheVindhyarangerunsacrossmostofcentralIndia,extending1,050km
(650mi).[17]Theaverageelevationofthesehillsisfrom300to600m(980
to1,970ft)andrarelygoesabove700metres(2,300ft).[17]Theyare
believedtohavebeenformedbythewastescreatedbytheweatheringof
theancientAravalimountains.[20]Geographically,itseparatesNorthern
IndiafromSouthernIndia.Thewesternendoftherangeliesineastern
Gujarat,nearitsborderwithMadhyaPradesh,andrunseastandnorth,
almostmeetingtheGangesatMirzapur

TheMalwaPlateauisspreadacrossRajasthan,MadhyaPradeshand
Gujarat.TheaverageelevationoftheMalwaplateauis500metres,andthelandscapegenerallyslopes
towardsthenorth.MostoftheregionisdrainedbytheChambalRiveranditstributariesthewesternpartis
drainedbytheupperreachesoftheMahiRiver.
KutchKathiawarplateau

KutchKathiawarplateauislocatedinGujaratstate.

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TheDeccanPlateauisalargetriangularplateau,boundedbythe
VindhyastothenorthandflankedbytheEasternandWesternGhats.
TheDeccancoversatotalareaof1.9millionkm(735,000mile).It
ismostlyflat,withelevationsrangingfrom300to600m(980to
1,970ft).Theaverageelevationoftheplateauis2,000feet(610m)
abovesealevel.Thesurfaceslopesfrom3,000feet(910m)inthe
westto1,500feet(460m)intheeast.[21]Itslopesgentlyfromwest
toeastandgivesrisetoseveralpeninsularriverssuchasthe
Godavari,theKrishna,theKaveriandtheMahanadiwhichdraininto
theBayofBengal.Thisregionismostlysemiaridasitliesonthe
leewardsideofbothGhats.MuchoftheDeccaniscoveredbythorn Drydeciduousandthornyforestsof
scrubforestscatteredwithsmallregionsofdeciduousbroadleaf plateauregionsinIndia
forest.ClimateintheDeccanrangesfromhotsummerstomild
winters.
TheChotaNagpurPlateauissituatedineasternIndia,coveringmuchofJharkhandandadjacentpartsof
Odisha,BiharandChhattisgarh.Itstotalareaisapproximately65,000km2(25,000sqmi)andismadeupof
threesmallerplateaustheRanchi,Hazaribagh,andKodarmaplateaus.TheRanchiplateauisthelargest,
withanaverageelevationof700m(2,300ft).Muchoftheplateauisforested,coveredbytheChotaNagpur
drydeciduousforests.VastreservesofmetaloresandcoalhavebeenfoundintheChotaNagpurplateau.
TheKathiawarpeninsulainwesternGujaratisboundedbytheGulfofKutchandtheGulfofKhambat.The
naturalvegetationinmostofthepeninsulaisxericscrub,partoftheNorthwesternthornscrubforests
ecoregion.
TheSatpuraRangebeginsineasternGujaratneartheArabianSeacoastandrunseastacrossMaharashtra,
MadhyaPradeshandChhattisgarh.Itextends900km(560mi)withmanypeaksrisingabove1,000m
(3,300ft).[17]Itistriangularinshape,withitsapexatRatnapuriandthetwosidesbeingparalleltotheTapti
andNarmadarivers.[22]ItrunsparalleltotheVindhyaRange,whichliestothenorth,andthesetwoeast
westrangesdividetheIndoGangeticplainfromtheDeccanPlateaulocatednorthofRiverNarmada.
TheAravaliRangeistheoldestmountainrangeinIndia,runningacrossRajasthanfromnortheastto
southwestdirection,extendingapproximately800km(500mi).[23]Thenorthernendoftherangecontinues
asisolatedhillsandrockyridgesintoHaryana,endingnearDelhi.ThehighestpeakinthisrangeisGuru
ShikharatMountAbu,risingto1,722m(5,650ft),lyingneartheborderwithGujarat.[24]TheAravali
Rangeistheerodedstubofanancientfoldmountainsystem.[25]TherangeroseinaPrecambrianevent
calledtheAravaliDelhiorogen.TherangejoinstwooftheancientsegmentsthatmakeuptheIndiancraton,
theMarwarsegmenttothenorthwestoftherange,andtheBundelkhandsegmenttothesoutheast.
TheWesternGhatsorSahyadrimountainsrunalongthewesternedgeofIndia'sDeccanPlateauandseparate
itfromanarrowcoastalplainalongtheArabianSea.Therangerunsapproximately1,600km(990mi)[22]
fromsouthoftheTaptiRiverneartheGujaratMaharashtraborderandacrossMaharashtra,Goa,Karnataka,
KeralaandTamilNadutothesoutherntipoftheDeccanpeninsula.Theaverageelevationisaround1,000m
(3,300ft).[22]AnaiMudiintheAnaimalaiHills2,695m(8,842ft)inKeralaisthehighestpeakinthe
WesternGhats.[26]

TheEasternGhatsareadiscontinuousrangeofmountains,whichhavebeenerodedandvivisectedbythe
fourmajorriversofsouthernIndia,theGodavari,Mahanadi,Krishna,andKaveri.[27]Thesemountains
extendfromWestBengaltoOdisha,AndhraPradeshandTamilNadu,alongthecoastandparalleltotheBay
ofBengal.ThoughnotastallastheWesternGhats,someofitspeaksareover1,000m(3,300ft)in
height.[22]TheNilgirihillsinTamilNaduliesatthejunctionoftheEasternandWesternGhats.ArmaKonda
(1,680m(5,510ft))inAndhraPradeshisthetallestpeakinEasternGhats.[28]

IndoGangeticplain

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TheIndoGangeticplains,also
knownastheGreatPlainsarelarge
alluvialplainsdominatedbythree
mainrivers,theIndus,Ganges,and
Brahmaputra.Theyrunparallelto
theHimalayas,fromJammuand
KashmirinthewesttoAssaminthe
east,anddrainmostofnorthernand
easternIndia.Theplainsencompass
KolliHillsoftheEasternGhats, anareaof700,000km2 WesternGhatsnearMatheran
TamilNadu (270,000sqmi).Themajorriversin
thisregionaretheGanges,Indus,
andBrahmaputraalongwiththeir
maintributariesYamuna,Chambal,
Gomti,Ghaghara,Kosi,Sutlej,
Ravi,Beas,Chenab,andTistaas
wellastheriversoftheGanges
Delta,suchastheMeghna.

Thegreatplainsaresometimes
classifiedintofourdivisions:
ExtentoftheIndoGangeticplain
DryEvergreenForestsalongthe TheBhabarbeltisadjacenttothe acrossSouthAsia.
EasternGhats,AndhraPradesh foothillsoftheHimalayasand
consistsofbouldersandpebbles
whichhavebeencarrieddownby
streams.Astheporosityofthisbeltisveryhigh,thestreamsflow
underground.TheBhabarisgenerallynarrowwithitswidthvarying
between6to15km(3.7to9.3mi).
TheTaraibeltliessouthoftheadjacentBhabarregionandis
composedofneweralluvium.Theundergroundstreamsreappearin
thisregion.Theregionisexcessivelymoistandthicklyforested.It
alsoreceivesheavyrainfallthroughouttheyearandispopulatedwith
avarietyofwildlife.
TheBangarbeltconsistsofolderalluviumandformsthealluvial
terraceofthefloodplains.IntheGangeticplains,ithasalowupland Manyareasremainfloodedduring
coveredbylateritedeposits. theheavyrainsbroughtbymonsoon
TheKhadarbeltliesinlowlandareasaftertheBangarbelt.Itis intheIndianstateofWestBengal.
madeupoffreshneweralluviumwhichisdepositedbytherivers
flowingdowntheplain.

TheIndoGangeticbeltistheworld'smostextensiveexpanseofuninterruptedalluviumformedbythedeposition
ofsiltbythenumerousrivers.Theplainsareflatmakingitconduciveforirrigationthroughcanals.Theareaisalso
richingroundwatersources.Theplainsareoneoftheworld'smostintenselyfarmedareas.Themaincropsgrown
arericeandwheat,whicharegrowninrotation.Otherimportantcropsgrownintheregionincludemaize,
sugarcaneandcotton.TheIndoGangeticplainsrankamongtheworld'smostdenselypopulatedareas.

TharDesert

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TheTharDesert(alsoknownasthedeserts)isbysomecalculationsthe
world'sseventhlargestdesert,[29]bysomeothersthetenth.[30]Itformsa
significantportionofwesternIndiaandcoversanareaof200,000to
238,700km2(77,200to92,200sqmi).[29][31]Thedesertcontinuesinto
PakistanastheCholistanDesert.MostoftheTharDesertissituatedin
Rajasthan,covering61%ofitsgeographicarea.

About10percentofthisregioncomprisessanddunes,andtheremaining
Thardesert,RajasthanIndia 90percentconsistofcraggyrockforms,compactedsaltlakebottoms,and
interdunalandfixedduneareas.Annualtemperaturescanrangefrom0C
(32F)inthewintertoover50C(122F)duringthesummer.Mostofthe
rainfallreceivedinthisregionisassociatedwiththeshortJulySeptembersouthwestmonsoonthatbrings100to
500mm(3.9to19.7in)ofprecipitation.Waterisscarceandoccursatgreatdepths,rangingfrom30to120metres
(98to394ft)belowthegroundlevel.[32]Rainfallisprecariousanderratic,rangingfrombelow120mm(4.7in)in
theextremewestto375mm(14.8in)eastward.TheonlyriverinthisregionisLuni.Thesoilsofthearidregionare
generallysandytosandyloamintexture.Theconsistencyanddepthvaryasperthetopographicalfeatures.The
lowlyingloamsareheaviermayhaveahardpanofclay,calciumcarbonateorgypsum.[33]

InwesternIndia,theKutchregioninGujaratandKoynainMaharashtraareclassifiedasaZoneIVregion(high
risk)forearthquakes.TheKutchcityofBhujwastheepicentreofthe2001Gujaratearthquake,whichclaimedthe
livesofmorethan1,337peopleandinjured166,836whiledestroyingordamagingnearamillionhomes.[34]The
1993LaturearthquakeinMaharashtrakilled7,928peopleandinjured30,000.[35]Otherareashaveamoderateto
lowriskofanearthquakeoccurring.[36]

Coasts

TheEasternCoastalPlainisawidestretchoflandlyingbetweenthe
EasternGhatsandtheoceanicboundaryofIndia.ItstretchesfromTamil
NaduinthesouthtoWestBengalintheeast.TheMahanadi,Godavari,
Kaveri,andKrishnariversdraintheseplains.Thetemperatureinthe
coastalregionsoftenexceeds30C(86F),andiscoupledwithhighlevels
ofhumidity.Theregionreceivesboththenortheastmonsoonandsouthwest
monsoonrains.Thesouthwestmonsoonsplitsintotwobranches,theBay
ofBengalbranchandtheArabianSeabranch.TheBayofBengalbranch
movesnorthwardscrossingnortheastIndiainearlyJune.TheArabianSea
VisakhapatnamBeachView,Bayof branchmovesnorthwardsanddischargesmuchofitsrainonthewindward
Bengal,AndhraPradesh sideofWesternGhats.Annualrainfallinthisregionaveragesbetween
1,000and3,000mm(39and118in).Thewidthoftheplainsvaries
between100and130km(62and81mi).[37]TheplainsaredividedintosixregionstheMahanadidelta,the
southernAndhraPradeshplain,theKrishnaGodavarideltas,theKanyakumaricoast,theCoromandelCoast,and
sandycoastal.

TheWesternCoastalPlainisanarrowstripoflandsandwichedbetweentheWesternGhatsandtheArabianSea,
rangingfrom50to100km(31to62mi)inwidth.ItextendsfromGujaratinthenorthandextendsthrough
Maharashtra,Goa,Karnataka,andKerala.Numerousriversandbackwatersinundatetheregion.Mostly
originatingintheWesternGhats,theriversarefastflowing,usuallyperennial,andemptyintoestuaries.Major
riversflowingintotheseaaretheTapi,Narmada,MandoviandZuari.Vegetationismostlydeciduous,butthe
MalabarCoastmoistforestsconstituteauniqueecoregion.TheWesternCoastalPlaincanbedividedintotwo
parts,theKonkanandtheMalabarCoast.

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Islands
TheLakshadweepandtheAndaman
andNicobarIslandsareIndia'stwo
majorislandformationsandare
classifiedasunionterritories.

TheLakshadweepIslandslie200
to300km(120to190mi)offthe
coastofKeralaintheArabiansea VarkalabeachonKerala'scoast,
withanareaof32km2(12sqmi). ArabianSea
AerialviewoftheAndamanIslands
Theyconsistoftwelveatolls,three
reefs,andfivesubmergedbanks,withatotalofabout35islandsandislets.

TheAndamanandNicobarIslandsarelocatedbetween6and14northlatitudeand92and94east
longitude.[38]Theyconsistof572isles,lyingintheBayofBengalneartheBurmesecoast.Theyarelocated
1,255km(780mi)fromKolkata(Calcutta)and193km(120mi)fromCapeNegraisinBurma.[38]Theterritory
consistsoftwoislandgroups,theAndamanIslandsandtheNicobarIslands.TheAndamanIslandsconsistsof204
smallislandsacrossatotallengthof352km(219mi).India'sonlyactivevolcano,BarrenIslandissituatedhere.It
lasteruptedinMay2005.TheNarcondumisadormantvolcanoandthereisamudvolcanoatBaratang.Indira
Point,India'ssouthernmostlandpoint,issituatedintheNicobarislandsat64510Nand934936E,andlies
just189km(117mi)fromtheIndonesianislandofSumatra,tothesoutheast.ThehighestpointisMountThullier
at642m(2,106ft).

OthersignificantislandsinIndiaincludeDiudaman,aformerPortugueseenclaveMajuli,ariverislandofthe
BrahmaputraElephantainBombayHarbourandSriharikota,abarrierislandinAndhraPradesh.SalsetteIslandis
India'smostpopulousislandonwhichthecityofMumbai(Bombay)islocated.FortytwoislandsintheGulfof
KutchconstitutetheMarineNationalPark.

Waterbodies
Indiahasaround14,500kmofinlandnavigablewaterways.[39]Thereare
twelveriverswhichareclassifiedasmajorrivers,withthetotalcatchment
areaexceeding2,528,000km2(976,000sqmi).[22]AllmajorriversofIndia
originatefromoneofthethreemainwatersheds:[22]

1.TheHimalayaandtheKarakoramranges
2.VindhyaandSatpurarangeincentralIndia
3.SahyadriorWesternGhatsinwesternIndia

TheHimalayanrivernetworksaresnowfedandhaveaperennialsupply
throughouttheyear.Theothertworiversystemsaredependentonthe
monsoonsandshrinkintorivuletsduringthedryseason.TheHimalayan
riversthatflowwestwardintoPakistanaretheIndus,Jhelum,Chenab,
Ravi,Beas,andSutlej.[40]
RiversinIndia.
TheGangesBrahmaputraMeghanasystemhasthelargestcatchmentarea
ofabout1,600,000km2(620,000sqmi).[41]TheGangesBasinalonehasa
catchmentofabout1,100,000km2(420,000sqmi).[22]TheGangesoriginatesfromtheGangotriGlacierin

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Uttarakhand.[40]Itflowssoutheast,drainingintotheBayofBengal.[22]The
YamunaandGomtiriversalsoariseinthewesternHimalayasandjointhe
Gangesintheplains.[22]TheBrahmaputraoriginatesinTibet,China,where
itisknownastheYarlungTsangpoRiver(or"Tsangpo").ItentersIndiain
thefareasternstateofArunachalPradesh,thenflowswestthroughAssam.
TheBrahmaputramergeswiththeGangesinBangladesh,whereitis
knownastheJamunaRiver.[22][42]

BhagirathiRiveratGangotri,source
riveroftheGanges.
TheChambal,anothertributaryoftheGanges,viatheYamuna,originates
fromtheVindhyaSatpurawatershed.Theriverflowseastward.Westward
flowingriversfromthiswatershedaretheNarmadaandTapti,whichdrain
intotheArabianSeainGujarat.Therivernetworkthatflowsfromeastto
westconstitutes10%ofthetotaloutflow.

NationalHighway31Awindsalong
thebanksoftheTeestaRivernear
Kalimpong(WestBengal),inthe
DarjeelingHimalayanhillregion.
irrigationandfertilisation,suchfloodshavekilledthousandsofpeopleandtendtocausedisplacementsofpeople
insuchareas.
TheWesternGhatsarethesourceof
allDeccanrivers,whichincludethe
throughGodavariRiver,Krishna
RiverandKaveriRiver,alldraining
intotheBayofBengal.Theserivers
constitute20%ofIndia'stotal
outflow.[40]
Theheavysouthwestmonsoonrains
causetheBrahmaputraandother
TheGodavariRiveratPapiHills
riverstodistendtheirbanks,often
floodingsurroundingareas.Though
theyprovidericepaddyfarmerswithalargelydependablesourceofnatural

MajorgulfsincludetheGulfofCambay,GulfofKutch,andtheGulfofMannar.StraitsincludethePalkStrait,
whichseparatesIndiafromSriLankatheTenDegreeChannel,whichseparatestheAndamansfromtheNicobar
Islands'andtheEightDegreeChannel,whichseparatestheLaccadiveandAmindiviIslandsfromtheMinicoy
Islandtothesouth.ImportantcapesincludetheKanyakumari(formerlycalledCapeComorin),thesoutherntipof
mainlandIndiaIndiraPoint,thesouthernmostpointinIndia(onGreatNicobarIsland)Rama'sBridge,andPoint
Calimere.TheArabianSealiestothewestofIndia,theBayofBengalandtheIndianOceanlietotheeastand
south,respectively.SmallerseasincludetheLaccadiveSeaandtheAndamanSea.Therearefourcoralreefsin
India,locatedintheAndamanandNicobarIslands,theGulfofMannar,Lakshadweep,andtheGulfofKutch.[36]
ImportantlakesincludeSambharLake,thecountry'slargestsaltwaterlakeinRajasthan,VembanadLakeinKerala,
KolleruLakeinAndhraPradesh,LoktakLakeinManipur,DalLakeinKashmir,ChilkaLake(lagoonlake)in
Orrisa,andSasthamkottaLakeinKerala.

Wetlands
India'swetlandecosystemiswidelydistributedfromthecoldandaridlocatedintheLadakhregionofJammuand
Kashmir,andthosewiththewetandhumidclimateofpeninsularIndia.Mostofthewetlandsaredirectlyor
indirectlylinkedtorivernetworks.TheIndiangovernmenthasidentifiedatotalof71wetlandsforconservation
andarepartofsanctuariesandnationalparks.[43]MangroveforestsarepresentallalongtheIndiancoastlinein
shelteredestuaries,creeks,backwaters,saltmarshesandmudflats.Themangroveareacoversatotalof4,461km2

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(1,722sqmi),[44]whichcomprises
7%oftheworld'stotalmangrove
cover.Prominentmangrovecovers
arelocatedintheAndamanand
NicobarIslands,theSundarbans
delta,theGulfofKutchandthe
deltasoftheMahanadi,Godavari
andKrishnarivers.Partsof
Maharashtra,KarnatakaandKerala
PichavaramMangroves,TamilNadu alsohavelargemangrovecovers.[36] AmapoftheIndianSunderbansin
WestBengal.
TheSundarbansdeltaishometothe
largestmangroveforestintheworld.ItliesatthemouthoftheGangesand
spreadsacrossareasofBangladeshandWestBengal.TheSundarbansisaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite,butis
identifiedseparatelyastheSundarbans(Bangladesh)andtheSundarbansNationalPark(India).TheSundarbans
areintersectedbyacomplexnetworkoftidalwaterways,mudflatsandsmallislandsofsalttolerantmangrove
forests.Theareaisknownforitsdiversefauna,beinghometoalargevarietyofspeciesofbirds,spotteddeer,
crocodilesandsnakes.ItsmostfamousinhabitantistheBengaltiger.Itisestimatedthattherearenow400Bengal
tigersandabout30,000spotteddeerinthearea.

TheRannofKutchisamarshyregionlocatedinnorthwesternGujaratandtheborderingSindhprovinceof
Pakistan.Itoccupiesatotalareaof27,900km2(10,800sqmi).[45]TheregionwasoriginallyapartoftheArabian
Sea.Geologicforcessuchasearthquakesresultedinthedammingupoftheregion,turningitintoalargesaltwater
lagoon.Thisareagraduallyfilledwithsiltthusturningitintoaseasonalsaltmarsh.Duringthemonsoons,thearea
turnintoashallowmarsh,oftenfloodingtokneedepth.Afterthemonsoons,theregionturnsdryandbecomes
parched.

Climate
BasedontheKppensystem,Indiahostssixmajorclimaticsubtypes,rangingfromariddesertinthewest,alpine
tundraandglaciersinthenorth,andhumidtropicalregionssupportingrainforestsinthesouthwestandtheisland
territories.Thenationhasfourseasons:winter(JanuaryFebruary),summer(MarchMay),amonsoon(rainy)
season(JuneSeptember)andapostmonsoonperiod(OctoberDecember)'.[40]

TheHimalayasactasabarriertothefrigidkatabaticwindsflowingdownfromCentralAsia.'Thus,NorthIndiais
keptwarmoronlymildlycooledduringwinterinsummer,thesamephenomenonmakesIndiarelativelyhot.
AlthoughtheTropicofCancertheboundarybetweenthetropicsandsubtropicspassesthroughthemiddleof
India,thewholecountryisconsideredtobetropical.

SummerlastsbetweenMarchandJuneinmostpartsofIndia.Temperaturescanexceed40C(104F)duringthe
day.Thecoastalregionsexceed30C(86F)coupledwithhighlevelsofhumidity.IntheThardesertarea
temperaturescanexceed45C(113F).Therainbearingmonsooncloudsareattractedtothelowpressuresystem
createdbytheTharDesert.Thesouthwestmonsoonsplitsintotwoarms,theBayofBengalarmandtheArabian
Seaarm.TheBayofBengalarmmovesnorthwardscrossingnortheastIndiainearlyJune.TheArabianSeaarm
movesnorthwardsanddepositsmuchofitsrainonthewindwardsideofWesternGhats.WintersinpeninsulaIndia
seemildtowarmdaysandcoolnights.Furthernorththetemperatureiscooler.Temperaturesinsomepartsofthe
Indianplainssometimesfallbelowfreezing.MostofnorthernIndiaisplaguedbyfogduringthisseason.The
highesttemperaturerecordedinIndiawas50.6C(123.1F)inAlwar,Rajasthan.Thelowestwas45C
(49F)inKashmir.

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Geology
India's
geological
featuresare
classified
basedon
theireraof

TemperatureaveragesinIndiaunits
areindegreeCelsius.

formation.[47]ThePrecambrianformationsof
CudappahandVindhyansystemsarespreadout
overtheeasternandsouthernstates.Asmallpartof
thisperiodisspreadoverwesternandcentral
India.[47]ThePaleozoicformationsfromthe
Cambrian,Ordovician,SilurianandDevonian
systemarefoundintheWesternHimalayaregionin IndiasKppenclimateclassificationmap[46]isbasedonnative
vegetation,temperature,precipitationandtheirseasonality.
KashmirandHimachalPradesh.[47]TheMesozoic
DeccanTrapsformationisseenovermostofthe (Af) (BWk) (Cwa) (Dsa)
northernDeccantheyarebelievedtobetheresult Tropical Colddesert Subtropical Continental
ofsubaerialvolcanicactivity.[47]TheTrapsoilis rainforest (BSh) humidsumm, hotsumm
blackincolourandconducivetoagriculture.The (Am) Hotsemi drywinter (Dsb)
Carboniferoussystem,PermianSystemandTriassic Tropical arid (Cwb) Continental
systemsareseeninthewesternHimalayas.The monsoon (BSk) Subtropical warmsumm
JurassicsystemisseeninthewesternHimalayas (Aw) highland,dry (Dwb)
Coldsemi
andRajasthan. wint
Tropical arid Continental
savanna,wet (Csa) (Cfa) drywint
TertiaryimprintsareseeninpartsofManipur,
Nagaland,ArunachalPradeshandalongthe &dry Mediterr. Subtropical (Dwc)
Himalayanbelt.TheCretaceoussystemisseenin (BWh) dry,hot humidsumm(no Contin
centralIndiaintheVindhyasandpartoftheIndo Hotdesert summ. dry) subarctic,
Gangeticplains.[47]TheGondowanasystemisseen drywint
intheNarmadaRiverareaintheVindhyasand
Satpuras.TheEocenesystemisseeninthewesternHimalayasandAssam.
OligoceneformationsareseeninKutchandAssam.[47]ThePleistocene
systemisfoundovercentralIndia.TheAndamanandNicobarIslandare
thoughttohavebeenformedinthiserabyvolcanoes.[47]TheHimalayas
wereformedbytheconvergenceanddeformationoftheIndoAustralian
andEurasianPlates.Theircontinuedconvergenceraisestheheightofthe
Himalayasby1cmeachyear.

SoilsinIndiacanbeclassifiedinto8categories:alluvial,black,red, EparchaeanUnconformityofDetrital
laterite,forest,arid&desert,saline&alkalineandpeaty&organic rocksofTirumalaHills,Eastern
soils.[48][49]AlluvialsoilconstitutethelargestsoilgroupinIndia, Ghats
constituting80%ofthetotallandsurface.[49]Itisderivedfromthe

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depositionofsiltcarriedbyriversandarefoundintheGreatNorthern
plainsfromPunjabtotheAssamvalley.[49]Alluvialsoilaregenerally
fertilebuttheylacknitrogenandtendtobephosphoric.[49]

BlacksoilarewelldevelopedintheDeccanlavaregionofMaharashtra,
Gujarat,andMadhyaPradesh.[50]Thesecontainhighpercentageofclay
andaremoistureretentive.[49]RedsoilarefoundinTamilNadu,Karnataka
plateau,Andhraplateau,ChotaNagpurplateauandtheAravallis.[50]These
aredeficientinnitrogen,phosphorusandhumus.[49][50]Lateritesoilsare
formedintropicalregionswithheavyrainfall.Heavyrainfallresultsin
leachingoutallsolublematerialoftoplayerofsoil.Thesearegenerally
foundinWesternghats,Easternghatsandhillyareasofnortheasternstates
thatreceiveheavyrainfall.Forestsoilsoccurontheslopesofmountains
andhillsinHimalayas,WesternGhatsandEasternGhats.Thesegenerally GeologicalregionsofIndia
consistoflargeamountsofdeadleavesandotherorganicmattercalled
humus.

Naturalresources
India'stotalrenewablewaterresourcesareestimatedat1,907.8
km3/year.[51]Itsannualsupplyofusableandreplenshable
groundwateramountsto350billioncubicmetres.[52]Only
35%ofgroundwaterresourcesarebeingutilized.[52]About44
milliontonnesofcargoismovedannuallythroughthe
country'smajorriversandwaterways.[39]Groundwater
supplies40%ofwaterinIndia'sirrigationcanals.56%ofthe
landisarableandusedforagriculture.Blacksoilsare
moistureretentiveandarepreferredfordryfarmingand
Indiancoalproductionisthe3rdhighestinthe growingcotton,linseed,etc.Forestsoilsareusedforteaand
worldaccordingtothe2008IndianMinistryof coffeeplantations.Redsoilhaveawidediffusionofiron
Minesestimates.Shownaboveisacoalminein content.[50]
Jharkhand.
MostofIndia'sestimated5.4billionbarrels(860,000,000m3)
inoilreservesarelocatedintheMumbaiHigh,upperAssam,
Cambay,theKrishnaGodavariandCauverybasins.[53]Indiapossessesaboutseventeentrillioncubicfeetof
naturalgasinAndhraPradesh,GujaratandOdisha.[53]UraniumisminedinAndhraPradesh.Indiahas400
mediumtohighenthalpythermalspringsforproducinggeothermalenergyinseven"provinces"theHimalayas,
Sohana,Cambay,theNarmadaTaptidelta,theGodavarideltaandtheAndamanandNicobarIslands(specifically
thevolcanicBarrenIsland.)[54]

Indiaistheworld'sbiggestproducerofmicablocksandmicasplittings.[55]Indiarankssecondamongsttheworld's
largestproducersofbaritesandchromites.[55]ThePleistocenesystemisrichinminerals.Indiaisthethirdlargest
coalproducerintheworldandranksfourthintheproductionofironore.[53][55]Itisthefifthlargestproducerof
bauxiteandcrudesteel,theseventhlargestofmanganeseoreandtheeighthlargestofaluminium.[55]Indiahas

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significantsourcesoftitaniumore,diamondsandlimestone.[56]Indiapossesses24%oftheworld'sknownand
economicallyviablethorium,whichisminedalongshoresofKerala.[57]Goldhadbeenminedinthenowdefunct
KolarGoldFieldsinKarnataka.[58]

Antipodes
TheonlylandareaantipodaltoIndiaisEasterIsland,whichisantipodaltothewesterncornerofRajasthan.The
triangularislandcloselyreflectsthetrianglebetweenthecitiesofMokal,Kuchchri,andHabur.Haburcorresponds
toHangaRoa,andMokaltotheeasterncape.

Seealso
GeospatialInformationRegulationBill

Furtherreading
"TheIncredibleHistoryofIndia'sGeography",Author:SanjeevSanyal,
Publisher:PenguinBooksLtd WikimediaCommonshas
Allaby,M(1998)."Floods".FactsonFile.ISBN0816035202.. mediarelatedtoGeography
Balfour,E(1976).EncyclopaediaAsiatica:ComprisingIndianSubcontinent, ofIndia.
EasternandSouthernAsia.CosmoPublications.ISBN8170203252..
Nash,JM(2002)."ElNio:UnlockingtheSecretsoftheMasterWeatherMaker".Warner.ISBN0446524816..
"LandandNaturalResources".Terrain.Retrieved6June2005.

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