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Abbreviation and acronyms

A.D. Anno Domini. Used to date years by reckoning the date of

Christ's birth, as opposed to B.C., the years "Before Christ."
Literally, Anno Domini means "In the year of the Lord." Remember
two important notes! Anno Domini does not mean "After Death."

cf. confere. A Latin imperative suggesting the reader should

compare and contrast one statement or idea with another one.
Literally, compare. Researchers often follow the abbreviation
with a reference to an author or page number, suggesting the
reader look for similarities and differences between what a
previous citation has said with the subsequent source listed.
Usage: Some scholars think Hitlers Mein Kampf used
genocidal ideas found in earlier anti-Semitic literature him (Smith
42), but others argue Hitler himself was the primary originator (cf.
Jones 98).

c. circa. Used by historians to show that a date is approximate.

Literally, the word means "around," and it is sometimes
abbreviated "ca." Usage: Shortly after Henry IV seized the throne
from Richard II, Geoffrey Chaucer died (c.1400 A.D.), perhaps due
to old age.

etc. et cetera. "And so on." This is the one Latin abbreviation

most students already know, and the one they tend to overuse. Do
note that, since et already means and, it is redundant to write,
"and etc." Literally, the Latin phrase means "and other things."
Usage: The problems of the Balkan Republics are numerous,
including insufficient electric power, poor highways, rampant
unemployment, hostile neighbors, etc.

e.g. exempli gratia. "For example." Literally, "free as an

example." Usage: "We have numerous problems to deal with
before reforming welfare policies, e.g., the trade deficit, Medicare,
and social security."

et pass. et passim. And also found throughout the subsequent

pages or sections. Literally, And in the following. The
abbreviation typically appears after a citation of a single page,
suggesting the reader look at that page first and then skim the
material following for further discussion.
Usage: For further discussion of this important issue, see Smith
42 et passim.

ib./ ibid. ibidem. "In the same passage or page quoted above."
Literally, "In the same place." Usage: "One physicist compared the
 behavior of quarks to bowling pins (Jones 35). He also indicated
that the 'Charm' quark was like a 'bowling ball' (ibid.) due to the
way it. . . ."

i.e. id est. "That is more precisely." Literally, "it is." Commonly

used to refine a general statement or provide additional
information. Usage: "Jerry's girlfriend always managed to turn the
conversation toward children, i.e., the possibility of having children
together; i.e., the possibility of having legitimate children
together; i.e., toward the subject of marriage."

sic. Indicates a misspelling or error in a quoted source, in order to

verify to the reader that the researcher did not create a
typographical error, but instead exactly reproduces the way the
word or statement appeared in the original material. Literally,
"yes" or "even thus" in Latin. Usage: There are, according to the
writings of seven-year old Andrew, "Manee wayes of riting words"
[sic].

Ph. D. Philosophiae Doctor. "Doctor (or Doctorate) of

Philosophy." It can refer to the individual as a title, or to the degree
itself. Note that it is redundant to write, "Dr. McGillicutty is a Ph.
D." unless the writer seeks to distinguish him from a medical
doctor such as an M.D. Usage: "Joe Bob McGillicutty, Ph. D., is on
the committee." Or, "McGillicutty earned his Ph. D. in art history."

vs. versus. "Turned against." Often used in abbreviations for legal

trials--though "v." is more common. Usage: "In the case of Roe v.
Wade, the Supreme Court eventually decided that abortion was a
medical right." Don't confuse the term "vs." with "v.s." (see
below). And don't confuse the word versus with verses.

Exercises

1.1

1. A.D

2. I.E

3. N.B

4. E.G

1.2

1. Alcholics anonymous, pronounced as letters

2. pages, pronounced as the word in full

3. miles per hour, usually pronounced as the words in full

4. before christ, pronounced as letters

5. unidentified flying object, pronounced either as the words in full, or as an acronyms or as letters

6. as soon as possible pronounced as letters

1.3

1. world health organisation

2. united nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation.

3. international monetary fund

4. order of the british empire

5. greenwich mean time

6. international olympic committee

7. royal the society for prevention of cruelty to animals

8. eastern standart time

1.4 see you for tea at three, is that all right with you? By the way keys going to be here too

1.6

HOUSE 4 SALE

Two storey house. It is located near Patrol highway, Jl. Sastrawan No. 3, Flores. Strategic
location and proximity to the town center and shopping mall.

The house consists of the following:

A living room, a drawing room, a dining room, a study room, a kitchen, two bathrooms and
a garage.
Childrens and nannys bedrooms upstairs and a main bedroom downstairs.
A sofa and some chairs in the drawing room.
A refrigerator, an electric fan, and a television.
Kitchen utensils, such as pots, pans, kettles, gas stoves and the kitchen sink.

It also has 3000 V power, telephone line, hotspot, and water heater. Serious buyer contacts
Mbah Karno 087839445635

1.7

1. DUMP disposal od unused medicines and pills

2. NOW. National organisation of women

3. UNITE. Union of national income tax employees

4. CALL. Computer assisted language learning

5. AAAAA. American association for the abolition of abreviations and acronyms.

Prefixes ; creating new meanings

A preposition-based prefixes; different meaning

Over- (an excess of something) (something that covers or dominates something, (the crossing of
some kind barrier.

a. Excess = overpriced (too high prices)

b. Cover = overshadowed (metaphorical use, felt less important than)
c. Cross = overnight ( from one day to the next)

Under- (less than the desired amount) (something below another thing) some kind of negative
behaviour.

a. Less= understaffed (lacking staff)

b. Below= (underfoot) (on the ground, beneath your feet)
c. Negative = underhand (secretly and possibly dishonestly)

Up- can suggest a change of some kind, often positive.

Upturn (sudden change for the better)

Cross from across

Cross border (across the frontiers of two or more countries)

B. less frequent prefixes

Con-/com often suggest mixing things together= converse

e- can give the idea = emitted

a(d)- often means adding something to something=annotated.

2.1

1. a.excess

2. b.below

3. c. cross

4. b. cover

5. a. less

6. c. cross

2.3

1. YES allocate

2. YES adverse

3. NO

4. YES admission

5. YES appertain

6. YES administer

7. NO

2.4

1. . marketing was always promoting the apartement. Apartement well promoted.

2. technology proliferated in this country. Almost all people have understood.

3. arif a good worker. He never procrastinate a job.

4. my procreation is not enough for a month

2.5

1. Ab- in these words has idea of something going or being taken away from something.

A king or queen may abdicate (give up the throne), a prisoner may abscound (run away from prison),
and a criminal may abduct someone (kidnap them, persuade them to go with them)

2. a- here is something like the-ing form with verbs. So if something ablaze, it is blazing (burning
vigorously). If a boat is afloat it is floating on the water, if it is adrif it is drifting out of control.

3. extra- means outside of. Thus extraterrestrial means from beyond earth, e.g. from another
planet, an extraterrestrial being, extraneous details are details which are not relevant or outside of
the important ones, and extracurricular activities are activities outside of the school curriculum, e.g
optional sports during lunchtime, after-school clubs.

4. inter- often means connected or linked one with the other. Interrelated refers to a connection
between separate things. Interdepartmental means between different departemenrts. The
internet is a system that connects computers around the world.

5. intra-means within something. Intravenous means in the veins. Intradepartmental means within
the departement. Internet is a computer is a computer network that operates only within one
organisation.