Saint James High School

Curato St., Brgy. 5, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte

SEC Reg. No. PW00001134
Telefax (085) 343-4332 343-4834

ENGLISH IX SUMMER CLASS

Module No.: 1
Topic: Capitalization

Learning Objectives:
1. Review the rules of Capitalization.
2. Use proper capitalization in writing and/or sentence construction.

Pre-activity (Let’s check your prior knowledge)

Direction: In the story provided below, encircle statements that you think are declarative
sentences, underline exclamatory sentences, double underline interrogative statements
and box all imperative sentences.

Direction: Circle all the letters that should be CAPITALIZED.

1. after the movies on friday, we went to mcdonald’s for a cheeseburger.
2. my favorite classes in school are english and french.
3. my cousin anthony won first prize in the pizza eating contest.
4. dr. richards told me i need to eat more green vegetables.
5. we’re studying the planets mars and jupiter in science this year at school.
6. my dog buffy barks every time she needs to go outside.
7. my favorite days of the week are saturday and sunday because I can sleep in.
8. spiders and snakes scare my sister janet more than thunder storms.
9. last summer my best friend tom went to england to visit his grandmother.
10. my family moved to a new house on elm st.

Introduction
Most of the words we capitalize in English are what we call proper nouns. They're the
names of specific, unique things like Mount Fuji, Idaho, or your friend David. Meanwhile,
when you're talking about a common thing of which there are many - like mountains or
states - you don't need a capital letter. That's the simplest explanation of when to
capitalize words in English.
Discussion

Capitalization Rules

Capitalization is the writing of a word with its first letter in uppercase and the remaining
letters in lowercase. Experienced writers are stingy with capitals. It is best not to use
them if there is any doubt.
Rule 1. Capitalize the first word of a document and the first word after a period.

Rule 2. Capitalize proper nouns—and adjectives derived from proper nouns.

Examples:

 the Golden Gate Bridge

 the Grand Canyon

 a Russian song

 a Shakespearean sonnet

 a Freudian slip

With the passage of time, some words originally derived from proper nouns have taken
on a life, and authority, of their own and no longer require capitalization.

Examples:

 herculean (from the mythological hero Hercules)

 quixotic (from the hero of the classic novel Don Quixote)

 draconian (from ancient-Athenian lawgiver Draco)

The main function of capitals is to focus attention on particular elements within any
group of people, places, or things. We can speak of a lake in the middle of the country,
or we can be more specific and say Lake Michigan, which distinguishes it from every
other lake on earth.

Capitalization Reference List

 Brand names

 Companies

 Days of the week and months of the year

 Governmental matters

Congress (but congressional), the U.S. Constitution (but constitutional), the Electoral
College, Department of Agriculture. Note: Many authorities do not capitalize federal or
state unless it is part of the official title: State Water Resources Control Board, but state
water board; Federal Communications Commission, but federal regulations.

Historical episodes and eras

 the Inquisition, the American Revolutionary War, the Great Depression

 Holidays

 Institutions

 Oxford College, the Juilliard School of Music

 Manmade structures
  the Empire State Building, the Eiffel Tower, the Titanic

Manmade territories

 Berlin, Montana, Cook County

 Natural and manmade landmarks

 Mount Everest, the Hoover Dam

 Nicknames and epithets

 Andrew "Old Hickory" Jackson; Babe Ruth, the Sultan of Swat

Organizations

 American Center for Law and Justice, Norwegian Ministry of the Environment

Planets

 Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, but policies vary on
capitalizing earth, and it is usually not capitalized unless it is being discussed
specifically as a planet: We learned that Earth travels through space at 66,700
miles per hour.

Races, nationalities, and tribes

Eskimo, Navajo, East Indian, Caucasian, African American (Note: white and black in
reference to race are lowercase)

Religions and names of deities

Note: Capitalize the Bible (but biblical). Do not capitalize heaven, hell, the devil, satanic.

 Special occasions

 the Olympic Games, the Cannes Film Festival

 Streets and roads

Lowercase Reference List

Here is a list of categories not capitalized unless an item contains a proper noun or
proper adjective (or, sometimes, a trademark). In such cases, only the proper noun or
adjective is capitalized.

Animals

 antelope, black bear, Bengal tiger, yellow-bellied sapsucker, German shepherd

Elements

Always lowercase, even when the name is derived from a proper noun: einsteinium,
nobelium, californium

Foods
Lowercase except for brand names, proper nouns and adjectives, or custom-named
recipes: Tabasco sauce, Russian dressing, pepper crusted bluefin tuna, Mandy's Bluefin
Surprise

 Heavenly bodies besides planets

 Never capitalize the moon or the sun.

Medical conditions

 Epstein-Barr syndrome, tuberculosis, Parkinson's disease

Minerals

 Plants, vegetables, and fruits

 poinsettia, Douglas fir, Jerusalem artichoke, organic celery, Golden Delicious

apples

Seasons and seasonal data

 spring, summertime, the winter solstice, the autumnal equinox, daylight saving
time

Rule 3. A thorny aspect of capitalization: where does it stop? When does the Iraq war
become the Iraq War? Why is the legendary Hope Diamond not the Hope diamond?
Everyone writes New York City, so why does the Associated Press Stylebook
recommend New York state? There aren't always easy formulas or logical explanations.
Research with reference books and search engines is the best strategy.

In the case of brand names, companies are of little help, because they capitalize any
word that applies to their merchandise. Domino's Pizza or Domino's pizza? Is it Ivory
Soap or Ivory soap, a Hilton Hotel or a Hilton hotel? Most writers don't capitalize
common nouns that simply describe the products (pizza, soap, hotel), but it's not always
easy to determine where a brand name ends. There is Time magazine but also the New
York Times Magazine. No one would argue with Coca-Cola or Pepsi Cola, but a case
could be made for Royal Crown cola.

If a trademark starts with a lowercase word or letter (e.g., eBay, iPhone), many
authorities advise capitalizing it to begin a sentence.

Example: EBay opened strong in trading today.

Rule 4. Capitalize titles when they are used before names, unless the title is followed by
a comma. Do not capitalize the title if it is used after a name or instead of a name.

Examples:

 The president will address Congress.

 Chairman of the Board William Bly will preside at the conference.

 The chairman of the board, William Bly, will preside.

 The senators from Iowa and Ohio are expected to attend.

 Also expected to attend are Senators Buzz James and Eddie Twain.
  The governors, lieutenant governors, and attorneys general called for a special
task force.

 Governor Fortinbrass, Lieutenant Governor Poppins, and Attorney General

Dalloway will attend.

NOTE

Out of respect, some writers and publishers choose to capitalize the highest ranks in
government, royalty, religion, etc.

Examples:

 The President arrived.

 The Queen spoke.

 The Pope decreed.

Many American writers believe this to be a wrongheaded policy in a country where,

theoretically, all humans are perceived as equal.

Rule 5. Titles are not the same as occupations. Do not capitalize occupations before full
names.

Examples:

 director Steven Spielberg

 owner Helen Smith

 coach Biff Sykes

Sometimes the line between title and occupation gets blurred. One example is general
manager: is it a title or an occupation? Opinions differ. Same with professor: the
Associated Press Stylebook considers professor a job description rather than a title, and
recommends using lowercase even before the full name: professor Robert Ames.

However, titles replacing someone's first name are generally capitalized.

Example: Here comes Professor Ames.

Rule 6a. Capitalize a formal title when it is used as a direct address. The more formal
the title, the more likely it is to be capitalized.

Examples:

 Will you take my temperature, Doctor?

 We're sorry to report, Captain, that we're headed for choppy waters.

 That's what you say, mister.

 Good afternoon, sweetheart.

Rule 6b. Capitalize relatives' family names (kinship names) when they immediately
precede a personal name, or when they are used alone in place of a personal name.

Examples:
  I found out that Mom is here.

 You look good, Grandpa.

 Andy and Opie loved Aunt Bee's apple pies.

However, these monikers are not capitalized when they are used with possessive nouns
or pronouns, or when they follow the personal name, or when they do not refer to a
specific person.

Examples:

 My mom is here.

 Joe's grandpa looks well.

 The James brothers were notorious robbers.

 There's not one mother I know who would allow that.

Rule 6c. Capitalize nicknames in all cases.

Examples:

 Meet my brothers, Junior and Scooter.

 I just met two guys named Junior and Scooter.

Workout Quiz

Capitalization Practice

Part One: circle the capitalization errors and add end marks to the sentences.

1. i wonder if there is a Reading test 6. My Friend Chris likes Pizza

2. Some people call it english class 7. can we go to kfc on wednesday
3. when is history class 8. have You ever seen “the simpsons
4. do You have a Nickname 9. let’s Order mexican food
5. Aunt sally said, “get up for school” 10. someone took mikia’s pencil

Part Two: Circle the word if it is a proper noun and needs to be capitalized.
 11. furniture store 16. chicago bears
12. science 17. air force ones
13. spanish 18. lake michigan
14. allstate arena 19. x-box 360
15. football team 20. library

Saint James High School

Curato St., Brgy. 5, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte
SEC Reg. No. PW00001134
Telefax (085) 343-4332 343-4834

ENGLISH IX SUMMER CLASS

Module No.: 2
Topic: Abbreviations

Learning Objectives:
1. Identify words that can be abbreviated.
2. Use correct abbreviations in daily basis of writing.

A. Identifying Base Words, Roots, and Affixes

Direction: For each item, write the letter of the correct meaning in the blank. Use the
chart above and your knowledge of word parts to help you. You may also use a
dictionary if needed.
EXAMPLE: tricycle D

1. receives _____ A. saw or understood

2. reporter _____ B. the state of being created again
3. previewed _____ C. someone who carries bags
4. bicolor _____ D. a three-wheeled cycle
5. uniform _____ E. someone who gathers news
6. porter _____ F. used again
7. bicyclist _____ G. having two colors
8. perceived _____ H. someone who rides a two-wheeled cycle
9. recycled _____ I. takes
10. reformation _____ J. having only one shape
K. looked at beforehand
Introduction
An abbreviation, simply put, is a shortened form of a word. In writing, abbreviations are
useful when you need to squeeze a lot of writing into a small space. You can also use
them in place of long or cumbersome phrases to make your sentences easier to read.
One thing to remember about abbreviations is that certain ones are considered informal.
If you are writing something very formal, it’s better to err on the side of spelling things
out. The other thing to remember is that some readers may not know what an
abbreviation means. If the abbreviation is obscure or unfamiliar, make sure to explain
what it means the first time you use it.

Discussion
Acronyms and Initialisms
Abbreviations come in a few different varieties. Both acronyms and initialisms are
abbreviations that are formed by combining the first letter of each word in a longer name
or phrase. Typically, acronyms and initialisms are written in all capital letters to
distinguish them from ordinary words.

An acronym is pronounced as a single word, rather than as a series of letters. NASA, for
instance, is an acronym. It stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Occasionally, an acronym becomes so commonplace that it evolves into an ordinary
word that people no longer think of as an acronym. The words scuba and laser, for
instance, originated as acronyms (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus and
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, respectively).
Initialisms are similar to acronyms in that they are also formed using the first letter of
each word in a longer phrase. Unlike acronyms, however, initialisms are pronounced as
a series of letters. NFL (National Football League), for example, is pronounced en-eff-ell.

If you need to use an indefinite article before an acronym or initialism, use the initial
sound of the word (not necessarily the initial letter) guide your choice.

Internet slang often takes the form of initialisms: LOL, IDK, IMO, BRB. Although this type
of slang isn’t appropriate for important correspondence like emails to your professor or
colleagues, or in online comments when you want to be taken seriously, it can be handy
for informal online chatting, especially if you type slowly.
Abbreviations for Courtesy Titles and Academic Degrees
Titles such as mister, miss, and doctor, as well as the names of academic degrees such
as bachelor of arts and doctor of philosophy are almost always abbreviated. In American
English, title abbreviations are followed by a period; in British English, the period is
omitted.
The most common title abbreviations include:
Mr. = Mister Mrs. = Mistress (pronounced “missus”) Ms. = (pronounced “miss” or “miz”)
Sr. = Senior Jr. = Junior Dr. = Doctor

 Mr. Green asked Ms. Grey if she had met Dr. Jekyl. (American style)
 Mr Green asked Ms Grey if she had met Dr Jekyl. (British style)

The most common academic degree abbreviations include:

 B.S. = Bachelor of science B.A. = Bachelor of Arts M.A. = Master of Arts M.B.A.
= Master of Business Administration Ph.D. = Doctor of Philosophy

The periods are optional with abbreviations of academic degrees. Follow whichever style
your style guide recommends, or just choose one and use it consistently. When an
academic degree is used like a title, it follows a person’s name and is set off by commas:

 Molly Beagle, Ph.D., runs the canine cognition lab at Stanford University.

Latin Abbreviations
There is a small handful of abbreviations for Latin terms that are used (and misused)
frequently in English writing. Use periods with these abbreviations.

 e.g.: exempli gratia It means “for example.” Use e.g. when you want to provide
specific examples of a generalization.

We expect volunteers from many surrounding cities, (e.g., Springfield, Oakdale,

Hogsmeade.)

 i.e.: id est It means “that is.” Use i.e. when you want to provide more specific
information about something you mentioned.
 After a reasonable amount of time has passed—i.e. two business days—please report
the missing shipment to our customer service department.

 etc.: et cetera It means “and so forth.” Use it when you’re providing a partial list of
details.

You should see the doctor when you have flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, etc.)

Other Common Abbreviations

Below are a few other abbreviations that are common in English. Remember that
abbreviations are not always completely standardized. One style guide may advise you
to abbreviate Thursday as Thurs. while another may argue for Thu. Likewise, some style
guides allow you to omit the periods with these abbreviations, but it’s never wrong to
include periods. So if you aren’t sure whether to use the periods, err on the side of
leaving them in.

Times and dates

 a.m. (ante meridiem) = before noon p.m. (post meridiem) = after noon
 The mall opens at 10 a.m. and closes at 8 p.m.
 Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec.
 I was born on Nov. 6, 1980.
 Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., Sat,. Sun.
 The class will run Mon.-Fri. next week.

Places

 U.S. (United States) U.K. (United Kingdom) E.U. (European Union) U.A.E.
(United Arab Emirates)
 The U.S. highway system seems enormous to visitors from the U.K.

Units of Measurement

 in. (inches) ft. (feet) lbs. (pounds)

 mm. (millimeters) cm. (centimeters) m. (meters)
 mg. (milligram) g. (gram) kg. (kilogram)
 My cat weighs 10 lbs., which is about 4.5 kg.

Workout Quiz
Direction: Underline the words that can be abbreviated and write their correct
abbreviated forms on top of each word.

Mister, Lopez was agitated when he got home at 3 reason was while he was driving his car
at 80 kilometers per hour on a highway, a traffic officer asked him to pull over and issued
him a ticket for speeding. He reasoned out, "Lieutenant, 80 kilometers per hour isn't over
speeding on a highway!” The traffic officer raised an eyebrow and said, "I am not a
lieutenant!” The officer requested Mister Lopez's driver's license and it read: Miguel Antonio
Lopez, Junior. Mister Lopez protested when the officer started writing his details on a traffic
ticket, "This won't happen in a country such as the United States of America!" To this the
traffic officer laughed, "Well, you are not in the United States of America!" Mister Lopez then
 Saint James High School
Curato St., Brgy. 5, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte
SEC Reg. No. PW00001134
Telefax (085) 343-4332 343-4834

ENGLISH IX SUMMER CLASS

Module No.: 3
Topic: Affixes

Learning Objectives:
1. Construct an illustrative essay using words with affixes.
 What Are the Types of Affixes?

An affix is a set of letters generally added to the beginning or end of a root word to
modify its meaning. The root is the portion of the word that remains when all prefixes
and suffixes have been removed. Typically, they can stand alone. In the
word untouchable, "touch" is the root.
The two main types of affixes are prefixes and suffixes. In the "untouchable" example
above, "un-" is the prefix and "-able" is the suffix. For another example, let's examine the
root word reserve. Thanks to affixes, it can be transformed into unreserved by the
prefix "un-" or even unreservedly by the suffixes "-ed" and "-ly." If you ever find yourself
wondering, "What are the types of affixes?" we're about to lay it all out for you.

Prefixes

Prefixes are attached to the beginning of a root word. They create a new word with a
new meaning. Here's a list of common prefixes, along with their meaning and a sample
sentence:

 anti- (against or opposite)

Do you think the ending of the latest Avengers movie was anticlimactic?
 dis- (lack of, apart, reversal, or not)
Her lack of French put her at a disadvantage throughout her travels.
 in- (not, in or on)
The new employee felt her two hours of training was inadequate.
 mis- (wrong or negation)
The ancient manual was full of misinformation.
 non- (not)
The worst part of a low-fat diet is nonfat milk.
 pre- (before or in front of)
Her grandmother's world knowledge predates her mother's.
 un- (not or reversal)
This tart pie is rather unsavory.
For more examples, check out Prefix Examples.

Prefixes and Hyphens

From time to time, you might see a hyphen placed between a prefix and a root word.
This is common when the prefix ends in the same letter as the root word begins. For
example, if a world leader has an anti-immigration policy, you'll generally want to place
a hyphen between the prefix and the root word.
 Next, hyphens are required when a prefix is about to join a proper noun. For example, if
you're taking a trans-Atlantic flight from New York to Ireland, you'll need a hyphen
before the proper noun, "Atlantic."
Finally, there are a four prefixes that almost always take a hyphen before joining their
root word. This is one of those tricky grammar rules you'll have to commit to memory.
Most style guides instruct writers on hyphen usage. So, be sure to consult your teacher's
style guide when in doubt. In the meantime, try to err on the side of a hyphen if you ever
want to use the following prefixes:
 all- (the whole amount, quantity, or extent of)
Her knowledge of 15th-century Ireland was all-encompassing.
 cross- (to pass in a different direction, or intersect)
He refused to submit for cross-examination.
 ex- (former, out of)
She had a coffee meeting with her ex-business partner.
 self- (a person's essential being that distinguishes them from others)
Hygge is the Danish practice of self-care.
For more on hyphens, review these Hyphen Rules.

Suffixes

Suffixes are attached to the end of a root word. They, too, create a new word with a new
meaning. Review this list of common suffixes, along with their meanings and sample
sentences:

 -able (able to, susceptible of, or given to)

How did we manage before portable laptops?
 -ible (able to be or relevant to)
When he mutters, his speech is incomprehensible.
 -er (more, relating to origin or designating role)
Since he's a professional driver, it seems only fair that his Corvette is faster than my
Mini Cooper.
 -ful (full of)
I am grateful for my editor's keen eye.
 -less (without)
Life without books is meaningless.
 -ment (action, result, or resulting state)
His poor choices resulted in a disenfranchisement from the community.
 -ly (in a specified manner)
They unsuccessfully planned an attack on innocent tourists.
It's important to note that you can add more than one prefix or suffix to a word. You can
see it in words above like disenfranchisement and unsuccessfully. Other examples
include nonconformist, counter-revolutionary, reorganization, and unquantifiable.
For even more examples, check out List of Suffixes and Suffix Examples.
Spelling and Suffixes

In some cases, the spelling of a root word is altered when a suffix is added. Consider the
word "unimaginable." Its root is "imagine." Often, when a word ends in a silent -e, the -e
is dropped and the suffix is added.

Another common sight is the changing of a "y" to an "i." Take the word "pretty." If you
want to say someone is "more" pretty than someone else, you might say, "Rebecca
Ferguson is prettier than her lookalike, Ingrid Bergman."
Of course, where there's a spelling rule, there's an exception. For more on that, review
these Suffix Spelling Rules.

Other Affixes

There's another member of the affix family, but it's kind of like the hidden secret. Have
you ever heard of an infix or tmesis? Infixes occur when an affix is inserted within a root
word. So, instead of popping up at the beginning or end, they appear within the root
word.

Truthfully, we don't see a lot of them in formal writing. Are they made up words? Abso-
freakin-lutely. If you're a fan of classic films, you might've watched My Fair Lady. In it,
Audrey Hepburn sings, "Sittin' abso-bloomin'-lutely still." In more recent times, Prince
William's former nanny described his engagement to Kate Middleton as "fan-flaming-
tastic."
As you can see, infixes add emphasis. But, they're more appropriate in informal writing.
Use them in your next TV or film script. Remember when Homer Simpson referred to a
saxophone as a "sax-a-ma-phone"? Or how about Snoop Dogg changing "house" to
"hizouse"? While prefixes and suffixes create new words, infixes accentuate the initial
root word (and add a little bit of fun).

Workout Quiz

Direction: Think of appropriate affixes for the following adjectives and see how their
meanings change. Write the new words you form on the corresponding columns.

Prefix + Root word Root Word Root Word + Suffix

 Ex: Extra- + Ordinary = Ordinary Ex: Ordinary + -ily =
extraordinary ordinarily

Understand
Happy
Wonder
Act
Real
Form
Interest
Grace
Effect

Note: ***Midterm Exam will be on July 20, 2020. Make sure to pay your summer
class fee before examination.

___________________________________________

Signature of Parent/Guardian over printed name

Prepared by: Mr. Jayson Castillo

SUMMER CLASS ENGLISH IX
References

Book
Ambayec, Anne Millaine T, et al. (2019). English Tek 9 Worktext British and American
Literature Third Edition. Sikatuna Village, Quezon City, Philippines: Tech Factors
Inc.
Internet
Capitalization | Punctuation rules. (n.d.). Grammar and Punctuation | The Blue Book of
Grammar and Punctuation. Retrived from:
https://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/capital.asp
(n.d.). Riverside Meadows Intermediate School. https://rsm.plusd.org/subsites/Chris
Cruz/documents/Vocab%2016.pdf
What are the types of affixes? (n.d.). Example Articles & Resources | Your Dictionary.
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/what-are-the-types-of-affixes.html