Get Ahead with Gerard

和杰拉德一起进步

A Skill-based Course for

Consecutive Interpretation
Designed for Advanced Interpretation Qualification Exam Shanghai

高级口译教程
理论、技巧与练习

Everything is difficult before they are MADE easy!

Copyright Statement

Get Ahead with Gerard is a series of English course-books covering a wide range of
topics including spoken English, business English, translation and interpretation.
The contents of this series are mainly selected from a number of publications both
in print and electronic formats.

The author has conscientiously quoted sources of materials. However, there are also
texts found on the internet, whose sources are now proved untraceable.

This course-book is meant for teaching. It is not, however, for economic benefit now
or any time in the future. Nevertheless reproduction of any part of this book needs
prior consent from the author. Unauthorized use is not recommended.

This statement relives the author from copyright disputes resulting from
unauthorized use of any part of the above-mentioned course-books.

The author

沈 祎
March 30, 2012

About the Author

沈祎|Gérard
12 年英语培训教师

10 年国际财经记者，中级职称

Weibo: weibo.com/nosgerard
Blog: blog.sina.com/machomacho
Email: kouyi_sh@hotmail.com

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 目 录

Meeting One ........................................................................................ 1

Orientation Talk 首课 .........................................................................................................................
主题：Qualification Requirements of an Interpreter .........................................................................
Memory and Note-taking Skills ......................................................................................................... 3

Meeting Two ........................................................................................ 7

技巧: 修饰语的位置..........................................................................................................................
主题：礼仪接待 ...............................................................................................................................

Meeting Three ................................................................................... 10

技巧：主语翻译.................................................................................................................................
主题: 大会发言..................................................................................................................................

Meeting Four ..................................................................................... 16

技巧：状语位置.................................................................................................................................
主题: 社会进步................................................................................................................................

Meeting Five ...................................................................................... 20

技巧：四字格.....................................................................................................................................
主题: 文化交流................................................................................................................................

Meeting Six ........................................................................................ 25

技巧: 分词短语和非限制性定语从句 ..............................................................................................
主题: 国际关系................................................................................................................................

Meeting Seven ................................................................................... 31

技巧: 长句处理................................................................................................................................
主题: 国家政策................................................................................................................................

Meeting Eight ........................................................................................ 36

技巧：数字口译.................................................................................................................................
主题：经济和商务.............................................................................................................................
Meeting Nine ..................................................................................... 44
技巧：合并/赘述 ...............................................................................................................................
主题：教育科技.................................................................................................................................

Meeting Ten ....................................................................................... 52

技巧：被动语态.................................................................................................................................
话题：科学技术.................................................................................................................................

Code of Conduct for ........................................................................... 60

Public Service Interpreters In Britain

4
Meeting One
Orientation Talk 首课
主题：Qualification Requirements of an Interpreter

Linguistic Competence
Phonetic Competence
What are the qualities required of a public speaker?
Confidence
Articulate
Rhythm
What should I do if I don’t speak like a native speaker?
Dealing with foreign accents

Try this
A new horizon is now in front of us, predicated on ever-widening possibilities for development in
all spheres of human endeavors, resulting from unparalleled advances in science and technology.

Acute Hearing
 Major Obstacle to many students who take Interpreters’ Certificate exam
 How to sharpen my ears?
 Intensive Listening v.s. Extensive Listening
 Get focused Dictation
 www.putclub.comwww.listeningexpress.com

English v.s. Chinese

形合(hypotaxis)与意合(parataxis)反映了两种不同的语法现象.
汉语强调意合，结构比较松散，因此简单句较多；
英语强调形和，结构比较严密，长句多。

形合：语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关
系。英语注重形式(形合)，因此句子之间大量使用各种关系词(When which, whose, why, where,
how, what)和连接词(and．but．or, as well as，so…that, unless, not only…but also)等等。
英语重形合：准确、具体、写实、逻辑性强

意合：句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构
形式短小精悍，汉语注重意合，不大喜欢用没有实际意义的虚词，只是把事情和意思连起来，
词句之间的关系在不言之中。
汉语重意合：模糊、含蓄、写意、关系微妙

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杨振宁:
中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走；而西方的文化是向准确而具体的方向走

汉译英的时候要注意：对于句子间的逻辑关系，采取以由隐形变显性的策略，用适当的连
接词或关系词将汉语所隐含的逻辑关系表明出来。（竹竿—葡萄）

1. 考虑到您的舒适和方便，您可以住在公司的外宾专用别墅。别墅位于海滩，开车 10 分
钟就能到我们公司。您一定会喜欢的。

2. 今年下半年开始，全国各地都积极的推进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变，实施科教兴
国和可持续发展战略，国民经济继续保持良好的发展势头，年初确定的宏观调控目标可
以实现。

3. Failure to provide a credit card on arrival will incur a cancellation fee equivalent to the first
night's accommodation and the guest will not be permitted to check in.

An Exceptionally Large Vocabulary

Try these:
 劳动密集型产业
 森林覆盖率
 （food） sensual perception, ethical aspects
 安居乐业
 （人类的）生存权
 亭台楼阁，曲径回廊
 nuclear proliferation
 (Sydney Opera House) chronological category

From Pidgin to Precise English

英语用词讲究精准，中文模糊笼统
翻译以下“恢复”词组内容
 恢复健康
 恢复邦交正常化
 恢复镇静
 （建筑物）恢复 1920 年的原貌
 恢复名誉

Cultural Awareness
 约翰逊博士, 很久不见, 您又发福了
 介绍一下,这是我的爱人,
 我想发表一些我的粗浅的看法
 望子成龙，望女成凤

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Encyclopaedic Knowledge
A knowledge-based profession

Good Memory
All interpreters have a photocopy-like memory? Some do, some don’t.
Short-term memory v.s. long term memory

Logical Analysis Practice:

repetition, retelling, rephrasing

Memory and Note-taking Skills

Note-taking in Interpreting
Necessity of Learning Note-taking
Note-taking is a basic skill that is of utmost importance to aspirant interpreters and
deserves our foremost attention. We know that it is easy for an interpreter to speak from
his/her memory when the speaker pauses after every one or two sentences. But if the speaker,
in his/her attempt to make his/her ideas complete and coherent, keeps speaking for five or even
ten minutes without any pause, which frequently happens on many occasions, the interpreter
can hardly expect to remember all the things that are mentioned. This is particularly true in
cases where the speaker abruptly refers to a long serious of figures or a long list of names and
places. It is obvious that, without the help of notes, one can hardly avoid misinterpreting or
leaving out important information. To supplement short-term memory and reduce the burden
of the brain, it is necessary to resort to notes. Nothing but notes can help an interpreter
overcome the limitation of human memory.
However, taking notes is by no means an easy job. The fact that taking notes diverts
attention and interferes with listening poses the first obstacle. The second problem is that
untrained interpreters are often at a loss what notes to take and how. Thus, to learn
note-taking well, we must, first of all, know some special features governing the acquisition of
this basic skill.

Distinct Features of Note-taking in Interpreting

Note-taking is essentially different from shorthand notes in that the latter employs a
completely different system of symbols which need to be deciphered themselves. In
interpretation, however, an interpreter can hardly afford the time to make the transference
between the symbols taken and the actual words or meaning they represent. Thus it is obvious
that shorthand is impractical for oral interpreters. Note-taking, on the other hand, provides the
best solution to the problem of speed and accuracy. In note-taking, interpreters try to jot down
the key words of a speech with simple characters, words or symbols at the fastest speed possible.
The purpose of taking notes is to enhance the short-term memory of an interpreter and to

3
remind him/her of the relevant content at the sight of the notes.
The notes taken are meant to be used immediately and exclusively by the interpreter
himself/herself. In other words, they are not intended for others to read or for the interpreter
himself/herself to use when the interpreting is over. So it is absolutely unnecessary as well as
impossible to write down every word. In fact, if an interpreter spends too much time taking
notes, he/she won’t be able to have sufficient time to ponder over the actual interpreting. In
this sense, the importance of note-taking should not be overemphasized. At any time and under
any circumstances, an interpreter should focus his/her attention on listening and comprehension,
trying to grasp the central ideas, sometimes from illogical or ill-organized speeches. He/She must
then reorganize the thoughts on the basis of correct understanding.
Interpreters differ in their ability to take notes. Some interpreters may have exceptionally
good memory, some maybe particularly familiar with the subject matter in a particular field, and
some others may have better skills in note-taking. Needless to say, the content and symbols
jotted down vary with individual interpreters. It is, therefore, not advisable for a beginner to
copy mechanically a system of notes used by other interpreters. Only through practice can
he/she expect to develop a system of notes of his/her own.

Suggested Language to Be Used in Note-taking

There is no absolute rule on whether the notes should be taken in the target language or
the source language. It depends on the preference of individual interpreters. While some
people prefer to take notes in the target language, others may find it much more convenient to
use the source language. In reality, however, interpreters tend to use both languages
interchangeably. Whatever an interpreter’s preference is, the only rule is “quick, clear and
accurate”.

Suggested Ways to Take Notes

An interpreter should not take notes indiscriminately. He/she should, first of all, make a
logical analysis of the original speech so as to follow the speaker’s flow of thoughts. Then
he/she should try to catch the key words which contain the message of the speech. He/she
should omit certain sentences or phrases which are not essential to the main ideas and
concentrate on the important sentences or phrases which give mot information. Special
attention should be given to personal names, places, figures, time, and the names of
organizations.
Transitional words or phrases are of special importance in indicating the logical relationship
between different sense groups and helping interpreters remember what has been said.
Therefore, they should be jotted down carefully.

if conditional expressions so long as, on condition that, provided/providing that, in case

tho concessive expressions although, though, even though, while, in spite of, despite
to purposes so as to , in order to /that so that
due causes because, as, since, for, for this reason, now that, owing to, thanks to
so results thus, therefore, hence, as a result of , consequently
but transitional nevertheless, still, however, yet, even so, on the contrary, on

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 the other hand, double-edged sword
Suggested formats for Note-taking
It is advisable for an interpreter to take notes in columns so that each sense group
represented by a key word or symbol in the notes occupies half a line or even on line, and that
the next sense group is noted in another line. An interpreter can also divide the paper into two
halves by drawing a vertical line in the middle. Write on the left half first. When it is finished,
move on to the right half. In whichever case, he/she must make sure to draw two short slanting
lines to mark the end of a sentence, a long paragraph or a large chunk of speech.

常见的笔记符号
表示文字逻辑及结构的符号
： 表示信息来源 think, indicate, according to, statistics, survey, opinion poll, news agency
∵ 表示原因 because, due to, owing to, thanks to, be attributable to, result from, the
reasons…
∴ 表示结果 so, therefore, as a result, consequently, lead to, result in, cause
Δ、but 表示转折 but, however, yet, on the contrary (灵活处理，可同样指代 though 等词)
表示肯定，同意，积极 agree, advantage, good, satisfactory
表示否定，消极，问题 disagree, disadvantage, bad, disaster, crisis, accident, dispute
>、<、 =、≈ 表示比较，大于，多于，高于，超过，小于，不相同，近似，同样重要
↑ 表示上升趋势 increase, develop, progress
↓ 表示下降趋势 decrease, loss
表示强调 very, extremely, important, the most, the largest｛表示各类，不同
different, various, a wide range of, varieties of

具体怎么记？
表示省略，派生词，相关词 bz=business, cn=China, ec=economy, ev=environment
G=government, H=health, mgt=management, sci=science, tech=technology
〇表示国际，全球 international, global world 比如全球经济〇 ec
⊙表示会议 meeting, forum, conference, seminar, symposium
∞ 表示交流，沟通，友谊，关系， exchange, friendship, cooperation, relationship,
communication, link, trade, negotiation
□ 表示国家， □&□ 表示国与国或 2□
两国经贸往来发展 2□ ec ∞↑

关于考试
主考教师在老师用卷上写下考生的姓名和准考证号（即考生第一阶段笔试准考证号）
以及该考生的录音磁带号与口试号。同时，在录音带上写下该考生的口试号和姓（名）
。
进行口语考试录音（如果录音磁带不够，考官可在一分钟后按下录音机暂停键，以留
下足够空白保证口译录音的完整，但千万不要忘记在考生开始做口译时启动暂停键）和评

5
分，考生开始讲 My name is… My registration number is…（考生不能看着准备过的材料发
言，但主考教师可根据实际情况提问或让考生再阅读一遍口语试题）
主考教师提供给考生口译记录纸，开始用放音机播放口译试题，同时启动录音机暂停
键，以便完整地录下考生的口译答题。
每段口译都要评分。对评定为不及格的段落，主考教师还应做出相关评语，点评不及
格原因，如：漏译 1/3；重大错译；未译等

考生可看着记录纸进行口译。
主教老师分别在教师用卷上总评分一栏中评出总评成绩并且签名。（该成绩为初评，评
分可以不一致，也不得向考生宣布。考生的成绩需待专家复听后才能最后定夺，由口译考试
办公室书面通知考生。）

主考教师可在教师用卷上对考生的口语和水平作简短评语。
注意事项 1：在口试过程中，应保证（1）考试时间 （2）考试环境（尤其是口译考试过程
中）（3）放音清晰 （4）录音完整

注意事项 2：考官进入试场，请佩带主考证；请关闭手机等通讯工具；请保持试场的安静。

考试评分纲要
本阶段考试分口语和口译两部分，两部分独立打分，各部分（或段落）成绩分三个档
次：优秀，及格，不及格。总评成绩分三个档次：优，及格，不及格。考官可简略书写为：
优，及，不
一、口语：
要求考生根据考题，连贯地说三～五分钟。（但不要求考生完全按照附加的思考题发言）
1. 优秀：内容完整、切题，语音语调正确，表达流利，语言基本错误。
2. 及格：内容较完整、基本切题，语音语调基本正确，表达尚流利，语言无重大错误。
3. 不及格：内容不切题或遗漏较多，语音语调错误较多，表达有困难，语言错误较多。
4. 考生正常发挥，口语仍不能达到及格标准者，原则上总评成绩给予不及格。

二、口译
要求考生在规定的时间内将所听到的段落译成英语或汉语。本项目共有四篇短文：两篇英语，
两篇汉语，每篇短文分成若干段落，每个段落都需要评分。

优秀：内容完整、准确，基本无遗漏或错译，语音语调正确，表达流利，语言基本无错误。
及格：内容尚完整、准确，无重大遗漏或错译，语音语调基本正确，表达尚流利，语言无重
大错误。
不及格：内容不完整或不准确、遗漏、错译较多（达三分之一或以上） ，语音语调错误很多，
表达有困难，语言错误较多。
4. 口译部分不及格的段落相加达三分之一或以上者（高级三段或以上、中级六段或以上
不及格），原则上总评成绩给予不及格。
（备注：错译可指： （1）主要意思翻译错误 （2）数字翻译严重失误 （3）严重主体或
措辞错误 （4）大量随意加减 （5）影响理解的语法大错等）

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Meeting Two
技巧: 修饰语的位置
话题：礼仪接待

I. 口译技巧陈述：
中英文在修饰语位置上的差异
英语右方向分支（Right branching direction）, 汉语以左方向分支（ Left Branching
Direction），右方向分支语言最大特点，句子为线性结构（Linear structure），后置定语超长
(lengthy modifiers) 左方向分支语言因思维空间有限，则以短句为主。

关于定语：
英语与汉语的基本语序是比较固定的，而且通常都采用"主语+谓语+宾语"(SVO)的线
性排列顺序。但是修饰语(定语或状语)的位置就大不相同了，汉语的修饰语总是在被修饰的
成分之前，而英语的修饰语可以出现在被修饰语的前面或后面，具体地说单个形容词作修饰
语通常是前置的，如果是短语或分句，则需位于被修饰语的成分之后。因此,可以说,就修饰
语的语序而言,英语和汉语的区别在于前者重后饰,后者重前饰。

按照与中心词的位置关系:
 修饰语分为前置修饰语（pre-modifier）和后置修饰语（post-modifier）
。
 中文结构：
 出席会议的人都到齐了。（动宾结构）
 他写的小说很出名（主谓结构）
 松柏稀疏的远处，隐约中露出一座小渔村。（陈述词组）

英语名词修饰语:
 前置修饰语：代词、数词、形容词或形容词短语、名词或名词短语、现在分词或过去分
词充当
 后置修饰语：介词短语、非限定性关系从句，限定性关系从句，不定式、现在分词短语、
过去分词短语以及较长的形容词短语构成

尽量使用前置定语
多定语要学会分拆‘

II.课内练习：
I. 句子翻译
1. 亲爱的朋友们，举办一届“有特色、高水平”的奥运会，是中国对国际社会的郑重承诺。
（0703 高口）

7
2. Governments, both at the city and national levels, obviously have a pivotal role to play in
implementing the principles of sustainable development. （0703）

3. The Australian Government recognizes both the current value of wine tourism and its
potential for growth; the sector has been identified as having considerable development
potential in the Government’s recent Tourism White Paper. (0709)

4. 希望本次大会在促进能源开发利用、扩大能源国际合作等方面发挥重要作用 (0709)

5. 欢迎您参观上海孙中山故居。您现在看到的这幢欧洲乡村式两层小洋房，是我国
民主革命的先行者孙中山先生和夫人宋庆龄在上海的寓所，1918 年他们人住于此。1961
年，上海孙中山故居被国务院列为首批全国重点文物保护单位。(0709)

6. In an era of globalization and high-speed communication, the relationship between

knowledge and progress has become even stronger. (0803)

7. 餐饮博览会是推动中外餐饮文化交流的重要窗口。此次餐饮博览会不仅是一次弘
扬中华餐饮文化的全国性盛会，更是一个文明古国、烹饪大国向世人展示民族文化的舞
台。(0803)

8. One of the conclusions to be drawn from the Asian crisis is that development is
unsustainable where there is widespread corruption. (0809)

9. 长期以来，就业问题一直是各国政府面临的一个难题。(0809)

10. When talking about quality one must consider the factors that are actually used to
judge quality: appearance, sensual perception, nutritional value, origin, ethical aspects and
environmental considerations. (0903)

11. 各位来宾，我校素有“江南第一学府”之美誉，是一个含文、理、工、医等学科
的综合性大学。一百年来，我校严谨的治学态度铸造了务实而又追求卓越的学术思想，
为祖国培养了一大批栋梁之材。(0903)

12. I’d like to introduce briefly Australia's Sydney Opera House. It is a great architectural
work of the 20th century that brings together multiple strands of creativity and innovation in
both architectural form and structural design.（1003）

13. 为了实现这一目标，我们要继续认真贯彻落实以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的发展观。
（1003）

14. It is a privilege to participate in this important conference, which takes place against the
background of an initial strengthening of the global economic outlook. (1009)

8
15. Ladies and gentlemen, I'm very glad to attend and address this conference on corporate
governance. (1009)

II. 段落翻译：
Passage One
Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I am here to attend this
annual conference. On the occasion of this opening ceremony, I’d like to express my deep
appreciation to Mr. Chairman for this opportunity to address the topic of world peace and
development. Hereby, I wish to pay my high respects for all the representatives present at the
conference. And I wish this conference will lead to a more peaceful and prosperous world//
I'm very positive that this annual conference will provide us with an ideal arena where we
can exchange views, clear up misunderstandings and reach common ground on matters of
common interest. I wish to take this opportunity to talk about the position of my government on
the formation of a new world order and the roles of regional and international organizations. I
believe that our exchanges and agreement on the new political and economic order will help
pave the way for a world of mutual benefits and common development. （2008 高口考题）

Passage Two
今天，我有机会同东盟九国的领导人首次会晤，讨论发展中国与东盟各国面向 21 世纪
的友好合作，感到十分高兴。我们正处在新世纪的重要时刻，应该以长远的战略眼光审视和
处理双方关系，建立中国与东盟面向 21 世纪的睦邻互信伙伴关系。//
这不仅符合时代的潮流，有利于中国和东盟各国的根本利益，也有利于促进亚洲与世
界和平发展的崇高事业。中国人民和东盟各国人民都是勤劳勇敢，聪明智慧的人民，自古以
来就在自己的土地上创造了灿烂的文明，为人类的进步做出了重要贡献。

III. 回家作业
Passage One
各们代表，欢迎参加世界文明论坛大会。世界是丰富多彩的，世界文明是多元的。各
国人民走过了不同的历史发展道路，有着不同的文化背景、社会制度和价值观念，延续着不
同的生活方式。这种多样性正是世界充满竞赛、活力和创新的根本原因。//
各国之间应该加强交流和了解，在相互尊重和平等相待的基础上共同前进，而不应让这
种多样性成为阻碍各国人民携手共进的隔阂，更不应人为地从中挑起对立和冲突。尊重和发
展世界文明的多样性，并在这种多样性中找到共同利益之处，是人类社会向前发展的伟大动
力。
Reference Translation
Distinguished guests, welcome to the Forum on world Civilization. The world is colorful and
the world civilization is many-fold and diversified. People of different countries have traversed
different roads of historical development. Each nation with its own cultural background, social
system and value, will continue to lead a life in its own way. This diversity is the very reason why
world is full of competition, vigor and innovation. //
Countries should enhance exchanges and understanding, and move ahead together on the

9
basis of mutual respect and equality. They should not allow the diversity to be a barrier to their
hand-in-hand / forward march, still less should they deliberately provoke confrontation and
conflict. To respect and develop the diversity of world civilization and identify common interests
are a great driving force propelling human society forward.

Passage Two
Ladies and Gentlemen. I am delighted to join you again at the World Economic Forum. This
is my third visit in just over two years as Secretary-General of the United Nations. On my previous
visits, I told you of my hopes for a creative partnership between the United Nations and the
private sector. This year, I want to challenge you to join me in taking our relationship to a still
higher level.//
This is a level that is conducive to economic globalization and the common prosperity. To
achieve our goal, we have been working hard for years, and yet for reason that we all know, the
results are far from satisfactory. I propose that you, the business leaders, and we, the United
Nations, initiate a global compact of shared values and principles, which will provide a fair global
market to all peoples in the world and offer everyone at least a chance of prosperity.//

Meeting Three
技巧：主语翻译
Topic: 大会发言 Conference

I. 口译技巧陈述
英译中主语处理
英语的一个特点就是物称倾向，即，喜欢用抽象概念、无生命的事物和不能主动发出动作的
词语作为句子的主语。英语的主语经常不是人，汉语主语多用人。
She smiled.
（普通表达）
There is a smile on her face.
(静态表达法)
A smile warmed her face.
（无生命主语句）

翻译技巧：能直译则直译
The matter asks immediate attention.

10
这件事需要立即予以注意。
The minutes slipped by quickly.
时间一分钟一分钟地溜过去了。

如果直译不通呢？
The courage escaped from me at the moment.
那一刻我突然失去了勇气。
Her name escaped me.
我记不起她的名字了。
A lot of troubles visited the poor family.
这个贫困的家庭遇到不少麻烦。

翻译技巧：找到逻辑主语做译文主语
The very sight of it makes me feel nervous.
一见到它，我就感到紧张。
Astonishment, apprehension, and even horror oppressed her.
她感到心情抑郁，甚至惊恐不安。
Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.
她的确在心里嘀咕：他是为了我才这么做的。

重组句子：找出合适的动作执行者作为汉语句子的主语
Anger choked his words.
他气得话也说不出来。
Her eyes tell me that something must have happened.
我从她的眼中看出一定有什么事发生了。

重组句子：找出合适的动作执行者作为汉语句子的主语
His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热。他于是下了决心，一碰到舒适的阴凉处，就坐下休息。

拆分：转化成汉语复句
英语有些无生命主语句，从语法上看是简单句，但却含有并列句和复合句的内容。要采用拆
分等手段，以便把逻辑关系和时间顺序逐层表达出来。拆译前可增加一些连词（如“因为”、
“所以”、“如果”、“虽然”、等）
This medicine will make you feel better.
吃了药你就会舒服些。
拆分：转化成汉语复句
The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.
由于天气寒冷刺骨，人人都已躲进了室内。
A second term would give the President more power than was safe for republican institution.
如果总统竟然连任，就会使总统权利太大而足以威胁共和制度的安全。
转化成汉语复句
Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.

11
经过调查，我们得出了上述结论。
Dawn met him well along the way. It was a pleasant uneventful ride.
东方欲晓的时候，他已走了一大段路了，这次骑马旅行是很愉快的，没有碰到意外事件。

运用使役句式
His illness left him weak.
疾病使他虚弱。
Continuous rain prevented us from taking any outdoor exercise.
阴雨连绵，使我们不能做任何室外运动。

中译英主语处理
主语从句的处理
例：1997 年，中英通过和平谈判成功解决了香港问题，为两国关系发展创造了良好的条件。
1．断句，添加主语
In 1997, China and Britain successfully solved the Hongkong issue through peaceful negotiations.
This has created favorable conditions for further development of bilateral relations.
2．转化为名词词组
The successful solution of the Hongkong issue through peaceful negotiations between China and
Britain in 1997 has created favorable conditions for further development of bilateral relations.
3．将主语从句作为主句，而将谓语动词转化为英语的分词结构，作伴随情况状语
In 1997, China and Britain successfully solved the Hongkong issue through peaceful negotiations,
creating favorable conditions for further development of bilateral relations.
4．将主语从句作为主句，而将谓语转化成非限定定语从句的谓语。
In 1997, China and Britain successfully solved the Hongkong issue through peaceful negotiations,
which has created favorable conditions for further development of bilateral relations.

5．添加虚指名词，将主语从句译成英文中的复杂名词结构
The efforts of China and Britain to solve the Hongkong issue successfully through peaceful
negotiations in 1997 have created favorable conditions for further development of bilateral
relations.

二．动宾结构作主语的处理
1．将动宾结构中的动词转化为动词不定式或动名词：
让贫困人口得到现代能源的服务，进而享受发展的机会，是一种道义责任和社会责任。
It is a moral and social responsibility to enable the poor to enjoy modern energy services and
opportunity for development.
Providing the poor with modern energy services and development opportunity is a moral and
social responsibility.
（该句还可译作：Access to modern energy services and development opportunity is a moral as
well as a social responsibility.）

2．将动宾结构中的动词省略
建立中澳长期稳定的友好合作关系，符合两国和两国人民的根本利益。

12
A long-term and stable relationship and cooperation between China and Australia serve the
fundamental interests of both countries and peoples.

三．不断变换主语的短句处理
近二十年的时间已充分证明，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳
妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。
The practice in the last 20 years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in
conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and
opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.

II. 课内练习：
I. 句子翻译
1. Over the past 5 years, according to U. S. data, U.S. exports to China have grown from
$18 to $ 52 billion, while U. S. imports from China have grown from $100 billion to $ 290
billion. Moreover, the United States and China are shaping, and being shaped by, global
energy and environmental trends, which have strong economic consequences. （0803）

2. 威廉斯副总统的这次访问表明了阁下愿意继续推进我们两国之间友好合作关系的
决心。我深信，两国高层领导人之间的频繁互访，不仅有助于我们两国之间关系的改善，
而且还有助于亚太地区乃至整个世界的和平与稳定。谋求持久的世界和平和全球经济繁
荣是我们的共同愿望。正是本着维护世界和平、保证共同发展与持续繁荣的精神，我们
制定了现行的外交政策和经贸政策，发展与各国平等互利的友好关系。（高口教材 p44）

3. Over the last decade, there has never been any place other than Pudong that holds so much
attraction for our people in the business community. It is with this awareness that we have
come here to seek better ways of promoting our economic and financial cooperation. (高口
教材 p47)

4. 中国大量价廉物美的商品出口到美国，缓解了美国的通胀压力，每年为美国消费
者节省近 200 亿美元。美国的资金、技术和管理经验为中国经济发展注入了活力。解决
中美经贸摩擦等问题需要双方共同采取行动。我们希望美方承认中国完全市场经济地
位，取消对华出口商品和技术的限制，纠正贸易保护主义的错误做法。增加对华出口，
而不是限制自华进口，才是解决贸易不平衡的正确途径。 (高口教材 p56)

5. The key to making “return on quality” work is marketing research. An inextricable link
exists between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Customer retention pays big
dividends for the organization. The ability to retain customers is based upon an intimate
understanding of their needs. (高口教材 p85)

6. 中国确保十三亿多人的生存权和发展权，是对世界人权事业的重大贡献。集体人
权与个人人权、经济文化权利与公民政治权利紧密结合和协调发展，这适合中国国情，
是中国人权事业发展的必然道路。(0909)

13
 China has a population of over 1.3 billion, and to ensure our people the rights to
subsistence and development is in itself a major contribution to the progress of the world
human rights cause. Collective and individual human rights should be considered together
and their coordinated development should be pursued, and the same considerations should
be given to the development of economic and cultural rights on the one hand and of civil and
political rights on the other. This is dictated by China’s specific nation and therefore, is the
only way to progress in human rights cause in China.

7. 中国社会主义市场经济体制已经初步建立，全方位对外开放格局已经基本形成，经济持
续快速发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。（高口教材 p119）

8. Acupuncture is widely employed in easing cravings and withdrawal pains of heroin

addicts. 40% of the drug courts in the United States use acupuncture as part of their therapy.
In the Miami system alone there are close to four hundred treatments per day.（高口教材
p274）

9. In light of the history and development of American values, diplomacy has been
regarded as the most important instrument to which all other instruments must be
subordinated. However, diplomacy, by its very nature, is often overshadowed by spectacular
international events, dramatic initiatives, and meetings among heads of state. (高口教材
p373)

10. American commitment to rebuilding war-torn countries came as early as its

commitment to the postwar international monetary structure. Enacting American foreign aid
constitutes part of the American foreign policy. (高口教材 p374)

11. A security mechanism conducive to world peace and stability and to peaceful
development of all countries should be established through the concerted efforts of the
international community. (高口教材 p411)

II. 段落翻译
Passage One
各位代表，值此国际能源大会开幕之际，我谨代表中国政府和人民，向大会表示衷心
的祝贺并向大会组织者表示真诚的感谢!加强全球合作，妥善应对能源和环境挑战，实现可
持续发展，是世界各国的共同愿望，也是世界各国的共同责任。／／
随着世界经济的不断发展，能源和环境问题日益突出。这些问题如得不到有效解决，
不仅人类社会可持续发展的目标难以实现，而且人类的生存环境和生活质量也会受到严重影
响。希望本次大会在促进能源开发利用、扩大能源国际合作等方面发挥重要作用.（0709）
Reference Translation
Dear representatives, on this occasion of the opening of the International Energy
Conference, on behalf of the government and the people of China, I would like to extend my
heartfelt congratulations for the conference and my sincere gratitude for the organizers of this

14
conference. It is a global wish and common responsibility to take right action to cope with
challenges posed by environment and energy as well as to achieve sustainable development
through strengthening international cooperation.
Along with the global economic growth, energy shortage and environmental pollution have
become increasingly big problems. If they are not solved in a good and efficient manner, not
only will human society fail to achieve the goal of sustainable development, but it will also make
a serious impact on the living environment and quality of human lives. I sincerely hope that the
conference can play an important role in promoting the development and use of energy
worldwide as well as strengthening international cooperation in this field.

Passage Two
Now, let's turn to the problem of corruption. I think all countries should take a firm stance
on corruption, pursue a sensible macroeconomic policy, and are committed to poverty
elimination. One of the conclusions to be drawn from the Asian crisis is that development is
unsustainable where there is widespread corruption. Proper regulation and transparent
economic management will increasingly be a pre-requisite for investment--and not just for
foreign investors, but for domestic investment too. //
Of course, the causes of corruption do not only lie in developing countries. It is
extraordinary that only now the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development is
recommending that all countries make it a criminal offence to offer a bribe to a public official
overseas. We must intensify our efforts, and firmly and resolutely take any necessary measures in
our combat against corrupt government officials.（0809）

III. 回家作业
Passage One
I am very pleased to see that China has now emerged as major world trading nation due to
more than 20years of economic reform. It has gradually and successfully transformed from a
central planned economy to a market-oriented one. I am also very delighted to witness that
during nearly the same period, European integration had reached a significant high level and
profound changes have been taking place. Especially with the establishment of the European
single market, the EU has greatly increased its overall competitiveness.//
China has been one of the largest countries in the world in terms of foreign direct
investment inflow. Being the biggest developing country in the world, China has rich human
resources and enormous market, which has always been the attraction of investment not only to
Europe but also to the world as a whole. As a region with the largest number of developed
countries, the EU boasts abundant capital and advanced technology. Therefore, both the EU
countries and China enjoy a high degree of complementarities in economic, trade, scientific and
technological fields.//

Passage Two
我们注意到欧洲正在重新评价对华关系。中国作为潜在的巨大的市场对欧洲产生了很

15
大的吸引力。许多欧洲国家认为不应该对中国采取视而不见的鸵鸟政策。尽管欧洲各国在对
华政策上有区别，但对于中国的重要性的认识是一致的。//
中国的发展不会妨碍任何人，也不会威胁任何人；中国现在不称霸，将来强大了也永
远不会称霸。不同社会制度和文化传统的国家，只要以各国人民的根本利益为重，彼此尊重，
相互包容，就完全能够超越意识形态差别，在和平共处五项原则基础上共同发展。

Meeting Four
技巧：状语位置
Topic: 社会进步

I. 口译技巧陈述
汉语的状语通常安排在动词之前，英语的状语比较灵活，可在句首、句中或句末，其
中句末位置最为常见。在口译中，最好不要将英语状语置于句末，因为这意味着译员必须把
位于句首的汉语状语长时间地储存在大脑之中，直到句末才将其译出，这是一种额外的心理
负担。最好将汉语的句首状语译成英语的句首状语，这等于将状语作为一个独立结构先分流
出去。放下这一包袱后，译员可以全力以赴地处理随后的部分。
汉语的状语也可能不在句首，仅在主要动词之前，也即在句中。英语也允许将状语插
入在句中，但如果插人的状语太长，会显得书卷气较重。不过为了顺应汉语的语序，在口译
中可以考虑使用句中状语，即使在文风上作些牺牲也是值得的。

中文：时间+地点+方式+动词
英文：动词+方式+地点+时间

1. 他每天在教室努力学习
2. He studies hard in the classroom every day.
3. 在世纪之交，面对前所未有的挑战和机遇，我们对实现下个世纪的宏伟目标充满信心。
4. Faced with unprecedented challenges and opportunities at the threshold of a new century，
we're full of confidence to realize the grand objective set for the next century．
5. 汉语的状语“在世纪之交”一般应置于句首，而英语状语的位置是比较灵活的。译员将 at
the threshold of the century 安排在后，符合英语习惯；但在翻译中添加了一道变换语序
的工序，对中国学生来说可能是一种额外的负担。如将 at the threshold．． ．移到句首，
则可降低口译的难度。
6. 我们愿意在和平共处五项原则的基础上同世界上所有国家，特别是同周边的邻国，发展
友好合作关系。
7. China stands ready to develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the

16
 world，particularly our neighboring countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful
Coexistence．
8. 汉语的状语在句子当中，英语的状语往往移到句末(或句首)，但在口译中，如移至句中，
虽然有些别扭，却符合汉语语序。在这句中，“在……基础上”后面的内容较多，如不将状
语先译出，拖到后面容易遗忘；而且即使译出，距主要动词“愿意”太远。所以，此译文
不妨改为 China stands ready to，on the basis of..., develop...
9. 但是只要（中美）双方从大局出发，从促进国际市场的繁荣和稳定出发，大家都做一点
让步，那么达成协议是很有希望的。
10. As long as the two sides can make concessions out of the larger interest and out of the larger
interest of promoting prosperity and stability of the world market and trade，then I'm very
hopeful that we'll be able to reach an agreement.
中心结构与修饰结构的转换如果汉语的修饰结构(定语与状语)较长，被修饰的中心结构
较短.

II. 课内练习
I.句子练习
1. 值得一提的是，自从我们两国总理互访以来，我们在近海石油勘探和汽车工业方
面的合作进展神速。我们对在这些领域里所取得的成就深感满意，并愿意与贵国政府和
人民一起继续努力，将我们的合作关系推向一个新的高度。（高口教材 p44）

2. 中美双方着重就加强双边经贸合作、妥善解决经贸问题全面深入地交换了意见，
在知识产权、农产品贸易、分销权、紡织品贸易、政府采购等问题上达成多项共识。中
方重视美方在贸易不平衡、知识产权保护等问题上的关切，已经并将继续采取积极措施
逐步加以解决。(高口教材 p56)

3. 在这个各国利益交融、休戚相依的时代，与世隔绝不可能实现真正的发展与繁荣，独善
其身不可能实现持久的和平与稳定。 (高口教材 p59)

4. New Zealand is an active trading nation, linked to its principal trade partners by regular
sea and air services. China is one of New Zealand’s principal trade partners. The two
countries have experienced increasing exchanges in many areas in recent years, including the
frequent exchanges in cultural, educational and public health fields. (高口教材 p168)

5. 我希望中英两国青年顺应时代的要求和世界发展的潮流，刻苦学习，知难而进，为建设
自己的国家，为维护世界和平、促进人类进步事业作出应有的贡献。（高口教材 p130）

6. Innovation is now driving the growth of the whole business and manufacturing
industry as companies realize they must innovate to remain competitive in today's global
market. The economic prosperity the United States enjoys today, despite the financial turmoil
in the global market, shows that we are reaping the benefits of innovation. (高口教材 p132)

7. 一个世纪以来，一代又一代的复旦人，以丰富的想像力、活跃的创造力和卓有成

17
 效的实践，在中国高等教育发展史上留下了深深的足迹，为人类的文明和社会的进步，
为民族的振兴和国家的强盛，为上海的经济发展和文化繁荣作出了重要的贡献。（高口
教材 p183）

8. 中国人民把独立自主当作立国之本，在五千多年的不懈奋斗中创造了灿烂的中华
文明，并在近代反抗外来侵略、实现民族解放的斗争中自立自强，最终掌握了自己的命
运。(高口教材 p239 2008 年 3 月考题)

9. The global community looks forward to China fully participating in all the institutions of the
global rules-based order, including in security, in the economy, in human rights, in the
environment. (高口教材 p245)

10. Australia is committed to strong action domestically and internationally on climate change,
because we know that climate change is the great moral, economic and environmental
challenge of our time. (高口教材 p246)

11. Information technology has opened up opportunities for new products with more
advanced capabilities and new processes with much higher level. The biggest unknown for
the individual in a knowledge-based economy of this information age is how to have a career
in a system where there are no permanent careers. (高口教材 p319-320)

12. With the right policy, they have huge scope to grow rapidly by importing capital, ideas
and techniques from developed economies and using rich countries’ markets as a
springboard for growth. (高口教材 p338)

II. 段落翻译
Passage One
不断发展的经济全球化和突飞猛进的科学技术，为世界经济和社会发展提供了前所未
有的技术条件。信息通信技术的发展，更是在深刻地改变着人们的经济、社会以及文化生活。
信息化为经济增长和社会进步提供了珍贵的“数字机遇” 。世界各国都在积极采取措施，大
力发展信息通信技术和信息产业，努力推进国家信息化进程。//
然而世界范围内信息通信技术发展很不平衡。富国和穷国在享用信息资源方面存在着
日益加大的差距。如何縮小直至消除"数字鸿沟"，是建设信息社会过程中亟须解决的重大问
题。否则，我们就无法在全球范围内实现信息社会持续、健康和协调发展的目标，其结果必
然导致"数字鸿沟"进一步拉大。 （1003 高口考题）(高口教材 p494)

Passage Two
Holiday resorts usually attract tourists because of their sunny beaches, snow-covered ski
slopes, or championship golf courses. At the ski resorts, it is often an atmosphere of informality
around a roaring fire after the day’s skiing is finished. At a more cosmopolitan resort like a Miami
Beach, it may be nightclubs and stage shows. Many of the resorts give instruction in scuba diving
combined with visits to underwater scenes.//

18
 A cruise ship, such as the well-known Titanic, is a floating hotel where passengers can visit
a number of well-chosen international ports and meanwhile enjoy a party atmosphere
throughout the voyage. Games, dancing, costume parties, and whatever other activities are
devised within a rather limited space. Big-name entertainers are often hired for the entire trip.
Most cruise ships employ social director whose job includes involving all of the passengers in the
activities that are offered.//

III 回家作业
Passage One
中国是最大的发展中国家，它的未来发展，不仅直接关系着中国人民的前途，而且对
世界的发展与进步也会产生重要影响。展望未来五十年的前景，我们充满信心，中国人民将
继续坚定不移地走改革开放的道路，与时俱进，开拓创新，全面建设小康社会。//
中国的发展与外国的发展，是互相联系、相互补充的，应该平等互利地加强交流与合
作。中国人民希望过上和平幸福的生活，也希望各国人民携手努力，实现共同发展的普遍繁
荣。我们希望，发达国家应多承担责任，发展中国家要自强不息。(2005 年高口考题)
Reference Translation
China is the largest developing socialist country, and its future development will not only
directly affect the future of the Chinese people, but will also have an important impact on the
development and progress of the world. Looking ahead at the prospects for the next 50 years, we
are filled with confidence. The Chinese people will firmly and unswervingly follow the path of
reform and opening-up, keep pace with the times in the spirit of pioneering and innovation to
build a well-off society in an all-round way. //
China's development and that of other countries are all interlinked and complementary.
We should step up exchanges and cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. The
Chinese people hope to lead a peaceful and happy life, and also hope that the people of all
countries strive hand in hand to achieve common development and universal prosperity. We
hope that the developed countries should assume more responsibilities in this regard, and the
developing counties should constantly seek to work harder and better for themselves.

Passage Two
Our company’s success is attributable largely to the direct sales approach. Customers tell us
what they want and we build computers to meet their needs and ship them out. In many cases,
customers can purchase our “customized” computers for 10 to 15 percent less than the brands
sold in stores. Direct selling has also enabled us to reduce inventory costs and to stay in touch
with customers. Through toll-free telephone lines, we can find out what customers like and
dislike, and, as a result, incorporate numerous small improvements into our new products.//
We believe that a business must do two things to be successful. First, it must put the
customer first—by listening, understanding, and providing customer service. Second, a company
– both its managers and employees – must act with speed and flexibility. We do very well on both
counts. In just fourteen years, we have made our mark in the computer industry because of our
ability to see an opportunity that larger competitors like Compaq and IBM ignored. Now both
Compaq and IBM are trying to imitate our direct sales approach.//

19
Meeting Five
技巧：四字格
Topic: 文化交流

I. 口译技巧陈述
汉语中，由四个字构成的词语数量很大，使用频率也高。译成英语的时候，首先要分
析理解含义，以及前后部分的逻辑关系，并列结构如，升级换代；动宾结构如，深化合作；
主谓结构如，彼此共赢；偏正结构如，共同繁荣；此外，汉语由于是一种单音节语言，因此
经常以重复来加强语气，或者让文字更具韵律美。对于重复的结构，只需要翻译部分就可以
了。翻译四字结构，需要打破原文，或直译或意译，目的是准确传递信息。
1. 黄浦江畔的东方明珠也是游人驻足之地，登上观光层，举目鸟瞰全市，无限风光，尽收
眼底，让人心旷神怡，流连忘返。
The Oriental Pearl Tower standing by the Huangpu River is another tourist destination. When
you stand on the observation floor of the tower and look around in the distance, you will
take delight in the charming skyline of the city and admire the endless vistas which you will
find hard to turn away from.

2. 泰山壮观的自然风光和历史名胜，激发了历代文人雅士，书法家为之舞文弄墨，创造了
无数经典佳作，他们留下了时刻碑文，令游客目不暇接，叹为观止。Mount Tai's natural
scenery and historical sites have inspired writers, scholars and calligraphers of various
dynasties to produce numerous great works of all time. The tourist will marvel at a dazzling
exhibition of their inscriptions carved in stones.

常见中文同义重复
升级换代 upgrade 日新月异 develop with each passing day
千家万户 each and every household 五湖四海 all corners of the globe
鸡毛蒜皮 trifles 生龙活虎 bursting with energy
甜言蜜语 honeyed words 不慌不忙 unhurried
质疑问难 raise doubts 单枪匹马 single-handedly
暴风骤雨 a violent storm 唇枪舌战 battle of words
品头论足 be overcritical 高谈阔论 loud and empty talk
英文中也有同义重复（redundant twins ）
safe and sound 安然无恙 vigor and vitality 生机活力
forgive and forget 不念旧恶 frank and outspoken 心直口快
stutter and stammer 口吃，结巴 carrot and stick 软硬兼施

英文也可以处理为四字格
indisputable 无可争辩 high-sounding 冠冕堂皇

20
argue on the basis of reason 据理力争 please the public with claptrap 哗众取宠
have a silver tongue 辩才无碍 argue/talk endlessly 喋喋不休
take the blame 饮咎自责 beyond or above reproach 无可非议
speak out from a sense of justice 仗义执言 meaning between the lines 言外之意
hold nothing back 和盘托出 an implied meaning 弦外之音
state one's views frankly 直抒己见 call a spade a spade 直言不讳
thriving and prosperous 繁荣昌盛 make oblique accusations 指桑骂槐
speak evasively 闪烁其辞 come straight to the point 单刀直入
it is no secret that 无可讳言 weather-beaten 饱经风霜
talk a lot of nonsense 大放厥词 stray from the point 不着边际
devoid of substance 言之无物 talk at random 东拉西扯
talk in generalities 泛泛而谈 be an armchair strategist 纸上谈兵
straying from the subject 漫无边际 reams of rubbish 废话连篇
harp on the same old tune 老调重谈 brag unblushingly 大言不惭
make a great fuss over a trifle 小题大做 taciturnity 沉默寡言

21
II 课内练习
I. 句子练习
1. 近代中国经历了一段积贫积弱、任人宰割的历史。落后就要挨打，这是中国人民
从屡遭外来侵略的悲惨经历中得出的刻骨铭心的教训。中华人民共和国成立后，中国人
民自力更生、改革开放、与时俱进，在社会主义建设中取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。当
前，中国人民坚定不移地抓住发展这个第一要务，正满怀信心地为全面建设小康社会、
实现现代化而团结奋斗。(高口教材 p44)

2. Delivering a commencement address is a great responsibility. I have wracked my mind

and heart for what I ought to say to you today. I have come up with two answers. I have
decided to talk to you about the benefits of failure. As you stand on the threshold of what is
sometimes called “real life”, I want to extol the crucial importance of imagination. These may
seem quixotic or paradoxical choices，but bear with me.

3. Seven years after my graduation day, I had failed on an epic scale. An exceptionally
short-lived marriage had imploded, and I was jobless, a lone parent, and as poor as it is
possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless. (高口教材 p61)

4. 泰山雄伟壮观，峻拔突兀，最高峰玉皇顶为峡谷和险峰所环绕。登临泰山需走九曲十八
盘的路程，沿途可饱览绚丽风光，观赏不同风格的古代建筑。(高口教材 p94) (2004 年考
题)

5. The tourist will admire a wide array of unique and intriguing fauna and flora, a comfortable
and sunny climate, and an interesting, cosmopolitan and friendly people.（高口教材 p96）
6. 到了清朝乾隆、嘉庆年间，上海成了中国东南部的大都市和海运中心。那时，申
城里万商云集，浦江上千帆斗艳，好一派繁荣兴旺的景象！

7. 自改革开放以来，尤其是自 20 世纪 90 年代初以来，上海开始了新的腾飞，城市
面貌日新月异，在建设现代化国际大都市的征途上高歌猛进，其巨大成就，举世瞩目。
(高口教材 p154)

8. 复旦大学在其悠久的发展历程中，注重中华民族现代理性的开展与人文精神的养
成，可谓披荆斩棘，筚路蓝缕，并且以其"博学而笃志，切问而近思"的治学态度祷造了
取精用弘的学术思想，陶冶了一代又一代怀抱超旷的才隽学人。
复旦百年基业，来之不易，目前又面临了一次百年未遇的发展良机。所谓承前启
后之枢轴，事业进步之关键，正当此时。复旦人精诚团结、奋发作为，在这一目标的指
引下共襄盛举，不断树丰功于民族复兴的伟业。（高口教材 p183）

9. At this time of the golden autumn season, Vancouver, like many other places of Canada,
is extremely beautiful. Back-grounded by the bright blue sky, the leaves on maple trees, with
brilliant hues of red, give a flaming tribute to the city. (高口教材 p186)

22
10. In the modern, globalized world, we are all connected; connected not only by politics
and economics, but also in the air we breathe. A true friendship is one which “offers
unflinching advice and counsels restraint” to engage in principled dialogue about matters of
contention. （高口教材 p246）

11. 首先，中医认为"万物人为贵"。中医将"救死扶伤"视为职业道德规范。第二，中医
注重无病防病，强调以食补保健来延缓衰老，减少疾病。第三，中医理论认为，社会环
境与自然环境相互作用、互为依存，人的身心也是一种相互作用、互为依存的关系。 （高
口教材 p260）

12. 中国有一句古话至今还广为流传，叫做"民以食为天"。几千年的推陈出新和不断累
积，使中餐受到越来越多的海外人士的青睐，成了我国对外文化交流的一个友好使者。
中餐烹调所用的天然配料，品种繁多，几无穷尽；烹调方法，亦层出不穷，不可
悉数。这些无与伦比的中餐烹饪特点，足以说明了中餐馆以及中餐烹调之所以名扬海外
的缘由。
色、香、味这三大要素的高品质，只有通过选料、调料、适时烹调、把握火候、
装盘上桌这些微妙步骤的细心协调，才能取得。（高口教材 p285）

13. By 1950, after a century of anarchy, war-lordism, foreign suppression, civil war and the
war against Japanese invasion, its share of world output had fallen to less than 5 percent.
Now China is making up lost ground. Even if its economy slows sharply over the next couple
of years, its long-term prospects remain bright. As China's income per head catches up, its
economy will soon dwarf those of its Asian neighbors. (高口教材 p338)

14. In filmmaking, special effects do have the potential to enhance a story. But they also
have the potential to replace that story. Some critics say that many modern films rely too
much on special effects. They say filmmakers don’t spend enough time developing a good
story. Without doubt, digital effects are here to stay. And the technology will continue to
improve. Just remember that a good-looking movie isn’t necessarily a “good” movie. (2006
年考题)

15. 近一时期，国际上发生了许多大事。伊拉克战争已经结束，但社会秩序持续动荡；
中东问题久拖不决，流血事件此起彼伏：金融、信息、卫生等领域的安全隐患无处不在。
这上至政治家，下至老百姓，都无法视而不见，听而不闻。(2006 年考题)
Some major events have taken place in recent months. None of us, from politicians to people
in the street, can afford to overlook. The international situation, while moving in the
direction beneficial to people all over the world, is undergoing a complicated and profound
transformation. This gathering has given a good opportunity to pool our wisdoms in the
discussion of peace and development. I (sincerely) wish it a success.

23
II．段落翻译
Passage One
今天我给各位谈谈中国的脸谱。中国戏剧脸谱的化妆艺术，有着悠久的历史。中国古
代有种舞，就是驱鬼逐疫的祭祀仪式上跳的舞，跳这种舞时，舞者都戴上假面。其后南北朝
和陏唐乐舞中开始用染面化妆来表现某些鬼神形象。//
到明代，戏曲中各类角色的分工更细了，脸谱也逐渐规范化了。在清代，随着京剧的
兴起，脸谱造型日趋完善。脸谱是中国戏曲特有的化妆艺术，是用写实和象征相结合的艺术
夸张手法，从人物面貌上提示人物的类型、品质和性格特征。、
、

Passage Two
Ladies and gentlemen, please follow me to one of the most spectacular sights of the
Yellowstone Park: the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. It’s 37 km long and 366 meters deep.
You’ll see Yellowstone River winding through the colorful canyon. Stop on both the south and
north sides for different views, you may take pictures of Yellowstone’s magnificent Lower Falls. Or
if you‘re ready for some exercise, walk down the trail that leads to the bottom of the falls. Then
look up, up at the plunging water.//
South of the canyon lies Yellowstone Lake, one of the world’s largest freshwater lakes.
Don’t plan on going for a dip—the water is too cold! But from Fishing Bridge you can take a boat
excursion on the lake. Take your time exploring the park. Walk around the thermal areas. Look for
wildlife along rivers and streams. Have a picnic under a big tree. Listen to the wild roar and feel
the spray on your face. The park was created for the benefit and enjoyment of all. Have a good
time.

III. 回家作业
Passage One
中医是我国的传统医学，起源于 6000 年前的神农氏时代。中医学在长期的发展过程中，
逐渐形成了一套医学原则和观点。中医认为“万物人为贵” 。中医师是通过了解人与自然、
以及人体各部位之间的种种关系来诊断病人的疾病。//
中医有完整的理论体系和临床治疗方法，除了中草药外还有针灸疗法、按摩推拿和气
功疗法。中医以其独特的疗效和科学本质赢得了全世界的广泛赞誉。我们在积极发展中医的
同时也鼓励中西医结合诊断和治疗疾病。我相信，我国的中医研究前程似锦。 （2006 年高口
考题）

Passage Two
Like many old cities in the world, what Londoners do for a living has changed considerably.
The industry of Manufacturing has steadily declined and today accounts for less than 10 percent
of total employment. Its service industry is now a leading employer, which employs 85 percent of
London's workforce. Tourism is an important part of the services sector. Serving tourists from
home and abroad is thought to employ at least 300,000 Londoners. //
Although the old "Empire of the World" is gone, the "sun never sets" is history, London is
London. Although London has suffered some growing pains through its history, we have reasons
to be optimistic about its future. We're positive that this old city will continue to be one of the

24
world's great cities in a new spirit of youthful enthusiasm.（2003 年高口考题）

Meeting Six
技巧: 分词短语和非限制性定语从句
主题: 国际关系

I. 口译技巧描述
分词短语的翻译
动作上时间有先后，翻译成汉语时需把时间顺序体现出来：
Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the railway station.
他们一听到这个消息，就立即出发去火车站了。

The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay
here.
来访的首相表示他对本次会谈相当满意，并补充说他在这过得很愉快。

最常见的表伴随：
I leave Beijing tonight, Mr. Premier, hearted with the agreements we have reached, cheered by
the frankness and fullness of our discussions, grateful for the hospitality you have accorded our
party.
总理先生，今晚我就要离开北京。我们所达成的协议使我受到鼓舞，我们坦率而又充实的会
谈使我感到高兴，你们给予我们一行的款待使我十分感激。
分析逻辑关系（增减词）因果关系：
Not knowing the language, she failed to understand what they were talking about.
由于不懂他们的语言，她没听懂他么在说些什么。

Lacking communications between generations, some families are upset by the widening
generation gap.（被动—主动）
由于两代人缺乏交流，不断加深的代沟使一些家庭深感烦恼。

Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political freedom,
immigrants from any other countries flocked to the United States in increasing numbers,
reaching a peak in the years 1880-1914. (主语的选择)
许多其他国家的人听说在美国经济上有很大的发展机会，还有宗教自由和政治自由，于是纷
纷移居美国，移民人数越来越多，1880 年至 1914 年达到了顶峰。

25
条件关系：
Given more attention，the accident could have been avoided.
要是更留心一点，这次事故本是可以避免的。

Untied, we stand; divided, we fall.

团结起来，我们就能立于不败之地；一旦分裂，我们就要遭受失败。
合则存，分则败。合则共存，分则两伤。

Used economically, one bottle will last for at least two months.
只要省着用，一瓶只要可以用两个月。

让步关系：
Having brought about a lifestyle revolution, Internet use is threatened by hackers’ repeated
attacks of the computer systems of important organizations.（主动被动）
尽管因特网带来了生活方式的革命，黑客屡次入侵重要机关的电脑系统，使因特网受到了威
胁。

Granting the achievements to be great, we have no reason to be conceited.

就算我们成绩很大，我们也没理由骄傲。

方式关系：
Functioning like a magnet, Hollywood draws ambitious young people from all over the world.（词
义引申）
好莱坞如同一块磁石，吸引了世界各地一心成名的年轻人。

Swallowing small companies, the big media corporations will be able to control what Americans
read and watch.
通过吞并众多小公司，大媒体集团将能控制美国人的视听。

表示结果：
The population and the labor force have moved dramatically from farms to cities, from the fields
to the factories, and above all to services industries, thus providing more personal and public
services.
出现的另一种新情况是，人口和劳动力大量从农村迁移到城市，从农田进入工厂，尤其是进
入服务行业，从而为个人和公众提供了更多的服务。

Countries that are more open to foreign competition and investment receive growth-promoting
benefits in two ways: their firms become more competitive and efficient, raising productivity and
incomes; and they also are in a better position to absorb technology from abroad.
对外来竞争和投资更为开放的国家从两个方面得到促进经济增长的好处：他们的企业更具竞
争力，效率也更高，从而带动生产力和收入的增长；而且这些企业也能更好的吸收国外技术。

译成前置定语

26
Sweeping across Asia, an information technology revolution is causing an acute shortage of
high-tech labor.
一场席卷亚洲的信息革命导致高新技术人才严重短缺。

Long dominated by the Japanese, Asia’s auto market now lies in the sights of ambitious US and
European car manufacturers.
长期由日本一统天下的亚洲汽车市场目前受到了雄心勃勃的美国和欧洲汽车制造商的关注。

单独成句：
Extending 1,600 kilometers from the Appalachian Mountains in the east to the Rocky Mountains
in the west, the Mid western Region is the largest in the United States.
中西部地区东起阿巴拉契亚山脉，西止落基山脉，绵延 1600 公里，是美国最大的地区。

非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，对先行词不起限定的作用。就其
意义来说，在句中有时相当于一个并列分句。翻译此类句子，一般可采用以下方法：

译成独立句
一般来说，非限制性定语从句较少译成带的的定语词组。在翻译成汉语时可以将从句与主句
分译，独立成句。
It is important that our two countries to search for areas of cooperation, which clearly will add to
our mutual benefit.
我们两国应该扩大合作领域，增进互惠互利。

断开法
All commercial communication satellites, which began to be launched in1965, are now designed
for use in geosynchronous orbits（地球同步轨道）。
所有商业性通讯卫星（1965 年开始发射）现在都设计用于地球同步轨道。

翻译成有状语职能的句子
非限制性定语从句在语义上有时起状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等
意义。因此可将此类从句译为相应的状语分句。
Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion.
火箭在太空中运行最佳，因为在那儿不存在阻碍他们运动的大气。

II. 课内练习
I. 句子翻译
1. Our friendly and cooperative ties have become extensive, affecting all aspects of our
national lives: commerce, culture, education, and scientific exchange. We must always be
realistic about our friendship, frankly acknowledging the fundamental differences in ideology
and institutions between our two societies. (中口教材三版 p133)

27
2. The whole world is watching with great interest the remarkable changes that are taking
place in China, particularly in Shanghai, a thriving and robust megalopolis. To our great
amazement, this country boasts a three-decade persistent economic growth with its
consequent immense contributions to the world economy, which is unequalled elsewhere in
the world. (高口教材 p47)

3. 在新一轮中美战略与经济对话中，双方围绕共同关心的全局性、战略性、长期性
问题进行了坦诚的交流，达到了增信释疑、推进经贸合作的目的。中美经贸合作发展迅
速，中国已经成为美国第三大贸易伙伴和增长最快的出口市场，美国则是中国第二大贸
易伙伴和最大的外资来源地。中美经贸合作初步形成相互依存、互利共赢的基本格局，
给两国人民带来了巨大的实惠，也促进了世界经济增长。（高口教材 p56）

4. The vast movement of the earth’s crust created a vast land of Australia, isolated it and
positioned it across the tropical and temperate climatic zones. The land has a small
population, which left enormous areas unspoiled. Tourism is a major industry in Australia,
representing about six per cent of the gross domestic product and providing, directly or
indirectly, around 440,000 jobs. More than two million tourists visit Australia each year,
spending about $ 4,000 million. (高口教材 p97)

5. 现时代中国强调的以人为本、与时俱进、社会和谐、和平发展，既有中华文明的
深厚根基，又体现时代发展的进步精神。中国人民在改革开放中表现出来的进取精神，
在建设国家中焕发出来的创造热情，在克服前进道路上的各种困难中表现出来的顽强毅
力，正是这种自强不息精神的生动写照。（高口教材 p229）

6. 今天，中国提出构建和谐社会，就是要建设一个民主法治，公平正义，诚信友爱，充满
活力，安定有序，人与自然和谐相处的社会。（高口教材 p230）

7. 今天的中国是一个有 13 亿人口的发展中大国，必须首先保障最广大人民的生存权和发
展权，不然一切其他权利都无从谈起。（高口教材 p239）

8. The idea of a “harmonious world” depends on China being a participant in the world
order, and along with others, acting in accordance with the rules of that order. Failing this,
“harmony” is impossible to achieve. (高口教材 p245)

9. Most of China’s growth over the past 30 years can be explained by high rates of
investment and the movement of workers from subsistence farming, where their marginal
productivity close to zero, to more productive use in industry. China has welcomed foreign
direct investment, which has bolstered growth by increasing the stock of fixed capital and by
providing new technology and management know-how. (高口教材 p338)

10. 15 世纪中国明代初期，航海家郑和率领 2 万多人的船队七下西洋，到达 30 多个国

家，最远到达了非洲的东海岸，带去中国的茶叶、丝绸和瓷器，表明那时中国有着相当
强大的航海能力和综合国力。从时间上来说，比哥伦布、达伽马远航早了近一个世纪。

28
 (高口教材 p335)

11. In recent years, with the growing position of China and some other countries in international
diplomacy, the United States can no longer control U.N. decisions as it did before. (高口教材
p372)

12. 我们应该充分尊重各国文明的多样性，而不应人为歧视或贬低他国文明，应该鼓
励各种文明在对话交流中相互借鉴、取长补短，而不应相互隔绝和相互排斥。应该倡导
各种文明在相互包容、求同存异中共同发展，而不应强求一律、强加于人。(高口教材
p383)

13. Electronic commerce is booming, creating a marketplace of at least a trillion dollars, most of
which comes from business to business transactions. (高口教材 p349)

14. 面对气候变暖、环境恶化、资源紧缺、疾病和自然灾害频发、恐怖主义蔓延等一
系列威胁人类生存和发展的全球性问题，面对当前金融、能源、粮食三大难题交织爆发
的严峻局面，任何一个国家都无法置身事外，也难以单独应对。各国应当通力合作，迎
接挑战。(高口教材 p387)

15. Last year, the nations of the world spent over $1 trillion on armaments and weaponry.
But we contributed less than 10 per cent of that amount as official development assistance
to the developing parts of the world, where 860 million people suffer from hunger. My friend
James Morris heads the World Food Program, whose task is to feed the hungry. He recently
told me, "If I could have just 1 per cent of the money spent on global armaments, no one in
this world would go to bed hungry." (2006 年高口考题)

II. 段落翻译
Passage One
It is a privilege to participate in this important conference, which takes place against the
background of an initial strengthening o~ the global economic outlook. Led by China, the world
economy now has the potential for a return to solid growth. The recovery is broadening and
deepening, with all major regions showing improvement. Obviously, Asia is in the vanguard of the
global recovery. This rising tide will also lift our country, and we expect growth in this country to
accelerate in the coming year. //
But we know that the recovery is still uneven, with growth relatively rapid in China, India,
and the United States, but with the euro area lagging behind. Ensuring that the recovery is robust
and sustained requires cooperation. And such cooperation should ensure that no region bears a
disproportionate burden of adjustment. This requires major economic powers in the world to
accelerate their pace of effective structural financial reform. (1009 考题)

Passage Two
今年国际形势总体保持稳定，但不确定因素也在增加。今年国际形势大体有以下特点，
一是多极化趋势有新发展。经历了伊拉克战争之后，国际社会更加深刻地认识到，解决重大

29
国际问题，需要国际合作，离不开多边主义，离不开以联合国为中心的多边体制。//
二是国际安全形势更加复杂，特别是地区热点问题此起彼伏，恐怖主义活动猖獗，非
传统安全问题更加突出。三是世界经济形势总体看好，经济全球化和区域合作深入发展，国
际贸易投资更加活跃，但国际竞争加剧，能源、资源问题突出。（2006 年考题）
Reference Translation
The international situation this year remains stable as a whole, but uncertain factors are on
the increase. The world situation this year has more or less the following characteristics: Firstly,
the multi-polarity trend is gathering momentum. After the Iraq war, the international community
realized that the settlement of major world issues requires international cooperation and cannot
be achieved without multilateralism or without a multilateral system centered on the United
Nations.
Secondly, international security has become more complicated, and regional hotspot issues,
in particular, have cropped up one after another, terrorist activity have gone rampant,
non-traditional security issues have become more prominent. Thirdly, the world economic
situation looks promising as a whole, economic globalization and regional cooperation are
developing in-depth, international trade investment has become more active, but international
competition has intensified, and the contrast between energy and resource is more salient.

III. 回家作业
Passage One
The United Nations has had no more consistent supporter than this country for its charter
and the work of its specialized agencies. We take part in many UN activities. We accept the
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and are active in development of the
international law. Our country has been a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development for almost 30 years. Global economic issues are among the core elements of
international relations and we give priority attention to these issues.//
Our diplomatic policy has been greatly influenced by our increasing dependence on
international trade and the effects of the world economy. Our economic and political future is
linked closely with those of our neighbors. We take the view that peace and prosperity in the
Asia-Pacific region depends on the ability of the region's countries to cooperate to maintain
economic growth and political stability. We are keen to ensure the stability and security of this
region and to develop mutually profitable trade, technological exchanges and cooperation.（2006
年高口考题）

Passage Two
当今，亚太地区的经济形势发生了诸多变化.对此，我们需要思考如何应对。无可否认，
经济全球化引发了全球范围的更为激烈的市场竞争。企业作为经济活动和技术创新的主体，
面临的竞争压力不言而喻。然而，竞争范围的扩大同时意味着合作范围的扩大。//
我们提倡在竞争中谋求合作，在合作中共同发展，在共同发展中带动经济繁荣，最终
实现人民生活水平的共同提高。我相信，本次峰会将有助于各经济体的企业团结一致，群策
群力，共同探讨新形势下企业的成长与发展模式，寻求亚太经济的振兴之路。(2006 年高口
考题)

30
Reference Translation:
Today, the economic situation in the Asia-Pacific region has undergone multiple changes,
requesting from us new ways to deal with them. There is no denying that economic globalization
has triggered more fierce market competition worldwide. As major players in economic activities
and technological innovation, enterprises are obviously under pressure from competition.
However a wider range of competition implies a wider range of cooperation at the same time.//
We stand for cooperation amidst competition, common development through cooperation
and economic prosperity from common development, which will eventually lead to a better life
for all people together. I am confident that this Summit will help the entrepreneurs from various
economies to unite as one, pool their wisdom and efforts, and together explore modalities for
the growth and development of enterprises in the new situation, look for ways to (economically)
rejuvenate the Asia-Pacific.

Meeting Seven
技巧: 长句处理
主题: 国家政策

I. 口译技巧描述
长句翻译的操作方法：
1、理顺原句内部关系，理出句中包含的各语义点
The fact that the average Englishman's home has become his workshop is partly because he is
keen on working with his hands and partly because he feels, for one reason or another that he
must do for himself many household jobs for which, some years ago, he would have hired
professional help.
普通英国人的家已经成了自家的工场，一方面是因为他热衷于自己动手干，另一方面是因为
出于某种原因，他觉得许多家务活必须自己干，而这些活在几年前他会雇专人来干的。
I wondered （1）how she would feel（2）if she learned that the Negro（3）before whom she had
behaved in such an unladylike manner（4）was habitually a white man（3）.
我心中思衬（1） ，在一个黑人面前表现得如此有失女士风度（4） ，倘若得知这个黑人其实是
白人时（3） ，不知她作何感想（2） 。

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2、将整理出的各语义点按汉语表达习惯重新排列。
American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades（1）--basically 8 years of
elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school（2）, although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8
and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school（3）.
美国的公立学校和私立学校都是由 12 个年级组成的（1） ，基本上是 8 年小学加 4 年中学（2） ，
虽然 7、8 两个年级或 7、8、9 三个年级有可能都在初级中学里就读（3） 。

Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slowdown（1）, the new
technological unemployment（2）may emerge as the great socio－economic challenge of the end
of the 20th century（3）.
新技术出现带来的失业问题（2） ，尽管起初被全球性经济衰退所引起的失业现象所掩盖（1） ，
但有可能成为 20 世纪末社会经济的重大难题（3） 。

When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973 － 1974（1）, I was living with my family in a cabin on
the edge of an area（2）where deer spend the winter（3）in northern Minnesota（2）, observing
the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter
progressed（4）, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted（5）.
1973－1974 年间第一次出现“能源危机”的时候（1），我正和家人住在明尼苏达北部一处
鹿群过冬的边缘地带。我们住在一个小屋里（2） （3），观察鹿的生活习性，观察它们如何随
着冬季来临从夏秋的活动频繁变得少动的（4） ，而到春暖雪融时，它们的活动又是如何增加
起来的（5） 。

3、依照重新排列的语义点顺序用汉语逐点表达
Now there is in America a curious combination（1）of pride in having risen to a position where it
is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living（2）and genuine delight in what one
is able to accomplish with one's own hands（3）.
现在美国有一个奇怪的现象：人们一方面为地位上升不再需要靠体力劳动谋生而感到自豪，
另一方面又对能够亲自动手做事而由衷地感到高兴。

One of the most heartwarming aspects（1）of people who are born with a facial disfigurement
（2）, whether minor or major（3）, is the number of them（1） who do not allow it to upset their
lives（4）, even reaching out to help others with the same problem（5）.
有些人生来面部就有残缺（2） ，残缺有大有小（3） ，但令人欣慰的是这些人中很多人（1）
并没有因此而生活得不愉快（4） ，相反，他们倒去主动帮助其他有同样问题的人（5） 。

Students in these state schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition（1）,
but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones（2）, particularly for students who
are residents of the state（3）.
但是，这些州立学校的学生以及私立学院的学生都须缴纳学费（1） ，不过州立学校的学费比
私立学校的学费便宜得多（2） ，对常住本州的学生来说尤为便宜（3） 。

32
II. 课内练习
I. 句子翻译
1. A tradition of scientific agricultural research and development, the use of modern
machinery including aerial topdressing of pasture, and efficient pasture and soil management
enables full advantage to be taken of a temperate climate and ample rainfall to obtain high
yields from the land. (2003 年 7 月高口考题高口教材 p169)

2. 我们将认真实施人才政策。坚持德才兼备的原则，加快培养和选拔适应改革开放
和现代化建设新形势需要的各类人才，特别是精通国际金融、法律和现代管理的专业人
才。 。(0703 考题)
We will earnestly implement the strategy of tapping human resources and adhere to the
principle of having both political integrity and professional ability. We will accelerate the
training and selection of outstanding personnel, especially those who are well trained in
international finance, law or modern management in order to meet the new needs of reform
and opening up and the modernization drive. We will deepen the reform of the personnel
system related to cadres to improve their selection, appointment, evaluation, incentives and
supervision.

3. 多年来，我们一直致力于控制空气污染、垃圾污染、噪音污染和人口爆炸。我们
试图减少城市供水、能源、住房、交通方面的问题，扩大绿化面积，提高环境质量。 （0909
高口考题）
For many years we have made great efforts to control air pollution, garbage pollution, noise
pollution and the population explosion. We have tried to reduce the problems of city water
supplies, energy, housing, traffic and to increase green areas and improve the quality of the
environment. Our achievements have been amazing. We will make constant efforts to
improve human living environments and to create a better future for human beings.

4. The information revolution is making obsolete old institutions and old modes of operation,
requiring the individual, the firm, and the nation to change. （高口教材 p321）

5. “康乾盛世”之后的 100 多年，中国的发展大大落后了，国际地位急剧衰弱，沦为半殖

民地，备受列强欺负。 （高级口译 p335）

6. A study by the IMF compares China’s rapid integration into the world economy with
similar developments in the past, for example, when growth first took off in post-war Japan,
and later in the East Asian newly industrializing economies, such as South Korea or Singapore,
China has grown a little faster during the past 30 years than Japan or the East Asian
newcomers during their first period of boom, but these economies then maintained rapid
growth for a long time. (高口教材 p339)

7. 部分国家主权债务风险持续上升，一些系统重要性金融机构的问题集中暴露，主
要货币汇率大幅度波动，国际金融市场动荡不安，大宗商品价格高位震荡，各种形式的

33
 保护主义明显增多。
（高口教材 p118）

8. 中华之所以能在 5000 年历史进程中生生不息，发展壮大，历经挫折而不屈，屡遭

坎坷而不馁，靠的就是这样一种发愤图强、坚忍不拔、与时俱进的精神。 (高口教材 p229)

9. 我们要坚持加强和改善宏观调控，继续实施积极的财政政策和宽松的货币政策，
保持政策的连续性和稳定性，根据新形势、新情况不断提高政策的正对性和灵活性，把
握好政策实施的力度、节奏和重点。（高口教材 p348）

10. Thanks to our open and flexible approach, and the investment that we are making in skills
and in innovation, Britain is now Europe’s most successful large economy, and experiencing
our longest unbroken period of economic growth on record. (高口教材 p385)

11. 我们将深化与发展中国家的互利合作，维护与发展中国家的共同利益，积极探索
新形势下开展南南合作的有效途径。坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴的方针，继续推进睦邻、
安邻、富邻的政策，加强与周边国家的友好合作关系，深化区域合作。进一步发展同发
达国家的关系，努力扩大共同利益的汇合点，妥善处理分歧。(高口教材 p384)

12. It is essential to transcend the differences in social system and ideology in handling
state-to-state relations, and work to seek convergence of common interests, rather than
model the world after one political system or development mode. (高口教材 p411)

13. 联合国作为最具普遍性、代表性和权威性的政府间国际组织，是实践多边主义最
重要的舞台，自成立以来为维护世界和平、促进共同发展、推动国际合作发挥了不可替
代的重要作用。（高口教材 p418）

14. 科教兴市、人才强市、打造世界级现代服务业，这些不仅是全市人民的共识，而且都在
不断地落实之中。（高口教材 p153）

15. 中国坚持实施互利共赢的对外开放战略，真诚愿意同各国广泛开展合作，兼收并蓄，博
采各种文明之长。（高口教材 p230）

II. 段落翻译
Passage One
当今世界，沙漠不断扩大，森林逐渐缩小，食物、水源和空气已被严重污染，洪水、
干旱、台风等极端的气候条件持续发生，各国人民不得不在这样日益恶化的环境中求生。更
糟糕的是，环境资源的缺乏在世界许多地区引起了暴力冲突。／／
不断加大的环境压力严重威胁着人类未来的利益。国际社会必须采取相应举措；各国
政府必须具备对全球人口增长、自然资源减少、环境质量恶化等因素做出准确判断的能力，
国际组织也必须设立机构将这种预测结果直接应用于决策过程。 (1009 考题)
Reference Translation:
In today’s world, people around the world are struggling to survive in the face of adverse
conditions that are worsening daily with, growing deserts, dwindling forests, tainted food, water

34
and air, as well as the frequent climatic extremes and weather events such as floods, droughts
and typhoons. Worse still, environmental scarcities contribute to violent conflicts in many parts
of the world.
The increasing environmental pressure seriously threatens the future benefits of
humankind. The international community must improve its ability to identify emerging
environmental problems and assess alternative responses. The governments of all countries
should possess the foresight capability to make accurate projections of world’s growing
population, decreasing natural resources, worsening environmental quality and other factors.
International institutions should also set up offices to link the results of such projections directly
to current decision making.

Passage Two
I am well aware of the challenges that we face. We will be up against those challenges;
climate change and hunger, extreme poverty and nuclear proliferation. But I am absolutely
convinced that we are up to the task. There is no problem we face here in America or around the
world that will not yield to human effort, to cooperation. Our challenges are ones that summon
the best of us, and we will make the world better tomorrow than it is today. //
We know that there is much yet ahead that none of us can predict. But I have every
confidence that you will not only succeed by the dint of your own hard work and effort, but you
will also contribute far beyond your own personal needs. This is your moment. Go out and give us
a future worthy of this great university, of this great city, of this great country, and of the world
we all wish to create together.（1003 高口考题）

III. 回家作业
Passage One
中国是最大的发展中国家，它的未来发展，不仅直接关系着中国人民的前途，而且对
世界的发展与进步也会产生重要影响。展望未来五十年的前景，我们充满信心，中国人民将
继续坚定不移地走改革开放的道路，与时俱进，开拓创新，全面建设小康社会。//
中国的发展与外国的发展，是互相联系、相互补充的，应该平等互利地加强交流与合
作。中国人民希望过上和平幸福的生活，也希望各国人民携手努力，实现共同发展的普遍繁
荣。我们希望，发达国家应多承担责任，发展中国家要自强不息。
Reference Translation
China is the largest developing socialist country, and its future development will not only
directly affect the future of the Chinese people, but will also have an important impact on the
development and progress of the world. Looking ahead at the prospects for the next 50 years, we
are filled with confidence. The Chinese people will firmly and unswervingly follow the path of
reform and opening-up, keep pace with the times in the spirit of pioneering and innovation to
build a well-off society in an all-round way. //
China's development and that of other countries are all interlinked and complementary.
We should step up exchanges and cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. The
Chinese people hope to lead a peaceful and happy life, and also hope that the people of all
countries strive hand in hand to achieve common development and universal prosperity. We

35
hope that the developed countries should assume more responsibilities in this regard, and the
developing counties should constantly seek to work harder and better for themselves.

Passage Two
In this world, the dominant trend is still one of peace and progress, but there are a few
interest groups which always want to seek gains by creating tension here and there. This is
against the will of the majority of the people and against the trend of the time.//
In order to create an enormous market demand and promote economic prosperity, we
should make continued efforts to advance the cause of peace and development. We should also
ensure that people around the world live and work in peace and contentment and focus on
economic development and on scientific and technological innovation. (2004 年高口考题)

Meeting Eight
技巧：数字口译
主题：经济和商务

I. 口译技巧陈述
For an interpreter, one of the difficulties in transference of the message is figures. And for a
Chinese interpreter, the difficulties are greater. The reason is that the basic counting units are
different in Chinese and in English. The fundamental solution to the difficulties in figure
interpreting lies in practice, well informed by a good analysis of the linguistic features involved.
However in real-work condition, interpreters are not that much stressed with figures as visual
aids such as overhead projectors, slides are widely used on these occasions. Interpreters can just
explain the projects somewhere in the hall rather than toiling themselves on memorizing and
transferring them between different languages.

I. Interpreting Cardinal Numbers

227 two hundred and twenty seven (AmE) two hundred and seven (BrE)
2500 twenty-five hundred

What is billion in American English?

How does British people say when it comes to “十亿”?
II. Pronouncing Fractions and Decimals
五分之一 one-fifth
二分之一 a half
三分之一 a third

36
四分之一 a quarter
千分之三 three-thousandths
五十三分之七十九 seventy-nine over fifty-three
九十五分之二十六 twenty-six over ninety-five
III. Interpreting Questions Involving Ordinal Numbers
这是您第几次来中国访问了？
How many times have you been in China?
How many times have you visited China?
This isn’t your first visit to China, is it?
Is this your first visit to China

你们队得了第几名？
How did your team come out in the match?
Did you team win the match/championship?
Did you win/get the first place in the competition?
这是你第几个孩子？
Is this your eldest/youngest child?

IV. Interpreting indefinite Numbers

Approximates: 大约
In Chinese we have expressions 约，大约, 大概 is put before a round number
来,左右, after a round number
In English we have “about, around, roughly, approximately, some, more or less in the
neighborhood of” before a round number
“or so, or thereabout, in the rough” after a round number

Smaller than Round Numbers 少于

In Chinese we have expressions like “少于,小于, 低于, 不到,不及,不足” before a round
number
Words like “以下, 以内, 以里”after a round number
In English we have “ fewer than, less than, under, below and within” before a round number

Interpreting Indefinite Numbers Which Mean “More than”

In Chinese we have words like “多于,大于,高于,超过” in front of a round number
Words like “多,几,以上”after a round number
In English we have words like “more than, over, above, upwards of” before a round number
“and more, odd, and odd” after a round number

Interpreting Numbers Which are Between Particular Numbers (介于)

Chinese: 介于„.之间
English: between….and….from to….

37
Interpreting indefinite Numbers which Are Adjacent (相邻数字)
两三个 two or three/ few/several
两个/两个以上 two or more

Interpreting Indefinite Numbers Like 数十,数百

数十, 几十,好几十,数十年 tens of, dozens of, scores of , decades of
数百,数以百计,几百,好几百,成百 hundreds of, several hundred, by the hundred
数万,数以万计,好几万 tens of thousands of
数十万,几十万,好几十万 hundreds of thousands of

V. Literal Translation of Figures

英语中的有些数词在汉译时可以等值翻译。但是，也有不少数词在汉译中不能等值翻译，或
者完全不译出来。这种翻译处理方法是为了使汉译句子能符合汉语的表达习惯。以下分别举
例说明。
（1）等值翻译：
a drop in the ocean 沧海一粟
within a stone's throw 一箭之遥
ki11 two birds with one stone 一箭双雕
A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.．吃一堑，长一智。

（2）不等值翻译：
at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
on second thoughts 再三考虑
by ones and twos 两两地，零零落落地
Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。
Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all. 你能便宜一点卖吗？对不起，不二价.
He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine。
他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。

（3）不必译出
One man's meat is another man's poison.人各有所好。
I'll love you three score and ten.我会一辈子爱你的。
Ten to one he has forgotten it．很可能他已经忘了。
His mark in math is second to none in the class. 他的数学分数在班上是名列前茅的。
She is a second Lei Feng。她是雷锋式的人物。
I always believe my sixth sense。我总相信我的直觉。
He talks about you nine times out of ten when we have a chitchat.每次我们闲聊几乎都谈及你。
The parson official1y pronounced that they became one。牧师正式宣告他们成婚。
I used to study in France in the year one。我早年曾在法国学习。

38
VI. Translating Exact Figures (点三杠四，缺位补零)

十亿 亿 千万 百万 十万 万 千 百 十 个
100 10 100 10
billion million million million thousand thousand thousand

NB: Don’t forget the measures that comes after a figure

Fahrenheit, Celsius hectare, acre, centimeter, liter, milliliter
e.g.
Japan was devastated by a massive earthquake measured 8 on Richter scale.
Japan was devastated by an 8-magnitude earthquake.

VII. Trends in Interpretation

Whenever you read figures in a newspaper or magazine—any type of text will do—take the
opportunity of practicing a quick interpretation of it. You can easily make quizzes with your
classmates.

Totals can be expressed in English by a variety of verbs, such as “ total, come to, is”
The institutions of higher learning totaled/came to/was 1,075 in 1995 in China.
The total number of students at all British universities is over 250,000.
The number of students comes to 250,000.

Prepositions such as “ of, by, to, at” are often used with quantities to describe trends
There was a rise of 6%.
The figure rose by 3%.
The figure of the middle school students in China will rise to 127 million.
The inflation stood/stayed at 4%.
The sales of the company’s products fell/dropped by 5% last year.

To indicate upward movement:

to rise, a rise
to increase, an increase
to climb, a climb
to jump, a jump
ascend soar leap accrue mount escalate boost swell
an upturn 回升，好转趋势 an upward trend 上升，好转趋势，pick up/recover 好转/复苏 rise
slowly 慢慢地/逐渐上升 spiral upwards 陡升 sustain an increase 维持升幅

To indicate downward movement

to fall, a fall
to drop, a drop
to decline, a decline
to decrease, a decrease

39
shrink descend slump lessen diminish ebb abate ease
slump 萧条，暴跌， plunge /dive 急降 a significant reduction 显著的减幅

对比：
surge--subside rocket--dip-downward slope boom--plummet shoot up—curtail

Stability and fluctuation

When dealing with figures such as economic output, industrial productivity or international
interest rates, it is important to understand the distinctions between various words showing
stability or fluctuation. Some of the most common expressions used to describe stability and
fluctuation are as follows:
to level out/off 达到平衡 to remain stable 保持平衡 to fluctuate 波动 to stand/stay at
保持在 to reach a peak/to peak 达到高峰 stabilize 保持稳定

Intensifiers and softeners

When comparisons are made using words such as higher lower or more quickly the degree of
comparison might be intensified or softened, using words such as dramatically or marginally.
Here are some common words used as intensifiers and softeners in comparison. Note that here
are drawn on a scale, ranging from very intense to considerably soften. You should always have
a parallel set of words available to you in Chinese, so that you can quickly find the right
approximation.
dramatically, considerably, sharply, steeply, significantly, tremendously, immensely, noticeably,
rapidly, substantially, maximally
slightly, gently, slowly, steadily, subtly, minimally
moderately, (in moderation ) respectively, gradually, regularly, continuously, progressively,
smoothly, correspondingly, proportionally

rise and fall evenly

rise correspondingly
a great deal (far/much/dramatically)higher
sharp drop
fractionally (marginally)lower
somewhat lower
slightly (a little lower)

Name of illustrations
扇形 wedge/slice 投影片 overhead transparencies 圆形百分比图 pie graph
柱状图 bar chart 曲线图 line chart 实线 solid line
虚线 broken line 点画线 dotted line
色调的搭配 color scheme 阴影部分 shaded area

40
Quantifying Intensifiers

steeply
drastically
dramatically
substantially
remarkably

considerably

slightly

Practice: Describe the stock performance of Budgens

I. 句子口译
1. Over the last five years, two-way merchandise trade between our countries has grown
steadily each year by an average of more than 14%. During this period, Canadian exports to China
have grown by more than 3 billion dollars. Our total two-way trade is now valued at over 53
billion dollars. ( 高口教材 p57)

2. Our success shows in earnings per share that have grown at an average compound annual
rate of 24 percent. Our operating margins have increased by more than 65 percent. We have
reduced working capital investments by about 56 percent, increased inventory turnover by nearly
43%, reduced outstanding receivables by over 15%, and saved $150 million in purchasing costs
via a corporate-wide strategic sourcing initiative. (高口教材 p122)

41
3. What Londoners do for a living has changed considerably since the city was a commercial
and industrial center in the 19th century. Manufacturing has steadily declined and today accounts
for less than 10 percent of total employment. The printing and publishing industry is now a
leading employer. Far more important is the services sector, which employs 85 percent of
London’s workforce. This is led by financial and business services. Tourism is another
important part of the services sector. London attracts more than 24 million visitors annually,
more than half of them from outside the country. Serving tourists is thought to employ at least
300,000 Londoners. （高口教材 p157）

4. Vancouver is predominantly a service center. Since the 1960s, employment in finance,

insurance, and real-estate-related activities has tripled, that in accommodation and food services
has quadrupled, that in health and welfare services has quintupled, and that in services for
business has increased eightfold. Employment in primary and secondary industries has declined
relative to population. (高口教材 p185)

5. 中国人均国内生产总值刚刚超过 3000 美元，居世界 104 位。发展不平衡问题还很突出，

还有 1.35 亿人每天生活费不足 1 美元。
（高口教材 p336）

6. 长期以来，就业问题一直是各国政府面临的一个难题。国际劳工组织最近发表全球就业
报告指出，全球失业人数已超过 2 亿，创历史新高，总失业率约为 8％。在我国，根据统计，
去年城镇失业人数为 2080 万人。
（0809 考题）

7. The U. S.-China economic relationship is entering a new phase. First, U. S.-China economic
interdependence is deepening. We need each other more and on a broader number of economic
issues. Over the past 5 years, according to U. S. data, U.S. exports to China have grown from$18
to $ 52 billion, while U. S. imports from China have grown from $100 billion to $ 290billion.
Moreover, the United States and China are shaping, and being shaped by, global energy and
environmental trends, which have strong economic consequences. （0803 考题）

8. 中国提出到 2010 年单位国内生产总值能耗在 2005 年的基础上降低 20％、可再生能源

比重提高到 lo％、森林覆盖率提高到 20％等目标。目前，各项目标的实现正在稳步进行，
并取得初步成效，今后中方将继续朝着上述目标做出不懈努力。 （0903 考题）

9. 30 年来，中国经济年平均增长 9．4％，国内生产总值增长至今年的 18000 多亿美元。

但是，要使全体人民都过上富裕生活，我们还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。 （1003 考题）

10. 谈到中美贸易问题，首先要看到一个最基本的事实，这就是 25 年以来，我们两国之间

的贸易有了巨大的发展。从 1979 年的不足 25 亿美元，发展到今天的 1000 多亿美元，增长
了几十倍，这种巨额增长，是不是只对一方有力而对另一方不利？ 或者说只是中国赚了美
国亏了？不是，事实上，两国都从迅速发展的中美贸易中获得了巨大的利益。 （国家翻译证
书三级教材）

42
II 段落翻译
Passage One
With the European integration, in particular, the launch of the euro, the European Union
has fundamentally changed the world economic pattern and successfully brought new
co-operation opportunities to EU-China economic relations. The two-way trade has increased
more than forty-fold since 1978 when China began to carry out its economic reform policy, and
reached US $125 billion last year. It's expected that European Union will increase its trade volume
with China by 20% this year.
China is now the EU's second largest non-European trading partner, after the United States,
and the EU was China' third largest trade partner last year. At the same time, the EU is the biggest
supplier for China in terms of technology and equipment. It's not surprising that although EU and
China have differences in social systems, development skills, cultural traditions and values and
divergent views on some issues, all these will not become elements impairing the EU-China
relationship.（2006 高口考题)

Passage Two
据统计数字显示，今年上半年上海二手车交易市场成交超过 6 万 6 千辆，同比增长
22..5％。现在上海的购车一族中每 2 人就有一个选择了二手车。在众多二手车品牌中，产量
全国第一的汽车生产商上海大众所生产的桑塔纳轿车仍然是顾客的首选。//
据统计，桑塔纳在二手轿车的交易量占到了 60％以上。桑塔纳的低维修成本和车内宽
敞度使得它大受欢迎。很多人认为对桑车很熟悉，而且维修也非常经济。当然，有一些人仍
然对进口二手车情有独钟。人们对中档进口轿车，尤其是日本车非常有兴趣，因为此类维修
较便宜，而且耐用。(2006 高口考题)

III， 回家作业
Passage One
In a recent television interview the Malaysian Prime Minister expressed his deep concern
about economic situation in his country. Malaysia has undergone financial difficulties from the
combined impact of the world financial crisis, decline in world oil prices and its own prolonged
recession. The direct reason for those difficulties was that investors lacked confidence in the
Malaysian economy.
Due to reform of the currency system, high inflation and major financial frauds, most
people had little confidence in domestic commercial banks and even doubted the financial
policies of the Central Bank and the government. The government and the rubber industrial
companies are in severe dispute over settlement of the latter’s tax bill. As a result, many foreign
companies intended to stay away from further involvement in the country’s development of
economy. (2003 高口考题)

Passage Two
北京，这座古老而充满活力的城市，正以铿锵的步伐昂首阔步迈向国际现代化大都市
之列。现代化的国际大都市需要现代化的交通。北京市已形成了现代化的立体交通网。这是
一个体系完整，连接通畅，功能齐全，配套合理的现代立体交通网络。//
飞机是现代立体交通网中最快、最方便的工具。北京现有三个机场。首都机场是中国

43
最大的国际机场，距市中心 30 公里。现有 2 条跑道，2 个候机楼，21 个机位，年吞吐量高
达 3500 万人次，航线连接世界上多数主要城市以及国内 142 个机场。(2007 高口考题)
Reference Translation:
Beijing, an energetic city with a long history, is now becoming/ rising to become one of the
world’s modern metropolises. Traffic is vital for the development of the modern city. In Beijing, a
modern, all-encompassing transportation network has been established. The network features a
complete system of free-moving traffic, perfectly functioning and appropriate facilities.//
The airplane is the fastest and most convenient means in a modern all-encompassing
transportation network. There are three airports in Beijing. The Capital International Airport is
the largest international airport in China. Located 30 km from the center of Beijing, the airport,
which annually handles 35 million passengers, is equipped with two runways, two terminal
buildings and 21 berths. The airport has direct links to many of the world’s large cities as well
airports in the country.//

Meeting Nine
技巧：合并/赘述
主题：教育科技

I. 口译技巧陈述
拆句法和合并法
这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个比较短而
简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。
这是因为汉语强调意合，结构比较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形和，结构比较严密，
长句多。汉译英时，更具需要注意利用连词，分词，介词，不定式，定于从句，独立结构等
把汉语链接成为英语长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词，关系副词，主谓连接处，
并列或者转折连接处，后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分
局。这样就可以尽量保持英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替，单复句相间的句
法修辞原则。

a) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. （考题）
同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益（主谓连接处拆译）
b) I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are
justly famous throughout the world. （中级口译教材）
我想要感谢你们无疑伦比的盛情款待，中国人民的这种热情是举世闻名的。
c) This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s
membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will

44
 take their interests into account.
英联邦各国尤其如此，他们认为英国加入欧共体，能够保证欧共体的政策照顾到他
们的利益。 （定语从句前拆译）
d) And we need China to play this role /and support the efforts to put the Round back on
track,/ by helping to build a bridge/ that will serve the ambitions of both the
developing and developed world. (综合)
我们需要中国发挥这样的作用，我们支持中国为使谈判重新纳入轨道而作的努
力．我们希望中国能够发挥桥梁作用，帮助发展中国家和发达国家实现自己的梦想．
5．（Barriers to trade tend to be concentrated in agriculture,/ food products, textiles and
clothing and other manufactured goods/ in which developing countries have
comparative advantage. ） In agriculture, these impediments are also severely
compounded/ by the fact/ that developing countries also have to compete in markets/
where huge subsidies abound—to the tune of 1 billion dollars a day in OECD countries.
(综合)
（比如说，在农产品，失误，纺织品，服装以及其他制成品的贸易方面，发展中国
家具有较强的优势，但是高关税区成为贸易的主要障碍．）特别是在农业这个领域，
由于市场上有着大量的补贴，OECD 国家现在的补贴每天达到１０亿美元，而补贴
成为了发展中国家贸易方面另一个主要障碍．
6. Failure to advance the Doha Round would certainly be a lost opportunity for China, as
well as for other countries, to benefit from the economic growth that further
liberalization can generate.
如果多哈进程不能推动，那么中国和很多国家都将失去一个机会，而无法从经济进
一步解放中获利。

汉语中的赘述，无需翻译
表示范畴的词
汉语中的名词，如任务、工作、情况、状态、问题、制度、事业、局面等通常具有具体的含
义，应当照常翻译，但如果用来表示范畴，失去具体含义，可以省略不翻译。
1． 基于中东目前社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面，很多中国公司已撤回工作人员。
Many Chinese companies have withdrawn their employees in the Middle East due to
the social unrest and upheaval in the region.
2. 我想谈一下，外国企业在华投资的相关事宜。
I want to talk about foreign direct investment in China.

II 段落翻译
1. 世界是丰富多彩的。各国人民走过了不同的历史发展道路，有着不同的^:化背景、
社会制度和价值观念，延续着不同的生活方式。这种多样性正是世界充满竞赛、活力和
创新的根本原因。
各国之间应该加强交流和了解，在相互尊重和平等相待的基础上共同前进，而不
应让这种多样性成为阻碍各国人民携手共进的隔阂，更不应人为地从中挑起对立和冲
突。尊重和发展世界文明的多样性，并在这种多样性中找到共同利益之所在，是人类社
会向前发展的伟大动力。 (2004 年高口考题) （高口教材 p130）

45
2. 复旦大学是一所含哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、
医学、管理学 10 个学科门类的综合性研究大学。目前拥有 21 个全日制学院、69 个系、
73 个学士学位点、229 个硕士学位点，24 个一级学科和 154 个二级学科可授予博士学位。
复旦大学还有 7 个教育部国家级重点社科研究基地、9 个国家级基础科学研究基地、29
个博士后科学研究流动站。复旦大学拥有国家级重点学科多达 40 个，在全国排名第三。
复旦大学还设有 77 个研究所、112 个跨学科研究所和 5 个国家级重点实验室。
复旦大学拥有高水准的全职教学科研人员 2 700 多名，其中包括 1 650 名教授和副
教授、36 名两院院士，以及 680 名博士生导师。目前学校的在校生已达 45 000 名，包
括全日制学生以及接受继续教育和网络教育的学生。此外，还有 3760 名外国留学生，
在全囯排名第二。（高口教材 p182）

3. In America, many of the society’s most cherished values, such as equal treatment for
fellow citizens and respect for the law, depend in practice on individual character. The
development of character and citizenship has always been a primary goal of America’s
schools. Today, it is more important than ever that we educate our young people to be
knowledgeable, compassionate, and involved citizens of a free society.//
Since 2002, 47 State education agencies and local school districts have received grants
to implement character education programs. These grants help schools work with students,
parents, and community organizations to effectively teach universal values such as respect,
honesty, and tolerance. By teaching these values to our children, and living by them in our
own lives, we can build a future of hope, compassion, and opportunity for all.// (2006 及
2007 考题)

4. 上海博物馆新馆建筑总面积 38 000 平方米，由地下两层、地上 5 层构成，建筑高

度 29.5 米。这座壮观的新馆将方体基座和巨型圆顶及 4 个拱形出挑结合起来，象征着
传统文化与时代精神的完美融合。从髙处俯瞰，上海博物馆的玻璃圆顶犹如一面硕大的
汉代铜镜。从远处眺望，新馆建筑犹如一尊青铜古鼎，默默承载着 5 000 年历史和文明
的重荷。
上海博物馆南面大门的两侧，耸立着 8 尊汉白玉雕塑。这是从 300 多件汉、唐雕塑
文物中遴选出 8 件作品加以仿制放大，每件高近 3 米，重约 20 吨，极具庄严雄浑之气。
传统文化与现代风格的完美结合，在室内装饰上也得以充分体现。大堂扶手拦板均由回
首卷尾的龙紋图案组成，即便是金光灿灿的扶梯包首，也胎息于商代青铜器中的龙头。
沿着石阶登堂进入博物馆，您将领略到推开历史之门的沉重和喜悦。（高口教材
p191-192）

5 欢迎参观由上海博物馆同纽约艺术与历史博物馆合办的“华夏之光：来自上海博物
馆的五千年艺术展” 。中国历史上的许多辉煌成就令西方人士心驰神往；其内容广袤无
边，其文化多姿多彩，其历史悠久，各位可以在这场为期两个月的巡回展览中一饱眼福。
//
我们从上海博物馆的十三万件异乎寻常的文物收藏中精选了 96 件极品，其年代跨
越了中国文化伟业之全程，有坚固的青铜器、唐三彩、青花瓷等。参展的还有新石器时
代的漆器。我希望这次“华夏之光”艺术收藏展能使各位更好地了解中国古代文明。（2006
年高口考题）

46
 Reference Translation：
Welcome to “Chinese Splendor: 5000years of art from the Shanghai Museum” jointly
held by the Shanghai Museum and the New York Museum of Art and History. Much of China’s
historical splendor strains the imagination of Western people with its expanse, its cultural
diversity, the length of its history will feast your eyes on some of the marvels in the
2-month-long exhibition(tour).//
Ninety-six pieces spanning the whole gamut of the Chinese cultural enterprise have
been selected from the Shanghai Museum’s extraordinary collection of 130,000 cultural relics,
such as robust bronze vessels, pieces of trio-colored pottery and celadon, and . There are also
fine examples of painted lacquer ware which appeared in China as early as the Neolithic
period. I hope this exhibition tour will allow / foster in our visitors a better understanding of
the ancient Chinese civilization.

6. I am very happy to meet with so many scholars at this annual astrobiology conference
in the beautiful city of Boston, Massachusetts. Here I’d like to share with you some of our
recent discoveries. As regards the origin of life on earth, we used to believe that when life
began on earth, the atmosphere contained nitrogen, hydrogen and other gases but no
oxygen. Consequently, the sun’s rays prevented life from developing on land. That explained
why the first living organisms developed only under the sea.//
Our current hypothesis is that there was a seeding from elsewhere, for example, a
meteor from Mars. The meteor contained evidence of life and it landed on our planet. We
often ask why we are here, how life started, and if we are alone in the universe. These
fundamental questions are often addressed in terms of religion, philosophy, art and literature.
But I think science can contribute to the best answers to these questions. In general,
scientists are responsible to inform the public, to answer the questions that the public wants
to know about the nature.//（2005 年高口考题）

7. 中医是我国的传统医学，起源于 6000 年前的神农氏时代。中医学在长期的发展过

程中，逐渐形成了一套医学原则和观点。中医认为“万物人为贵”。中医师是通过了解
人与自然、以及人体各部位之间的种种关系来诊断病人的疾病。//
中医有完整的理论体系和临床治疗方法，除了中草药外还有针灸疗法、按摩推拿
和气功疗法。中医以其独特的疗效和科学本质赢得了全世界的广泛赞誉。我们在积极发
展中医的同时也鼓励中西医结合诊断和治疗疾病。我相信，我国的中医研究前程似锦。
（0703 考题）

8. Many changes are taking place in Americans’ food styles. Comparatively speaking, we
have now many different alternatives to choose from: various ethnic foods,
nutrition-balanced health food, and convenient and delicious fast food, in addition to the
traditional home-cooked meal. Ethnic restaurants are commonplace in the United States.
Because the United States is a country of immigrants, there is an immense variety in its
catering cultures. Any large American city is filled with restaurants serving international
cooking.//
Fast food restaurants can be seen all over the country. Speed is a very important factor

47
 in the life of an American. People usually have a short lunch break or they just do not want to
waste their time eating. On the other hand, dinner with family or friends is again becoming a
very special way of enjoying and sharing. Like so many people in other countries, many
Americans are taking time to relax and enjoy the finer tastes at dinner, even if they still rush
through lunch at fast food restaurants such as KFC or McDonald’s.//（2006 年高口考题）

9. 我很高兴有机会向各位朋友介绍中国的烹调。中国人非常重视“吃”。“民以食为
天”这句俗话迄今还广为传诵。食物可口和营养丰富一直被当作日常生活的基本要素。
中国的烹饪文化源远流长；中国的烹饪文化起始于商周朝，距今约 3500 年。//
中国现有的菜肴品种有 11000 种这多。烹调方法有也有 50 多种。在漫长的发展过
程中，中国菜逐渐分化为南北两大口味。一般来说，南方菜讲究鲜嫩，用料精选，做工
细致。而北方菜由于天气寒冷而油重一些，菜中常加醋和大蒜。(2006 年高口考题)
Reference Translation:
I am very glad to have this opportunity to introduce Chinese cuisine to you. Chinese
people value their way of dinning very much.. There is an old saying still widely quoted today
“food is the first necessity of the people.” Delicious and nutritious food has been regarded as
the basics of ordinary / everyday life. The Chinese culinary culture has a distant source / long
history. China initiated the culinary art as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties about 3500
years ago.//
Up to now, there are as many as 11000 kinds of dishes and more than 50 ways of
cooking. In the course of the historical development the Chinese dishes gradually developed
into Southern and Northern tasters. In general, the southern dishes emphasize freshness and
tenderness, and are cooked with choice materials and fine craftsmanship. Due to the cold
weather, northern dishes are relatively oily, and the use of vinegar and garlic tends to be
quite popular.

10. 毒品祸国殃民。开展禁毒斗争，扫除毒品祸害，是中国政府的历史责任。面对毒
品问题，中国政府以对国家、民族、人民和全人类高度负责的态度，坚持严厉禁毒的立
场，采取一切必要措施，尽最大努力禁绝毒品，造福人民。//
中国政府依靠人民群众，动员全社会力量，开展对戒毒人员回归社会后的继续帮
教。全国各地的社会团体充分利用自身优势，有针对性地对吸毒人员开展帮教工作，收
到良好效果。许多戒毒人员成功戒断毒瘾，重返社会，走向新生。//（2006 及 2008 年
考题） (高口教材 p493-494)

11. I’d like to introduce briefly Australia's Sydney Opera House. It is a great architectural
work of the 20th century that brings together multiple strands of creativity and innovation in
both architectural form and structural design. The opera house has come to define not only a
city, but also an entire nation and continent. Beyond that, it is a global expression of cultural
modernity. Everyone in the world with media access knows what the Sydney Opera House
looks like. //
First designed in 1957 and finally declared complete in 1973, the opera house was the
single best-known modern building in the world. At the tip of a peninsula projecting into
Sydney Harbor, the building has had an enduring influence on architecture. The Sydney

48
 Opera House comprises three groups of interlocking vaulted "shells" which roof two main
performance halls and a restaurant. The Sydney Opera House is remarkable for another
reason: it is a complete one-off. It does not fit into any stylistic or chronological category.
（1003 考题）

12. 我曾付给我的随从 100 元钱，作为帮我找回不慎丢失 2 枚 1 元硬币的酬谢。我的

解释是，社会总净值因而得到保障。只要社会总净值增加了，自己损失一点也不算什么；
相反，如果社会总净值减少了，个人即使获得一定的财利也是损失。//
中国传统社会是一个“不患寡而患不均”的社会。 “不患寡”
，就是不怕社会贫穷，
“患不均”，就是怕别人比自己好。别人好了，我要想尽办法让他们不好，虽然这样做
于我无利。其结果只能是一个平均型的“寡”社会。如果这种心态和行为任其发展，势
必削弱国力。//（2005 年高口考题） (高口教材 p490)

13. To a large degree, the measure of our peace of mind is determined by how much we
are able to live in the present moment. No matter what happened yesterday or last year, and
what may or may not happen tomorrow, the present moment is where you are-always! It
goes without saying that many of us have mastered a mysterious art of spending much of our
lives worrying about a variety of things-all at once. We allow past problems and future
concerns to dominate our present moments.//
That’s why we end up anxious, frustrated, depressed, and desperate. On the other
hand, we also postpone our happiness, and often convince ourselves that “someday” will be
better than today. Unfortunately, the same mental dynamics that tell us to look toward the
future will only repeat themselves. Therefore, “someday” never actually arrives．And life is
what’s happening while we’re busy making other plans, our children are busy growing up,
the people we love are moving away and dying, and our dreams are slipping away. In short,
we miss out on life.（2006 年高口考题）

III. Food for Thought 补充阅读

Cultural Reference in Interpretation
Culture is very complex. It manifests itself both in patterns of language and thought and
in forms of activity and behavior. These patterns become models for common adaptive acts and
styles of expressive behavior, which enable people to live in a society within a given geographical
environment. Culture is a communication problem, because it is not constant, it is a variable.
And as cultural variance increases, so do the problems of communication. Richard E. Porter
observes in his article An Overview of Intercultural communication, “if we think of cultural
differences varying along a minimal-maximal dimension, the amount of differences between two
cultural groups depends on the social uniqueness of the two groups. He also believes that
differences between Asia and Western cultures are the greatest among all these groups. Here
we find the greatest number of cultural factors subject to variation. Physical appearance,
religion, philosophy, social attitudes, language, heritage, and basic conceptualizations of self and
the universe are among the cultural factors that differ sharply.
The mistakes most of us make is to assume that our problem in communication stems only

49
from language differences. Many people think that the problems can be resolved by completing
a language course and by learning how to translate our Chinese thoughts into English. As
communication involves ideas, images, and symbolic meaning, communication problem arises in
any situation in which the life experiences of the communicator are not the same.
Do you think that 粽子 should be translated into simply zongzi, or “ a kind of glutinous
rice dumplings wrapped up in bamboo leaves” as we have in our course-book? The reaction from
a first-time visitor to China is similar to yours when someone asks you if you’d like to eat some
bagel or clam chowder in an American restaurant. Even if you understand these words perfectly,
but since you are brought up in different cultures, food is different too. You won’t be able to
understand what kind of food they are talking about.
Miscommunication can occur in all aspects of life. When it comes to the amount of
emotional expression permission permitted by a culture also varies according to the emotion
involved. We Chinese feel that affection should be shown in privacy, yet insist upon a public
manifestation of sorrow. One of the Chinese classics of The Book of Rite 《礼记》 ，which
elaborates a set of rules and regulations that ensures the grief be properly expressed.
The major difficulties in intercultural communication between Western culture and the
Orient are “patterns of thought”. For example: 保守 or conservative are both negative in
meaning? In Chinese, yes, but conservative is not negative at all. Otherwise why some western
parties, such as Conservative Party in Britain or Progressive Conservative Party in Canada, will use
a derogative in their party name? How to do translate 你这个个人主义者,真是无耻? Do
you think it is “ a shameless individualist” or “egoist’?
The interpreter provides the bridge, facilitating understanding. You must therefore be
aware of the cultural factors affecting communication in both our own culture and the culture of
the other party. We need to understand not only cultural differences, but also cultural
similarities. While understanding difference will help us know where the problem lies,
understanding familiarity may help us come closer.

Here are some other examples:

今天饭菜不好，请多包涵。来，先干上一杯。
These are best dishes we’re able to prepare. Please make yourself at home. Now, to everyone,
cheers!

水平有限,时间仓促,难免谬误,敬希指正.
Suggestions and comments for improvement will be gratefully received.

比较: 西安碑林艺术博物馆“昭陵六骏”展柜中中文解释有这么一段不同的翻译
昭陵六骏„.中的“飒露紫”和“拳毛剐”二匹骏马 1914 年被美国人毕士博盗走,现存费城宾
西法尼亚大学博物馆
A: Two of the six stones, known as “Saluzi” and “Quanmaogua” were stolen by an American in
1914. They are now kept at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
B: These stone chargers are considered to be masterpieces of sculpture from the Tang Period.
Two of the original stone horses are on display in a museum in the United States, and the four
that are on display in the museum here were damaged during an attempt by a private collector to

50
have them shipped to the United States. This was during the period before 1949 when some art
treasures were stolen from China.

POLITICAL correctness 关于翻译中的政治正确性问题:

I am not talking about euphemism as someone might have expected, but political
awareness, which should draw attention for us interpreters especially those who work with
high-ranking government officials on very formal occasions. For example how to translate “中国
大陆”, mainland China or Chinese mainland? Don’s you think it’s too nationalistic if we translate
抗日战争 into Anti-Japanese War instead of Resistance War Against Japanese Aggression?
Choice of words may well reveal political stance of the speaker. You might still remember a
political standoff between China and U.S. when a US spy plane rammed into a Chinese
surveillance plane over the Hainan Province in 2000. After that, Chinese military authorities,
together with the 24 crewmembers aboard the spy plane, investigated the tragedy, which had
caused the death of one Chinese pilot who was later named as a national hero. However, this is
quite another story on the American side. The US plane is called a surveillance plane and the
tragedy is termed as mid-air collision, whereas the 24 crewmembers were “held hostage” by
Chinese authorities. Why is the difference? The answer is quite obvious.
Lots of translators, eager to achieve the so-called “native-like” standard of English, read
only foreign publications. Coupled with a lack of political awareness, they are very likely to make
mistakes that are not linguistically but political perspective. Therefore, besides working on your
languages, some political education is also necessary, which can be achieved by reading political
journals such as “Beijing Review”.
Some might argue that for beginner translators/interpreters will never have an opportunity
to work with our nation’s leaders. Well, you never know. Even if you are holding corporate jobs,
let’s say, you are a publicity officer of a renowned multinational company, how would you
respond to the media about your company’s recent decision to make hefty redundancies? Will
you speak to the media that your company will “cut off payroll” or “lay off workers” at the risk of
your companies’ reputation as a responsible organization?

Try these:
 现在以美元为主导的世界经济金融体系是历史的体制。
 随着老龄化的进一步发展，老人和高龄老人的数量增加迅速。
 prudent monetary policy
 mentally/physically challenged person

51
Meeting Ten
技巧：被动语态
话题：科学技术

I. 口译技巧陈述
英语被动语态的广泛应用，自有其道理。在说不出主动者或不愿意说出主动者，或没
有必要说出主动者或为了突出被动者、或为使上下文连贯衔接的时候，使用被动语态就方便
多了。而且，被动语态把要说明的问题放在句子的主语位置上，一是更能唤起人们的注意，
二是不带感情色彩，简洁客观。这些独特之处，尤其适应科技作品的需要。汉语被动语态的
使用范围较窄，是因为汉语突出主题，而英语突出主语，汉语具有英语所没有的无主句，许
多被动句可以用无主句来代替。

一、化"被动"为"主动"
一般说来，由于英语被动语态结构用得多，英译汉的时候，变为主动语态的情形也就
十分普遍了。而这种化"被动"为"主动"的技巧，在实际操作上，也是多种多样的。

（－）译为有主句
这里，又有"反宾为主，变主为宾"、"增译主语，泛指'有人'"和"原文主语，'主'位坐稳"三种
情形：

1．反宾为主，变主为宾
翻译的时候，把原文的主语，即行为的客体，译成宾语而把主体或相当于行为主体的
介词宾语译成主语。
例 1：THE TIMES is read by the people who run the country; THE GARDIAN is read by the people
who would like to run the country; THE FINANCIAL TIMES is read by the people who own the
country and THE DAILY TELEGRAPH is read by the people who remember the country as it used to
be.这是一段说明报纸读者群体情况的英文原文。不同的报纸，拥有不同的读者，不同的读
者追逐不同的消息。
在位掌权的人读《泰晤士报》 ，渴望掌权的人读《卫报》，大老板们读《金融时报》，怀念大
英帝国曾经了不起的人读《每日电讯报》 。
例 2： Modern scientists have discovered that energy may be created from matter and that matter,
in turn, may be created from energy. 现代科学家发现．物质可以产生能,能可以产生物质。

2. 增译主语，泛指"有人"
翻译的时候，把原文的主语译成宾语，增译"有人"、"人们"、"大家"、"我们"等泛指性
的主语。
例 3：With the rapid development of modern science and technology, information can be sent to
every part of the world.随着现代科学技术的迅速发展，我们能把各种各样的信息传到世界各
地。

52
例 4：To explore the Moon's surface, rockets, satellites and airships were launched again and
again. 为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭、卫星和飞船。

3. 原文主语、"主"位坐稳
翻译时，原文的主语地位不变，在译文中仍为主语。这时，汉语译文中虽无"被"字，
但被动的意义已暗合在内。
例 5：Gerald Ford was voted out of office after two years and now Jimmy Cater, after four.
这是内含省略结构的被动结构。翻译时，句中主语不变，省略的部分也灵活补上原文含义：
吉拉德•福特在位才两年便落选下台；而吉米•卡特在任也就是四年。
例 6：New high-tech achievements have been applied to agricultural production.高新科技的成果
已应用于农业生产。
例 7：If the technology and techniques are really advanced, co-operation can be prolonged. 如果
技术确实先进，合作期限可以延长。

（二）译为无主句，主语译成宾语
在不知道或者不必说出行为主体时，常常可以发挥汉语译文的优势，把英语的被动语
态译成汉语的无主句。这时，原文的主语译为动词的宾语。
例 8：To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real
ability should be especially promoted and given raise. 要发展经济应当组织使用各种各样的人
才。对那些真正有本事的人，在工资级别上可以破格提高。
例 9：For example, a computer was once used to design a brewery. 例如曾经利用一台计算机来
设计一间啤酒厂。

（三）主语谓语合译
英语的一些动词成语含有名词，如 make use of, pan attention to, take care of, make
reference to, take account of 等等，变成被动语态时成了名词作主语的特殊被动语态。汉译的
时候，可以把主语和谓语合起来翻译，译成汉语无主句的谓语。
例 10：Care should be taken at all times to protect the computers and other instruments in the
lab from dust and damp. 要始终注意保护实验室中的电脑和其他仪器, 勿使其沾上灰尘,勿使
其受潮。
例 11：Use can be made of these materials to write a report on the delegation's visit to South
Africa. 可以利用这些资料写一份该代表团访问南非的报告。

二、以"主动"表"被动"
汉语有一种"是„„的"结构，是一种形式主动，实际上是不用"被"字的被动句，着重
说明一件事情是如何产生或在何时何地产生的。在翻译英语被动结构的时候，可以利用这种
形为主动的"是„„的"结构，表示被动的实际意义。
例 12：These stone processing machines have been introduced from Italy for the newly
established factory. 这些石材加工机器是为新建工厂而从意大利引进的。
例 13：The Secondary School is named after a donator who made a contribution of 50 million
RMB yuan.这所中学是以一名出资五千万元人民币的捐赠人的名字命名的。
例 14：Although the dreams of seeing and hearing things from far, far away was made by human
beings several thousand years ago, such dreams came into reality in modern times. 虽然"千里眼

53
"和"顺风耳"是人类几千年前所梦想的但直到现代社会才梦想成真。
例 15：This five star hotel was built in 1997 for Hong Kong's return to the motherland.这家五星
级酒店是为迎接香港回归祖国而于 1997 年建成的。

三、以"被动"译"被动"
虽然汉语被动语态使用的范围较窄，但并不是说汉语极少用被动句。有人认为汉语有
四种表示被动的方式，一是在谓语前加上"被"字；二是在行为主体前加上"被"、"由"、"受"、
"为„„所"等字；三是谓语前省去"被"字不出现行为主体的被动句；四是"是„„的"的结构。
前面已把第三种方式归入"化'被动'为'主动'"，把第四种方式列为"以'主动'表'被动'"，因此，
这里只谈谈前面两种方式。
（一）谓语之前加"被"字
当英语被动结构的句子中没有出现行为主体时，汉译句子可以在谓语的前面加上"被"字，表
示原文的被动意义。
例 16：Much of the energy is absorbed as the Sun's rays pass through the atmosphere.太阳光线
通过大气层时许多能量被吸收去了。
例 17：Imagine that one or other continent is left out, forgotten, reduced to its poverty and its
disorder；what will happen to the others？想象一下，假如这块或那块大陆被遗漏或忘记,变
得贫困混乱，其他大陆将会发生什么情况呢？

（二）行为主体前加"把"、"被"、"由"等字
在英语被动结构的句子中出现行为主体时，译文可使用汉语表示被动的语言手段，在
其前面加上“把” 、“被” 、“由” 、“受”、 “遭”、 “给” 、“为„„所”等字来突显原文句中的被
动意义。
例 18：I am now writing you, on behalf of the City Delegation, to express our appreciation for the
hospitality which was accorded to us during our visit to your city.我现在代表本市代表团给您写
信, 对我们在贵市访问期间受到的热情款待表示感谢。
例 19：The proposal on the improvement of the investment environment is accepted by all the
members of the committee.这条关于改善投资环境的建设为该委员会全体委员所接受。
例 20：Some achievements in scientific research are limited by their cost in practical use. 一些科
研成果的实际应用受到了成本问题的限制。
例 21：The Moon, the stars and the Sun are made use of by the seamen to find their latitude and
longitude at sea. 月亮、星星和太阳常被海员们用来确定海上的经纬度。
例 22：Jimmy felt uneasy for the whole day as he was aroused from deep sleep by the ringing of
the doorbell early in the morning.一大清等的大门铃声把吉米从沉睡中吵醒后，他整天都无精
打采。

四、打破原结构，译成新句型
语言是变化多样的。英语被动结构的句子的译法灵活多样，无定规可寻，无一成不变
的格式可套，就连被动语态的原来结构也可以打破，译成新的其他句型。
例 23：The conflict was intensified by the different way in which the countries set out after they
achieved independence between the two World Wars.这一矛盾由于这些国家在两次世界大战
中间取得独立后起步的路子不同而加深了。
例 24：This co-operation is rendered without calculation, without ulterior motive and without

54
mercantile interest.进行合作时没有其他考虑,没有不可告人的用心，也不惟利是图。
例 25：Not to be served，But to serve
这是香港中华基督教青年会郭琳褒纪念堂奠基石上的刻字。原文简洁典雅，石上的中文亦古
朴简练，仅用八个汉字对译七个英文单词：非以役人，乃役于人。

五、常见形式主语被动句型的翻译
英语有不少被动句子，以 it 为形式主语、即"it+ be+that"结构，汉译时通常使用主动语
态，有时不加主语、有时加上泛指性主语，如"有人"、"大家"、"人们"、"众"等。
不加主语的：
It is found that„„据发现„„
It is said that„„据说„„
It is hope that„„希望„„
It is reported that„„据报道„„
It may be safely said that„„可以有把握地说„„
It has been illustrated that„„据（图示）说明„„
It has been viewed that„„讨论了
It was first intended that„„最初就有这样的想法„„
It is enumerated that„„列举了„„
It is weighted that„„权衡了„„
It may be without fear of exaggeration that„„可以毫不夸张地说„„
It must be pointed out that„„必须承认„„
It must be pointed out that„„必须指出„„
可加主语的：
It is well known that„„众所周知„„
It is taken that„„有人认为„„
It is noted that„„人们注意到„„

II 段落翻译
1. Innovation not only is driving growth at Merck, but also is benefiting millions of people
worldwide. For patients, innovation by Merck has meant new medicines for HIV/AIDS,
osteoporosis, asthma, migraine and cardiovascular disease. (高口教材 p133)

2. The challenge of fusing past and present is real for media companies, and for China.
Our aim must be to enhance the lives of our customers and citizens, and yet we find
ourselves in the midst of an information revolution that is both exciting and unsettling. It is
a digital revolution turning traditional business models upside down, traversing geographic,
industrial, and media boundaries, and creating a new source of wealth, material and social,
around the world. But the digital is a means, not an end. It is a mechanism by which
people can transform their lives, to improve the education of their children, to reform health
care, and, as we all know, to access news and information and entertainment on an
unprecedented scale.

55
3. The digital renaissance offers China an excellent opportunity to exercise leadership,
especially as it continues to transform one of the world’s oldest cultures into a dynamic and
competitive economy. (高口教材 p203)

4. Almost all the major media of the 20th century such as radio, motion pictures, and
television were and are like newspapers and books: one-way media. The telephone, which
was invented in 1876, is a two-way personal medium. There is nothing public about a
telephone conversation. In contrast, now in the new millennium, when people communicate
on the web, and through the Internet, they are not only doing and hearing and seeing the
same thing, they are also participating, communicating among each other.//
The Internet is really a magnification of human life. So unsurprisingly, there are some
nut cases on the Internet. There are hackers and other types of criminals and we do have to
work hard to be aware of those problems and do what we can to keep them in check.
Meanwhile, we have to resist the temptation of turning the Internet into a police state or
into an arena where the rights and freedoms that we enjoy off line are curtailed online in
the interest of keeping it safe. We want to be safe, but we also want it to be free.// (2006 年
高口考题) (高口教材 p215)

5. 在这个数字化、网络化的时代，世界传媒业的环境与格局正在发生深刻的变化。
挑战与机遇并存，机遇大于挑战。积极适应时代发展潮流，充分利用高新科技成果，加
强与用户的互动，鼓励受众的参与，将有助于推动世界传媒业的变革和进步。 （高口教
材 p305）

6. 科教兴国战略是我国的一项基本国策。科技进步是经济发展的决定性因素，发展
教育是科技进步的基础。我们认为，全球范围内日趋激烈的经济竞争和综合国力的较量，
归根结底是科技和人才的竞争。//
科教工作的根本任务是提高全民族的思想道德素质、科学文化素质和创新能力。
大力发展教育和科技事业是我国现代化事业进一步发展的需要，同时也是适应世界科技
革命和全球经济竞争新形势的需要。(高口教材 p490) (2008 年考题)

7. It’s been almost fifteen years since we launched the very first White House website.
During that time, advances in computer technology and the Internet have changed the way
America works，learns, and communicates. With the Vice President’s leadership, our
Administration has helped keep America at the cutting edge of the Information Revolution.
During the past seven years, we have worked to increase citizen access to government by
making a wide range of valuable resources available on-line through government websites.//
Americans are now using government websites to apply for student loans, and find
good jobs. They’re tapping into the latest health research, browsing through collections in
the Library of Congress, and following NASA's missions in outer space. As one of the most
popular websites on the Internet, the White House website provides its millions of visitors
with an array of useful information, including facts about the Presidency, the history of the
White House, a record of our nation’s progress, and access to agencies and services
throughout the federal government. (2006 年考题)

56
8. 信息基础设施是建设信息社会的物质基础。信息基础设施应能满足人们对智能化、
多样化、个性化、多媒体化、全球化发展的要求，同时还要满足普遍服务的要求。峰会
及筹备工作应切实研究加快信息通信技术广泛应用的政策措施，推进网络的结构调整和
升级换代，使其逐步演化成为一个融语音、数据、图像于一体的宽带高速信息网，全方
位地满足多种业务需求。
信息基础设施薄弱已成为广大发展中国家落后于发达国家的一个重要制约因素，
严重影响了这些国家建设信息社会的能力。因此，峰会及筹备工作应高度重视研究和探
讨发展中国家加快信息基础设施建设的发展战略目标，重点包括制定政府宏观调控与市
场管制政策，建立符合本国国情的信息通信管制体系，处理好技术与市场的关系，规避
市场风险，建立创新的融资机制，实现资金的多元投入等。
信息通信网络安全意义重大，特别是"9 • 11 事件"以后，备受各国政府高度关注。
网络通信安全与否，直接关系到能否避免或减少通信的风险和损失，增加用户的信心，
从而进一步促进信息通信技术和网络的应用。信息通信与网络安全涉及到技术、法律法
规和世界范围的合作。峰会和筹备工作应研究和考虑在世界范围内成立相应机构和体系
以确保通信和网络的安全可靠性，严防病毒侵害，打击网络犯罪，同时研究、开发和利
用先进的安全技术，如应急系统，以建立稳固的通信与网络系统，确保网络上传输的信
息受到保护，并通过法律法规手段，加强对网络安全的监管，保护通信和网络安全。 （高
口教材 p315）

9. Since the early 1990’s, information technologies have fundamentally changed and will
continue to change the world in which we live, work, study and communicate. Today, on the
threshold of the 21st century, the global Information Revolution has become a reality. The
accelerated development of information technologies is having an increasing impact on the
global economic activity and social structures. //
More significantly, the nature of information technologies is undergoing a profound
revolution. The multimedia information exchange has become digital, wireless, mobile, and
interactive. Advanced electronic networks, particularly in the field of electronic commerce,
are now allowing people to make the best use of business opportunities that are never
before imagined. （2004 年高口考题） （请联系第七段中的第一小段） （无音频）

10. I am very happy to meet with so many scholars at this annual astrobiology conference
in the beautiful city of Boston, Massachusetts. Here I’d like to share with you some of our
recent discoveries. As regards the origin of life on earth, we used to believe that when life
began on earth, the atmosphere contained nitrogen, hydrogen and other gases but no
oxygen. Consequently, the sun’s rays prevented life from developing on land. That explained
why the first living organisms developed only under the sea.//
Our current hypothesis is that there was a seeding from elsewhere, for example, a
meteor from Mars. The meteor contained evidence of life and it landed on our planet. We
often ask why we are here, how life started, and if we are alone in the universe. These
fundamental questions are often addressed in terms of religion, philosophy, art and literature.
But I think science can contribute to the best answers to these questions. In general,
scientists are responsible to inform the public, to answer the questions that the public wants
to know about the nature.// (2008 高口考题)

57
11. Information technology has opened up opportunities for new products with more
advanced capabilities and new processes with much higher levels of productivity. This was
true for John Rockefeller as it is for Bill Gates. For both of them lifetime savings constituted a
small fraction of total wealth. Saving money can make one comfortable in old age but never
really wealthy. In what has come to be seen as the information revolution, one of the best
ways of creating wealth is to invest in education, especially one’s life –long education.//
The biggest unknown for the individual in a knowledge-based economy is how to have
a career in a system where there are no permanent careers. Education has been a
high-return as well as a high-risk investment. When new knowledge makes old skills obsolete,
firms and companies want to employ workers who already have that knowledge. In this
fast-changing world, there are always young potential employees who believe that
opportunities arising from new and high technology can create fortunes faster than ever
before.// （2006 高口考题）

12. The 21st century is an age of electronic networks that will bind us all together.
Whether we like it or not, we’re bound tightly together in our social and economic life. We
realize that advanced electronic networks enable us to overcome the barriers of time and
distance and take advantage of business opportunities that are never before imagined. //
The world of networks has opened up an entirely new field of possibility and progress,
and it has brought us into an unprecedented age of networked intelligence, which grows out
of telecommunications and electronic communications. This new age of networked
intelligence promises that we are able to combine our knowledge and creativity for
breakthroughs in social development and economic growth. （2005 年考题）
（无音频）

13. It is my great honor to participate in this year’s symposium on information and

technology. We are at the start of a digital revolution, and each and every one of us will be
affected. This revolution is taking place in the system of information, forwarding and
transmission all over the world. Information communication and information storage tend in
the direction toward multimedia systems, to say the least. //
The new century will bring many changes. In our business, it will mean that the tools
that we use to do our work will change. Our computers and other means of information
transmission will change. The traditional means of communication that people use to obtain
information will change. With digital technology, we have in our hands the ability to create a
better world. // （2005 年考题） （无音频）

III.Supplementary Reading
Coping Tactics
In spite of their preparations and skills, interpreters, even those with a solid reputation and
long professional experience, do encounter difficulties in their work. Many of these problems can
be said to be unavoidable and they affect both comprehension and production. When
interpreters are aware of these problems, they are expected to use some tactics to reduce their
impact. The following is a list of basic tactics for interpreters.

58
Reconstitution
When interpreters have not heard or understood a technical term, name, number or other
types of information, they can try to reconstruct it in their mind using their knowledge of the
language, the subject and the situation.
Another possible solution is to reformulate the message in a less accurate manner by using
a superordinate or a more general segment: The Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi can
just be referred to as the Prime Minister, 23,342 万 can be interpreted as about two hundred and
thirty million, ABB Credit Lyonnais, IBM in Shanghai can be referred to as 上海的一些外资企业
etc
There are some cases when interpreters may understand a term but not know the
appropriate equivalent in the target language. At this time, they can explain it. For instance,
fibre-optic cables as “光纤电缆”

Parrot repetition
When encountering a name or technical term which is not known or recognized, the
interpreter may try to reproduce the sound as heard, by parrot-like repetition. This is not an
‘intelligent” tactic, but it can be efficient; if they know the name or term, delegates may hear it as
it should have been pronounced, without even noticing that the interpreter has a problem. This
tactic is even more efficient in the case of specialized conferences, when the delegates are mostly
familiar with the term both in the source and the target language. If the interpreter can
reproduce the sound as heard, there will be no loss of information and no negative impact on the
communication.

Skipping
Interpreters may miss out some information either because they have not got it or because
it disappears from memory. The omission tactic known as skipping refers to the case where an
interpreter deliberately decides not to reformulate a piece of information in the target-language
speech.
Not all the information omitted in the target-language speech is necessarily lost as far as
the delegates are concerned, since it may appear elsewhere or be known to the delegates anyway.
For instance, in specialized conferences, much of the information is given not only by the speaker,
but also in written handouts and on screens, via slides and overhead transparencies. So when
encountering comprehension or reformulation difficulties, the interpreter can either just omit the
information or refer delegates to another information source, such as the screen and the
handout.

Asking
In consecutive interpreting, as the speaker and interpreter do not speak at the same time,
it is generally possible for the interpreter to ask the speaker for clarification on the information
that has been missed.
But this tactic should not be used very often, and then with caution. One of the problems
is that it draws the delegates’ attention to the interpreter’s problems. This has two drawbacks.
First, delegates are interested in the speech, not the interpreters and their problems. Second,

59
by drawing the delegates’ attention to his problems, the interpreter may lose credibility, and
therefore also indirectly weaken the impact of the speaker’s message.
Clearly an interpreter who continually asks the client for explanations, alternatives or
further information is not performing the task very well. Nevertheless, there are many valid
reasons why asking is important. Even in our native languages, the flow of a dialogue may be
hindered through incomprehension. This might be caused by the topic referred to, the words
used, the logical link with preceding statements, the cultural implications of what has been said,
and many other reasons. If this occurs in interpreting then the interpreter should ask, just as
native speakers sometimes do among themselves for repetition, clarification or confirmation.
So our suggestion is that if important information is missed, interpreters should consider it
their ethical duty to inform the speaker and delegates rather than skip it. But if the information
is not significant, or if informing the speaker or the delegates may do more harm than good, they
should choose another tactic.

Code of Conduct for

Public Service Interpreters In Britain

1. INTRODUCTION
Public Service Interpreters are expected to abide by the code of conduct to which they are
signatories. The standards in the Code set a framework for interpreting in the public services,
upheld if necessary by professional and impartial disciplinary procedures. The objective of the
Code of Conduct is to make sure that communication across language and culture is carried out
consistently, competently and impartially, and that all those involved in the process are clear
about what may be expected from it.

2. COMPETENCE
Interpreters admitted to the register are expected to:
2.1 have a written and spoken command of both languages, including any specialist terminology,
current idioms and dialects;
2.2 understand the relevant procedures of the particular discipline in which they are working;
2.3 maintain and develop their written and spoken command of English and the other language;
2.4 be familiar with the cultural backgrounds of both parties.

60
3. PROCEDURE
Interpreters will
3.1 interpret truly and faithfully what is said, without anything being added, omitted or changed;
in exceptional circumstances a summary may be given if requested, and consented to by both
parties;
3.2 disclose any difficulties encountered with dialects or technical terms, and if these cannot be
satisfactorily remedied, withdraw from the assignment;
3.3 not enter into the discussion, give advice or express opinions or reactions to any of the
parties;
3.4 intervene only
3.4.1 to ask for clarification
3.4.2 to point out that a part may not have understood something
3.4.3 to alert the parties to a possible missed cultural inference
3.4.4 to ask for accommodation for the interpreting process;
3.5 not delegate work, nor accept delegated work, without the consent of the client;
3.6 be reliable and punctual at all times;
3.7 must state ( in a criminal trial) if they have been involved in interpreting at the police station
on the same case.

ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES

Interpreters will
4.1 respect confidentiality at all times and not seek to take advantage of any information
disclosed during their work;
4.2 act in an impartial and professional manner;
4.3 not discriminate against parties, either directly or indirectly, on the grounds of race, color,
ethnic origin, age, nationality, religion, gender or disability;
4.4 disclose any information, including any criminal record, which may make them unsuitable in
any particular case;
4.5 disclose immediately if the interviewee or immediate family is known or related;
4.6 disclose any business, financial, family or other interest which they might have in the matter
being handled.
4.7 Not accept any form of reward, whether in cash or otherwise, for interpreting work other
than payment by the employer.

61