Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Research

& Designing Research Proposal

Hardisman Dasman, MD, MHID, PhD

Senior Lecturer in Medicine (Community Medicine & Medical Education)

Faculty of Medicine of Andalas University
EMail: hardisman@fk.unand.ac.id
Web-Blog: http://staff.unand.ac.id/hardisman

Research

Qualitative
1

Quantitative
2

1
 Domain Qualitative Quantitative

Phylosophy, Naturalism Human Positivism; Reality:

Epistemology, and behavior , Theoretical
Conceptual Constructionalism constructed

Data Explanation Words Number

Analysis Content, Grounded, Statistic SPSS,

Thematic NVivo, STATA, EpiInfo
Nudist, ATLAS-ti,
QDA miner, etc
Example Design
Epidemiology
Ethnography, Case approach: Descriptive
Study, & analytic (CS, CC, Ch,
Exp-RCT)

Steps Designing Research Proposal

Defining Interest
1 Defining Research Area

Defining Research Subject/ Topic

2 Narrowing down interest

Formulating Research Questions

Conceptualizing Research Problem
3 Clear Research aims/ objectives
Clear Research topic Research Title

2
 Conceptualizing Research Design/ Method
Appropriate design Answer Research Questions
4

Constructing Instrument for Data Collection

Selecting Sample
5

Writing up Research Proposal

6

1. Research Interest
Broad area
Personal and/ or professional passion
Possibly some thing can be explored/ researched
Problem in community of clinical practice
Eg: Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Malaria, dengue,
child malnutrition, maternal health etc

Narrowing down Specific

3
2. Research Subject
Research Area Specific: gap
Gap: Reading journal articles, previous research etc
Gap: Theoretical aspect Empirical finding or
clinical practice

Problem

Research Question

Eg: Hypertension (Area)

Topic:
Hypertension in young adult
Chronic hypertension in elderly in coastal
area
etc

4
3. Formulating Research Question
Research Problem Research
questions
Destination, clear problem which will
be investigated
Reviewing literature
Identifying variables
Clear research title

Writing Up Introduction
General: Data, Existing Condition
Background
Existing condition
Important of The Problem
Data Investigation

Important of the problem Specific

Investigation judgement:
Location,
particular
Gap and question population etc

Gap, Research
Question

5
4. Research Design

Appropriate method answer

research question/ problem
Logic of the inquiry

Level of Evidence

6
Diagnostic Test RCT

7
2 X 2 Table: Diagnostic Test
Sensitivity =A/ (A+C)

Specificity = D / (B+D)
Disease

Pos Predictive Value =

= A/ (A+B)
Present Absent

Neg Predictive Value =

= C / (C+D)
Test Pos A B

Prevalence
= A / (A+B+C+D)
Test Neg C D

2 X 2 Table: Diagnostic Test

8
 ConToh ?
Diagnostic Diabetes Mellitus
Based on Gold Standard

Random Blood
Glucose Present Absent

Test Pos 90 55 145

Test Neg 10 45 55

100 100 200

???

9
 Cohort: 2X2 Table
Disease

Risk Present (+) Absent (-)

+ A B A+B

- C D C+D

A+C B+D Total

* Note: (A+B) = (C+D)

10
 Risk of Exposed Group= A/ (A+B)

Risk of Un-Exposed= C/ (C+D)

Relative Risk = R. Exposed / R.Un-Exposed

Lung Cancer

Smoking Present (+) Absent (-)

Smoking 20 80 100

None 2 98 100

22 178 200

11
????

12
 Case Control: 2X2 Table

Disease

Risk Present (+) Absent (-)

+ A B A+B

- C D C+D

A+C B+D Total

* Note: (A+C) = (B+D)

OR (Odd Ratio) = (A x D) / (B x C)

13
 Lung Cancer

Smoking Present (+) Absent (-)

Smoking 95 85 180

None 5 15 20

100 100 200

????

14
Critical Appraisal
Is the evidence valid?
Is evidence important?
Does the evidence apply to our patient/ our cases?

15
5. Constructing Instrument
and Sample Selection
Linier with the design
Sound applicable and feasible
Establish validity and reliability
Appropriate sample avoiding bias

6. Writing Up Proposal
Appropriate format for appropriate purpose

16
6+: Remember Ethic Approval
Approve by certain body in certain area or jurisdiction

Investigate,
Do Research,
and Follow your Passion

17