Research Introduction

Writing Research Proposal

Prof. Dr. Hardisman Dasman,
MD (Andalas, Id), MHID, DrPH (Flinders, Au), FMSPCP (Id), FRSPH (UK)

Email: hardisman@med.unand.ac.id
 Hardisman Dasman
Research Output:
• Orcid ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9798-9032
• Scopus ID: 57200574184
(https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57200574184)
• Sinta ID: 6011005
(http://sinta2.ristekdikti.go.id/authors/detail?id=6011005&view=overview)
• Academia: http://unand.academia.edu/HardiDasman
• Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardisman_Dasman
 Beberepa Referensi
https://bit.ly/2Q88MMO
(BL)

2 3

TokPed: https://bit.ly/34eiZjh
Toko Buku BL : https://bit.ly/2Emje0s

1
+
 1.
Designing and Writing Research Proposal
 Scientific Approach

vs
• Observer Paradox
• Comprehensive
 Scientific Method

• Deductive
• Inductive
• Rigour
Steps Designing Research Proposal

• Defining Interest
1 • Defining Research Area

• Defining Research Subject/ Topic

2 • Narrowing down interest

• Formulating Research Questions

• Conceptualizing Research Problem
• Clear Research aims/ objectives
3
• Clear Research topic → Research Title
 • Conceptualizing Research Design/ Method
• Appropriate design → Answer Research Questions
4

• Constructing Instrument for Data Collection

• Selecting Sample
5

• Writing up Research Proposal

6
 1. Research Interest
• Broad area
• Personal and/ or professional passion
• Possibly ‘some thing’ can be explored/ researched
Problem in community of clinical practice
Eg: Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Malaria, dengue,
child malnutrition, maternal health etc

Narrowing down → Specific

 2. Research Subject
• Research Area → Specific: ‘gap’
• Gap: Reading journal articles, previous research etc
• Gap: Theoretical aspect → Empirical finding or clinical
practice

Problem

Research Question
• Eg: Hypertension (Area)

Topic:
→ Hypertension in young adult
→ Chronic hypertension in elderly in coastal area
etc
 3. Formulating Research Question

• Research Problem → Research questions

• Destination, clear problem which will be
investigated
• Reviewing literature
• Identifying variables
• Clear research title
 Writing Up Introduction
General: Data, Existing Condition
• Background
➢ Existing condition Important of The Problem

➢ Data
Investigation

• Important of the problem Specific judgement:

Location, particular
population etc
Investigation
• Gap and question Gap, Research
Question
4. Research Design

• Appropriate method →
answer research
question/ problem
• Logic of the inquiry
Level of Evidence
Diagnostic Test RCT
 2 X 2 Table: Diagnostic Test
• Sensitivity =A/ (A+C)

• Specificity = D / (B+D) Disease

• Pos Predictive Value =

= A/ (A+B) Present Absent

• Neg Predictive Value =

= C / (C+D) Test Pos A B

• Prevalence
= A / (A+B+C+D) Test Neg C D
2 X 2 Table: Diagnostic Test
 Cohort: 2X2 Table

Disease

Risk Present (+) Absent (-)

+ A B A+B

- C D C+D

A+C B+D Total

* Note: (A+B) = (C+D)

• Risk of Exposed Group= A/ (A+B)

• Risk of Un-Exposed= C/ (C+D)

• Relative Risk = R. Exposed / R.Un-Exposed

 Lung Cancer

Smoking Present (+) Absent (-)

Smoking 20 80 100

None 2 98 100

22 178 200
 Case Control: 2X2 Table

Disease

Risk Present (+) Absent (-)

+ A B A+B

- C D C+D

A+C B+D Total

* Note: (A+C) = (B+D)

• OR (Odd Ratio) = (A x D) / (B x C)
 Lung Cancer

Smoking Present (+) Absent (-)

Smoking 95 85 180

None 5 15 20

100 100 200

 Critical Appraisal
• Is the evidence valid?
• Is evidence important?
• Does the evidence apply to our patient/ our
cases?
 5. Constructing Instrument
and Sample Selection

• Linier with the design

• Sound applicable and feasible
• Establish validity and reliability
• Appropriate sample → avoiding
bias
 6. Writing Up Proposal

• Appropriate format for

appropriate purpose
 6+: Remember Ethic Approval

• Approve by certain body in certain area or

jurisdiction
Investigate,Do Research,
and Follow your Passion
Terimakasih