etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

 etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;

a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah - ghujpahh;
nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;
ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU
,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU
bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p
jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;
my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yf; yhk; M!hj;
etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhl;
nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\
r\f/ rka tpHpg;gz
[ h;itj;
njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp
gpuhh;jj; d rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';
rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny
uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;
jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!f; p
 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;
,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny
rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;
xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gy
[ l;Rkp
mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/
g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;
g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd
miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;
nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[
3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhg
; ug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.
4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56
epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.
5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.
6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.
7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23
8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep
9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2
10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPll; h;fs;
11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2
12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPll
; h;fs; MFk;
13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;
khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21
14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;ge[ hs; (Summer solstice) -
$^d; 21
15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;
mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -
jPhf; f; nuiffs; vdg;gLk;.
17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif
18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif
19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif
20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;
21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5
kzp neukhFk;.
22. g[tpapd; NH;eJ
; s;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP.
23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;
fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ff; s; - 0.95%
24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1.
onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;ln
; uh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.
vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;
27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;
 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah;
29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gf[ Sf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -
mandh!;gpah;
30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfk;
cyfk;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/
2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah
3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fi ; f
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.
6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah
2. gl;L $g;ghd;
3. njapiy ,e;jpah
4. mhprp rPdh
5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;
jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;
6. jfuk; knyrpah
7. ikfh ,e;jpah
8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah
9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPdy

; he;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;ge[ Ph; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;gf[ Sk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)
3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;
4. Mrpatsh;rr; p t';fp Kzpyh
5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;
6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;
7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;
8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;
9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;
10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;
11. cyfth;jj; f epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth
12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth
13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth
14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;
15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh
16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;jj; h

,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah
2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah
3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J
4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah
6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!n
; ghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J
7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah
8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp
9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;
10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh
11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J
12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh
13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;
14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;
15. fz;zPhf; ; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;
16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;
17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J
18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J
19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;
20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;
21. fpuhk;gj[ ; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;
22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;
23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;
24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J
25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah
26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh
27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah
28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt
29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;
30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J
31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J
32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh
33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;
34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;
35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J
36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah
37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;
38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh
39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)
40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;
41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah
42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu
43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh
44. rh;ff; iuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh
45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th
46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp
47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu
,e;jpah miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;
mike;Js;sd.
4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif
tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhf; f; nuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhf; f;
nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ss
; J.
5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.
6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPll; h; mjhtJ 32/87/263
r.fp.kP. MFk;.
8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.
ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6
fp.kP.
10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.
11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf
rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f
khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.
12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7
a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;
cs;sJ).
,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL
2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL
3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;
vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah fhyepiy

g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ

; RHy;fpwJ.
Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf
tpGfpd;wd.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;
fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.
,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk;
tiu gutpa[ss
; J.
23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.
flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;
bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.
flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.
mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss
; g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf
btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;
,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;
bgWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;
tiu.
,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

jhtu tsh;rr; pf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;
Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)
- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)
- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)
Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;
gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.
vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl
[ /; fU';fhyp
Rkhh; 1000 kPll
; h; Kjy; 2500 kPll
; h; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;
kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjp fyg;gf[ ; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rkhh; 2500 kPll
; Uf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp
epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;
bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
Rkhh; 4000 kPll
; Uf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;
jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;ge[ pyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;
epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.
nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rr; p epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L
khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rr; pa[k; brHpg;gk
[ ; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;
bra;ak[ ; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej; ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ;
jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp
tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.
Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;
rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;
Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.
brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;
bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rR; Hw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; tpisa[kplk;
1. czt[ gaph;fs;
1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jj; puh rkbtsp/ nkw;F
t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh
2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;
3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/
cj;jpugpunjrk;
4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;
5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
Me;jpuh
6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;
2. gzg;gaph;fs;
1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/
2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh
3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/
4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/
5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;
6. nj';fha; nfush
7. kpsF nfusk;
8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;rr; p kiyg; gFjpfs;/
9. ,";rp nfusk;
10. gl;L fh;ehlfh
3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
1. njapiy M!;!hk;
2. ug;gh; nfush
3. fh@@`gp fh;ehlfh
,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;
MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;
mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj[ ;jhJt[k/;
kh';fdPRk;.
4. ,Uk;gk [ /; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;
mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.
5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;
6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.
ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf[ ;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rr; pf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gj[ j; hJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;
ka{h; f";r;
8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;
9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gj[ j; hJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU
g';F
10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj[ ; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;
njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gf[ f; y;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w
fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy
nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;
bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.
12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/
tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh
Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jj; puirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;
ypf;idl;/ gPl;
3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;
4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;
5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp
6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp
7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/
rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;
3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;
vz;bza; tay;
4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp
bly;lhg; gFjpfs;
<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.
3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/
Ql;o j';ftay;
4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;
gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;
rhh;ej; bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rr; p kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.
mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.
5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. nfhak;gj[ J; }h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -
QPfs ; p ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp
tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh
,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP
2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)
3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!g
; pu!; (140 Km/Hr)
4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh
5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu
6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.
7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt
8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.
9. kPll
; h; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP
10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M
11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.
12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.
ePsk; kPll
; h; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;
13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis
,izf;fpwJ.
14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rn

; fl;)
3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;
(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)
7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt
bfsQhj;jp
9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt
brfe;jpuhghj;
11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit
g[hpfpwJ.
4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)
M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)
,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)
<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;
5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/
nfhak;gj[ J; }h;/ kJiu.

3. ePht
; Hp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePht
; Hpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. cs;ehl;L ePht
; Hpg; nghf;Ftuj;J
2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J
 2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ss
; J
6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/
ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa
vG rpwpwa JiwKf';f; Sk; cs;sJ.
7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.
9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;
jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;
bfhz;lJ.
11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePht ; Hp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiu fpHf;Ffiu
1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W
JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; -
JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)
3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. ghujPg; - xhprh (kh';fdPR
neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; JiwKfk;)
4. kh;knfhth ,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -
nfhth -
mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.
5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if
 JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;
6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL
JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)
7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J
JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;
1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;
2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;
3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;
4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;
5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush
6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;
7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh
8. #pt;gh[ p njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;
9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h
10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)
11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;
12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL
14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk; ejpfs;
Mf;uh aKid
myfhghj; f';if/ aKid/ ru!;tjp/ my;yJ
jphpntzp r';fkk;
mnahj;jpah rua[
gf;hpehj; f';if
fy;fj;jh QPfs
; p
oy;yp aKid
Qhpj;thh; f';if
yf;ndh nfhkjp
kJiu itif
ehrpf; nfhjhthp
ghl;dh f';if
|efh; $Pyk;
Nuj; jgjp
jpUr;rp fhnthp
jpUbey;ntyp jhkpuguzp
thuzhrp f';if
tp$athlh fpU#;zh
$gy;g{h; eh;kjh
iQjuhghj; kpa{rp
th#p';ld; nghbybkf;
ghhP!; rPbad;
yhTh; utp
epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;
ah';fd; Iuhtjp
bgh;ypd; !;gPh;
bfa;nuh iey;
,yz;ld; njk;!;

Kf;fpakhd ePhg
; hrd jpl;l';fs;

1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;
kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;
Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)
9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w
,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;j; puh

Kf;fpa ePhk
; pd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lh; pf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh