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Field Spacing
1
Lisa M. Giocomo, Eric A. Zilli,1 Erik Fransn,2 and Michael E. Hasselmo 1
Summary
The entorhinal cortex plays an important role in encoding of spatial information (13)
and episodic memory (4). Many layer II neurons of rat entorhinal cortex are grid cells,
firing when the rat is in an array of spatial locations forming a hexagonal grid within the
environment (57). The spacing of firing fields in the grid varies with anatomical position
of the cell along the dorsal to ventral axis of entorhinal cortex, as measured by distance
from the postrhinal border (5). Neurons closer to the dorsal border of entorhinal cortex
have shorter distances between firing fields. Computational models explicitly predict that
differences in grid field spacing should correspond to differences in intrinsic frequencies
of neurons along the dorsal to ventral axis (3, 8). This could provide systematic variation
in the gain of a movement-speed signal for path integration (2, 3, 9).
The frequency of subthreshold oscillations has been shown to correlate with the peak
frequency of membrane potential resonance at rest (60 64 mV) in entorhinal neurons
(17). We evaluated the resonant frequency of neurons by delivering a 20 second long
impedance amplitude profile (ZAP) stimulus and measuring the input frequency that
caused the largest amplitude depolarization of membrane potential. Individual examples
of the response to the ZAP stimulus are shown for four neurons from dorsal entorhinal
slices (Fig. 2A) and four neurons from more ventral slices. The resonant frequency of
stellate cells was significantly higher in dorsal cells compared to ventral cells (dorsal =
6.13 .41 Hz, n = 18; ventral = 4.45 .40 Hz, n = 14; p < .01)(Fig. 2B). There was no
significant difference in resting potential between the populations used for this analysis
(dorsal = 60.12 .26 mV, n = 18; ventral = 60.11 .26 mV, n = 14; p = NS). Resonant
frequency was systematically higher in dorsal regions when plotted in relation to
anatomical location (r = .51, slope = 1.18)(Fig. 2C).
Fig. 2
Differences in resonance properties of neurons in dorsal versus ventral entorhinal
cortex. A. Examples of resonance responses of neurons in dorsal (blue traces) and ventral
entorhinal cortex (red traces) in response to impedance amplitude profile (ZAP) ...
Fig. 3
Relationship of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations to sag potential. For single
neurons in dorsal (A) and ventral entorhinal cortex (B), traces on left show membrane
potential responses to multiple current injection levels. Single traces (right) ...
Fig. 4
Subthreshold oscillations may underlie differences in grid field spacing. A. Reciprocal of
oscillation frequency plotted versus anatomical depth for anatomical range matching a
previous publication (7) as shown in B. CD. Simulation of grid cell ...
These data support the prediction of a model (3, 8) related to other models of grid cells
and theta phase precession (1820). In this model, grid cell periodicity arises from an
interference pattern generated by intrinsic temporal oscillations in the soma and dendrites
of a single cell. During simulated rat movement, cells modulated by head direction and
speed (7, 21, 22) shift the frequency of dendritic oscillations (consistent with voltage
effects on frequency). The grid pattern is the product of interference by three dendritic
oscillations, each receiving a different head direction input, shifting in and out of phase
with soma oscillations in proportion to distance moved in the preferred direction of each
head direction cell. Spiking occurs when all three dendrites are in phase with the soma,
causing oscillations to cross threshold (Fig. S4 & S5). Spiking does not alter soma or
dendritic phase, but occurs with theta rhythmicity, consistent with in vivo recordings in
entorhinal cortex (57) and hippocampus (2, 9, 18), and potentially causing precession
relative to field potential oscillations (3, 8, 19, 20).
The model (3, 8) was modified to include shifts in dendritic frequency proportional to
soma frequency and to utilize a scaling factor H (Fig. S6) determined from the
experimental data. Simulations (15) shown in Fig. 4CD demonstrate that differences in
temporal frequency of somatic oscillations result in different grid field spacing. Insertion
of the experimentally determined value for subthreshold oscillation frequency (f) at a
particular anatomical location results in simulated grid cell spacing that matches data (7)
on grid cell spacing (G) at the same anatomical location (Fig. S7).
The model demonstrates one possible mechanism for path integration (2) and supports
the prediction that systematic variation in gain of a movement-speed signal could underlie
differences in grid field spacing (2, 9). The model is compatible with maintenance of grid
cell representations by persistent firing (23) or attractor dynamics arising from patterned
excitatory connectivity (2, 24, 25). Long-term stability of grid fields could require place
cell input dependent on external landmarks (3, 8, 26). Differences in intrinsic frequency
along the dorsal to ventral axis of entorhinal cortex could contribute to differences in
place field size along the septal to temporal axis of the hippocampus (9, 27).
The systematic differences in intrinsic temporal frequency shown here may provide
multiple scales for coding of both space and time. Periodic representation of the
environment at multiple spatial scales could prove essential to mechanisms of path
integration (2, 3, 9, 28), consistent with impairments after entorhinal lesions (1). Coding
of continuous dimensions by interacting frequencies could also allow the coding of
continuous relative time necessary for episodic memory (29). These results suggest that
beyond simple summation of input, neural processing involves interactions of synaptic
input and interference between intrinsic frequencies (9, 18, 19
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Resumen
La corteza entorrinal juega un papel importante en la codificacin de la informacin
espacial ( 1 - 3 ) y la memoria episdica ( 4 ). Muchos II neuronas de la capa de rata
corteza entorrinal son celdas de la cuadrcula, coccin cuando la rata est en una matriz
de localizaciones espaciales que forman una cuadrcula hexagonal dentro del entorno
( 5 - 7 ). La separacin de disparar campos en la cuadrcula vara con la posicin
anatmica de la clula a lo largo de la dorsal al eje ventral de la corteza entorrinal, tal
como se mide por la distancia de la frontera postrhinal ( 5 ). Las neuronas ms cercanas
al borde dorsal de la corteza entorrinal tienen distancias ms cortas entre los campos de
tiro. Los modelos computacionales predicen explcitamente que las diferencias en la
rejilla el espaciado entre campos deben corresponder a diferencias en las frecuencias
intrnsecas de las neuronas a lo largo de la dorsal a ventral eje ( 3 , 8 ). Esto podra
proporcionar la variacin sistemtica en la ganancia de una seal de movimiento de
velocidad para la integracin ruta de acceso ( 2 , 3 , 9 ).
Figura 1
Frecuencia ms alta de oscilaciones sub-umbral en la corteza dorsal versus ventral
entorrinal. Una. Arriba: Vista dorsal del cerebro despus del corte. Inferior: vista sagital
que muestra la localizacin anatmica de las rebanadas horizontales de A a
H. B. Frecuencia de las oscilaciones subliminales significa ...
Figura 2
Home Idiomas Ingresar a Epistemonikos Bsqueda avanzada Diferencias en las
propiedades de resonancia de las neuronas en dorsal versus crtex entorrinal
ventral. A.Ejemplos de respuestas de resonancia de las neuronas en dorsal (trazas de color
azul) y la corteza entorrinal ventral (trazas rojos) en respuesta al perfil de amplitud de
impedancia (ZAP) ...
Fig. 3
Relacin de oscilaciones de potencial de membrana sub-umbral con potencial de
hundimiento. Para las neuronas individuales en dorsal (A) y ventral corteza
entorrinal (B),huellas en potenciales izquierda muestran membrana respuestas a mltiples
niveles de inyeccin de corriente. Huellas individuales (derecha) ...
Fig. 4
Las oscilaciones sub-umbral pueden subyacer las diferencias en el espaciamiento de la
cuadrcula. A. recproco de la frecuencia de oscilacin representa grficamente frente a la
profundidad anatmica para la gama anatmica bsqueda de una publicacin anterior ( 7 )
como se muestra en B. C-D. Simulacin de celda de la cuadrcula ...