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Topic 8 - Acids and Bases PDF
Topic 8 - Acids and Bases PDF
8.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the Brnsted-Lowry and Lewis
theories.
Brnsted-Lowry
Acids: proton donor
Bases: proton acceptor
Lewis
Acids: electron-pair acceptor
Bases: electron-pair donor
8.1.3 Deduce the formula of the conjugate acid (or base) of any Brnsted-
Lowry base (or acid).
If originally as acid, remove a H+, if originally a base, add a H+.
8.3.1 Distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases in terms of
the extent of dissociation, reaction with water and electrical conductivity.
Strong acids dissociate fully while weak acids only partially dissociate.
This occurs when dissolved in water.
Strong acids are better conductors than weak acids as there is a higher
concentration of ions.
8.3.3 Distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases, and
determine the relative strengths of acids and bases, using experimental
data.
Test electrical conductivity
Test rate of reaction
Measure pH
8.4.3 State that each change of one pH unit represents a 10-fold change in
the hydrogen ion concentration [H+(aq)].
Each change of one pH unit represents a 10-fold change in the hydrogen ion
concentration [H+(aq)].
18.1.1 State the expression for the ionic product constant of water (Kw).
= [ ][ ] = 1.00 10 25
18.1.4 State the equation for the reaction of any weak acid or weak base
with water, and hence deduce the expressions for Ka and Kb.
Acids Bases
+ + +
[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
= =
[ ] [ ]
18.1.5 Solve problems involving solutions of weak acids and bases using
the expression:
Ka Kb = Kw pKa + pKb = pKw pH + pOH = pKw.
In questions, figure out what you have, what you need and then figure out what
expressions will allow you to get there.
18.1.6 Identify the relative strengths of acids and bases using values of
Ka, Kb, pKa and pKb.
Strong acids and bases: High K and low pK
Weak acids and bases: Low K and high pK
18.2.1 Describe the composition of a buffer solution and explain its action.
A buffer solution is a solution that resists pH change when small amounts of acid or
alkali are added. It contains a weak acid or base and the salt of that weak acid or
base. Usually buffer solutions are created by adding a strong acid together with a
weak base or vice versa, where the strong acid or base is the limiting reagent. An
example of the composition of a buffer solution is ethanoic acid and sodium
ethanoate.
If an acid is added, the proton is absorbed by the negative ion of the salt
e.g. CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
If an alkali is added, the hydroxide ion is absorbed by the undissociated acid
e.g. CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O
Strong acid and weak base Weak acid and weak base
Topic 9 and 19: Acids and bases