Dr.

Amr Kaood
MSc. – PhD. “ Cairo University “
Professor Assistant of Mechanical Power Engineering, Fayoum University , Egypt.
E-Mail : aki03@fayoum.edu.eg ,,,,, amrkaood@yahoo.com
• Basic Concepts
• Cooling Load Principles
• Cooling Load Components
• Sensible Heat Factor
Basic Concepts

• Thermal load
• The amount of heat that must be added or removed
from the space to maintain the proper temperature
in the space.
• When thermal loads push conditions outsider
of the comfort range, HVAC systems are used
to bring the thermal conditions back to comfort
conditions
Basic Concepts

• Purpose of HVAC load estimation

• Calculate peak design loads (cooling/heating).
• Estimate likely plant/equipment capacity or size.
• Provide info for HVAC design e.g. load profiles.
• Form the basis for building energy analysis.
• Cooling load is our main target
• Important for warm climates & summer design
• Affect building performance & its first cost
Basic Concepts

• Heat transfer mechanisms

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Thermal properties of building materials
• Overall thermal transmittance (U-value)
• Thermal conductivity
• Thermal capacity (specific heat)
Components of a Cooling Load

• Cooling load calculations

• To determine volume flow rate of air system
• To size the coil and HVAC&R equipment
• To provide info for energy calculations/analysis
• Two categories:
• External loads
• Internal loads
Components of a Cooling Load

• External loads
• Heat gain through exterior walls and roofs.
• Solar heat gain through fenestrations (windows).
• Conductive heat gain through fenestrations.
• Heat gain through partitions & interior doors.
• Infiltration of outdoor air.
Components of a Cooling Load

• Internal loads
• People
• Electric lights
• Equipment and appliances
Components of a Cooling Load

(H2O)
 Heat Gain through Building Structure by
Conduction

• The heat gain through a building structure such

as walls, floors, ceilings, doors and windows
constitutes the major portion of sensible heat
load.
Heat Gain From Solar Radiation

Solar
Gain
Outside Walls
Glass Areas
 Heat Gain From Solar Radiation
• The amount of heat that flows towards the interior
of a building due to solar radiation depends upon:-
• Altitude angle of the sun.
• Clearness of the sky.
• Position of the surface with respect to
the direction of the sun's rays.
• Absorptivity of the surface.
• Ratio of the overall coefficient of heat transfer of the
wall to the coefficient of heat transfer of the outside air.
 Heat Gain Due to Infiltration
• The infiltration air is the air that enters a conditioned
space through window cracks and opening of doors.
This is caused by pressure difference on the two sides of
the windows and doors and it depends upon the wind
velocity and its direction and difference in densities due
to the temperature difference between the inside and
outside air.
 Heat Gain Due to Infiltration

• There are two methods of estimating the infiltrated air :

• 1. Crack length method.
• 2. Air change method.
 Heat Gain Due to Ventilation

• The ventilation (i.e. supply of outside air) is provided to the

conditioned space in order to minimize odour, concentration of
smoke, carbon dioxide and other undesirable gases so that
freshness of air could be maintained.
Air- Flow arrangements to/from a
Conditioned space
Air- Flow
arrangements

Complete Ventilated
Total Fresh air
recirculation system
 Heat Gain from Occupants

• The human body in a cooled space constitutes cooling load of

sensible heat and latent heat.
• The heat gain from occupants is based on the average number
of people that are expected to be present in the conditioned
space.
• The heat load produced by each person depends upon the
activity of the persons.
Heat gain from occupants (in watts)
[Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001]
 Heat Gain from Appliances

• The appliances frequently used in air conditioned spaces may

be electrical, gas-fired or steam heated.
 Heat Gain from Lighting

• The heat gained from electric lights depends upon the rating of
lights in watts, use factor and allowance factor.
• Mathematically, the heat gained from electric lights is given by:-

Q = Total wattage of lights x Use factor x Allowance factor

• The use factor is the ratio of actual wattage in use to the installed
wattage. Its value depends upon the type of use to which the
room is put. The allowance factor is generally used in case of
fluorescent tubes to allow for the power used by the ballast. Its
value is usually taken as 1.25.
 Other Sources of Heat Gain

• Products (Cold stores).

• Ducts.
 Space load classifications
Internal load External load
Load source
Sensible Latent Sensible Latent

People * *
Light *
Wall *
Roof *
Glass *
Infiltration * *
Electric Motors *
Electric Machine * *
Summery
 Other Sources of Heat Gain

• Total cooling load =

= Sensible cooling load (Qs)+ Latent cooling load (QL)

= Σ(sensible items) + Σ(latent items)

• Sensible Heat Factor

𝑄𝑠
SHF =
𝑄𝑠+𝑄𝐿