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03 Earth Science PDF
03 Earth Science PDF
LESSON OUTLINE:
1. Introduction/Review: Communicating learning objectives & review of the rock cycle (5 minutes)
2. Motivation: Class participation by asking questions about magma formation (5 minutes)
3. Instruction Delivery: Earths Internal Heat and Magma Formation with 1demo activity (50 minutes)
4. Practice: Chocolate Mantle Convection activity (30 minutes)
5. Enrichment: After Class
Discuss how the Earth's internal heat is redistributed: Review the concepts of
- Simultaneous conduction, convection and radiation conduction, convection
- Convection occurs at the mantle but not between the core and mantle and radiation
or even between the asthenosphere and lithosphere (except at sea-
floor spreading zones).The only heat transfer mechanism in these
transition zones is through conduction.
Instruction
Heat water in the beaker until it boils. Pour coffee or tea into it.
Discussion:
1. Explain and guide the students in understanding the concept of Bring the students closer
convection by enumerating the mechanisms that occur when boiling to the demonstration
the water. area. Make sure
a. There is a heat source at the bottom of the water. everybody is attentive
b. The heat is rising to the top from the bottom. before starting the
c. The surface water becomes hot, and it radiates its heat into the activity.
air and then cools.
d. The cooler water sinks into the space vacated by the ascending
warmer water. This cooler water starts to warm again while
the one that rises starts to cool.
e. The process goes on, forming a top to bottom circulation of
water.
2. Observe what happens to the coffee or tea, especially the top portion.
Explain what happens.
The top portion has a relatively lighter color relative to the lower Convection cell the
portion and represents the top of a convection cell. Condensing water unit of a convective
vapor marks the top of rising columns of warm water. Dark line circulation
separating them marks the location of sinking cooler water.
B. Magma Formation
Discuss the special conditions required for the formation of magma
(Marshak, et al, Essentials of Geology, 2013, pp 99-100).
- Crust and mantle are almost entirely solidindicating that magma only
forms in special places where pre-existing solid rocks undergo
melting.
A. Melting due to decrease in pressure (decompression melting): The
decrease in pressure affecting a hot mantle rock at a constant
temperature permits melting forming magma. This process of hot
mantle rock rising to shallower depths in the Earth occurs in mantle
EARTH SCIENCE ENDOGENETIC PROCESSES II EDIZON
plumes, beneath rifts and beneath mid-ocean ridges.
B. Melting as a result of the addition of volatiles (flux melting): When
volatiles mix with hot, dry rock, the volatile decreases the rocks
melting point and they help break the chemical bonds in the rock to
allow melting.
C. Melting resulting from heat transfer from rising magma (heat transfer
melting): A rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it that can
melt the surrounding rocks at the shallower depths.
Discussion:
1. How is heat transferred in the activity? State evidence.
Answer: Convection is shown by the presence of mounds and cracks in
between the mounds, radiation is illustrated by the emitted gas directly
above the heat source and conduction is evidenced by the submerging
chocolate powder along the rims of the pan.
2. Describe what happens to the powder when the water starts to boil.
Explain why this occurs.
Answer: The chocolate powder starts to rise forming a conical shape then
cracks and emits gas. Slowly, the chocolate powder around it starts to
subside and get wet. The heat source is directly beneath this zone so the
hotter water is rising in that area. But since the chocolate powder traps the
water, the hot water starts to move laterally under the chocolate powder
forming the conical shape, before it manages to create a crater where the
water is released as gas.
3. Describe what happened after boiling is achieved in the other two
candles. Explain why this occurs.
Answer: The other two candles will create the same thing as the first
candle. However somewhere in between the two candles, a crack starts to
form and the chocolate powder sinks slowly in these regions. This occurs
because these are the zones where the colder water goes down.
4. How does this activity relate to the formation of magma?
Answer: The water represents the asthenosphere, the chocolate powder
represents the lithosphere and the candles represent heat sources. Magmas
are formed directly above the heat sources due to relatively higher
temperature. Through convection, heat is transferred to other places. And
since there are more than one heat sources, several convection cells
develop. Where the colder portions of two convection cells meet, cracks
form because the materials are being pulled downwards by the subsiding
colder water. These zones represent subduction zones.
IV. ENRICHMENT
A simple report to be submitted on the next day:
Draw a schematic cross section of the earth, showing the different layers of the
earth. Include and label (when necessary) the following in the illustration:
1. different tectonic settings where magma is generated
2. type of melting that is usually associated with the settings identified in # 1
3. heat transfer mechanisms and the direction of heat transfer (thru arrows)
Below the drawing, make a simple research on the different zones where
magma is formed and cite one known location of each.
EVALUATION
EARTH SCIENCE ENDOGENETIC PROCESSES II EDIZON
Summary questions related to the lessons (Questions in regular font are easy questions while the ones in
bold are hard):
1. What are the two categories of the source of Earths internal heat? Give examples.
Answer: Primordial heat source: accretion energy, adiabatic compression, core formation energy and
decay of short-lived radio-isotopes.
Radioactive heat source: decay of long-life isotopes such as K40, Th232, U235 and U238.
6. Cite example of a tectonic setting wherein two melting processes to occur simultaneously to
generate magma.
Answer: (May vary) In mid-oceanic ridges, the rising hot rocks in mantle convection cell bring heat to the
surface, transferring heat to the overlying rocks. Simultaneously occurring to these rocks is
decompression melting. While the lithospheric plates move further away from the mid oceanic ridge, the
pressure decreases resulting to more melting.