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Design of Ground Bearing Concrete Slabs: John Knapton
Design of Ground Bearing Concrete Slabs: John Knapton
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INTRODUCTION
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Meyerhof Floor slab where Patch load/Point load Floor Slab thickness
cracking is acceptable
Eurocode 2 All ground bearing Patch load Confirmation that slab
slabs will not suffer shear
failure
Westergaard All ground bearing Patch load/Point load Slab thickness
design charts slabs
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STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
LOADING
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Containers are often stacked three high so the load applied to the
slab is 78 tonne, although a reduction is sometimes made of say
20% to account for the fact that it is unlikely that all stacked
containers will be loaded to their capacity. Sometimes containers
are stacked five high which increases the loading further.
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STRESS IN CONCRETE
q
M hog = (Ba ' Bb ' )
22
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a' = a/2
b' = a/2 + b
q = UDL(characteristic load x load factor)(N/mm2)
= (3K/Eh)1/4
K = modulus of subgrade reaction
E = concrete modulus (10,000N/mm2 for sustained load)
h = slab thickness
Mmax = -0.168q/ 2
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1.008q
max = N / mm 2
.h
2 2
q = 0.05 N / mm 2 x 2 = 0.10 N / mm 2
Therefore:
0.10
max = 1.008 = 2.88 N / mm
2
0.035
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a) patch load in mid-slab (i.e. more than 0.5m from slab edge)
0.275(1 + ) 0.36 Eh 3
max = P. log .........................1
h2 Kb 4
P 0.20 Eh3
max = 0.529(1 + 0.54 ) log ................................2
h2 Kb 4
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0 .6
3P 1.41b
max = 2 1 0.25 ........................................3
h Eh 3
( )
12 1 2 K
where
max = flexural stress (N/mm2)
P = point load (N) i.e. characteristic wheel load x
fatigue factor
= Poisson's ratio, usually 0.15
h = slab thickness (mm)
E = elastic modulus, usually 20,000N/mm2
K = modulus of sub grade reaction (N/mm3)
b = radius of tyre contact zone (mm)
= (P/ .p)1/2
p = contact stress between wheel and floor (N/mm2)
0.25
Eh 3
l = ........................4
(
12 1 2
K)
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Mt 6
add = P2 .............................5
P h2
where:
P = greater patch load,
P2 = other patch load.
Sum the stresses and verify that the characteristic flexural strength
in Table 4.1 has not been exceeded for the appropriate concrete
mix.
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0.25
20000 x 2003
l =
(
12 1 0.15 )
2
0.054
l = 709mm
S 2700
= = 3.8
l 709
From Figure 1
Mt
= 0.005
P
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Mt 6
add = P2
P h2
6
= 0.005 2
.80000
200
= 0.06 N / mm2
The Meyerhof design method is based upon yield line analysis and
provides a relatively simple way of selecting the thickness of a
concrete slab for a single patch load and for some combinations of
similar patch loads. Meyerhof developed his equations by
considering how a concrete slab would fail. His initial work related
to suspended slabs but he later applied the method to ground
bearing slabs. He considered the way in which a slab would
ultimately fail and equated the potential energy lost when the load
moved downwards to the strain energy absorbed along the cracks
which form at the time of failure.
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[
Pu = 2 M p + Mn ]
ii) Single point load applied along a free edge of a slab:
([ ] )
Pu = Mp + Mn / 2 + 2Mn
Pu = 2M n
iv) Two similar point loads spaced x apart and away from edges or
corners of the slab:
1.8x
Pu = 2 +
l
[
M p + Mn ]
v) Four similar point loads applied at corners of a rectangle of side
lengths x and y, all four loads away from edges or corners of the
slab.
1.8( x + y )
Pu = 2 +
l
[
M p + Mn ]
a
[ ]
Pu = 4 M p + Mn / 1
3l
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[ ]
Pu = ( M p + M n + 4M n ) / 1
2a
3l
4a
Pu = 2 1 + M n
l
iv) Two similar patch loads of radius a spaced x apart and away
from edges or corners of the slab:
4 1.8 x
Pu = + [M p + M n ]
1 a l a
3l 2
4 1.8( x + y )
Pu = + [
M p + Mn ]
a a
1 3l l
2
Where:
Pu = Ultimate load
Mp = Ultimate positive (sagging) moment of resistance of the slab
Mn = Ultimate negative (hogging) moment of resistance of the slab
The above two values can be obtained from the equation:
h2
M p ,n = f
6
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h = slab thickness
a = radius of patch load
x = spacing of two point of patch loads (centre to centre of
load)
y = spacing of four point loads forming corners of a
rectangle - y measured at right angles to x.
l = radius of relative stiffness:
0.25
Eh3
l =
( )
12 1 K
2
(See Table 4.4 for values of l. Table 4.4 reproduced here for
convenience)
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(a l ) 0.2
For values of a/l between 0.2 & zero, interpolate between the patch
load and the point load Mu values.
h2
Now use: M p ,n = f to obtain the ultimate positive and
6
negative moments of resistance of the proposed slab:
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Consider the situation where this single patch load is applied away
from the slab edges or corners.
[ ]
a
Pu = 4 M p + M n / 1
3l
[ ]
Pu = ( M p + M n + 4 M n ) / 1
2a
3l
4a
Pu = 21 + M n
l
4 1 .8 x
Pu = + [
M p + Mn ]
1 a l a
3l 2
4 4860
Pu = + [16,667 + 16,667 ]
170 170
1 2127 2127 2
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12.56 4860
Pu = + 33,334
0.92 2042
= 534.344N = 534kN
i.e. each wheel load = 534/2 = 267kN (64kN required)
This result indicates that a 200mm thick slab comprising C40 steel
fibre reinforced concrete can sustain between 455kN and 65kN
depending upon the position of the load in relation to the slab. The
Westergaard solution suggested that such a slab could sustain
80kN. Both methods used similar levels of safety factor, although
they were applied in different ways.
The reason for the difference between Westergaard (or other elastic
methods set out in this Paper) and Meyerhof solutions is the
redundancy of a concrete slab. The Westergaard solution considers
the critical stress point and ensures that the actual stress remains
below the strength of the concrete by the safety factor at that point.
Meyerhof recognises that the slab can crack only when sufficient
plastic hinges have formed to develop one of the mechanisms
shown in Figure 2. This means that there is a significant reserve of
strength beyond the condition when stress reaches strength at the
critical point i.e. there is a significant reserve of strength beyond
the Westergaard elastic failure criterion. Loading beyond this
condition will not lead to failure, rather the stress pattern is
redistributed until stress has reached concrete strength along all of
the plastic hinges which form the collapse mechanism.
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Even when elastic and plastic design methods confirm that a slab is
adequate, there is the possibility that the load can punch directly
through the slab as a result of shear stresses exceeding the shear
strength of the slab around the perimeter of the patch load. A
check should be made as follows. Firstly, calculate the area over
which the shear stress acts. This is the depth of the slab multiplied
by the perimeter of the load patch. Divide the factored load by this
area to obtain the shear stress. This stress should not exceed the
shear strength of the concrete vm which is calculated from:
vm = 0.5vf cd
where fcd= design cylinder strength (see Table 1.1 - divide the
characteristic cylinder strength by 1.3)
and v = 0.6 1
f ck
250
v = 0.6 1
f ck
250
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[
v = 0.6 1 28.5
250
]
(see Table 1 for the fck value of 28.5)
Therefore, v = 0.53
Substitute in: vm = 0.5vf cd where the cylinder design strength fcd is
28.5/1.3 = 22N/mm2. (1.3 is the Material Partial Safety Factor for
concrete)
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If the distance between loads (S) is greater than 3m, the APL
can be used directly (depending on the radius of contact zone)
to calculate the thickness of the slab using the relevant Design
Chart. In this case, go directly to Stage 6.
If the distance between loads is less than 3m, the radius of
relative stiffness (l) has to be determined. Table 4.4 shows
values of radius of relative stiffness for different K values and
slab thicknesses.
Mt 6
add = P2 ........................5
P h2
where P = greater patch load (N)
P2 = other patch load (N)
5. From Table 2, select a proposed concrete mix, hence
characteristic strength, char.
6. When two patch loads are acting in close proximity (i.e. less
than 3m apart), the greater patch load (P) produces a flexural
strength max directly beneath it's point of application. The
nearby smaller patch load (P2) produces additional stress add
beneath the larger load. Calculate max ,
SPL = APL char .........................7
max
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S 1000
= = 1.086
l 921
From Figure 1
Mt
= 0.053
P
so from Equation 5,
6
add = 0.053 2
50000
200
add = 0.4N/mm2
Try steel fibre reinforced C30 concrete with a characteristic
strength of 2.2N/mm2 (30kg/m3 steel fibre dosage - see Table 2)
This is the maximum flexural stress which the 60kN load can be
allowed to develop. Calculate the Single Point Load using
Equation7:
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SPL = APL char
max
2.2
= 60 = 73kN
1.8
SPACING OF JOINTS
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years in the UK. Some consider that spacings can be greater than
12m for steel fibre reinforced floors/hardstandings. Whilst 14m
joint spacings will probably be acceptable for most applications,
the additional movement which would occur at joints might lead to
loss of aggregate interlock and joint degradation. Joints spacings
are frequently designed to coincide with column spacings or other
features such as recesses or floor width changes. In any project, it is
necessary to develop a joint layout identifying all practical issues
prior to the placing of concrete.
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Weight of
Structural Mesh Wire Sizes Joint Spacing
Reinforcement
Name (Diameter in mm) (m)
(kg/m2)
6mm main wires
C283 2.61 16
5mm cross wires
7mm main wires
C385 3.41 21
5mm cross wires
8mm main wires
C503 4.34 27
5mm cross wires
9mm main wires
C636 5.55 35
6mm cross wires
CONCLUSIONS
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