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Networking Fundamentals
Leased Line
Synchronous serial
Circuit-switched
TELEPHONE
COMPANY
Frame-Relay
Synchronous serial
SERVICE
PROVIDER
Broadband Access
SERVICE
PROVIDER
SEGMENT
Terminator Terminator
Hub
Reduces complexity
Application
7
Standardizes interfaces
Presentation Facilitates modular engineering
6
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
Application
7 End To End Connections:
Presentation Handles transportation issues
6
between hosts
Session Ensures data transport reliability
5
Physical
1
Application
7 Data Delivery:
Presentation Provides connectivity and path
6
selection between two host
Session systems
5
Routes data packets
Transport
4 Selects best path to deliver data
The Network layer prioritizes data
Network
3
known as Quality of Service (QoS)
Data Link
2
Physical
1
Application
7 Access to Media:
Presentation Defines how data is formatted for
6
transmission and how access to
Session the network is controlled
5
Transport
4
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
Application
7 Binary Transmission:
Presentation Defines the electrical, mechanical,
6
procedural, and functional
Session specifications for activating,
5
maintaining, and deactivating the
Transport physical link
4
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
Twisted-Pair Twisted-Pair
Outer jacket
RJ-45
Connector Color-Coded Plastic Insulation
Coaxial
Outer jacket Braided Copper Shielding
Copper Conductor
BNC
Plastic Insulation
Connector
Fiber Optics
Outer jacket Kevlar Reinforcing Material
SC Plastic Shield
Connector
Wireless
INTERNET
ETHERNET BACKBONE
Wireless
Twisted Pair Coaxial Fiber Optic
LAN
Up to
Up to
Bandwidth Up to 1 Gbps 10100 Mbps 10 Gbps
54 Mbps
or higher
Least Most
Price Inexpensive Moderate
expensive expensive
Hub
Physical Media
Wall Jack
Data Link
2
Data Link
00-0C-F1-5E-BE-F2
2
Bridges Switches
Network
3
Network
192.168.6.17
3
The devices that operate at the Network layer are routers and
Layer 3 Switches
Layer 3 Switch
Application
7 Combines functionality of:
Presentation Layer 2 switching
6
Layer 3 switching
Session Layer 4 switching
5
High-speed scalability
Transport
4
Low latency compared to routers
Network
3
Data Link
2
Physical
1
TCP
4
Transport
UDP
Gateway
DMZ
Network
INTERNET
Outside Inside
Network Network