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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND

COPYRIGHT

Authors full name : __MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN DIN __________________

Date of birth : __16th NOVEMBER 1993__________________________

Title : __PUSHOVER TEST OF BLOCKWORK _______________

__MORTARLESS LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE _________
________________________________________________

Academic Session : __2015/2016____________________________________

I declare that this thesis is classified as:

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organization where research was done)*

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931116-08-6113 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono

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Date: 20th JUNE 2016 Date: 20th JUNE 2016

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 I/We* hereby declare that I/we* have read this thesis and in my/our*
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award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering

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ABDUL KADIR BIN
MARSONO
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PUSHOVER TEST OF BLOCKWORK MORTARLESS LIGHTWEIGHT
STRUCTURE

MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN DIN

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE, 2016
 ii

I declare that this report entitled Pushover Test Of Blockwork Mortarless

Lightweight Structure is the result of my own research, except as in cited
references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature :
Name : MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN DIN
Date : 20th JUNE 2016
 iii

To;

My Parent,
My family
And Friends

Thanks for your pray, attention and spiritual support

 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure to address those people who helped me throughout this

project to enhance my knowledge and practical skills. My deepest and most heartfelt
gratitude goes to my supervisors, Associate Professor Dr Abd Kadir Marsono for his
continuous guidance and support from both of them have enabled me to approach
work positively, and make the impossible seem possible. I wish to express my
special thanks to my beloved parents, family and friends who gives me moral support
and encouragement to complete this project. Many thanks to my sponsorship, JPA,
for financial support. Finally, thanks to all my classmates and everyone who has
contributed directly or indirectly to this project. This project would have been
impossible without your guidance, advice and support.
 v

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study is to obtain the behavior of lightweight IBS 3D

structure. The material used is lime concrete and lightweight concrete from industrial
construction manufacturing. To improve the characteristic of blocks, certain shape
are fabricated and bolt as reinforcement are added. The structure model was trim
using saw and drill .The testing was be conducted at UTM laboratory facility. The
data obtained was analyzed and compare to Multiframe 4D software. In this study, the
structure was prepared and tested in controlled condition. The results wish the feasibility
of the lightweight material for the structural system. The structure contains lightweight
blocks that are arranged to frame structural. The standard properties and characteristics
of the material were also tested. As a results, the values of deflection at the rooftop and
rotation in is small and load cell reading is bigger in software analysis outcomes
compared to the result obtained in laboratory test. This may due to perfect nature in
software analysis. The imperfect casting and assembling of the block contribute to the
strength of the whole structure manufactured. The defect of the blockwork affect the
outcomes analysis and create an uncertainty to the analysis.
 vi

ABSTRAK

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan tingkah laku struktur IBS 3D
ringan. Bahan yang digunakan adalah konkrit kapur dan konkrit ringan daripada
pembuatan pembinaan industri. Untuk meningkatkan ciri-ciri blok, bentuk tertentu
adalah direka dan selak sebagai tetulang ditambah. Model struktur dipotong
menggunakan gergaji dan gerudi .Ujian telah dijalankan di kemudahan makmal
UTM. Maklumat yang diperolehi dianalisis dan bandingkan dengan perisian
Multiframe 4D. Dalam kajian ini, struktur telah disediakan dan diuji dalam keadaan
terkawal. Keputusan digunakan untuk mengkaji penggunaan bahan ringan untuk
sistem struktur. Struktur ini mengandungi blok ringan yang disusun untuk
memperkukuhkan struktur. Ciri-ciri standard dan bahan yang juga telah diuji.
Keputusan kajian ini adalah nilai-nilai pesongan di atas bumbung dan putaran adalah
kecil dan bacaan sel beban adalah lebih besar dari hasil analisis perisian. Ini mungkin
disebabkan sifat kesempurnaan dalam analisis perisian. Pembuatan dan pemasangan
yang tidak sempurna blok menyumbang kepada kekuatan keseluruhan struktur yang
dibuat. Kecacatan model menjejaskan hasil analisis dan mewujudkan ketidakpastian
untuk analisis.
 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATIONS iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Aims and Objective Of The Study 3
1.4 Scope Of Study 3
1.5 Significance Of Study 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Lightweight And Lime Concrete Blocks 6
2.2.1 Definition 6
2.2.2 Characteristic And Properties 8
2.3 Pre-cast Construction And IBS 9
2.4 Structural Strength 10
2.4.1 Mortarless Block System 10
2.4.2 Push Over Test 11
 viii

3 METHODOLOGY 13
3.1 General 13
3.2 Material of lightweight/Lime Concrete 15
3.2.1 Sampling 15
3.2.2 Cutting Of The Blocks 16
3.2.3 Column Preparation 16
3.2.4 Beam Preparation 17
3.3 Testing Of The Frame 18
3.3.1 Push Over Test 18
3.3.2 Compressive Cube Test 20
3.4 Multiframe 4D Analysis 21
3.4.1 Medelling Procedure 22
3.4.1.1 Setup Drawing Grid 22
3.4.1.2 Defining Geometry 22
3.4.1.3 Defining Constrain 23
3.4.1.4 Defining Section Properties 24
3.4.2 Defining The Loads 27
3.4.3 Multiframe 4D Modelling 27

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Load And Rooftop Displacement 30
4.3 Load And Rooftop Rotation 33
4.4 Load And Tension Of Column Reinforcement 38
4.5 Failure Mechanism 47
4.5.1 Crack 47
4.5.2 Crush 48
4.6.3 Testing Instrument Failure 50
 ix

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 51

5.1 Conclusion 51
5.2 Recommendation 52

REFERENCES 53

APPENDICES 54

APPENDIX A 54
APPENDIX B 56
APPENDIX C 59
APPENDIX D 61
 x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

4.1 Material Properties For Frame Analysis Input 25

6.1 Summary of experimental and analysis deflection 52
 xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Methodology Chart 14

3.2 Mortarless Lime Concrete Frame 16
3.3 Pushover Test Conducted To Structure 19
3.4 Compression Machine In UTM 21
3.5 Setup Drawing Grid 22
3.6 Extrude From The Joints 23
3.7 Constrain Of Structure 23
3.8 Adding Material Properties 24
3.9 Selecting Material 26
3.10 Creating New Section 26
3.11 IBS Structure Before Rendering 27
3.12 IBS Structure In Rendered View 28
4.1 Displacement Graph For Cycle 1 of Test 30
4.2 Crack Formation In First Cycle of Test 30
4.3 Displacement Graph For Cycle 2 of Test 31
4.4 Crack Formation In 2nd Cycle of Test 31
4.5 Displacement Graph For Cycle 3 of Test 32
4.6 The Increment Length Of Crack During 3rd Cycle
of Test 32
4.7 Displacement Graph For Cycle 4 of Test 33
4.8 Crack Formation In 4th Cycle of Test 33
4.9 Inclinometer Reading For Cycle 1of Test 34
4.10 Inclinometer Reading For Cycle 2 of Test 35
4.11 Inclinometer Reading For Cycle 3 of Test 36
 xii

4.12 Inclinometer Reading For Cycle 4 of Test 37

4.13 Load Cell Position 38
4.14 Load Applied Versus Load Cell A 38
4.15 Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 1 of Test 39
4.16 Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 2 of Test 40
4.17 Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 3 of Test 40
4.18 Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 4 of Test 41
4.19 Load Applied Versus Load Cell C For Cycle 1 of Test 41
4.20 Load Applied Versus Load Cell C For Cycle 2 of Test 42
4.21 Load Applied Versus Load Cell C For Cycle 3 of Test 42
4.22 Load Applied Versus Load Cell C For Cycle 4 of Test 43
4.23 Load Applied Versus Load Cell D For Cycle 1 of Test 43
4.24 Load Applied Versus Load Cell D For Cycle 2 of Test 44
4.25 Load Applied Versus Load Cell D For Cycle 3 of Test 44
4.26 Load Applied Versus Load Cell D For Cycle 4 of Test 45
4.27 Load Applied Versus Load Cell E 45
4.28 Load Applied Versus Load Cell F 46
4.29 Crack At 6 kN Load 47
4.30 Widening of Cracks at R3 48
4.31 Crack At Connection 48
4.32 Crush Formation At Base Of Frame 49
4.33 Crush Formation At Base Of Frame 49
4.34 Crush Formation At Load Applied Location 49
4.35 Instrumental Set up Failure 50
 xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Experimental Setup 54

B Experimental Results 56

C Cracks Records During Experiment 59

D Technical Report And Synopsys 61

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In construction, renovation always become big issue. For hard and heavy
structure modification, it needs big machine and highly skilled worker to perform the
work. In building, the properties and characteristics at its parts plays important roles in
making the structure that can use for extended lifespan. Thus, engineer should
configure an alternatives to make sure the both factor stated above can be combined
and come out with new technologies of construction.

Scientist and engineer have innovate many solution that resulting an

improvement construction industry. Thus, lightweight and lime concrete material
offers reasonable maintenance with many more benefits and advantages to develop the
structure. Some of the advantages are to improve a structural efficiency, easy of
transportation and reduces the dead load of structure. In overall, it reduce the cost of
construction.

The lightweight term are taken from their low density and its low
weight. Less than that, this lead to its drawbacks. Their usage are limited only in
certain condition and situation only. With presence pores, water absorption increases
and make it stay soft and cannot support load.
 2

Industrialized Building System (IBS) is one of the system and method

that used in Malaysia since 1960s with the manufacturing of the building component
are done in factory and controlled environment. IBS are called pre-cast
internationally.

1.2 Problem Statement

As the properties of the material construction are more voided to reduce

weight, the binding properties disappears and low compression strength and initiate
the early failure. The new materials requiring a new test to ensure it reliability before
put into use.

The strength of the fragmented blocks can be improved with the presence of
the bearing support. Thus, the additional of certain material as reinforcement to the
lightweight concrete structure can be improved the assembly strength of structural
system.

This research conduct a test on IBS method with specially designed blockwork
to check a frame strength. With the current trend that faster completion of construction
is needed, IBS is preferable but verification before use for construction is needed.
 3

1.3 Aims and Objective of Study

The aims of this study is to obtain the real behavior of lightweight IBS 3D
structural system. In order to achieve this aims, several objective are set out:
1. To obtain the strength and characteristic of lime concrete, lightweight
block and IBS.
2. To build and produce IBS blockwork structure using lightweight block for
Pushover test.
3. To compare the data from laboratory experimental with frame analysis
method software

1.4 Scope of Study

The scope of study for this research is to test and verify the behavior of the
IBS blockwork method using pushover test procedure. The material used is
lightweight concrete and tie bolts only. IBS blockworks utilize the special shape
blocks and bolts to create a structural system. The verification of the results is made
though the stimulation of Multiframe 4D analysis. Only pushover test are considered
in this research
 4

1.5 Significance of Study

Due to demand of housing, IBS is an attractive choice and need to be re-

invented and improve in quality. Therefore, this research shall prove that IBS
lightweight Blockwork concept is suitable to be use for housing construction.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Each construction material have its own properties that has been optimized its
strength to make sure the material is ready to used. So, engineer has a choice for the
best material to be used into their structure. Lightweight concrete have been used by
most of ancient Rome and with founding of cement, it use was elaborated for
foundation and roof terracing.(Duggal, 2008). With the introduction of IBS in
Malaysia or precast system worldwide, the test have to be conducted. In this study, the
structure was prepared and laboratory tested in controlled condition. The results will
be used to obtain the feasibility of the lightweight material for structural system. The
structure is an assembly of blocks of the lightweight concrete that are arranged to
become one column and frame structural system. The properties and characteristics of
the lightweight material are also tested. This chapter discussed about the lightweight
lime concrete blocks, pre-cast construction method and analysis the structure and
material used.
 6

2.2 Lightweight and lime concrete blocks

This study utilize the material of industrial lime concrete or lightweight

blocks. Lime concrete also sometime called limecrete. This blocks are made from lime
and aggregates. The method used in manufacturing this blocks are an aerated process
and this blocks are called aerated concrete. There are several definition of lime
concrete but the final product of various processed are clearly the same lime concrete
blocks.

2.2.1 Definition

Lime concrete are the material that is made from a mixture of lime, sand and

gravel (aggregates). This material is usual material that normally used in construction

before Portland cement was founded. Thus, it is the mix of hydraulic lime and

lightweight aggregate without the cement in the mixture (Abbott, 2014).

According to Dictionary Of Architecture & Construction (Cossio et al., 2012)

lime concrete is defined as concrete made from a mixture of lime, sand, and gravel.

This are the original material that was used as main constituent before the lime matrix

was replaced by Portland cement materials.

Lightweight blocks are also normally refer to foamed concrete, whereas there

are void inside the blocks. The material used for foamed concrete are cement based
 7

mortar and the amount of air void at least 20% from the volume of blocks. For this

study, material used are lime blocks. (ACI Committee 213, 2010)

To easily understand the lightweight concrete, it can be grouped to 3 method

of manufacturing(Neville & Brooks, 2010),that producing a different outcomes.

1) Porous lightweight aggregate

It has low specific gravity such as lower than 2.6, this type of concrete known as

light weight aggregate concrete

2) Large void

The void produced by air entrainment. This type of concrete known by aerated,

cellular, foamed or gas concrete

3) Omitting the fine aggregate from the mix

The mix will have the large number of interstitial void is present. Normal weight

coarse aggregate usually used and known as no-fines concrete.

Limecrete is a concrete mixture that has large aggregate and uses relatively

pure limestone for the source of lime (Hunter, 2014). So the ordinary manufacturing

usually used hydraulic lime mortar as the material to make limecrete.

Hydraulic lime mortars are formed by burning and slaking chalky limestone

which contains a high silica content that produce stronger bond formations than non-

hydraulic mortars. (McLeod, 2005)

 8

2.2.3 Characteristic And Properties

a) Porosity (Air-Voids) and Permeability

Porosity for concrete is classified as gel pores, capillary pores, macro-pores

due to deliberately entrained air, and macro-pores due to inadequate compaction. The
Permeability is the ability of fluid pass through a porous medium under the action of a
pressure differential and it is a flow property.

Permeability of aerated concrete influenced by their type, size and distribution

of the pores. For aerated concrete, it permeability contributed by the open pores of the
concrete.

b) Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength

Compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete is influenced by density,

age, curing method and mix proportion. A concrete with density of 500kg/m3 it show
that its strength is 12 to 14 MPa.

In other study, density of concrete that is of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of
foam is 2040 kg/m3, 1820 kg/m3, 1810 kg/m3, and 1470 kg/m3 respectively. So, it
seen that the density of the foamed concrete affected by their foam contain in mixture.

For splitting strength, the flexural strength are depend on the age of the
material. It shows that age of concrete will give the flexural strength in average 2.01
MPa while in one year give the value of 8.01 MPa.

c) Water absorption

Water absorption of aerated concrete is important as the material has many air
voids. According to some research, (Breu, Guggenbichler, & Wollmann, 2008), it
 9

shows that 75% and 50% of foam gives the amount of 3.31% and 2.45% of water
absorption respectively.

Logically, aerated lightweight concrete are porous and will have higher water
absorption compared to the normal concrete. However it can be avoided if autoclave
curing is used (Short, 1978).

2.3 Pre-Cast Construction and IBS

In this study, the structure that build is using precast system and method. The
component used are lime lightweight concrete block.

The Industrialized Building System or IBS are one of the construction system
used in Malaysia. Internationally, it was called precast or prefabricated. This
system promotes the construction system whereas the structure component of the
building are fabricate and manufactured in factory or somewhere else except the
construction site. Then, the component are transported to site and assembled till it
become structure.

The advantages of this system are the construction site only require less labor
worker to do construction work as the component are manufactured at factory. Then,
the site will be more clean and tidy. The wastage also become lesser and quality
control and assurance of project will be better. The mass production of the component
in this method of construction especially the building of large building or mass
amount of building will contribute the cost be low and time period of construction
shorten. (Brzev & Guevara-perez, n.d.)

There are several categories of precast construction the practiced in industry.

They are large-panel system, frame system, slab-column system with walls and mixed
system.
 10

Precast frame can be constructed using bilinear element or spatial- column

subassemblies. The connection between beam and column are hinges joints or
sometimes rigid (Brzev & Guevara-perez, n.d.) . The type of component used are
external beams and external column. Internal column is the shape of column is
symmetrical in all directions. This study is about creating the frame action using a
block components.

2.4 Structural Strength

Strength of the structure depends upon material properties. The strength of a

material depends on its capacity to resist axial stress, shear stress, bending, and
torsion. A structure is consider fails when the strength criterion that is stress exerted
by the loading is greater than the capacity of the structural material can resist without
breaking. This study testing the mortarless block system using pushover test method.

2.4.1 Mortarless Block System

Mortarless blocks system are the system whereas the relation between each
component is not utilizing mortar as a binder. The mortar that usually used in industry
are such as cement-sand mortar or lime mortar. For mortarless system, the structure is
build using interlocking system and reinforced their joint using steel or cable.

According to research conducted by Jaafar et. .al, (2006) the behavior of

mortarless interlocking block is depend on joint behavior. The material of block used
 11

are cement concrete block. This shows that the important factor in building
interlocking block structure is the condition and shape of joint between blocks.

2.4.2 Push Over Test

Push over test is the time independent test whereas the structure such as
column or frame is been pushed horizontally at several cycle. This test is replicate the
situation in earth quake loading or seismic loading. This test will giving the result of
structure performance by estimating strength and deformation. The result obtain is
expected cannot be obtain from elastic, dynamic and static analysis.

Pushover or nonlinear static analysis is the used procedure for evaluation of

the seismic response of the buildings, since it allows to capture the inelastic capacity
in displacements, which plays the essential role for ultimate limit (life preservation)
state. The analysis is made using an incremental-iterative procedure, which allows to
predict the base shear-displacement response (capacity curve) and to simulate the
damage evolution in the individual elements. The structure is in a first stage submitted
to the vertical loading, and then the analysis proceeds with horizontal loading
replicating the seismic loading.(Marques, Rui; Loureno, 2012)

Pushover analysis allows tracing the sequence of yielding and failure on

member and structural level as the progression of failure in overall of the structure.
Generally, it is to obtain the critical response parameters imposed on structural system
and its components as predicted by nonlinear dynamic analysis.
 12

To be specific, the purpose of pushover test is (Krawinkler & Seneviratna,

1998):

1) estimates of displacement of structure along the height

2) determination of force demands on brittle members, such as axial force

demands on columns, moment demands on beam-column connections

3) determination of deformation for ductile members

4) identification of location of weak points in the structure

5) consequences of strength deterioration of individual members on the behavior

of structural system

6) identification of strength node in plan or elevation that will lead to changes in

dynamic characteristics in the inelastic range

7) verification of the completeness and adequacy of load path Pushover

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 General

This chapter, the method that performed to gain the results of lightweight
frame. The test that conducted is push-over test and lightweight material characteristic
testing. In this research, the objective is to study the behavior of the mortarless precast
frame with using lightweight block material. IBS blockwork system is the product of
UTM inventor (Marsono & Masine, 2016). The lightweight block characteristic will
be compared to the characteristic of the ordinary Portland cement concrete. All the test
and procedure was conducted using UTM structure laboratory testing facility. All
standard lime lightweight concrete blocks that received from manufacturer with
dimension 200x600x100 (mm) was fabricated and trimmed according to the shape and
structure that need to be tested. Then, the trimmed block will be arranged to become
frame structure and reinforced to make the structure is stiff. Then, the structure
constructed was tested using pushover test together with the equipment to obtain the
data throughout the test. To compare with the normal concrete, the characteristic of
lime lightweight concrete will be tested using standard procedure. The observation
and analysis was done after the test. The pushover test was tested according to the
standard of FEMA 461, an established specification. After data analysis, conclusion
and recommendation are made. The methodology of the study is summarized in
Figure 3.1.
 14

PRELIMINARY STUDY STAGE

Definition of the problems
Choosing title
Finding problem statement LITERITURE
Identify purpose of study REVIEW
Identify objective and scope of
study

PREPARATION OF STRUCTURE
TESTING OF MATERIAL Trimming and drill the lightweight
Cube test block according to its shape

STRUCTURAL TEST NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Pushover test MULTIFRAME 4D

PRELIMINARY STUDY STAGE

Graph and diagram
CONCLUSION AND Analysis
RECOMENDATION Structural behavior observation

Figure 3.1: Methodology of Research

 15

3.2 Material of Lightweight/Lime Blocks Concrete

The material used in this study is lime concrete blocks. This material are also
called lightweight blocks or autoclave aerated concrete. The material was
manufactured using aerated method and material is lime. This block was
manufactured in an industrial factory.

The block was stored in room condition at Structure Laboratory UTM. It is to

make sure that the blocks is in temperature and humidity that not affecting the
condition of the quality of the blocks.

The original uncut industrial block used is in dimension of 100x200x600mm.

The trimming of blocks to make the shape of structure planned was made using
ordinary hand cutting tools of wood saw and fine file. The tool used is curved saw and
fine filler. The hole that for reinforcement is drilled using workshop stand driller.

3.2.1 Sampling

Preparing the frame structure using mortarless lime concrete blocks is the main
scope in this study. The purpose of the test is to test the behavior of this structural
strength to bearing the lateral load.
 16

Figure 3.2: Mortarless Lime Concrete Frame

3.2.2 Cutting Of The Blocks

The factory manufactured block need to be trim into the shape of the blocks to
form the structure. The traditional method is used to cut the blocks using wood saw
and woof file.

3.2.3 Column Preparation

First, the component that need to be shaped is column cruciform shape as the
3d shape. Using marker, the 600mm length blocks is marked to be cut into 3 part. Two
part is the perfect square dimension that is 200x200mm. Another one part was kept for
another project.
 17

After the block is marked, the saw is used to cut the block. The block is
clamped using the wooden clamp to make sure the cutting is straight and neat. Unused
wooden block is placed below the lime block to make sure the block is level for more
effective cutting. The block was file to make sure the finished products is neat

After the cruciform shape is completed, the hole for reinforcement is needed.
The hole was located and marked for vertical drilling through the block.

In this project, the number of cruciform block shape needed is 10 pieces. So,
this procedure is repeated for 10 times.

3.2.4 Beam Preparation

Beam is needed to form the frame structure that connect to the column. In this
study, the number beam needed is 2 pieces. It located is at the bottom and at the top of
the structure. The beam size is 600x200x100mm.

To make sure the beam and column is affect through the column,a mortise
needed. Using the saw, the size of 200x200mm mortise is cut at the edge of the beam
and then finished using filler.

To make reinforcement line, the U drain shape line is constructed using ruler
and saw. The frame structure was then arrange and assembled.
 18

3.3 Testing Of the Frame

3.3.1 Pushover Test

Pushover test an analysis can be performed as either force-controlled or

displacement- controlled depending on the physical nature of the load and the
behavior expected from the structure. Force-controlled option is useful when the load
is known and the structure is expected to be able to support the lateral load.
Displacement- controlled procedure should be used when specified drifts are, related
the magnitude of the applied load is not known in advance, or when the structure can
be expected to lose strength or become unstable. Some computer programs can model
nonlinear behavior and perform pushover analysis directly to obtain capacity curve for
two and/or three dimensional models of the structure. When such programs are not
available or the available computer programs could not perform pushover analysis
directly, a series of sequential elastic analyses are performed and superimposed to
determine a force- displacement curve of the overall structure.

A displacement-controlled pushover analysis is basically composed of the

following steps:

1. A three dimensional model that represents the overall structural

behavior is created.
2. Bilinear or trilinear load-deformation diagrams of all important
members that affect lateral response are defined.
3. All apparatus that is inclinometer, load cell, and linear variable
differential transformer (LVDT) is placed at suitable location at the
sample.
4. Load is applies at the rooftop of the structure until the LVDT reading
reaches at the desired displacement.
5. All the measures reading are recorded manually and using data logger.
 19

6. Then the load increased from 1 to 2, 3, and 4 mm displacement from

LVDT reading and step 5 are repeated.
7. Inclinometer reading, laser displacement, and LVDT reading is
recorded.
8. Step 5 and step 6 are repeated until the LVDT value reaches zero.
9. Then the load are released until step as value of increase displacement
and step 5 are repeated.
10. Step 4 to 8 are repeated at the different direction and one cycle is
considered complete.
11. Second cycle is done by increase the increment of displacement of 2, 4,
6 and 8 mm by repeating step 4 to 9.
12. Third cycle is increment of 4, 8,12and 16 mm and fourth cycle is
increment of 8, 16, 24 and 32 mm.

Figure 3.3: Pushover Test

 20

3.3.2 Compressive Cube Test

The cube of size 80mmx80mm was prepared with 3 identical specimen.

Compressive strength test for block was carried out according to BS 6073:1981. The
compressive strength was determined without knowing the age of production. As for
lime concrete is no standard specified, it is assume the lime is in optimum
performance. Prior to testing, the specimens were shaped and tested using ELE
international ADR 2000 hydraulic press with a capacity of 2000 KN. The loading rate
of 14.8 KN/s is used. To ensure a uniform bearing, thin plywood sheets were placed
between the block during testing to take up the irregularities. The maximum load
carried by the specimens was recorded. To calculate the compressive strength of the
material, formula used is as follows:
fm = P/A
Where:

fm = compressive strength in psi or [MPa],

P = total maximum load in lbf or [N], and

A = area of loaded surface in2 or [mm2].

 21

Figure 3.4: Compression Machine in UTM

3.4 Multiframe 4D Analysis

Multiframe provides linear and non-linear analysis, static and dynamic options
and buckling calculations. These analysis options are complimented by a full range of
analysis-related modelling tools like master-slave, prescribed displacements, spring,
thermal effects, offset members and additional masses.
 22

3.4.1 Modelling Procedure

3.4.1.1 Setup Drawing Grid

After entering Multiframe program, modelling is drawn the shape

using the grid function. Select view>grid and dialogue box will appear. The
spacing of x, y, z direction of the grid can be setup as shown in Figures 3.5

Figure 3.5: Setup drawing grid

3.4.1.2 Defining the Geometry

To draw the new line, select add member and the cursor will change
the drawing mode. Besides that, extrude commend are useful to extend any
point to desire location. Select frame>extrude and the dialogue box od
extrude consist x, y, and z direction length will appear as shown in Figure 3.6
 23

Figure 3.6: Extrude from the joints

3.4.1.3 Defining The Constrain

Defining the constrain is done by selecting the point and assigns the
support condition as fixed support, pinned support or no support or no restrain.
For the models, a fixed support is selected at the bars of the structural system
as shown in Figure 3.7

Figure 3.7: Constrain of structure

 24

3.4.1.4 Defining Section Properties

Section maker are the program that run separately from Multiframe
modelling program. The section properties are created in the section maker
will need to be install and then loaded on to the Multiframe modelling
program.to add the material of the structure open the section maker
applications and after that select material>add material and the dialogue
shown in Figure 3.8 will appear.

Figure 3.8: Adding material properties

In this study, two type of material are used that is autoclave aerated
concrete (AAC) block and steel as bolt. The characteristic of the material are
shown in Table 4.1
 25

Table 4.1: Material Properties For Frame Analysis Input

Item Values
Lightweight Characteristic strength, f 3.1N/mm2
block Density 258.3kg/m3
Elastic modulus, E 2583.3kN/mm2
Poissons ratio 0.2
Thermal coefficient 11E-6/C
Bolt (steel) Characteristic strength, f 460N/mm2
Density of 7865kg/m3
Elastic modulus, E 200kN/mm2
Poissons ratio 0.3
Thermal coefficient 11E-6/C

In order to model the IBS Blockwork system, the shape of cross

sectional area must be drawn on the section maker program before the type of
the material can be added. The shape can be divided into several group by
creating the new group. In section maker, select section>add group and enter
the desired name such as center column, bolt or base. Every shape that has
been created can be install on that group. To add materials on the shape, select
material>select material and choose the material listed on the dialogue box.
Lastly to install the shape, select shape>install and the dialogue of new section
will appear. The shape can be install to selected group. Figures 3.9 and 3.10
show the select material and new section dialogue box.
 26

Figure 3.9: Selecting material

Figure 3.10: Creating new section

 27

3.4.2 Defining The Loads

In this test, the load that will be assign is point load, the point load will act on
the top of the column in one direction in various values according to value
obtained in lab test. By using Multiframe, to define the load, the load window
must be open first. After that select global point load and insert the load
values.

3.4.3 Multiframe 4D Modelling

All frame line must be drawn according to the proposed real frame
structure. Besides that, the shape also need to be assigned for every single line.
The 3D structure frame structure can be view by rendering the frame structure.
Figures 3.11 and 3.12 show the IBS structure before and after rendering

Figure 3.11: IBS structure before rendering

 28

Figure 3.12: IBS structure in rendered view

 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter discuss about the result of laboratory experimental testing and
analysis of blockwork frame structure using Multiframe 4D software. Only, static
analysis in Multiframe is performed. The result from laboratory test and Multiframe
4D software is compared. The parameter that consider in this analysis is load versus
rooftop displacement, rooftop inclinometer rotation, and tension of column
reinforcement and displacement of movement along column. The positive value of the
force shows the direction of load is toward right direction while negative is toward left
direction.
 30

4.2 Load and Rooftop Displacement

0.8
0.6
0.4
Deflection , mm 0.2
0
LAB LVDT READING
-5 -0.2 0 5
MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Force,kN

Figure 4.1: Displacement graph for cycle 1 of test

Figure 4.2: crack formation in first cycle of test

Figure 4.1, observed that the Multiframe analyses for the structure behave
elastically under gradually increase of load to up to 0.7 kN. The similar condition
shows in experimental testing where graph is almost linear and at the end of the cycle,
it approaching its original position that shows that the structure is acting elastically.
The reduction of value of deflection and force in between -0.2 kN to -0.5 kN due to
small cracking of column. Crack is shown in Figure 4.2. The difference value of
deflection at initial and final reading shows that the in-plane movement was happened.
 31

2
1.5
1

Deflection, mm
0.5
0 LAB LVDT READING
-10 -5 -0.5 0 5 10 MULTIFRAME 4D
-1
-1.5
-2
Force, kN

Figure 4.3: Displacement graph for cycle 2 of test

Figure 4.4: Crack formation in 2nd cycle of test

 32

deflection, mm
1

0 LAB LVDT READING

-20 -10 0 10 20 MULTIFRAME 4D
-1

-2

-3
Load , kN

Figure 4.5: Displacement graph for cycle 3 of test

Figure 4.6: The increment length of crack during 3rd cycle of test

Figures 4.2 and 4.3 shows the same pattern of data where the maximum load
recorded in experiment are 2.8 kN with deflection of 16 mm. The Multiframe 4D
analyze the linear graph of elastically with load of 2.2kN, roof top deflection of 5mm.
Experimental data also shows the same characteristic of movement to Multiframe
data. In-plane movement and crack also happened in both cycle.
 33

DEFLECTION,MM
1

0
-40 -20 0 20 LAB LVDT READING
-1
MULTIFRAME 4D
-2

-3

-4
FORCE,KN

Figure 4.7: Displacement graph for cycle 4 of test

Figure 4.8: Crack formation in 4nd cycle of test

Figure 4.4 shows the linear and elastic characteristic of structure. For
experimental results, the test was stop at 15 mm displacement because the testing
apparatus failure. Various crack happened in this cycle and 16 kN of load is recorded
before the test was stopped.

4.3 Load and rooftop rotation

In the laboratory test, inclinometer was placed on the top of both column to
measure the rotation of the frame. The rotation was read in degree and both column
experience a different rotation. First column is the left column and second column is
right column.
 34

1
Left Column

Deflection, degree
0.5
LAB INCLINOMETER
0 READING
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.5

-1
Force, kN

(a)
0.8
0.6 Right Column
deflection, degree

0.4
0.2
LAB INCLINOMETER
0
READING
-0.4 -0.2 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
-0.4 MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.6
-0.8
-1
force,kN

(b)
Figure 4.9: Inclinometer reading for cycle 1 of test

In Figure 4.9, Multiframe analyze that the frame in elastic state with linear
value increment. Laboratory test shows that the column inclines in almost linear line.
The unusual values shows that the cracking starting to produce and effecting the frame
structure.
 35

1.5
Left Column
1

deflection, degree
0.5
0 LAB INCLINOMETER
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 READING
-0.5
MULTIFRAME 4D
-1
-1.5
-2
force, kN

(a)

1.5
1 Right Column
deflection,gegree

0.5
0 LAB INCLINOMETER
-0.5 0 0.5 1 READING
-0.5
MULTIFRAME 4D
-1
-1.5
-2
force, kN

(b)
Figure 4.10: Inclinometer reading for cycle 2 of test
 36

2 Left Column
deflection, degree 1
LAB INCLINOMETER
0 READING
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 MULTIFRAME 4D
-1

-2

-3
force, kN

(a)

2 Right Column
deflection , degree

1
LAB INCLINOMETER
0 READING
-2 -1 0 1 2 MULTIFRAME 4D
-1

-2

-3
force, kn

(b)
Figure 4.11: Inclinometer reading for cycle 3 of test
 37

3
2 Left Column

deflection, degree
1
0 LAB INCLINOMETER
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 READING
-1
MULTIFRAME 4D
-2
-3
-4
force kN

(a)

3
2
Right Column
deflection, degree

1
0 LAB INCLINOMETER
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 READING
-1
MULTIFRAME 4D
-2
-3
-4
force, kN

(b)
Figure 4.12: Inclinometer reading for cycle 4 of test

Figures 4.10, 4.11 and 4.12 show that Multiframe analyze that the rooftop
inclines elastically. Lab experiment data also shows that rooftop is inclined elastically
and the inclined rooftop is back not far from its original position.
 38

4.4 Load and Tension Of Column Reinforcement

Load cell was placed on the column reinforcement. Load cell is estimating the
tension value on the bolt as the reinforcement of column. The tension in reinforcement
is showing the internal stress inside the column. The position of the load cell is shown
in Figure 4.13

Load Load
cell B cell D

Load Load
cell E cell F
Load
cell C
Load
cell A

Figure 4.13: Load cell position

Load Cell A

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
load , kN

MULTIFRAME 4D
0
-0.01-0.5 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 LAB LOADCELL
-1 READING
-1.5
-2
-2.5
LOADCELL READING, kNt

Figure 4.14: Load applied versus load cell A

 39

In Figure 4.14, the lab load cell reading shows zero values. This shows that the
instrument has the calibration problems that make the tension reading of the
reinforcement is not achieve its minimum load value. In Multiframe 4d analysis, the
tension in both positive represent that this section of column is always have
compression in any direction of load.in Multiframe analysis, with load of 2.2 kN, load
compression inside the member is 0.045 kN.

Load Cell B

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
load , kN

LAB LOADCELL
0 READING
-0.05-0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
LOADCELL READING, kN

Figure 4.15: load applied versus load cell B for cycle 1 of test

Figure 4.15 shows that lab load cell reading is little messy because the load
cell is too sensitive and the messy data shows that many in-plane movement happened
inside the column that affecting the load cell reading. For Multiframe analysis, the
value is always positive means the column is always subjected to compression force.
 40

1.5

0.5
load , kN LAB LOADCELL
0 READING
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
LOADCELL READING, kN

Figure 4.16: Load applied versus load cell B for cycle 2 of test

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
load , kN

LAB LOADCELL
0
READING
-0.4 -0.2 -0.5 0 0.2 0.4
MULTIFRAME 4D
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
LOADCELL READING, kN

Figure 4.17: Load applied versus load cell B for cycle 3 of test
 41

load , kN 0 LAB LOADCELL

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 READING
-1 MULTIREAME 4D
-2

-3

-4
LOADCELL READING, kN

Figure 4.18: Load applied versus load cell B for cycle 4 of test

Load Cell C

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
load , kN

0 LAB LOADCELL
READING
-1 -0.5 -0.2 0 0.5
MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.19: Load applied versus load cell C for cycle 1 of test

Figure 4.19 shows Multiframe analyze the internal force in in linear values and
constant increment. The lab load cell reading shows the direction and increment of
internal force is in same direction as analyze by Multiframe. The value is stop at 0.3
kN showing the load cell load limit is at 0.3 kN.
 42

1.5

0.5
load , kN
LAB LOADCELL
0 READING
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.5

-1

-1.5
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.20: load applied versus load cell C for cycle 2 of test

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
load , kN

LAB LOADCELL
0
READING
-2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2
-1 MULTIFRAME 4D
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.21: load applied versus load cell C for cycle 3 of test
 43

load , kN 0 LAB LOADCELL

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 READING
-1
MULTIFRAME 4D
-2

-3

-4
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.22: load applied versus load cell C for cycle 4 of test

For Figures 4.20, 4.21 and 4.22, the increment of load cell reading in right
direction is almost same as Multiframe analyze. In left direction whereas the column
part experiencing compression force, the load cell reading remains at 0.1 kN because
load cell reading are limited to that value.

Load Cell D

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
load , kN

0 LAB LOADCELL
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 READING
-0.2
MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.23: Load applied versus load cell D for cycle 1 of test
 44

As in load cell C, Figure 4.23 shows that Multiframe analyze that the center
part of the column experiencing compression in any direction of load with the
increment is greater on left direction.in lab experiment, the graph shows that in right
direction, the load cell reads that the part of column experiencing tension. From
Multiframe analysis, the load applied of 0.8 kN will make the member experiencing
compression of 0.25 kN.

1.5

0.5
load , kN

LAB LOADTEST
0 READING
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 MULTIFRAME 4D
-0.5

-1

-1.5
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.24: Load applied versus load cell D for cycle 2 of test

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
load , kN

LAB LOADCELL
0
READING
-1.5 -1 -0.5 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1 MULTIFRAME 4D
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.25: Load applied versus load cell D for cycle 3 of test
 45

2
load , kN 1

0 LAB LOADCELL
-2 -1 0 1 READING
-1
MULTIFRAME 4D
-2

-3

-4
loadcell reading, kN

Figure 4.26: Load applied versus load cell D for cycle 4 of test

For Figures 4.23, 4.24 and 4.25, the Multiframe shows that the center location
of the column is experiencing compression. While lab experiment show that the
column experiencing tension when load in left direction.

Load Cell E

1
load , kN

0
-5 0 5 10 15 LAB LOADCELL READING
-1 MULTIFRAME 4D

-2

-3

-4
Loadcell Reading, kN

Figure 4.27: Load applied versus load cell E

 46

From Figure 4.27, the load is applied gradually up to 2.0 kN and reduced to
zero. Lab experiment data shows that the load cell experiencing error in reading of
load cell where they are constant on 8.9 kN. While the data which the load cell is in
good condition shows that the values is almost the same as the value that analyzed by
the Multiframe.

Load Cell F

1
load , kN

0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 LAB LOADCELL READING
-1 MULTIFRAME 4D

-2

-3

-4
Ladcell Reading, kN

Figure 4.28: Load applied versus load cell F

In figure 4.28 show that the reading of the load cell at second beam at center
location. Multiframe analyze that the center part of the beam experiencing
compression at any direction of load with the load cell reading up to 1 kN. While in
lab experiment, the load cell reading is below 0.1 kN and has tension value of -0.2 kN.
 47

4.6 Failure Mechanism

From the cube sample test, the ultimate compressive stress of lightweight
concrete block is 3.1 MPa at load of 17.44kN. It indicate that the lightweight concrete
has low strength compared to bolt connection used that result in the formation of
crack.

In the experimental, all crack history was recorded and marked with its
identical applied load.

4.6.1 Crack

Figure 4.29 shows that the crack formation when the lateral load applied
reaches 6 kN. The cracks is located at column marked R3 and R4 that is located at
right column and racing right direction. Then the crack getting wider at 16 mm
displacement.

Figure 4.29: Crack at 6 kN load

 48

Figure 4.30: Widening of cracks at R3

Figure 4.31 shows that the crack located at the connection at applied load of 3
kN and and getting wider when load applied is at -3 kN.

Figure 4.31: Crack at connection

4.6.2 Crush

The failure mechanism of crush is when the loads is exerted to the member
more than it can resist in compression. Crush formation is happened at the base of the
frame in both column and at the location where point load was exerted. Figures 4.32
and 4.33 shows that the crush formation observed when load reaches 32 kN. Figure
4.34 shows that the crush happened at location of point load when load reaches 8 kN.
 49

Figure 4.32: Crush formation at base of frame

Figure 4.33: Crush formation at base of frame

Figure 4.34: Crush formation at load applied location

 50

4.6.3 Testing instrument failure

In this experiment, the instrument used has some flaw where the bolt used to
transfer the load from hydraulic jack to the structure is displaced and bended and
make the load levels on the frame structure is not in similar. The bending of the bolt
make the hydraulic jack platform and the bolt is not really perpendicular and make the
hydraulic jack is fail to at certain force. Figure 4.35 shows the failure of the
instrument at 32 kN in left direction of load.

Figure 4.35: Instrumental set up failure

 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Through the research carried out, 3D IBS lightweight block frame has been set
in lab and tested. The result is compared to Multiframe 4D structure analysis software
in order to achieve the objectives as stated in Chapter 1.

6.1 Conclusion

This research is aims to observe and study the behavior of the IBS Blockwork
frame under lateral forces that represent the pushover test. The analysis performed can
be used to improve the structure of the IBS and increase the safety of the structure.

From the test performed, the values of deflection at the rooftop and
inclinometer reading in is smaller and load cell reading is higher in comparison to
analysis compared to the result obtained in laboratory test due to unreal elastic nature
 52

in software analysis. The imperfect casting of the block contribute to the strength of
the whole structure. The defect of the blockwork affect the analysis and reduction
creating uncertainty to the analysis.

Table 6.1: Summary of experimental and analysis

Applied Laboratory Multiframe 4D

Load(kN) Reading Analysis
Rooftop 2.2 24 mm 6.3mm
displacement(mm)
Rooftop Rotation 2.2 2.2 degree 0.223 degree
Loadcell A 2.2 0 0.044 kN
Loadcell B 2.2 0.1 kN 0.044 kN
Loadcell C 2.2 1.4 kN 2.5 kN
Loadcell D 2.2 1.4 kN 0.87 kN
Loadcell E 2.2 8.6kN 2.14 kN
Loadcell F 2.2 0.1 kN 0.87 kN

6.3 Recommendation

From the experimental test conducted in the laboratory shows that IBS
construction method and testing need to farther elaborate in research in the laboratory
especially at non-linear state of analysis. An aerated blockwork alone is simply too
soft for a structure system. The value of compressive strength of the IBS blockworks
shall be increased in the perpetual concrete mixes. An additional of steel on plastic of
steel fiber in concrete mixes on simply reinforcing the lightweight blocks with mesh
an individual bars may be proposed in other research.
 REFERENCES

Abbott, T. (2014). Limecrete Faq. Retrieved From Http://Limecrete.Co.Uk/Limecrete-

Faq/
ACI Committee 213. (2010). Guide For Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete
Reported By Aci Committee 213, 138.
Breu, F., Guggenbichler, S., & Wollmann, J. (2008). Study Of Lightweight Concrete
Behaviour. Vasa.
Brzev, S., & Guevara-Perez, T. (N.D.). Precast Concrete Construction. British
Columbia Institute Of Technology, Canada.
Cossio, M. L. T., Giesen, L. F., Araya, G., Prez-Cotapos, M. L. S., Vergara, R. L.,
Manca, M., Hritier, F. (2012). Dictionary Of Architecture & Construction.
The Mcgraw-Hill Companies (Vol. Xxxiii). Http://Doi.Org/10.1007/S13398-014-
0173-7.2
Douglas Kent. (2015). Spab Briefing: Lime. (R. Hunt, Ed.). The Society For The
Protection Of Ancient Buildings.
Duggal, S. K. (2008). Building Materials (Third Revi). Allahabad: New Age
International (P) Limited.
Hamad, A. J. (2014). Materials, Production, Properties And Application Of Aerated
Lightweight Concrete: Review. International Journal Of Materials Science And
Engineering, 2(2), 152157. Http://Doi.Org/10.12720/Ijmse.2.2.152-157
Marques, Rui; Loureno, P. B. (2012). Pushover Seismic Analysis Of Quasi-Static
Tested Confined Masonry Buildings Through Simplified Model, (Figure 2).
Mcleod, R. S. (2005). Ordinary Portland Cement With Extraordinarily High Co2
Emissions. What Can Be Done To Reduce Them? Bff Autumn 2005, 3033.
Neville, A. M., & Brooks, J. J. (2010). Concrete Technology Second Edition.
Marsono A.K and Masine M. T.(2016). A Building Assembly System Patent Panding,
March 2016, MyIPO UI20167 00916
 Appendix A

Experimental Setup

Setting up for test

 55

Trimming process

Shape of cruciform for column

 Appendix B

Experimental results

Inclinometer right left

Rooftop Displacement Column
(mm)
A B Load LVDT LVDT LC A LC B LC C LC D LC E LC F
1 2
Degree Degree KN MM MM KN KN KN KN KN KN
Direction Direction
1st Cyclic
Initial 0.9 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0
1 0.9 1.4 0.2 -1 0.93 0 0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0
2 1 1.4 0.3 -2 1.82 0 0 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0
3 1.1 1.3 0.5 -3 2.8 0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.9 0
4 1.2 1.2 0.6 -4 3.74 0 0 -0.2 0.1 0.2 0
3 1.2 1.2 0.1 -2.93 2.85 0 0 -0.2 0 8.6 0
2 1.1 1.3 0 -2 1.95 0 0.1 -0.1 0 8.6 0
1 - -
0.35 0.8 (reset)0.2 0.5 2.89 -3.2 0 0.2 0.1 -0.2 -0.2 0
-1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.7 -1 0 0 0 0 8.6 0
-2 0.7 0.05 0.4 1.96 -2.04 0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 8.6 0
-3 0.6 0 0.5 2.8 -3.05 0 0.2 0.1 -0.1 0.6 0
 57

-4 0.6 0.1 0.7 3.64 -4.01 0 0.2 0.1 -0.2 -0.2 0

-3 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.93 -2.61 0 0.2 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0
-2 0.7 0.1 0.1 1.38 -1.96 0 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0
-1 0.8 0.2 0 0.73 -1.15 0 0.2 0 -0.1 -0.1 0
2nd Cyclic
0 0.9 0.3 0 -0.27 0.3 0 0.1 0 -0.1 0 0
2 1 0.5 0.3 -2 1.97 0 0.2 -0.1 0 0.4 0
4 1.2 0.6 0.7 -4.02 4.08 0 0 -0.2 0 8.6 0
6 1.3 0.8 1.1 -6.01 6.45 0 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 8.6 0.1
8 1.5 0.9 1.1 -8.01 8.53 0 0.2 -0.5 -0.2 8.6 0.1
6 1.4 0.9 0.4 -6.06 6.83 0 0.2 -0.4 -0.3 8.6 0.1
4 1.2 0.8 0.1 -3.83 4.84 0 0.2 -0.2 -0.3 8.6 0.1
2 1 0.6 -0.1 -2.87 3.92 0 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 8.6 0.1
0 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.52 0 0 0.2 0.1 -0.3 8.6 0.1
-2 0.7 0.1 0.4 2.2 -2 0 0.3 0.1 -0.3 8.6 0
-4 0.5 0.1 0.7 3.91 -4 0 0.4 0.1 -0.4 8.6 0
-6 0.4 0.2 1 5.63 -6 0 0.4 0.1 -0.6 8.6 0
-8 0.3 0.5 1.3 7.45 -8.01 0 0.5 0.1 -0.7 8.6 0
-6 0.3 0.4 0.5 5.31 -6.02 0 0.4 0.1 -0.7 8.6 0
-4 0.5 0.1 0.2 3.52 -4.05 0 0.4 0.1 -0.6 8.6 0
-1.2 0.7 0.1 0 1.03 -1.22 0 0.4 0.1 -0.4 8.6 0.1
3rd Cyclic
0.5 0.9 0.4 0 -0.67 1.04 0 -0.3 0 -0.4 8.6 0.1
4 1.2 0.6 0.4 -4 4.23 0 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 8.6 0.1
8 1.4 0.9 1 -8 8.14 0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 8.6 0.1
12 1.7 1.3 1.4 -12.01 12.15 0 -0.2 -0.7 -0.8 8.6 0
16 2.2 1.8 1.8 -16 16.18 0 -0.2 -1 -1 8.6 0
 58

12 1.9 1.7 0.6 -12.09 12.7 0 0.1 -0.7 -1.2 8.6 0

8 1.6 1.2
3 1 0.6 0 -3.09 3.61 0 0.2 0 -0.8 8.6 0.1
0 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.22 -0.02 0 0.1 0.1 -0.8 8.6 0.1
-4 0.5 0.05 0.7 3.61 -4.01 0 0.1 0.1 -1 8.6 0.1
-8 0.2 0.5 1.2 7.42 -8 0 0.1 0.1 -1.1 8.6 0
-12 0.05 0.8 1.8 11.61 -12 0 0.2 0.1 -1.3 8.6 -0.1
-16 0.2 1.2 14.7 15.82 -16 0 0.2 0.1 -1.3 8.6 -0.1
-12
-8 0.5 0.4 0.1 6.2 -7.9 0 0.3 0.1 -1.1 8.6 0
-5 0.7 0.1 0 3.69 -4.95 0 0.3 0.1 -1 8.6 0.1
4th Cyclic
0 1 0.4 0.1 -0.02 -0.5 0 0.4 -0.1 -1.1 8.6 0.1
8 1.5 1.1 0.7 -8 7.59 0 0.5 -0.6 -1.6 8.6 0.1
16 2.2 1.7 1.7 -16 15.68 0 0.3 -1.1 -1.7 8.6 0
24 2.8 2.4 2.2 -24.01 23.99 0 0.1 -1.4 -2 8.6 -0.1
32 3.3 3 2.3 -32 32.2 0 -0.2 -1.7 -2.4 8.6 -0.2
24 2.5 2.4 0.8 -24.19 24.18 0 0 -1.1 -2.5 8.6 -0.1
16 1.9 1.9 0.2 -16.03 16.45 0 0.2 -0.5 -2.4 8.6 0.1
8 1.3 1.2 0 -8.04 9.47 0 0 0 -2.2 8.6 0.2
0 0.6 0.4 0.3 1.23 0 0 0.1 0.1 -2.2 8.6 0.2
-8 0.05 0.6 1.1 8.91 -8.01 0 0 0.1 -2.3 8.6 0.1
-16 0.4 1.3 18.9 17.53 -16.05 0 0.1 0.1 -2.3 8.6 -0.1
 Appendix C

Cracks Records during Experiment

Inclinometer
Rooftop Displacement Crack Remarks
(mm)

Column Column Beam

Direction Direction A B
1st Cyclic
Initial R2,L7 R3
1
2 R7
3
4 L7
3 R7
2 R7
1
0.35
-1
-2
-3 R7
-4
-3
-2
-1
2nd Cyclic
0
2
4 L7
6 R4,R3
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8 L7
-6
-4
 60

-1.2
3rd Cyclic
0.5
4
8
12
16 L2 R2
12 R1 R2
8
3 R7
0
-4
-8
-12 R4
-16 R4,R3.L4 R7.L4.L3
-12 R1
-8
-5
4th Cyclic
0
8
16
24 R2
32 L6,R6,L7 R1,R2
24 R7,R1,R2 R7,L1
16
8
0
-8 L1
-16 L1
 Appendix E

Technical Report and Synopsys

PUSHOVER TEST OF BLOCKWORK

MORTARLESS LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE
Muhammad Hazim Bin Din, Associate Professor Dr. Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono

Abstract: The aims of this study is to obtain the behavior of lightweight IBS system. The material used is lime
concrete or lightweight concrete. To improve the characteristic of material, certain shape are fabricated and
bolted. The sample of the structure was trimmed using saw and drill .The testing was conducted at UTM lab
facility. The data obtained was analyzed and compare with Multiframe 4D software. The structure was installed
in pre-cast method whereas each blocks of the lightweight blocks are arranged to become one column and
frame structure. The properties and characteristics of the lightweight material also was tested. As the result, the
values of displacement at the rooftop and inclination in is smaller in analysis compared to the result obtained in
laboratory test. The imperfect casting of the block contribute to the lack of strength of the whole structure

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In constructions, renovation of certain structure become big issue. For hard and heavy
structure, it needs big machine and highly skilled worker to perform the modification. In
structure, the properties and characteristics plays important roles in securing the structure to
maintain the use for extended designed lifespan. Thus, engineer should configure an
alternatives innovations to make sure the both factor stated above can be combined and come
out with new technologies.

The lightweight concrete are low in density and its low weight. Lesser than that, may
lead to drawbacks. Their usage are limited only in certain infills only. With presence of
water absorption, it will stay soft and cannot support load.

Industrialized Building System (IBS) is one of the construction and method that used
in Malaysia where the manufacturing of the building component are done in controlled
environment [1]. IBS are called pre-cast internationally. Usually, the component are
manufactured in factory not far from the construction site and will be assemble at site.
 62

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

As the properties of the material that is are voided, it create a low compression strength. The
presence of the air void initiate early failure and cracks. Thus, test is needed if this materials
are to be used as a structural system.

The strength of the material can improved with the presence of the support. Thus, an
additional of other material such as reinforcement to the lightweight can improved the
structure behavior.

This research conduct an IBS method system that verify the behavior of IBS
lightweight structure that contain beam and column blocks using pushover test.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study is to obtain the behavior of lightweight IBS structure at ultimate and
collapse state. In order to achieve this aims, several objective are set out:

2. To obtain the strength and characteristic of lime concrete, lightweight block and
IBS.

3. To build and produce IBS blockwork structure using lightweight block for
Pushover test.

4. To compare the data from laboratory experimental with frame analysis method
software

1.3 SCOPE
The scope of study for this research is focus on the behavior of the IBS structure on
pushover test. The material used is lime concrete. The material are obtained from supplier.
To improve the characteristic of material, certain shape are trimmed and reinforced. The
sample of the structure was trimmed using saw and drill. All the test and process was
conducted at UTM structure laboratory facility.
 63

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Due to demand of using IBS in construction of building, it is important to make an
improvement in quality of the structure that will be build. Therefore, this research should
prove that IBS Blockwork lightweight concept is suitable to use for construction or
otherwise.

2.0 LITERITURE REVIEW

In each construction material have its own properties that has been optimized its strength to
make sure the material is ready to used. So, engineer have to choose the best material to be
used into their construction. Lightweight concrete have been used since ancient structures
and with founding of cement, it was used for foundation and roof [1]. With the introduction
of IBS or precast system the structure will be prepared and tested in controlled condition.
The results was used to obtain the feasibility of the material and structure. The structure will
be installed in pre-cast method whereas each blocks of the lightweight blocks are arranged to
become one column and frame structure. The properties and characteristics of the material
will also be tested.

2.1 LIGHTWEIGHT AND CONCRETE BLOCK

Lime concrete are the material that is made from mixture of lime, sand and gravel as
aggregates. This material is a usual material that been used in construction before Portland
cement was founded. Thus, it is the mix of hydraulic lime or lightweight aggregate. [1]

To be easy to understand, lightweight concrete can be grouped to 3 method of manufacturing

[2]
1) Porous lightweight aggregate
It has low specific gravity such as lower than 2.6, this type of concrete known as light
weight aggregate concrete
2) Large void
The void produced by air entrainment. This type of concrete known by aerated,
cellular, foamed or gas concrete
3) Omitting the fine aggregate from the mix
The mix will have the large number of interstitial void is present. Normal weight
coarse aggregate usually used and known as no-fines concrete.
 64

2.2 PRE-CAST CONSTRUCTION OR IBS

The Industrialized Building System (IBS) are one of the construction system used in
Malaysia. Internationally, it was called precast or prefabricated. This system promotes
the construction system whereas the structure of component of the building are fabricate and
manufactured in factory or somewhere else except the construction site. Then, the
component are transported to site and assembled to become structure.

There are several categories of precast construction that practiced in construction

industry. They are large-panel system, frame system, slab-column system with walls and
mixed system. This study are using frame system build from lightweight block components

Precast frame can be constructed using a bilinear element or spatial elements. The
connection between beam and column are hinges joints or sometimes rigid [3]. The type of
component used are external beams and external column. Internal column is the shape of
column that is symmetrical in all directions

2.3 PUSHOVER TEST

Push over test is the test whereas the structure such as column or frame is been pushed
horizontally. This test is replicate the situation in earth quake loading or seismic loading.
This test will giving the result of structure performance by estimating strength and
deformation. The result obtain is expected cannot be obtain from elastic, dynamic and static
analysis.

Pushover or nonlinear static analysis is the used procedure for evaluation of the
seismic response of the buildings, since it allows to capture the inelastic capacity in
displacements. The analysis is made using an incremental-iterative procedure, which allows
to predict the base shear-displacement response (capacity curve) and to simulate the damage
evolution in the individual elements. The structure is in a first stage submitted to the vertical
loading, and then the analysis proceeds with horizontal loading replicating the seismic
loading. [4]

Pushover analysis allows tracing the sequence of yielding and failure on member and
structural level as the progression of failure in overall of the structure. Generally, the purpose
 65

of pushover test is to obtain critical response parameters imposed on structural system and its
components by predicted nonlinear dynamic analysis [5]

3.0 METHODOLOGY
The structure was tested using pushover test equipment to destruction. The pushover test was
according to the standard of FEMA 461. The data from test are contrasted to form a
conclusion and recommendation.

3.1 MATERIAL
The material used in this study is an industrialized lime concrete blocks. This material also
called lightweight blocks or autoclave aerated concrete. The material was manufactured
using aerated method of sand and lime. The block was cut and stored in open space to have a
correct temperature and humidity.

The industrialized block is 100x200x600mm. It need to be the shape of structure as

in Figure 1. The tool used in trimming is curved saw and fine wood file. The hole that used
to put the reinforcement is drilled using a driller. Steel bolt is used as the reinforcement that
also joints the column and upper beam.

FIGURE 1: Structure of Mortarless Lime Concrete

 66

3.2 PUSHOVER TEST

Pushover test are either force-controlled or displacement- controlled depending on the

physical nature of the load and the behavior expected from the structure. Force-controlled
option is useful when the load is known and the structure is expected to be able to support
the load. Displacement- controlled procedure should be used when the applied load is not
known in advance, or when the structure can be expected to lose strength or become
unstable. Some computer programs can model nonlinear behavior and perform pushover
analysis directly to obtain capacity curve for two and/or three dimensional models of the
structure. When such programs are not available or the available computer programs could
not perform pushover analysis directly, a series of sequential elastic analyses are performed
and superimposed to determine a force- displacement curve of the overall structure.

FIGURE 2: Pushover Test

3.3 MULTIFRAME 4D ANALYSIS

Multiframe analysis software provides linear and non-linear analysis, static and dynamic
options and buckling calculations. These analysis options are complimented by a full range
of analysis-related modelling tools like master-slave, prescribed displacements, spring,
thermal effects, offset members and additional masses.

All member and joints must be drawn according to the proposed real frame structure.
Besides that, the shape also need to be assigned for every single line drawn. The 3D structure
 67

frame structure can be view by rendering the frame structure. Figure 3 and 4 show the IBS
structure before and after rendering

FIGURE 3: IBS Structure Before Rendering

FIGURE 4: IBS Structure In Rendered View

 68

4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 LOAD AND ROOFTOP DISPLACEMENT

Figure 5: Displacement Graph For Cycle 1 Of Test

From Figure 5, observed that the Multiframe analyses that the structure will behave
elastically under gradually increase of load up to 0.7 kN. This condition linear to the end of
the cycle. The reduction value of deflection and force in between -0.2 kN to -0.5 kN is due to
small cracking of column while in the experiment. The difference value of deflection at
initial and final reading shows that the in-plane movement happened.

Figure 6: Displacement Graph For Cycle 2 Of Test

 69

Figure 7: Displacement Graph For Cycle 3 Of Test

Figures 6 and 7 shows the same pattern of cyclic data where the maximum load
recorded in experiment are 2.8 kN with deflection of 16 mm. The Multiframe 4D analyze
that the linear graph that show that the structure behave elastically with load of 2.2 kN,
rooftop will deflect 5mm. Experimental data also shows the pattern that have same
characteristic to Multiframe data. In-plane movement and crack also happened in both cycle.

Cycle 4
4
DEFLECTION,MM

0 LAB LVDT READING

-40 -20 0 20 MULTIFRAME 4D
-2

-4
FORCE,KN

Figure 8: Displacement Graph For Cycle 4 Of The Test

Figure 8 shows the linear and elastic characteristic of structure. For experimental
pattern, the test stop at 15 mm deflection because the testing apparatus failure happened and
 70

the test advised to be stopped. Many crack happened in this cycle. At 16 kN of load,
apparatus failure happened and test is stopped.

4.2 ROTATION OF MODELS

Figure 9: Inclinometer Reading For First Column Graph For Cycle 1 Of Test

In figure 9, Multiframe analyze that the frame are showing elastic characteristics with linear
value increment. Laboratory test shows that the column inclines in almost linear line. The
unusual values shows that the cracking starting to produce and effecting the frame structure.

Figure 10: Inclinometer Reading For First Column Graph For Cycle 2 Of Test
 71

Figure 11: Inclinometer Reading For First Column Graph For Cycle 3 Of Test

Figure 12: Inclinometer Reading For First Column Graph For Cycle 4 Of Test

Figures 10, 11 and 12 show that Multiframe analyze that the rooftop inclines elastically. Lab
experiment data also shows that rooftop is inclined elastically and the inclined rooftop is back not far
from its original position.
 72

4.3 LOAD AND LOAD CELL READING

Load D
cell B Load
cell D Load
Load
cell F
cell E
Load
cell C Load
cell A

Figure 13: Load Cell Position

Figure 14: Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 1 Of Test
Figure 14 shows that lab load cell reading is little messy because the load cell is too sensitive
and the messy data shows that many in-plane movement happened inside the column that
affecting the load cell reading. For Multiframe analysis, the value is always positive means
the column is always subjected to compression force.
 73

Figure 15: Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 2 Of Test

Figure 16: Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 3 Of Test
 74

Figure 17: Load Applied Versus Load Cell B For Cycle 4 Of Test

4.4 FAILURE MECHANISM

Figure 19: Crack Formation On 1st Cycle Of Test

Figure 19 shows the crack formation during 1st cycle that makes the reading of the displacement is
not in smooth shape. The crack is appear when the displacement in reaching 4mm.
 75

Figure 20: Crack Formation On 2nd Cycle Of Test

Figure 20 shows that the crack formation when the load applied reaches 6 kN. The load is located at
beam marked R3 and R4 that is located at right column and racing right direction.

Figure 21: Crack Formation On 3rd Cycle Of Test

Figure 21 shows that the crack formation on 3rd cycle where the displacement of the rooftop is
reaching 16mm. the crack is located at column block marked R2.

Figure 22: Crack Formation On 4th Cycle Of Test

Figure 22 shows that the formation of crack during 4th cycle ehere the displacement of the
rooftop is 32mm and it located at column marked R6.
 76

The failure mechanism of crush is where the load is exerted to the member more than their
can resist. Crush formation is happened at the base of the frame in both column and at the
location where point load was exerted. Figure 4.15 shows that the crush formation observed
when load reaches 32 kN.

Figure 4.15: Crush Formation At Base Of Frame

In this experiment, the instrument used has some flaw where the bolt used to transfer the
load from hydraulic jack to the structure is bending and make the load location on the frme
structure is not in same height in both direction. The bending of the bolt make the hydraulic
jack platform and the bolt is not really perpendicular and make the hydraulic jack is fail to at
certain force. Figure 4.16 shows the failure of the instrument at 32 kN in left direction of
load.

Figure 4.16: Instrumental Set Up Failure

5.0 CONCLUSION
From the testing performed in the laboratory, the values of deflection at the rooftop and
inclinometer reading is smaller. The imperfect casting of the block contribute to the strength of the
whole structure. The defect of the blockwork will affect the analysis and make produce uncertainty to
the analysis obtained.
 77

Table 6.1: Summary Of Experimental And Analysis Deflection

Applied load(kN) Deflection(laboratory) Deflection

(Multiframe)
Rooftop displacement(mm) 2.2 24 mm 6.3mm

Inclinometer reading 2.2 2.2 degree 0.223 degree

Loadcell A 2.2 0 0.044 kN

Loadcell B 2.2 0.1 kN 0.044 kN

Loadcell C 2.2 1.4 kN 2.5 kN

Loadcell D 2.2 1.4 kN 0.87 kN

Loadcell E 2.2 8.6kN 2.14 kN

Loadcell F 2.2 0.1 kN 0.87 kN

REFERENCES
[1] Abbott, t. (2014). Limecrete faq. Retrieved from http://limecrete.co.uk/limecrete-faq/
[2] Breu, f., guggenbichler, s., & wollmann, j. (2008). Study of lightweight concrete
behaviour.
[3] Duggal, s. K. (2008). Building materials (third revision). Allahabad: new age
international (p) limited.
[4] Neville, a. M., & brooks, j. J. (2010). Concrete technology second edition.
[5] Marques, rui; loureno, p. B. (2012). Pushover seismic analysis of quasi-static tested
confined masonry buildings through simplified model.
 78

Faculty of Civil Engineering

PUSHOVER TEST OF BLOCKWORK

MORTARLESS LIGHTWEIGHT
STRUCTURE
Student: Muhammad Hazim Bin Din
Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr.
Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono
INTRODUCTION
In constructions, renovation of certain structure
become big issue. For hard and heavy structure, it
needs big machine and highly skilled worker to
perform the modification. In structure, the properties
and characteristics plays important roles in securing
the structure to maintain the use for extended
designed lifespan. Thus, engineer should configure
alternatives innovation to make sure the both factor
stated above can be combined and come out with new
technologies.
Industrialized Building System (IBS) is one of
the system and method that used in Malaysia whereas
the manufacturing of the building component are done
in controlled environment [1]. IBS are called pre-cast
internationally. Usually, the component are
manufactured in factory not far from the construction
site and will be assemble at site.
lightweight concrete blocks that received from
manufacturer with dimension 200x600x100 (mm) were
trimmed according to the shape and structure of model
test. The trimmed block were arranged to form a frame
structure and reinforced externally as a stiff system. The
structure was then tested using pushover test equipment to
destruction. The pushover test was according to the
standard of FEMA 461. The data from test contrasted to
form a conclusion and recommendation.
RESULT AND ACHIEVEMENT
The setting up of pushover test in laboratory is shown
in Figure 1a . The discussion is performed by
comparing between laboratory results and software
Multiframe 4D. Figure 1b shows the rendered view of
the frame structure from Multiframe 4D output . The
analysis show that deflection of the frame in labratory
test is bigger compared to the due to the perfect
condition of elastic nature in modelling.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study is to obtain the behavior of
lightweight IBS 3D structure at ultimate and collapse
state. In order to achieve this aims, several objective
are set out:
1. To obtain the strength and characteristic
of lime concrete, lightweight block and
IBS.
2. To build and produce IBS blockwork (a) (b)
structure using lightweight block for Figure 1: Pushover Test on lightweight structure
Pushover.
3. To compare the data from laboratory
experimental with frame analysis method REFERENCE
software
[1] ACI Committee 213. (2010). Guide for Structural
Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete Reported by ACI
METHODOLOGIES Committee 213, 13
The test that will be conducted is push-over test and
material characteristic testing. In this research, the
objective is to study the behavior of the mortarless
precast frame with using lightweight block material.
All the test and process was conducted at UTM
structure laboratory facility. All standard lime
58